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Most plants can make their own food from sunlight, (1) some have discovered that stealing is an...
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Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
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阅读理解阅读下面的短文然后根据短文内容在A.B.C.D.四个选项中选择最佳答案Plantsareve
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GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 6
Whenworkersbecomemoreefficientit’snormallyagoodthing.Butlatelyithasactedasapowerfulbrakeonjobcreation.Andthequestionofwhethertherecentsurgeinproductivityhasrunitscourseisthekeytowhetherjobgrowthisfinallypoisedtotakeoff. Oneofthegreatsurprisesoftheeconomicdownturnthatbegan27monthsagoisthis..Businessesareproducingonly3percentfewergoodsandservicesthantheywereattheendof2007yetAmericansareworkingnearly10percentfewerhoursbecauseofamixoflayoffsandcutbacksintheworkweek. 46Thatmeanshigh-levelgainsinproductivity--whichinthelongrunisthekeytoahigherstandardoflivingbutintheshortruncontributestosky-highunemployment.Solongasemployerscansqueezedramaticallyhigheroutputfromeveryworkertheywon’tneedtohireagaindespitethegrowingeconomy. 47OnFridaytheLaborDepartmentwillreleaseacloselywatchedMarchemploymentreportexpectedtoshowthestrongestjobgrowthinthreeyearsdrivenbystabilizationintheeconomyandareboundfromFebruarysnowstorms. AstrongMarchjob-growthnumber-atatimewhentheeconomyisgrowingatonlyamiddlingpace--wouldsuggestthattheproductivityboomhaslargelyrunitscourse.48Regardlessthequestionofwhatcausedtheburstinworkers’efficiencyisoneofthegreatunansweredquestionsoftheexpansionandhashugestakesfortheeconomyoverthecomingyear. "Itisanepisodethatwe’regoingto--weeconomistsingeneral--aregoingtowanttounderstandbetterandlookatforalongtime"FederalReserveChairmanBenS.Bernankesaidatahearinglastweekinwhichhedescribedtheproductivitygainsas"extraordinary"andacknowledgedhehadnotforeseenthem. 49Businesseshavecertainlynotbeeninvestinginnewequipmentthatmightenableworkerstobemoreefficient-capitalexpendituresplummetedduringtherecessionandarereboundingslowly.50Andthestructuralshiftsoccurringintheeconomyaresoprofoundthatonewouldexpectproductivitytobelowerratherthanhigheraspeopleneednewtrainingtoworkinpartsoftheeconomythataregrowingsuchasexportsandtheclean-energysector. Sowhat’shappeningAsbestasanyonecanguessthecrisisthatbeganin2007anddeepenedin2008causedbothbusinessesandworkerstopanic. 46Thatmeanshigh-levelgainsinproductivity--whichinthelongrunisthekeytoahigherstandardoflivingbutintheshortruncontributestosky-highunemployment.
TheobjectiveofthemigranthealthprogramoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentistoprovidegrantsforthedevelopmentandenhancementofhighqualityhealthcareservicesinruralareasformigrantandseasonalfarmworkersandtheirfamiliessoastoraisethestatusofhealthcareforthesepeopletothatofthegeneralpopulation.Thisameliorationcanbeachievedbyprovidingcomprehensiveheahhserviceswhicharemadeaeeessibletopeoplewhomovefrequentlyandbyimprovingthephysicalenvironmentsoastoassurehealthfullivingandworkingconditionswhereverworkersarelocated. Grantsareavailabletostateandlocalhealthdepartmenlsandothernonprofitagenciesorganizationsandinstitutions.Thesefundscanheusedforthefollowingpurposes:toestablishandoperategeneralfamilyhealthservicefacilitiesandclinics;toprovideheahheducationtrainingandsanitationservicestoupgradehealthconditions;andtoinitiatepreventivehealthservices.Preventivecareintheformofimmunizationprogramsistheoldestaspectoftheprogram. Theprogramfurtherattemptstopromoteflexibilityinlocatinghealthserviceswheretheywillbeaccessibleattimesandplacesconvenienttomigrantworkersandtheirfamilies.Thefamilyheahhcareclinicwithadditionaloutreachservicesbyfieldnursesandaideswhovisitmigrantfamiliesincampsandattheirhomesforcounselingandfollow-upconstitutesthenewestandmostsignificantinnovationintheinitiatepreventivehealthservices.Howeverdespitetheintroductionofinnovativeapproachesheahhcareservicesformigrantworkersarestilllimitedandhighlyinadequate. Althoughthemigranthealthprogramhasnofixedmatctlingratioagranteeisrequiredtopaypartofthecostwhichvariesfromprojecttoproject.Manyruralcountiesdonothaveenoughmoneytocovermatchingpaymentsnordomanystatesconsidermigran!workers’healthabudgetpriority.Thecostsharingrequirementlimitsthepotentialeffectivenessoftheprogramandliterallyhundredsofcommunitieswithayearlyinfluxofnngrantworkersstilllackorganizedlocalprogramstoprovidetheneededservices.Amajorproblemforlocalorstatehealthagenciesistheirinabilitytodevelopcasehistoriesandongoingcommunicationwithmigrantworkers.Lackofknowledgeregardingmigrantworkers’healthneedsisanotherreasonforthedearthofservices.Therehasbeenlittlecommunicationabouthealthproblemsamongcommunitieshealthprofessionalsandmigrantworkersthemselves.Ignoranceofagroup’sspecialneedsoftenleadstoexclusionandrejectionofthatgroupanditsprohlems.Thisisoftenthecasewithmigrantworkersasevidencedbytheenforcementofstateresidencyrequirement.Itisofcourseimpossibleformostmigrantworkerstomeettheserequirementsandbecomeeligiblefro"existingstateandlocalheahhandwelfareaid. WhatdoesthewordameliorationPara.1mostprobablymean
TheobjectiveofthemigranthealthprogramoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentistoprovidegrantsforthedevelopmentandenhancementofhighqualityhealthcareservicesinruralareasformigrantandseasonalfarmworkersandtheirfamiliessoastoraisethestatusofhealthcareforthesepeopletothatofthegeneralpopulation.Thisameliorationcanbeachievedbyprovidingcomprehensiveheahhserviceswhicharemadeaeeessibletopeoplewhomovefrequentlyandbyimprovingthephysicalenvironmentsoastoassurehealthfullivingandworkingconditionswhereverworkersarelocated. Grantsareavailabletostateandlocalhealthdepartmenlsandothernonprofitagenciesorganizationsandinstitutions.Thesefundscanheusedforthefollowingpurposes:toestablishandoperategeneralfamilyhealthservicefacilitiesandclinics;toprovideheahheducationtrainingandsanitationservicestoupgradehealthconditions;andtoinitiatepreventivehealthservices.Preventivecareintheformofimmunizationprogramsistheoldestaspectoftheprogram. Theprogramfurtherattemptstopromoteflexibilityinlocatinghealthserviceswheretheywillbeaccessibleattimesandplacesconvenienttomigrantworkersandtheirfamilies.Thefamilyheahhcareclinicwithadditionaloutreachservicesbyfieldnursesandaideswhovisitmigrantfamiliesincampsandattheirhomesforcounselingandfollow-upconstitutesthenewestandmostsignificantinnovationintheinitiatepreventivehealthservices.Howeverdespitetheintroductionofinnovativeapproachesheahhcareservicesformigrantworkersarestilllimitedandhighlyinadequate. Althoughthemigranthealthprogramhasnofixedmatctlingratioagranteeisrequiredtopaypartofthecostwhichvariesfromprojecttoproject.Manyruralcountiesdonothaveenoughmoneytocovermatchingpaymentsnordomanystatesconsidermigran!workers’healthabudgetpriority.Thecostsharingrequirementlimitsthepotentialeffectivenessoftheprogramandliterallyhundredsofcommunitieswithayearlyinfluxofnngrantworkersstilllackorganizedlocalprogramstoprovidetheneededservices.Amajorproblemforlocalorstatehealthagenciesistheirinabilitytodevelopcasehistoriesandongoingcommunicationwithmigrantworkers.Lackofknowledgeregardingmigrantworkers’healthneedsisanotherreasonforthedearthofservices.Therehasbeenlittlecommunicationabouthealthproblemsamongcommunitieshealthprofessionalsandmigrantworkersthemselves.Ignoranceofagroup’sspecialneedsoftenleadstoexclusionandrejectionofthatgroupanditsprohlems.Thisisoftenthecasewithmigrantworkersasevidencedbytheenforcementofstateresidencyrequirement.Itisofcourseimpossibleformostmigrantworkerstomeettheserequirementsandbecomeeligiblefro"existingstateandlocalheahhandwelfareaid. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthemigranthealthproblem
Didyoueverhavesomeone’snameonthetipofyourtongueandyetyouwereunabletorecallit1thishappensagaindono2torecallit.Dosomething3foracoupleofminutes4thenamemaycomeintoyourhead.Thenameistheresinceyouhavemet5personandhisname.It6hastobedugout.Theinitialefforttorecall7themindforoperationbutitisthesubconscious8thatgotoworktodigupa9memory.Forcingyourselftorecall10neverhelpsbecauseitdoesn’t11yourmemoryitonlytightensit.Studentsfindthepreparatorymethodhelp12examinations.Theyreadoverthequestions13tryingtoansweranyofthem.14theyanswerfirsttheones15whichtheyaremostconfident.Meanwhiledeepermentalactivitiesinthesubconsciousmindaretaking16;workisbeingdoneonthe17difficultquestions.Bythetimetheeasierquestionsareansweredanswers18themoredifficultoneswillusuallybeginto19intoconsciousness.Itisoften20aquestionofwaitingforrecalltocometothememory. 2
