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PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Sincewhitewasthecolourofthekindofparadise!somuchlongedtoliveinsomedaygreyleftbehindnothingmorethanabittertasteofemptinessanddepression.Icanrememberhownoticedoncethatanyothercolourmustbeasymbolforsomethingafeelingorwhatever.Onlygreyseemedtostandforabsolutelynothing.ThiswastheworldIlivedinandsodidhe. [B]Iusedtoworkinamechanicalwayfollowingthesamerhythmoverandoveragainandsodidhe.ButeverytimeIwasabouttogiveuphewouldlifthisheadandgivemealittlesmileasifhecouldguessmythoughts.Ithinkitwasactuallyhiseyesthatimpressedmemost.TheyweresodarkandstraightandthoughtheyseemstobehidinganythingIcouldn’tgetridoftheimpressionthatsomehowhemustbehidingsomething. [C]Thosedaysweremorethanhardforallofus.Thereseemedtobenowaytoescapefromthegreynessofoureverydaylifewhichwastheonlycolourthatsurroundedus.Thehugeconcreteblockswelivedinwasgreythegreyofthefactorydusteventhecolourofourclothesthatoncemighthavebeenwhitewasgrey.Itmusthavebeenabrightandshiningwhite..andIcan’texactlyrecallhowmuchtimeIspenttryingtoimaginethekindofwhiteitmighthavebeen. [D]Welltomakealongstoryshorthediedonlyayearafterhestartedworkingwithus.Itwasacaraccidentandhedidn’thavetosufferverylong.IwenttohisfuneralandtheonlypersonImettherewasanoldladymaybehismother.Shetoldmethathehadlosthisfamilyjusttheyearbeforeandafterthathedidn’tspeakanymore.Hehadn’tsaidasingleword.FirstIdidn’tbelieveher.Ijustthoughtthathewasafairlyquietperson;besidestherewasnothingmuchtosayanyway.ButsuddenlyIrealizedthatIcouldn’trecalleverhavingheardhisvoiceatall.OnlythendidIrealizeit! [E]Havingourjobinthefactorywasstillluxurythoughconsideringthefactthatmostofushadfamiliestofeed.AndnotlongafterhestartedtoworkthereIwouldalwaysfindhimworkingatthemachinenexttomine.We’dworkforhoursnexttoeachotherstayingquietwithourthoughtsdriftingawaytoadifferentplacebutstillawareofourhandsdoingthesamemove-mentsoverandoveragain.Weweredoingthatuntilthebellwouldringtoendtheworkfortheday [F]HegavemesomuchandIknewsolittleabouthim.HehadbeenmyfriendandnowIhadlosthimwithouthavinghadthechancetogiveanythingback.Hehadbeensostrongthathewasa-bletogivewhateverhadhappened.Ifeltweakandguiltyinthosedays.ButafterthatIstartedtocareforthepeoplearoundme.IthinkIstartedtolive. [G]Hewasn’taguyofbigwordsandheseemedtoliveentirelyinhisownworld.IrememberthatduringthedaysheworkedwithusnoneofusexactlyknewwhohewaswherehecamefromorWhathewaslookingforandafterwardshedisappeared.Nobodyknewwherehehadgonewhathewasdoingorifhehadfriendsorafamilytostaywith.Iguesswedidn’tevenknowhisname--andevenifwedidI’veforgottenitanyway. 45
Text3PotentialAIDSvictimswhorefusetobetestedforthediseaseandthendefendtheirrighttoremainignorantaboutwhethertheycarrythevirusareentitledtothatright.Butignorancecannotbeusedtorationalizeirresponsibility.Nowhereintheirargumentistheirconcernabouthowsuchignorancemightendangerpublichealthbyexposingotherstothevirus.Whenadiseaseselectivelyattacksthesociallydisadvantagedsuchashomosexualsanddrugabusersitseemsaninjusticebeyondrationalization.Suchisthecasewithacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome.Somecrucialfacts:AIDSisacommunicabledisease.ThepercentageofthoseinfectedwiththeAIDSviruswhowilleventuallycontractthediseaseisunknownbutthatpercentageriseswitheachnewestimate.Thediseasesofarhasbeen100potential.Thelatencyperiodbetweenthetimethevirusisacquiredandthediseasedevelopsisalsounknown.Wenowhavetestsforthepresenceofthevirusthatisasefficientandreliableasalmostanydiagnostictestinmedicine.Anindividualwhotestspositivecanbepresumedwithnear-certaintytocarrytheviruswhetherhehasthediseaseornot.TostatethatthetestforAIDSis"ambiguous"asaclergymanrecentlyinpublicisamisstatementandanimmoralact.Thetestcorrelatessoconsistentlywiththepresenceofthevirusinbacteriaculturesastobeconsidered100percentcertainbyexperts.EveryonewhotestspositivemustunderstandthatheisapotentialpersonfortheAIDSvirusandhasamoraldutyandresponsibilitytopreventothersfrominfection.Wearenotjustdealingwiththeprotectionoftheinnocentbutwithanessentialsteplocontainthespreadofanepidemicashorribleasanythathasbefallenmodernman.Itmayseemunfairtoburdenthetragicvictimswithconcernforthewelfareofothers.Butmoralresponsibilityisnotaluxuryofthefortunateandevilactionscommittedindespaircannotbecondemnedoutofpity.ItismorallywrongforahealthyindividualwhotestspositiveforAIDStobeinvolvedwithanyoneexceptunderthestrictprecautionsnowdefinedassafesex.Itismorallywrongforsomeoneinahighriskpopulationwhorefusestotesthimselftodootherthantoassumethathetestspositive.Itismorallywrongforthosewhooutofsympathyfortheheartbreakingvictimsofthisepidemicasthoughwell-wishingandplatitudesabouttheambiguitiesofthediseasearenecessaryinordertocomfortthevictimswhiletheycontributetoenlargingthenumberofthosevictims.Moralresponsibilityistheburdenofthesickaswellasthehealthy. ThephrasethelatencyperiodParagraph3probablymeans