Whenworkersbecomemoreefficientit’snormallyagoodthing.Butlatelyithasactedasapowerfulbrakeonjobcreation.Andthequestionofwhethertherecentsurgeinproductivityhasrunitscourseisthekeytowhetherjobgrowthisfinallypoisedtotakeoff. Oneofthegreatsurprisesoftheeconomicdownturnthatbegan27monthsagoisthis..Businessesareproducingonly3percentfewergoodsandservicesthantheywereattheendof2007yetAmericansareworkingnearly10percentfewerhoursbecauseofamixoflayoffsandcutbacksintheworkweek. 46Thatmeanshigh-levelgainsinproductivity--whichinthelongrunisthekeytoahigherstandardoflivingbutintheshortruncontributestosky-highunemployment.Solongasemployerscansqueezedramaticallyhigheroutputfromeveryworkertheywon’tneedtohireagaindespitethegrowingeconomy. 47OnFridaytheLaborDepartmentwillreleaseacloselywatchedMarchemploymentreportexpectedtoshowthestrongestjobgrowthinthreeyearsdrivenbystabilizationintheeconomyandareboundfromFebruarysnowstorms. AstrongMarchjob-growthnumber-atatimewhentheeconomyisgrowingatonlyamiddlingpace--wouldsuggestthattheproductivityboomhaslargelyrunitscourse.48Regardlessthequestionofwhatcausedtheburstinworkers’efficiencyisoneofthegreatunansweredquestionsoftheexpansionandhashugestakesfortheeconomyoverthecomingyear. "Itisanepisodethatwe’regoingto--weeconomistsingeneral--aregoingtowanttounderstandbetterandlookatforalongtime"FederalReserveChairmanBenS.Bernankesaidatahearinglastweekinwhichhedescribedtheproductivitygainsas"extraordinary"andacknowledgedhehadnotforeseenthem. 49Businesseshavecertainlynotbeeninvestinginnewequipmentthatmightenableworkerstobemoreefficient-capitalexpendituresplummetedduringtherecessionandarereboundingslowly.50Andthestructuralshiftsoccurringintheeconomyaresoprofoundthatonewouldexpectproductivitytobelowerratherthanhigheraspeopleneednewtrainingtoworkinpartsoftheeconomythataregrowingsuchasexportsandtheclean-energysector. Sowhat’shappeningAsbestasanyonecanguessthecrisisthatbeganin2007anddeepenedin2008causedbothbusinessesandworkerstopanic. 48Regardlessthequestionofwhatcausedtheburstinworkers’efficiencyisoneofthegreatunansweredquestionsoftheexpansionandhashugestakesfortheeconomyoverthecomingyear.
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 18
[A]PossiblewaystokeepfreefromAlzheimer’s [B]Deficiencyofdata-collectinginthestudy [C]Thenewfindingsofineffectivenessofpastcures [D]Weakevidenceoftheresearch [E]Howthenewanalysiscomingfrom [F]Futuredirectionoftheresearchconcerned [G]Traditionalbeliefsinpreventivemeasures LifestyleMayNotPreventAlzheimer’s Acomprehensiveanalysisbyanindependentgovernmentpanelhasfoundthatthereisnotenoughscientificevidencetodatetosupporttheadvicedoctorscurrentlygive—suchasexercisingdoingcrosswordpuzzlesoreatingaMediterranean-stylediet—forpreventingorcontrollingsymptomsofAlzheimer’sdiseaseanddementia. 41______ Asratesofage-relateddementiaandAlzheimer’sdiseasehavecontinuedtoriseintheU.S.—largelybecauseAmericansarelivinglongerandtheover-65populationhasswelledtorecordhighs—researchershaveworkedrelentlesslytounderstandthecausesofthesemind-robbingdiseasesandtohelppreventorslowtheirprogression.ToclarifythestateofthecurrentevidenceandofferphysiciansclearertreatmentguidelinestheNationalInstitutesofHealthNIHinearly2009commissionedadetailedanalysisofexistingstudiescovering165paperspublishedbetween1984and2009. 42______ Foryearstheprevailinghypothesishasbeen"Useitorloseit"whenitcomestoavoidinggradualage-relatedmentaldecline.Datahasassociatedbehaviorssuchaskeepingthemindactivelyengagedthroughoutlifestayingphysicallyactiveeatingcertainfoodsandsupplementingthedietwithspecificvitaminsandnutrientswithlowerratesofdementiainoldage.Theselifestylefactorsappearedtolimitcognitivedeclineofvariouskindsfromoccasional"seniormoments"tothemoreseriousepisodesofcognitiveimpairmentthatcanbeapreludetoAlzheimer’sdisease. 