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Nationalcharacteristicsarenoteasytopindownandwhenpinneddowntheyoftenturnouttobetrivialitiesorseemtohavenoconnectionwithoneanother.Spaniardsarecrueltoanimals;Italiancandonothingwithoutmakingadeafeningnoise;theChineseareaddictedtogambling.Obviouslysuchthingsdon’tmatterinthemselves.NeverthelessnothingiscauselessantieventhefactthatEnglishmenhavebadteethcantellonesomethingabouttherealitiesofEnglishlife.HereareacoupleofgeneralizationsaboutEnglandthatwouldbeacceptedbyalmostallobservers.OneisthattheEnglisharenotgiftedartistically.TheyarenotasmusicalastheGermansorItalians;paintingandsculpturehaveneverflourishedinEnglandastheyhaveinFrance.AnotheristhatasEuropeansgotheEnglisharenotintellectual.Theyhaveahorrorofabstractthought;theyfeelnoneedforanyphilosophyorsystematic‘world-view’.Noristhisbecausetheyare’practical’astheyaresofondofclaimingforthemselves.Onehasonlytolookattheirmethodsoftownplanningandwatersupplytheirobstinateclingingtoeverythingthatisoutofdateandanuisanceaspellingsystemthatdefiesanalysisandasystemofweightsandmeasuresthatisintelligibleonlytothecompilersofarithmeticbookstoseehowlittletheycareaboutmereefficiency.AnotherEnglishcharacteristicwhichissomuchapartofusthatwebarelynoticeitistheaddictiontohobbiesandspare-timeoccupationstheprivatenessofEnglishlife.Weareanationofflower-loversbutalsoanationofstamp-collectorspigeon-fanciersamateurcarpenterscoupon-snipersdarts-playerscrossword-puzzlefans.Alltheculturethatismosttrulynativecentersroundthingswhichevenwhentheyarecommunalarenotofficial--thepubthefootballmatchthebackgardenthefiresideandthe‘nicecupoftea’.Thelibertytheindividualisstillbelievedinalmostasinthenineteenthcentury.Butthishasnothingtodowitheconomiclibertytherighttoexploitothersforprofit.Itisthelibertytohaveahomeofyourowntodowhatyoulikeinyoursparetimetochooseyourownamusementsinsteadofhavingthemchosenforyoufromabove. Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph
Text4AdamSmiththeScottishprofessorofmoralphilosophywasthrilledbyhisrecognitionoforderintheeconomicsystem.HisbooktheWealthofNations1776isthegerminalbookinthefieldofeconomicswhichearnedhimthetitle"thefatherofeconomics".InSmith’sviewanation’swealthwasdependentuponproductionnotagriculturealone.Howmuchitproducedhebelieveddependeduponhowwellitcombinedlaborandtheotherfactorsofproduction.Themoreefficientthecombinationthegreatertheoutputandthegreaterthenation’swealth.TheessenceofSmith’seconomicphilosophywashisbeliefthataneconomywouldworkbestiflefttofunctiononitsownwithoutgovernmentregulation.Inthosecircumstancesself-interestwouldleadbusinessfirmstoproduceonlythoseproductsthatconsumerswantedandtoproducethematthelowestpossiblecost.Theywoulddothisnotasameansofbenefitingsocietybutinanefforttooutperformtheircompetitorsandgainthegreatestprofit.Butallthisself-interestwouldbenefitsocietyasawholebyprovidingitwithmoreandbettergoodsandserviceatthelowestprices.Smithsaidinhisbook:"Everyindividualendeavorstoemployhiscapitalsothatitsproducemaybeofgreatestvalue.Hegenerallydoesn’tintendtopromotethepublicinterest.Heintendsonlyhisownsecurityonlyhisgain.Andheisinthisledbyaninvisiblehandtopromotethatwhichwasnopartofhisintention."The"invisiblehand"wasSmiths’namefortheeconomicforcesthatwetodaywouldcallsupplyanddemand.Smithagreedwiththephysiocratsandtheirpolicyof"laissezfaire"lettingindividualsandbusinessesfunctionwithoutinterferencefromgovernmentregulation.Inthatwaythe"in-visiblehand"wouldbefreetoguidetheeconomyandmaximizeproduction.Smithwasverycriticalofmonopolieswhichrestrictedthecompetitionthathesawasvitalforeconomicprosperity.Herecognizedthatthevirtuesofthemarketmechanismarefullyrealizedonlywhenthechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionarepresent.Perfectcompetitionreferstoamarketinwhichnofirmorconsumerislargeenoughtoaffectthemarketprice.Theinvisiblehandtheoryisabouteconomiesinwhichallthemarketsareperfectlycompetitive.Insuchcircumstancesmarketswillproduceanefficientallocationofresourcessothataneconomyisonitsproduction-possibilityfrontier.Whenallindustriesaresubjecttothechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionmarketscanproduceanefficientbundleofproductswiththemostefficienttechniquesandusingtheminimumamountofinputs.Butwhenmonopoliesbecomepervasivetheremarkableefficiencypropertiesoftheinvisibleeconomicphilosophydisappear. Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethewaytheauthorwritesthepassage
Inacompetitiveeconomytheconsumerusuallyhasthechoiceofseveraldifferentbrandsofthesameproduct.Yetunderneaththeirlabelstheseproductsareoftennearlyidentical.Onemanufacturer’’stoothpastetendstodifferverylittlefromanothermanufacturer’’s.Twodifferentbrandsofshampoomayvaryonlyinscentorcolor.Andthetobaccointwodifferentbrandsofcigarettesfrequentlycomesfromthesamefields.Thisclosesimilaritymeansthatashopperoftenhaslittlereasontochooseonebrandoveranother.Thusmanufacturersareconfrontedwithaproblem--howtokeepsaleshighenoughtostayinbusiness.Manufacturerssolvethisproblembyadvertising.Throughadvertisingeachmanufacturingcompanytriestoconvinceconsumersthatitsproductisspecial.Todothisthecompaniestrytoappealtoconsumersinvariousways.Infactadvertisementsmaybeclassifiedintothreetypesaccordingtothekindofappealstheyuse. Onetypeofadvertisementtriestoappealtotheconsumer’’sreasoningmind.Itmayofferaclaimthatseemsscientific.ForexampleitmaysaythatdentistsrecommendFlashtoothpasteoritmaydeclarethatWoofdogfoodcontainsaspecialvitamin-richingredientknownasK-9oritmayreportthatlaboratorytestsshowthatR.I.P.cigarettescontainfewerharmfulingredientsthanotherbrands.Insellingaproductthetruthofadvertisingmaybelessimportantthantheappearanceoftruth.Ascientificapproachgivestheappearanceoftruth. Anothertypeofadvertisementtriestoamusethepotentialbuyer.Productsthatareessentiallyboringsuchascleaningpowderorinsecticideareoftenadvertisedinanamusingmanner.Onewayofdoingthisistomaketheproductsappearalive.Theadvertisermaydrawlittlecartooneyesarmsandlegsonthecansofcleaningpowderandhavetheresultingfiguresscrubthesink.Adsofthissortaresillybutadvertisersbelievethatconsumersarelikelytorememberandbuytheproductsthattheconsumersassociatewithfun. Associatingtheproductwithsomethingpleasantisthetechniqueofthethirdtypeofappeal.Inthisclassareadsthatsuggestthattheproductwillsatisfysomebasichumandesires.Onesuchdesireisthewishtobeadmiredbyotherpeople.Manyautomobileadvertisementsareinthiscategory.Theyimplythatotherpeoplewilladmireyou--mayevenbejealous--whentheyseeyoudrivingthehotnewAardvarkcar.Thiskindofappealissometimesstrengthenedbyhiringafamouspersontoendorsetheproduct.Seeingthefamouspersontheconsumerissupposedtoreasonthus:EveryoneadmiresJudsonSmiththegreatfootballstar.JudsonSmithusedBuckworthyBanktraveler’’schecks.ThereforeifIuseBuckworthyBanktraveler’’scheckseveryonewilladmiremetoo.Someotherbasicdesiresthatadscommonlytrytoappealtoarethedesiresforsocialacceptancefinancialsecurityandsoon. OneonlyneedstolookthroughamagazineorwatchanhourofTVinordertoseeexamplesofthesethreedifferentadvertisingstrategies. Manufacturerstaketoadvertisingprimarily
Text4AdamSmiththeScottishprofessorofmoralphilosophywasthrilledbyhisrecognitionoforderintheeconomicsystem.HisbooktheWealthofNations1776isthegerminalbookinthefieldofeconomicswhichearnedhimthetitle"thefatherofeconomics".InSmith’sviewanation’swealthwasdependentuponproductionnotagriculturealone.Howmuchitproducedhebelieveddependeduponhowwellitcombinedlaborandtheotherfactorsofproduction.Themoreefficientthecombinationthegreatertheoutputandthegreaterthenation’swealth.TheessenceofSmith’seconomicphilosophywashisbeliefthataneconomywouldworkbestiflefttofunctiononitsownwithoutgovernmentregulation.Inthosecircumstancesself-interestwouldleadbusinessfirmstoproduceonlythoseproductsthatconsumerswantedandtoproducethematthelowestpossiblecost.Theywoulddothisnotasameansofbenefitingsocietybutinanefforttooutperformtheircompetitorsandgainthegreatestprofit.Butallthisself-interestwouldbenefitsocietyasawholebyprovidingitwithmoreandbettergoodsandserviceatthelowestprices.Smithsaidinhisbook:"Everyindividualendeavorstoemployhiscapitalsothatitsproducemaybeofgreatestvalue.Hegenerallydoesn’tintendtopromotethepublicinterest.Heintendsonlyhisownsecurityonlyhisgain.Andheisinthisledbyaninvisiblehandtopromotethatwhichwasnopartofhisintention."The"invisiblehand"wasSmiths’namefortheeconomicforcesthatwetodaywouldcallsupplyanddemand.Smithagreedwiththephysiocratsandtheirpolicyof"laissezfaire"lettingindividualsandbusinessesfunctionwithoutinterferencefromgovernmentregulation.Inthatwaythe"in-visiblehand"wouldbefreetoguidetheeconomyandmaximizeproduction.Smithwasverycriticalofmonopolieswhichrestrictedthecompetitionthathesawasvitalforeconomicprosperity.Herecognizedthatthevirtuesofthemarketmechanismarefullyrealizedonlywhenthechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionarepresent.Perfectcompetitionreferstoamarketinwhichnofirmorconsumerislargeenoughtoaffectthemarketprice.Theinvisiblehandtheoryisabouteconomiesinwhichallthemarketsareperfectlycompetitive.Insuchcircumstancesmarketswillproduceanefficientallocationofresourcessothataneconomyisonitsproduction-possibilityfrontier.Whenallindustriesaresubjecttothechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionmarketscanproduceanefficientbundleofproductswiththemostefficienttechniquesandusingtheminimumamountofinputs.Butwhenmonopoliesbecomepervasivetheremarkableefficiencypropertiesoftheinvisibleeconomicphilosophydisappear. WhatdoestheinvisiblehandParagraph5referto
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Sincewhitewasthecolourofthekindofparadise!somuchlongedtoliveinsomedaygreyleftbehindnothingmorethanabittertasteofemptinessanddepression.Icanrememberhownoticedoncethatanyothercolourmustbeasymbolforsomethingafeelingorwhatever.Onlygreyseemedtostandforabsolutelynothing.ThiswastheworldIlivedinandsodidhe. [B]Iusedtoworkinamechanicalwayfollowingthesamerhythmoverandoveragainandsodidhe.ButeverytimeIwasabouttogiveuphewouldlifthisheadandgivemealittlesmileasifhecouldguessmythoughts.Ithinkitwasactuallyhiseyesthatimpressedmemost.TheyweresodarkandstraightandthoughtheyseemstobehidinganythingIcouldn’tgetridoftheimpressionthatsomehowhemustbehidingsomething. [C]Thosedaysweremorethanhardforallofus.Thereseemedtobenowaytoescapefromthegreynessofoureverydaylifewhichwastheonlycolourthatsurroundedus.Thehugeconcreteblockswelivedinwasgreythegreyofthefactorydusteventhecolourofourclothesthatoncemighthavebeenwhitewasgrey.Itmusthavebeenabrightandshiningwhite..andIcan’texactlyrecallhowmuchtimeIspenttryingtoimaginethekindofwhiteitmighthavebeen. [D]Welltomakealongstoryshorthediedonlyayearafterhestartedworkingwithus.Itwasacaraccidentandhedidn’thavetosufferverylong.IwenttohisfuneralandtheonlypersonImettherewasanoldladymaybehismother.Shetoldmethathehadlosthisfamilyjusttheyearbeforeandafterthathedidn’tspeakanymore.Hehadn’tsaidasingleword.FirstIdidn’tbelieveher.Ijustthoughtthathewasafairlyquietperson;besidestherewasnothingmuchtosayanyway.ButsuddenlyIrealizedthatIcouldn’trecalleverhavingheardhisvoiceatall.OnlythendidIrealizeit! [E]Havingourjobinthefactorywasstillluxurythoughconsideringthefactthatmostofushadfamiliestofeed.AndnotlongafterhestartedtoworkthereIwouldalwaysfindhimworkingatthemachinenexttomine.We’dworkforhoursnexttoeachotherstayingquietwithourthoughtsdriftingawaytoadifferentplacebutstillawareofourhandsdoingthesamemove-mentsoverandoveragain.Weweredoingthatuntilthebellwouldringtoendtheworkfortheday [F]HegavemesomuchandIknewsolittleabouthim.HehadbeenmyfriendandnowIhadlosthimwithouthavinghadthechancetogiveanythingback.Hehadbeensostrongthathewasa-bletogivewhateverhadhappened.Ifeltweakandguiltyinthosedays.ButafterthatIstartedtocareforthepeoplearoundme.IthinkIstartedtolive. [G]Hewasn’taguyofbigwordsandheseemedtoliveentirelyinhisownworld.IrememberthatduringthedaysheworkedwithusnoneofusexactlyknewwhohewaswherehecamefromorWhathewaslookingforandafterwardshedisappeared.Nobodyknewwherehehadgonewhathewasdoingorifhehadfriendsorafamilytostaywith.Iguesswedidn’tevenknowhisname--andevenifwedidI’veforgottenitanyway. 43
Directions: Youareaseniorstudentandaregoingtograduatenextyear.WritealettertotheGraduateSchoolofauniversityexpressingyourwilltopurchaseMasterdegreethere.Pleaseintroduceyourselfandinquireaboutinformationyouthinknecessary. Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Text2Themoralhighgroundhasalwaysbeenfemaleterritory.Menafteralllieandcheatandrobandpollutetheenvironmentanddisproportionatelypopulatetheprisonswhilewomendotheirbesttoappreciatetheirgoodqualities.Somewomenatleast.Butwiththeriseoffeminismtheassaultsonmen’smoralintegrityhavebecomemorefrequentandthebeliefintheirarroganceandlackofconcernforanythingbuttheirownselfishendshasbecomeatruism.It’sthemenwhoaregreedy.It’sthemenwhoaredisloyal.It’sthemenwhowilldoanythingformoney.It’sthemenwhoareimmature.Intheworldofsportmaleathletesarewhippingboysoftalkradio.TheyhavegracedthecoverofSportsIllustrateandontheinsidehavebeenspokenevilofforsinsamongthemgreeddisdainforthefanswhopaytheirunreasonablyhighsalariesandalackofrespectforthegamethatthefansloveandthathasmadethemrich.Femaleathletesontheotherhandhavebeenplacedonapedestal--butithasbeenaprettyeasyonetoclimb.Foronethingtherehasn’tbeenenoughmoneytogetgreedyabout.Foranothertherehaven’tbeenanyfans.Andforthirdthosewhodidn’tlovethegamehadabsolutelynoreasontokeepplaying.Butthankstotheriseofwomen’sbasketballfemalebasketballplayeraregoingtofindthem-selvestemptedbythesamevanitiesthathaveseducedsomanymen--andthoughweknowsomewillgiveinwedon’tknowhowmany.Forwomen’sbasketballtobecomeamajorsportinAmericaasopposedtoaprofitableonelikearenafootballsomethingisgoingtobeofferedotherthanjustpureskill.Thatsomethingshouldbeandinfactwillhavetobeadifferentattitudeapurersenseofsportthanthemendeliver.Itmaybeaskingtoomuchofwomentowithstandthetemptationsthathavesuckedmaleathletesintoprimadonnaposesbutthenagainitmaybetruethatwomenhaveoccupiedthehighmoralgroundforsolongbecausetheyactuallyaremoresensitivetowhat’simportantinthelongrun.Ihonestlydon’tknowhowthisdramawillplayoutbuttheprocesswilltellusaboutmorethanjustthefateofwomen’sbasketball.Ifwomenwhoaresteadilygainingmoreandmorecontrolinthisworldcantrulyrespondinamorereasonedwaytothepullofpowerthenthereishopeforthe21stcentury.Butifwomenasagendercandonobetterthanmenwhengiventhechancetheninbasketballasinlifewecanonlylookaheadtomoreofthesame. Themoralhighgroundhasalwaysbeenfemaleterritorybecause
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10PointsChildrenaregettingsofatthattheymaybethefirstgenerationtodiebeforetheirparents.To-day’syoungstersarealreadyfallingpreytopotentialkillerssuchasdiabetesbecauseoftheirweight.46Fattyfast-fooddietscombinedwithsittinglifestylesdominatedbytelevisionsandcomputerscouldmeankidswilldietragicallyyoungsaysProfessorAndrewPrenticefromtheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.Atthesametimetheshapeofthehumanbodyisgoingthroughahugeevolutionaryshiftbecauseadultsaregettingsofat.HereinBritainlatestresearchshowsthattheaveragewaistsizeforamanis36-38inandmaybe42-44inby2032.Thiscompareswithonly32.6inin1972.Women’swaistshavegrownfromanaverageof22inin1920to24inintheFiftiesand30innow.Oneofthemajorreasonswhychildrennowareatgreaterriskisthatwearegettingfatteryounger.IntheUKalonemorethanonemillionunder-16sareclassedasoverweightorobese--doublethenumberinthemid-Eighties.Oneintenfour-year-oldsarealsomedicallyclassifiedasobese.Theobesitypandemic--anextensiveepidemic--whichstartedintheUShasnowspreadtoEuropeAustralasiaCentralAmericaandtheMiddleEast.47Manynationsnowrecordmorethan20percentoftheirpopulationasclinicallyfatandwelloverhalfthepopulationasoverweight.48Prof.Prenticesaidthechangeinourshapehasbeencausedbyanoversupplyofeasilyavailablehigh-energyfoodscombinedwithadramaticdropintheenergyweuseasaresultoftechnologydevelopments.Heisnotaloneinhisconcern.Onlylastweekonemedicaljournalrevealedhowobesitywasfuellingariseincancercases.Obesityalsoincreasestheriskfactorforstrokesandheartdiseaseaswellasdiabetes.49Anaveragelyoverweightperson’slifespanisshortenedbyaroundnineyearswhileaseverelyoverweightpersonbymanymore.Prof.Prenticesaid:"SowillparentsoutlivetheirchildrenasclaimedrecentlybyanAmericanobesityspecialistYeswhentheoffspringbecomegrosslyobese.ThisisnowbecominganalarminglycommonoccurrenceintheUS.50Suchchildrenandadolescentshaveagreatlyreducedqualityoflifeintermsofboththeirphysicalandpsychosocialhealth.SosayNotothatdoughnutandburger." Manynationsnowrecordmorethan20percentoftheirpopulationasclinicallyfatandwelloverhalfthepopulationasoverweight.
PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Sincewhitewasthecolourofthekindofparadise!somuchlongedtoliveinsomedaygreyleftbehindnothingmorethanabittertasteofemptinessanddepression.Icanrememberhownoticedoncethatanyothercolourmustbeasymbolforsomethingafeelingorwhatever.Onlygreyseemedtostandforabsolutelynothing.ThiswastheworldIlivedinandsodidhe. [B]Iusedtoworkinamechanicalwayfollowingthesamerhythmoverandoveragainandsodidhe.ButeverytimeIwasabouttogiveuphewouldlifthisheadandgivemealittlesmileasifhecouldguessmythoughts.Ithinkitwasactuallyhiseyesthatimpressedmemost.TheyweresodarkandstraightandthoughtheyseemstobehidinganythingIcouldn’tgetridoftheimpressionthatsomehowhemustbehidingsomething. [C]Thosedaysweremorethanhardforallofus.Thereseemedtobenowaytoescapefromthegreynessofoureverydaylifewhichwastheonlycolourthatsurroundedus.Thehugeconcreteblockswelivedinwasgreythegreyofthefactorydusteventhecolourofourclothesthatoncemighthavebeenwhitewasgrey.Itmusthavebeenabrightandshiningwhite..andIcan’texactlyrecallhowmuchtimeIspenttryingtoimaginethekindofwhiteitmighthavebeen. [D]Welltomakealongstoryshorthediedonlyayearafterhestartedworkingwithus.Itwasacaraccidentandhedidn’thavetosufferverylong.IwenttohisfuneralandtheonlypersonImettherewasanoldladymaybehismother.Shetoldmethathehadlosthisfamilyjusttheyearbeforeandafterthathedidn’tspeakanymore.Hehadn’tsaidasingleword.FirstIdidn’tbelieveher.Ijustthoughtthathewasafairlyquietperson;besidestherewasnothingmuchtosayanyway.ButsuddenlyIrealizedthatIcouldn’trecalleverhavingheardhisvoiceatall.OnlythendidIrealizeit! [E]Havingourjobinthefactorywasstillluxurythoughconsideringthefactthatmostofushadfamiliestofeed.AndnotlongafterhestartedtoworkthereIwouldalwaysfindhimworkingatthemachinenexttomine.We’dworkforhoursnexttoeachotherstayingquietwithourthoughtsdriftingawaytoadifferentplacebutstillawareofourhandsdoingthesamemove-mentsoverandoveragain.Weweredoingthatuntilthebellwouldringtoendtheworkfortheday [F]HegavemesomuchandIknewsolittleabouthim.HehadbeenmyfriendandnowIhadlosthimwithouthavinghadthechancetogiveanythingback.Hehadbeensostrongthathewasa-bletogivewhateverhadhappened.Ifeltweakandguiltyinthosedays.ButafterthatIstartedtocareforthepeoplearoundme.IthinkIstartedtolive. [G]Hewasn’taguyofbigwordsandheseemedtoliveentirelyinhisownworld.IrememberthatduringthedaysheworkedwithusnoneofusexactlyknewwhohewaswherehecamefromorWhathewaslookingforandafterwardshedisappeared.Nobodyknewwherehehadgonewhathewasdoingorifhehadfriendsorafamilytostaywith.Iguesswedidn’tevenknowhisname--andevenifwedidI’veforgottenitanyway. 41
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork. Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Text3PotentialAIDSvictimswhorefusetobetestedforthediseaseandthendefendtheirrighttoremainignorantaboutwhethertheycarrythevirusareentitledtothatright.Butignorancecannotbeusedtorationalizeirresponsibility.Nowhereintheirargumentistheirconcernabouthowsuchignorancemightendangerpublichealthbyexposingotherstothevirus.Whenadiseaseselectivelyattacksthesociallydisadvantagedsuchashomosexualsanddrugabusersitseemsaninjusticebeyondrationalization.Suchisthecasewithacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome.Somecrucialfacts:AIDSisacommunicabledisease.ThepercentageofthoseinfectedwiththeAIDSviruswhowilleventuallycontractthediseaseisunknownbutthatpercentageriseswitheachnewestimate.Thediseasesofarhasbeen100potential.Thelatencyperiodbetweenthetimethevirusisacquiredandthediseasedevelopsisalsounknown.Wenowhavetestsforthepresenceofthevirusthatisasefficientandreliableasalmostanydiagnostictestinmedicine.Anindividualwhotestspositivecanbepresumedwithnear-certaintytocarrytheviruswhetherhehasthediseaseornot.TostatethatthetestforAIDSis"ambiguous"asaclergymanrecentlyinpublicisamisstatementandanimmoralact.Thetestcorrelatessoconsistentlywiththepresenceofthevirusinbacteriaculturesastobeconsidered100percentcertainbyexperts.EveryonewhotestspositivemustunderstandthatheisapotentialpersonfortheAIDSvirusandhasamoraldutyandresponsibilitytopreventothersfrominfection.Wearenotjustdealingwiththeprotectionoftheinnocentbutwithanessentialsteplocontainthespreadofanepidemicashorribleasanythathasbefallenmodernman.Itmayseemunfairtoburdenthetragicvictimswithconcernforthewelfareofothers.Butmoralresponsibilityisnotaluxuryofthefortunateandevilactionscommittedindespaircannotbecondemnedoutofpity.ItismorallywrongforahealthyindividualwhotestspositiveforAIDStobeinvolvedwithanyoneexceptunderthestrictprecautionsnowdefinedassafesex.Itismorallywrongforsomeoneinahighriskpopulationwhorefusestotesthimselftodootherthantoassumethathetestspositive.Itismorallywrongforthosewhooutofsympathyfortheheartbreakingvictimsofthisepidemicasthoughwell-wishingandplatitudesabouttheambiguitiesofthediseasearenecessaryinordertocomfortthevictimswhiletheycontributetoenlargingthenumberofthosevictims.Moralresponsibilityistheburdenofthesickaswellasthehealthy. Thelastthreesentencesinthepassageserveto