43______ NowresearchersatDukeUniversityreportinthecurrentissueoftheAnnalsofInternalMedicinethatthedataonthepreventiveeffectsoflifestylefactorsisnotasstrongastheyhadthought.LedbyBrendaPlassmanaprofessorofpsychiatryandbehavioralsciencesthestudyauthorsanalyzeddecades’worthofresearchincludingobservationalstudiesinwhichscientistslookedretrospectivelyatagroupofparticipantstoteaseoutassociationsbetweencertainbehaviorslikeexerciseandselectedeffectslikescoresontestsofmemoryandcognitiveskillsaswellasthemoredefinitiveclinicaltrialsthatrandomlyassignvolunteerstointerventionorcontrolgroupsandthenassesshowtheinterventionaffectscognitiveability. 44______ Overalltheresearcherssaytheyweredismayedwiththepaucityandweaknessoftheexistingevidence."Whenweappliedrigorousbutconsistentstandardstoreviewallthestudieswefoundthattherewasnotsufficientevidencetorecommendanysingleactivityorfactorthatwasprotectiveofcognitivedeclinelaterinlife"saysPlassman. 45______ Howeverweaklythoughthereviewdidsupportwhatdoctorsknowaboutriskfactorsforcognitivedecline:smokingdiabetesdepressionmetabolicsyndromeandspecificgenevariantswerealllinkedwithincreasedriskofdevelopingAlzheimer’sdisease.InadditionpreventivebehaviorssuchaseatingaMediterraneandietexercisingmaintainingcognitiveengagementdoingpuzzleslearningnewthingsandfosteringextensivesocialrelationshipswerelinkedtoalowerrisk. Theproblemisthatnoneoftheserelationshipswereparticularlyrobusttheauthorssay.Andnonewerestrongenoughtojustifyrecommendingthebehaviorstopeoplewhowanttopreventorslowdowntheonsetofdementia.ThefindingsledtheNIHtoissueMonday’sstate-of-the-sciencestatementinwhichtheagencynotes"CurrentlyfirmconclusionscannotbedrawnabouttheassociationofanymodifiableriskfactorwithcognitivedeclineorAlzheimer’sdisease."AlthoughthestatementdoesnotconstituteanofficialpolicyorgovernmentrecommendationitservesasaguidelinefordoctorsadvisingpatientsaboutthebestevidenceontheroleoflifestylefactorsinAlzheimer’sprevention. 42
Whenworkersbecomemoreefficientit’snormallyagoodthing.Butlatelyithasactedasapowerfulbrakeonjobcreation.Andthequestionofwhethertherecentsurgeinproductivityhasrunitscourseisthekeytowhetherjobgrowthisfinallypoisedtotakeoff. Oneofthegreatsurprisesoftheeconomicdownturnthatbegan27monthsagoisthis..Businessesareproducingonly3percentfewergoodsandservicesthantheywereattheendof2007yetAmericansareworkingnearly10percentfewerhoursbecauseofamixoflayoffsandcutbacksintheworkweek. 46Thatmeanshigh-levelgainsinproductivity--whichinthelongrunisthekeytoahigherstandardoflivingbutintheshortruncontributestosky-highunemployment.Solongasemployerscansqueezedramaticallyhigheroutputfromeveryworkertheywon’tneedtohireagaindespitethegrowingeconomy. 47OnFridaytheLaborDepartmentwillreleaseacloselywatchedMarchemploymentreportexpectedtoshowthestrongestjobgrowthinthreeyearsdrivenbystabilizationintheeconomyandareboundfromFebruarysnowstorms. AstrongMarchjob-growthnumber-atatimewhentheeconomyisgrowingatonlyamiddlingpace--wouldsuggestthattheproductivityboomhaslargelyrunitscourse.48Regardlessthequestionofwhatcausedtheburstinworkers’efficiencyisoneofthegreatunansweredquestionsoftheexpansionandhashugestakesfortheeconomyoverthecomingyear. "Itisanepisodethatwe’regoingto--weeconomistsingeneral--aregoingtowanttounderstandbetterandlookatforalongtime"FederalReserveChairmanBenS.Bernankesaidatahearinglastweekinwhichhedescribedtheproductivitygainsas"extraordinary"andacknowledgedhehadnotforeseenthem. 49Businesseshavecertainlynotbeeninvestinginnewequipmentthatmightenableworkerstobemoreefficient-capitalexpendituresplummetedduringtherecessionandarereboundingslowly.50Andthestructuralshiftsoccurringintheeconomyaresoprofoundthatonewouldexpectproductivitytobelowerratherthanhigheraspeopleneednewtrainingtoworkinpartsoftheeconomythataregrowingsuchasexportsandtheclean-energysector. Sowhat’shappeningAsbestasanyonecanguessthecrisisthatbeganin2007anddeepenedin2008causedbothbusinessesandworkerstopanic. 50Andthestructuralshiftsoccurringintheeconomyaresoprofoundthatonewouldexpectproductivitytobelowerratherthanhigheraspeopleneednewtrainingtoworkinpartsoftheeconomythataregrowingsuchasexportsandtheclean-energysector.
Severalyearsagoattheheightofthedotcomboomitwaswidelyassumedthatapublishingrevolutioninwhichtheprintedwordwouldbesupplantedbythecomputerscreenwasjustaroundthecorner.Itwasn’t:formanythereisstilllittletomatchthejoyofreadingaprintedbookandsettlingdownforonehour.ButrecentlysomebigtechnologycompaniesincludingGoogleAmazonMicrosoftandYahoocontendthatthedreamofbringingbooksonlineisstillverymuchalive. Thedigitizingofthousandsofvolumesofprintisnotwithoutcontroversy.OnThursdayGoogletheworld’smostpopularsearchenginepostedafirstinstallmentofbooksonGooglePrint.ThiscollaborativeeffortbetweenGoogleandseveralworld’sleadingresearchlibrariesaimstomakebooksavailabletobesearchedandreadonlinefreeofcharge.Althoughthebooksincludedsofararenotcoveredbycopyrighttheplanhasattractedtherageofpublishers. FivelargebookfirmsaresuingGoogleforviolatingcopyrightonmaterialthatithasscannedandalthoughoutofprintisstillprotectedbylaw.Googlehassaidthatitwillonlypublishshortextractsfrommaterialundercopyrightunlessgivenexpresspermissiontopublishmorebutpublishersareunconvinced.IronicallymanypublishersarecollaboratingwithGooglePrintPublisherwhichaimstogivereadersanonlinetasteofbooksthatarecommerciallyavailable.Thesearchablecollectionofextractsandbookinformationisintendedtotemptreaderstobuythecompletebooksonlineorinprintform. Amazontheworld’slargestonlineretailerhasmadeplanstoenterthemasse-bookmarketbysellingavastarrayofgoods.GiventhatGoogleshouldimpingeuponitscentralterritoryAmazonrevealedthatitwouldintroducetwonewservices.AmazonPageswillallowcustomerstosearchforkeytermsinselectedbooksandthenbuyandreadonlinewhateverparttheywish.AmazonUpgradewillgivecustomersonlineaccesstobookstheyhavealreadypurchasedashardcopies.Customersarelikelytohavetopayfivecentsapagewiththebulkgoingtothepublisher. Microsofthasalsojoinedtheonline-booktrend.InOctoberthesoftwaregiantsaiditwouldspendaround$200milliontodigitizetextsstartingwithI50000thatareinthepublicdomaintoavoidlegalproblems.ItwilldosoincollaborationwiththeOpenContentAlliance.AndonThursdaycoincidentallythesamedayasGoogleandAmazonannouncedtheirinitiativesMicrosoftreleaseddetailsofadealwiththeBritishLibrarythecountry’smainreferencelibrarytodigitizesome25millionpages;thesewillbemadeavailablethroughMSNBookSearchwhichwillbelaunchednextyear. WhichofthefollowingistrueofGoogleaccordingtothetext
InhisbookTheTippingPointMalcolmGladwellarguesthat"socialepidemics"aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividualsoftencalledinfluentialswhoareunusuallyinformedpersuasiveorwellconnected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling--wethinkweseeithappeningallthetime--butitdoesn’texplainhowideasactuallyspread. Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"two-stepflowofcommunication":Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentialsthoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooksbrandsorneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcasesacursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearingpromotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends. Intheirrecentworkhoweversomeresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infacttheydon’tseemtoberequiredatall. Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluencewiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey--whoseoutsidepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedianotinterpersonalinfluence--eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswhoaccordingtothetwo-step-flowtheoryaresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccurhowevereachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintanceswhomustinturninfluencetheirsandsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistantforexamplethecascadeofchangewon’tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople. Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluencetheresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced. Theauthorsuggeststhatthetwo-step-flowtheory
TheobjectiveofthemigranthealthprogramoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentistoprovidegrantsforthedevelopmentandenhancementofhighqualityhealthcareservicesinruralareasformigrantandseasonalfarmworkersandtheirfamiliessoastoraisethestatusofhealthcareforthesepeopletothatofthegeneralpopulation.Thisameliorationcanbeachievedbyprovidingcomprehensiveheahhserviceswhicharemadeaeeessibletopeoplewhomovefrequentlyandbyimprovingthephysicalenvironmentsoastoassurehealthfullivingandworkingconditionswhereverworkersarelocated. Grantsareavailabletostateandlocalhealthdepartmenlsandothernonprofitagenciesorganizationsandinstitutions.Thesefundscanheusedforthefollowingpurposes:toestablishandoperategeneralfamilyhealthservicefacilitiesandclinics;toprovideheahheducationtrainingandsanitationservicestoupgradehealthconditions;andtoinitiatepreventivehealthservices.Preventivecareintheformofimmunizationprogramsistheoldestaspectoftheprogram. Theprogramfurtherattemptstopromoteflexibilityinlocatinghealthserviceswheretheywillbeaccessibleattimesandplacesconvenienttomigrantworkersandtheirfamilies.Thefamilyheahhcareclinicwithadditionaloutreachservicesbyfieldnursesandaideswhovisitmigrantfamiliesincampsandattheirhomesforcounselingandfollow-upconstitutesthenewestandmostsignificantinnovationintheinitiatepreventivehealthservices.Howeverdespitetheintroductionofinnovativeapproachesheahhcareservicesformigrantworkersarestilllimitedandhighlyinadequate. Althoughthemigranthealthprogramhasnofixedmatctlingratioagranteeisrequiredtopaypartofthecostwhichvariesfromprojecttoproject.Manyruralcountiesdonothaveenoughmoneytocovermatchingpaymentsnordomanystatesconsidermigran!workers’healthabudgetpriority.Thecostsharingrequirementlimitsthepotentialeffectivenessoftheprogramandliterallyhundredsofcommunitieswithayearlyinfluxofnngrantworkersstilllackorganizedlocalprogramstoprovidetheneededservices.Amajorproblemforlocalorstatehealthagenciesistheirinabilitytodevelopcasehistoriesandongoingcommunicationwithmigrantworkers.Lackofknowledgeregardingmigrantworkers’healthneedsisanotherreasonforthedearthofservices.Therehasbeenlittlecommunicationabouthealthproblemsamongcommunitieshealthprofessionalsandmigrantworkersthemselves.Ignoranceofagroup’sspecialneedsoftenleadstoexclusionandrejectionofthatgroupanditsprohlems.Thisisoftenthecasewithmigrantworkersasevidencedbytheenforcementofstateresidencyrequirement.Itisofcourseimpossibleformostmigrantworkerstomeettheserequirementsandbecomeeligiblefro"existingstateandlocalheahhandwelfareaid. Whichofthefollowinglimitsthepotentialeffectivenessoftheprogram
InhisbookTheTippingPointMalcolmGladwellarguesthat"socialepidemics"aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividualsoftencalledinfluentialswhoareunusuallyinformedpersuasiveorwellconnected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling--wethinkweseeithappeningallthetime--butitdoesn’texplainhowideasactuallyspread. Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"two-stepflowofcommunication":Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentialsthoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooksbrandsorneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcasesacursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearingpromotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends. Intheirrecentworkhoweversomeresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infacttheydon’tseemtoberequiredatall. Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluencewiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey--whoseoutsidepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedianotinterpersonalinfluence--eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswhoaccordingtothetwo-step-flowtheoryaresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccurhowevereachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintanceswhomustinturninfluencetheirsandsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistantforexamplethecascadeofchangewon’tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople. Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluencetheresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced. Theunderlinedphrasethesepeopleinparagraph4referstotheoneswho
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 10
Didyoueverhavesomeone’snameonthetipofyourtongueandyetyouwereunabletorecallit1thishappensagaindono2torecallit.Dosomething3foracoupleofminutes4thenamemaycomeintoyourhead.Thenameistheresinceyouhavemet5personandhisname.It6hastobedugout.Theinitialefforttorecall7themindforoperationbutitisthesubconscious8thatgotoworktodigupa9memory.Forcingyourselftorecall10neverhelpsbecauseitdoesn’t11yourmemoryitonlytightensit.Studentsfindthepreparatorymethodhelp12examinations.Theyreadoverthequestions13tryingtoansweranyofthem.14theyanswerfirsttheones15whichtheyaremostconfident.Meanwhiledeepermentalactivitiesinthesubconsciousmindaretaking16;workisbeingdoneonthe17difficultquestions.Bythetimetheeasierquestionsareansweredanswers18themoredifficultoneswillusuallybeginto19intoconsciousness.Itisoften20aquestionofwaitingforrecalltocometothememory. 6
Didyoueverhavesomeone’snameonthetipofyourtongueandyetyouwereunabletorecallit1thishappensagaindono2torecallit.Dosomething3foracoupleofminutes4thenamemaycomeintoyourhead.Thenameistheresinceyouhavemet5personandhisname.It6hastobedugout.Theinitialefforttorecall7themindforoperationbutitisthesubconscious8thatgotoworktodigupa9memory.Forcingyourselftorecall10neverhelpsbecauseitdoesn’t11yourmemoryitonlytightensit.Studentsfindthepreparatorymethodhelp12examinations.Theyreadoverthequestions13tryingtoansweranyofthem.14theyanswerfirsttheones15whichtheyaremostconfident.Meanwhiledeepermentalactivitiesinthesubconsciousmindaretaking16;workisbeingdoneonthe17difficultquestions.Bythetimetheeasierquestionsareansweredanswers18themoredifficultoneswillusuallybeginto19intoconsciousness.Itisoften20aquestionofwaitingforrecalltocometothememory. 8