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Science-fictionmoviescanserveasmythsaboutthefutureandthusgivesomeassuranceaboutit.Whetherthefilmis2001orStarWarssuchmoviestellaboutprogressthatwillexpandman’’spowersandhisexperiencesbeyondanythingnowbelievedpossiblewhiletheyassureusthatalltheseadvanceswillnotwipeoutmanorlifeaswenowknowit.Thusonegreatanxietyaboutthefuture--thatitwillhavenoplaceforusaswenoware--isalleviatedbysuchmyths.Theyalsopromisethateveninthemostdistantfutureanddespitetheprogressthatwillhaveoccurredinthematerialworldman’’sbasicconcernswillbethesameandthestruggleofgoodagainstevil--thecentralmoralproblemofourtime--willnothavelostitsimportance. Pastandfuturearethelastingdimensionsofourlives:thepresentisbutabriefmoment.Sothesevisionsaboutthefuturealsocontainourpast;inStarWarsbattlesarefoughtaroundissuesthatalsomotivatedmaninthepast.Thusanyvisionaboutthefutureisreallybasedonvisionsofthepastbecausethatisallwecanknowforcertain. AsourreligiousmythsaboutthefutureneverwentbeyondJudgmentDaysoourmodernmythsaboutthefuturecannotgobeyondthesearchforlife’’sdeepermeaning.Thereasonisthatonlyaslongasthechoicebetweengoodandevilremainsman’’ssuprememoralproblemdoesliferetainthatspecialdignitythatderivesfromourabilitytochoosebetweenthetwo.Aworldinwhichthisconflicthasbeenpermanentlyresolvedeliminatesmanasweknowhim.Itmightbeauniversepeopledbyangelsbutithasnoplaceforman. Themovingpictureisavisualartbasedonsight.Speakingtoourvisionitoughttoprovideuswiththevisionsenablingustolivethegoodlife;itoughttogiveusinsightintoourselves.AboutahundredyearsagoTolstoywroteArtisahumanactivityhavingforitspurposethetransmissiontoothersofthehighestandbestfeelingstowhichmenhaverisen.LaterRobertFrostdefinedpoetryasbeginningindelightandendinginwisdom.Thusitmightbesaidthatthestateoftheartofthemovingimagecanbeassessedbythedegreetowhichitmeetsthemythopoetictaskofgivingusmythssuitabletolivebyinourtime--visionsthattransmittousthehighestandbestfeelingstowhichmenhaverisen--andbyhowwellthemovingimagesgiveusthatdelightwhichleadstowisdom.LetushopethattheartofthemovingimagethismostgenuineAmericanartwillsoonmeetthechallengeofbecomingtrulythegreatartofourage. ThemoviessuchasStarWars
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Nationalcharacteristicsarenoteasytopindownandwhenpinneddowntheyoftenturnouttobetrivialitiesorseemtohavenoconnectionwithoneanother.Spaniardsarecrueltoanimals;Italiancandonothingwithoutmakingadeafeningnoise;theChineseareaddictedtogambling.Obviouslysuchthingsdon’tmatterinthemselves.NeverthelessnothingiscauselessantieventhefactthatEnglishmenhavebadteethcantellonesomethingabouttherealitiesofEnglishlife.HereareacoupleofgeneralizationsaboutEnglandthatwouldbeacceptedbyalmostallobservers.OneisthattheEnglisharenotgiftedartistically.TheyarenotasmusicalastheGermansorItalians;paintingandsculpturehaveneverflourishedinEnglandastheyhaveinFrance.AnotheristhatasEuropeansgotheEnglisharenotintellectual.Theyhaveahorrorofabstractthought;theyfeelnoneedforanyphilosophyorsystematic‘world-view’.Noristhisbecausetheyare’practical’astheyaresofondofclaimingforthemselves.Onehasonlytolookattheirmethodsoftownplanningandwatersupplytheirobstinateclingingtoeverythingthatisoutofdateandanuisanceaspellingsystemthatdefiesanalysisandasystemofweightsandmeasuresthatisintelligibleonlytothecompilersofarithmeticbookstoseehowlittletheycareaboutmereefficiency.AnotherEnglishcharacteristicwhichissomuchapartofusthatwebarelynoticeitistheaddictiontohobbiesandspare-timeoccupationstheprivatenessofEnglishlife.Weareanationofflower-loversbutalsoanationofstamp-collectorspigeon-fanciersamateurcarpenterscoupon-snipersdarts-playerscrossword-puzzlefans.Alltheculturethatismosttrulynativecentersroundthingswhichevenwhentheyarecommunalarenotofficial--thepubthefootballmatchthebackgardenthefiresideandthe‘nicecupoftea’.Thelibertytheindividualisstillbelievedinalmostasinthenineteenthcentury.Butthishasnothingtodowitheconomiclibertytherighttoexploitothersforprofit.Itisthelibertytohaveahomeofyourowntodowhatyoulikeinyoursparetimetochooseyourownamusementsinsteadofhavingthemchosenforyoufromabove. AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingisEnglishmen’scharacteristic
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10PointsChildrenaregettingsofatthattheymaybethefirstgenerationtodiebeforetheirparents.To-day’syoungstersarealreadyfallingpreytopotentialkillerssuchasdiabetesbecauseoftheirweight.46Fattyfast-fooddietscombinedwithsittinglifestylesdominatedbytelevisionsandcomputerscouldmeankidswilldietragicallyyoungsaysProfessorAndrewPrenticefromtheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.Atthesametimetheshapeofthehumanbodyisgoingthroughahugeevolutionaryshiftbecauseadultsaregettingsofat.HereinBritainlatestresearchshowsthattheaveragewaistsizeforamanis36-38inandmaybe42-44inby2032.Thiscompareswithonly32.6inin1972.Women’swaistshavegrownfromanaverageof22inin1920to24inintheFiftiesand30innow.Oneofthemajorreasonswhychildrennowareatgreaterriskisthatwearegettingfatteryounger.IntheUKalonemorethanonemillionunder-16sareclassedasoverweightorobese--doublethenumberinthemid-Eighties.Oneintenfour-year-oldsarealsomedicallyclassifiedasobese.Theobesitypandemic--anextensiveepidemic--whichstartedintheUShasnowspreadtoEuropeAustralasiaCentralAmericaandtheMiddleEast.47Manynationsnowrecordmorethan20percentoftheirpopulationasclinicallyfatandwelloverhalfthepopulationasoverweight.48Prof.Prenticesaidthechangeinourshapehasbeencausedbyanoversupplyofeasilyavailablehigh-energyfoodscombinedwithadramaticdropintheenergyweuseasaresultoftechnologydevelopments.Heisnotaloneinhisconcern.Onlylastweekonemedicaljournalrevealedhowobesitywasfuellingariseincancercases.Obesityalsoincreasestheriskfactorforstrokesandheartdiseaseaswellasdiabetes.49Anaveragelyoverweightperson’slifespanisshortenedbyaroundnineyearswhileaseverelyoverweightpersonbymanymore.Prof.Prenticesaid:"SowillparentsoutlivetheirchildrenasclaimedrecentlybyanAmericanobesityspecialistYeswhentheoffspringbecomegrosslyobese.ThisisnowbecominganalarminglycommonoccurrenceintheUS.50Suchchildrenandadolescentshaveagreatlyreducedqualityoflifeintermsofboththeirphysicalandpsychosocialhealth.SosayNotothatdoughnutandburger." Anaveragelyoverweightperson’slifespanisshortenedbyaroundnineyearswhileaseverelyoverweightpersonbymanymore.
Inacompetitiveeconomytheconsumerusuallyhasthechoiceofseveraldifferentbrandsofthesameproduct.Yetunderneaththeirlabelstheseproductsareoftennearlyidentical.Onemanufacturer’’stoothpastetendstodifferverylittlefromanothermanufacturer’’s.Twodifferentbrandsofshampoomayvaryonlyinscentorcolor.Andthetobaccointwodifferentbrandsofcigarettesfrequentlycomesfromthesamefields.Thisclosesimilaritymeansthatashopperoftenhaslittlereasontochooseonebrandoveranother.Thusmanufacturersareconfrontedwithaproblem--howtokeepsaleshighenoughtostayinbusiness.Manufacturerssolvethisproblembyadvertising.Throughadvertisingeachmanufacturingcompanytriestoconvinceconsumersthatitsproductisspecial.Todothisthecompaniestrytoappealtoconsumersinvariousways.Infactadvertisementsmaybeclassifiedintothreetypesaccordingtothekindofappealstheyuse. Onetypeofadvertisementtriestoappealtotheconsumer’’sreasoningmind.Itmayofferaclaimthatseemsscientific.ForexampleitmaysaythatdentistsrecommendFlashtoothpasteoritmaydeclarethatWoofdogfoodcontainsaspecialvitamin-richingredientknownasK-9oritmayreportthatlaboratorytestsshowthatR.I.P.cigarettescontainfewerharmfulingredientsthanotherbrands.Insellingaproductthetruthofadvertisingmaybelessimportantthantheappearanceoftruth.Ascientificapproachgivestheappearanceoftruth. Anothertypeofadvertisementtriestoamusethepotentialbuyer.Productsthatareessentiallyboringsuchascleaningpowderorinsecticideareoftenadvertisedinanamusingmanner.Onewayofdoingthisistomaketheproductsappearalive.Theadvertisermaydrawlittlecartooneyesarmsandlegsonthecansofcleaningpowderandhavetheresultingfiguresscrubthesink.Adsofthissortaresillybutadvertisersbelievethatconsumersarelikelytorememberandbuytheproductsthattheconsumersassociatewithfun. Associatingtheproductwithsomethingpleasantisthetechniqueofthethirdtypeofappeal.Inthisclassareadsthatsuggestthattheproductwillsatisfysomebasichumandesires.Onesuchdesireisthewishtobeadmiredbyotherpeople.Manyautomobileadvertisementsareinthiscategory.Theyimplythatotherpeoplewilladmireyou--mayevenbejealous--whentheyseeyoudrivingthehotnewAardvarkcar.Thiskindofappealissometimesstrengthenedbyhiringafamouspersontoendorsetheproduct.Seeingthefamouspersontheconsumerissupposedtoreasonthus:EveryoneadmiresJudsonSmiththegreatfootballstar.JudsonSmithusedBuckworthyBanktraveler’’schecks.ThereforeifIuseBuckworthyBanktraveler’’scheckseveryonewilladmiremetoo.Someotherbasicdesiresthatadscommonlytrytoappealtoarethedesiresforsocialacceptancefinancialsecurityandsoon. OneonlyneedstolookthroughamagazineorwatchanhourofTVinordertoseeexamplesofthesethreedifferentadvertisingstrategies. Thebesttitleforthistextwouldbe
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Directions: studythefollowingmapgraphcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describeoilfieldsdistribution 2statetheinformationthemapgraphtendstoconveyand 3giveyourcomment. Youshouldwriteabout160―200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points GHANGINGNATIONALFORTUNESINOILDISCOVERIES
Science-fictionmoviescanserveasmythsaboutthefutureandthusgivesomeassuranceaboutit.Whetherthefilmis2001orStarWarssuchmoviestellaboutprogressthatwillexpandman’’spowersandhisexperiencesbeyondanythingnowbelievedpossiblewhiletheyassureusthatalltheseadvanceswillnotwipeoutmanorlifeaswenowknowit.Thusonegreatanxietyaboutthefuture--thatitwillhavenoplaceforusaswenoware--isalleviatedbysuchmyths.Theyalsopromisethateveninthemostdistantfutureanddespitetheprogressthatwillhaveoccurredinthematerialworldman’’sbasicconcernswillbethesameandthestruggleofgoodagainstevil--thecentralmoralproblemofourtime--willnothavelostitsimportance. Pastandfuturearethelastingdimensionsofourlives:thepresentisbutabriefmoment.Sothesevisionsaboutthefuturealsocontainourpast;inStarWarsbattlesarefoughtaroundissuesthatalsomotivatedmaninthepast.Thusanyvisionaboutthefutureisreallybasedonvisionsofthepastbecausethatisallwecanknowforcertain. AsourreligiousmythsaboutthefutureneverwentbeyondJudgmentDaysoourmodernmythsaboutthefuturecannotgobeyondthesearchforlife’’sdeepermeaning.Thereasonisthatonlyaslongasthechoicebetweengoodandevilremainsman’’ssuprememoralproblemdoesliferetainthatspecialdignitythatderivesfromourabilitytochoosebetweenthetwo.Aworldinwhichthisconflicthasbeenpermanentlyresolvedeliminatesmanasweknowhim.Itmightbeauniversepeopledbyangelsbutithasnoplaceforman. Themovingpictureisavisualartbasedonsight.Speakingtoourvisionitoughttoprovideuswiththevisionsenablingustolivethegoodlife;itoughttogiveusinsightintoourselves.AboutahundredyearsagoTolstoywroteArtisahumanactivityhavingforitspurposethetransmissiontoothersofthehighestandbestfeelingstowhichmenhaverisen.LaterRobertFrostdefinedpoetryasbeginningindelightandendinginwisdom.Thusitmightbesaidthatthestateoftheartofthemovingimagecanbeassessedbythedegreetowhichitmeetsthemythopoetictaskofgivingusmythssuitabletolivebyinourtime--visionsthattransmittousthehighestandbestfeelingstowhichmenhaverisen--andbyhowwellthemovingimagesgiveusthatdelightwhichleadstowisdom.LetushopethattheartofthemovingimagethismostgenuineAmericanartwillsoonmeetthechallengeofbecomingtrulythegreatartofourage. Inscience-fictionmoviesmancanfind