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 4
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 8
WorklooksabettercureforpovertythanwelfareEspeciallyasfewerandfewercountrieswillbeabletoaffordtopaypotentialworkerstostayathomeaVictorianideaisbackinfavour:manypoorpeoplearebetteroffwhentheyarepulledbackintothelabourmarket.TheidearevivedfirstintheUnitedStates.Thereinitsharshestformtheunemployedworkinexchangeforwelfare.ButcountrieswithgovernmentstotheleftofAmerica’sincludingLabourAustraliaandSocialistFrancearenowalsoexploringwaystolinkincomesupportandemploymentpolicy. Comingfromdifferentdirectionstherightandtheleftaregraduallyfindingnewcommonground.Fortherightitseemsdeplorabletoencouragethepoortorelyonthestateforcashbecausetheygethookedongovernmenthelpandaccustomedtobeingpoor.Fortheleftitseemsdeplorabletoallowworkerstodropoutofthejobmarketforlongperiodsbecauseitmakesitharderforthemtofindnewjobs.Forboththeansweristogetthepoortowork. Mostindustrialcountrieshaveatwo-tiersystemofsocialprotection:asocial-securityschemewhereworkersandtheirbossesmakeregularcontributionsinexchangeforpaymentstoworkerswhentheyareunemployedsickorretired;andasafety-nettogivesomeincometothosepoorpeoplewhohaveexhaustedtheirsocialinsuranceorwhohavenoneTheformerisusuallynotmeans-testedbutfortheunemployedisoflimitedduration;thelatterisalmostalwaystiedtoincomeThepublictendstoapproveofcontributorybenefitswhichiswhatdesignersofsuchschemesintended. Safety-netbenefitscarrynosuchsenseofentitlementandarelesspopular.Yettheyhavegrownmorerapidlyinlargepartbecausethe1980-82recessionincreasedthenumberofpeopleofworkingagewhohadexhaustedtheirrighttocontributorybenefits.Andanincreasingproportionofthepoorarepeopleforwhomthecontributorysystemswereneverdesigned:theyoungandlonemothers.Inconsequencepaymentswhichcarryaclearentitlementhavebecomelesssignificantcomparedwiththosewhichappeartodependpurelyonstatecharity. Theriseinthebillfortheunpopularkindofsocialprotectioncomesatatimewhengovernmentswanttocurbstatespending.Itcomestooatatimewhenmanycountrieshavedonealmosteverythingtheycanthinkoftoprotectthepoor.Adecadeagomanyontheleftarguedthatpovertywasusuallycausedbycircumstancesoutsidethecontrolofthepoor—alackofjobsdisabilityoldageracialdiscriminationbrokenmarriages.Onewayoranothergovernmentshavetriedtotacklemostoftheseproblems.Stillthepoorremain. TheUnitedStateswasthefirstcountryinmodemtimesto
Severalyearsagoattheheightofthedotcomboomitwaswidelyassumedthatapublishingrevolutioninwhichtheprintedwordwouldbesupplantedbythecomputerscreenwasjustaroundthecorner.Itwasn’t:formanythereisstilllittletomatchthejoyofreadingaprintedbookandsettlingdownforonehour.ButrecentlysomebigtechnologycompaniesincludingGoogleAmazonMicrosoftandYahoocontendthatthedreamofbringingbooksonlineisstillverymuchalive. Thedigitizingofthousandsofvolumesofprintisnotwithoutcontroversy.OnThursdayGoogletheworld’smostpopularsearchenginepostedafirstinstallmentofbooksonGooglePrint.ThiscollaborativeeffortbetweenGoogleandseveralworld’sleadingresearchlibrariesaimstomakebooksavailabletobesearchedandreadonlinefreeofcharge.Althoughthebooksincludedsofararenotcoveredbycopyrighttheplanhasattractedtherageofpublishers. FivelargebookfirmsaresuingGoogleforviolatingcopyrightonmaterialthatithasscannedandalthoughoutofprintisstillprotectedbylaw.Googlehassaidthatitwillonlypublishshortextractsfrommaterialundercopyrightunlessgivenexpresspermissiontopublishmorebutpublishersareunconvinced.IronicallymanypublishersarecollaboratingwithGooglePrintPublisherwhichaimstogivereadersanonlinetasteofbooksthatarecommerciallyavailable.Thesearchablecollectionofextractsandbookinformationisintendedtotemptreaderstobuythecompletebooksonlineorinprintform. Amazontheworld’slargestonlineretailerhasmadeplanstoenterthemasse-bookmarketbysellingavastarrayofgoods.GiventhatGoogleshouldimpingeuponitscentralterritoryAmazonrevealedthatitwouldintroducetwonewservices.AmazonPageswillallowcustomerstosearchforkeytermsinselectedbooksandthenbuyandreadonlinewhateverparttheywish.AmazonUpgradewillgivecustomersonlineaccesstobookstheyhavealreadypurchasedashardcopies.Customersarelikelytohavetopayfivecentsapagewiththebulkgoingtothepublisher. Microsofthasalsojoinedtheonline-booktrend.InOctoberthesoftwaregiantsaiditwouldspendaround$200milliontodigitizetextsstartingwithI50000thatareinthepublicdomaintoavoidlegalproblems.ItwilldosoincollaborationwiththeOpenContentAlliance.AndonThursdaycoincidentallythesamedayasGoogleandAmazonannouncedtheirinitiativesMicrosoftreleaseddetailsofadealwiththeBritishLibrarythecountry’smainreferencelibrarytodigitizesome25millionpages;thesewillbemadeavailablethroughMSNBookSearchwhichwillbelaunchednextyear. WhichoftheplandoesNOTbelongtoMicrosoft
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 16