Text3PotentialAIDSvictimswhorefusetobetestedforthediseaseandthendefendtheirrighttoremainignorantaboutwhethertheycarrythevirusareentitledtothatright.Butignorancecannotbeusedtorationalizeirresponsibility.Nowhereintheirargumentistheirconcernabouthowsuchignorancemightendangerpublichealthbyexposingotherstothevirus.Whenadiseaseselectivelyattacksthesociallydisadvantagedsuchashomosexualsanddrugabusersitseemsaninjusticebeyondrationalization.Suchisthecasewithacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome.Somecrucialfacts:AIDSisacommunicabledisease.ThepercentageofthoseinfectedwiththeAIDSviruswhowilleventuallycontractthediseaseisunknownbutthatpercentageriseswitheachnewestimate.Thediseasesofarhasbeen100potential.Thelatencyperiodbetweenthetimethevirusisacquiredandthediseasedevelopsisalsounknown.Wenowhavetestsforthepresenceofthevirusthatisasefficientandreliableasalmostanydiagnostictestinmedicine.Anindividualwhotestspositivecanbepresumedwithnear-certaintytocarrytheviruswhetherhehasthediseaseornot.TostatethatthetestforAIDSis"ambiguous"asaclergymanrecentlyinpublicisamisstatementandanimmoralact.Thetestcorrelatessoconsistentlywiththepresenceofthevirusinbacteriaculturesastobeconsidered100percentcertainbyexperts.EveryonewhotestspositivemustunderstandthatheisapotentialpersonfortheAIDSvirusandhasamoraldutyandresponsibilitytopreventothersfrominfection.Wearenotjustdealingwiththeprotectionoftheinnocentbutwithanessentialsteplocontainthespreadofanepidemicashorribleasanythathasbefallenmodernman.Itmayseemunfairtoburdenthetragicvictimswithconcernforthewelfareofothers.Butmoralresponsibilityisnotaluxuryofthefortunateandevilactionscommittedindespaircannotbecondemnedoutofpity.ItismorallywrongforahealthyindividualwhotestspositiveforAIDStobeinvolvedwithanyoneexceptunderthestrictprecautionsnowdefinedassafesex.Itismorallywrongforsomeoneinahighriskpopulationwhorefusestotesthimselftodootherthantoassumethathetestspositive.Itismorallywrongforthosewhooutofsympathyfortheheartbreakingvictimsofthisepidemicasthoughwell-wishingandplatitudesabouttheambiguitiesofthediseasearenecessaryinordertocomfortthevictimswhiletheycontributetoenlargingthenumberofthosevictims.Moralresponsibilityistheburdenofthesickaswellasthehealthy. Inthepassagetheauthorintendstotellusthat
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Text2Themoralhighgroundhasalwaysbeenfemaleterritory.Menafteralllieandcheatandrobandpollutetheenvironmentanddisproportionatelypopulatetheprisonswhilewomendotheirbesttoappreciatetheirgoodqualities.Somewomenatleast.Butwiththeriseoffeminismtheassaultsonmen’smoralintegrityhavebecomemorefrequentandthebeliefintheirarroganceandlackofconcernforanythingbuttheirownselfishendshasbecomeatruism.It’sthemenwhoaregreedy.It’sthemenwhoaredisloyal.It’sthemenwhowilldoanythingformoney.It’sthemenwhoareimmature.Intheworldofsportmaleathletesarewhippingboysoftalkradio.TheyhavegracedthecoverofSportsIllustrateandontheinsidehavebeenspokenevilofforsinsamongthemgreeddisdainforthefanswhopaytheirunreasonablyhighsalariesandalackofrespectforthegamethatthefansloveandthathasmadethemrich.Femaleathletesontheotherhandhavebeenplacedonapedestal--butithasbeenaprettyeasyonetoclimb.Foronethingtherehasn’tbeenenoughmoneytogetgreedyabout.Foranothertherehaven’tbeenanyfans.Andforthirdthosewhodidn’tlovethegamehadabsolutelynoreasontokeepplaying.Butthankstotheriseofwomen’sbasketballfemalebasketballplayeraregoingtofindthem-selvestemptedbythesamevanitiesthathaveseducedsomanymen--andthoughweknowsomewillgiveinwedon’tknowhowmany.Forwomen’sbasketballtobecomeamajorsportinAmericaasopposedtoaprofitableonelikearenafootballsomethingisgoingtobeofferedotherthanjustpureskill.Thatsomethingshouldbeandinfactwillhavetobeadifferentattitudeapurersenseofsportthanthemendeliver.Itmaybeaskingtoomuchofwomentowithstandthetemptationsthathavesuckedmaleathletesintoprimadonnaposesbutthenagainitmaybetruethatwomenhaveoccupiedthehighmoralgroundforsolongbecausetheyactuallyaremoresensitivetowhat’simportantinthelongrun.Ihonestlydon’tknowhowthisdramawillplayoutbuttheprocesswilltellusaboutmorethanjustthefateofwomen’sbasketball.Ifwomenwhoaresteadilygainingmoreandmorecontrolinthisworldcantrulyrespondinamorereasonedwaytothepullofpowerthenthereishopeforthe21stcentury.Butifwomenasagendercandonobetterthanmenwhengiventhechancetheninbasketballasinlifewecanonlylookaheadtomoreofthesame. Womenhaveoccupiedthehighmoralgroundforsolongbecause
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