[A]PossiblewaystokeepfreefromAlzheimer’s [B]Deficiencyofdata-collectinginthestudy [C]Thenewfindingsofineffectivenessofpastcures [D]Weakevidenceoftheresearch [E]Howthenewanalysiscomingfrom [F]Futuredirectionoftheresearchconcerned [G]Traditionalbeliefsinpreventivemeasures LifestyleMayNotPreventAlzheimer’s Acomprehensiveanalysisbyanindependentgovernmentpanelhasfoundthatthereisnotenoughscientificevidencetodatetosupporttheadvicedoctorscurrentlygive—suchasexercisingdoingcrosswordpuzzlesoreatingaMediterranean-stylediet—forpreventingorcontrollingsymptomsofAlzheimer’sdiseaseanddementia. 41______ Asratesofage-relateddementiaandAlzheimer’sdiseasehavecontinuedtoriseintheU.S.—largelybecauseAmericansarelivinglongerandtheover-65populationhasswelledtorecordhighs—researchershaveworkedrelentlesslytounderstandthecausesofthesemind-robbingdiseasesandtohelppreventorslowtheirprogression.ToclarifythestateofthecurrentevidenceandofferphysiciansclearertreatmentguidelinestheNationalInstitutesofHealthNIHinearly2009commissionedadetailedanalysisofexistingstudiescovering165paperspublishedbetween1984and2009. 42______ Foryearstheprevailinghypothesishasbeen"Useitorloseit"whenitcomestoavoidinggradualage-relatedmentaldecline.Datahasassociatedbehaviorssuchaskeepingthemindactivelyengagedthroughoutlifestayingphysicallyactiveeatingcertainfoodsandsupplementingthedietwithspecificvitaminsandnutrientswithlowerratesofdementiainoldage.Theselifestylefactorsappearedtolimitcognitivedeclineofvariouskindsfromoccasional"seniormoments"tothemoreseriousepisodesofcognitiveimpairmentthatcanbeapreludetoAlzheimer’sdisease. 43______ NowresearchersatDukeUniversityreportinthecurrentissueoftheAnnalsofInternalMedicinethatthedataonthepreventiveeffectsoflifestylefactorsisnotasstrongastheyhadthought.LedbyBrendaPlassmanaprofessorofpsychiatryandbehavioralsciencesthestudyauthorsanalyzeddecades’worthofresearchincludingobservationalstudiesinwhichscientistslookedretrospectivelyatagroupofparticipantstoteaseoutassociationsbetweencertainbehaviorslikeexerciseandselectedeffectslikescoresontestsofmemoryandcognitiveskillsaswellasthemoredefinitiveclinicaltrialsthatrandomlyassignvolunteerstointerventionorcontrolgroupsandthenassesshowtheinterventionaffectscognitiveability. 44______ Overalltheresearcherssaytheyweredismayedwiththepaucityandweaknessoftheexistingevidence."Whenweappliedrigorousbutconsistentstandardstoreviewallthestudieswefoundthattherewasnotsufficientevidencetorecommendanysingleactivityorfactorthatwasprotectiveofcognitivedeclinelaterinlife"saysPlassman. 45______ Howeverweaklythoughthereviewdidsupportwhatdoctorsknowaboutriskfactorsforcognitivedecline:smokingdiabetesdepressionmetabolicsyndromeandspecificgenevariantswerealllinkedwithincreasedriskofdevelopingAlzheimer’sdisease.InadditionpreventivebehaviorssuchaseatingaMediterraneandietexercisingmaintainingcognitiveengagementdoingpuzzleslearningnewthingsandfosteringextensivesocialrelationshipswerelinkedtoalowerrisk. Theproblemisthatnoneoftheserelationshipswereparticularlyrobusttheauthorssay.Andnonewerestrongenoughtojustifyrecommendingthebehaviorstopeoplewhowanttopreventorslowdowntheonsetofdementia.ThefindingsledtheNIHtoissueMonday’sstate-of-the-sciencestatementinwhichtheagencynotes"CurrentlyfirmconclusionscannotbedrawnabouttheassociationofanymodifiableriskfactorwithcognitivedeclineorAlzheimer’sdisease."AlthoughthestatementdoesnotconstituteanofficialpolicyorgovernmentrecommendationitservesasaguidelinefordoctorsadvisingpatientsaboutthebestevidenceontheroleoflifestylefactorsinAlzheimer’sprevention. 44
Directions: Thefollowingarethreepicturesofdifferentwaystospendthesummerholiday.Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthesepictures.Inthecompositionyoushould: 1describethepictures 2discusstheadvantageanddisadvantageofthemand 3givesuggestions.
Didyoueverhavesomeone’snameonthetipofyourtongueandyetyouwereunabletorecallit1thishappensagaindono2torecallit.Dosomething3foracoupleofminutes4thenamemaycomeintoyourhead.Thenameistheresinceyouhavemet5personandhisname.It6hastobedugout.Theinitialefforttorecall7themindforoperationbutitisthesubconscious8thatgotoworktodigupa9memory.Forcingyourselftorecall10neverhelpsbecauseitdoesn’t11yourmemoryitonlytightensit.Studentsfindthepreparatorymethodhelp12examinations.Theyreadoverthequestions13tryingtoansweranyofthem.14theyanswerfirsttheones15whichtheyaremostconfident.Meanwhiledeepermentalactivitiesinthesubconsciousmindaretaking16;workisbeingdoneonthe17difficultquestions.Bythetimetheeasierquestionsareansweredanswers18themoredifficultoneswillusuallybeginto19intoconsciousness.Itisoften20aquestionofwaitingforrecalltocometothememory. 4
Didyoueverhavesomeone’snameonthetipofyourtongueandyetyouwereunabletorecallit1thishappensagaindono2torecallit.Dosomething3foracoupleofminutes4thenamemaycomeintoyourhead.Thenameistheresinceyouhavemet5personandhisname.It6hastobedugout.Theinitialefforttorecall7themindforoperationbutitisthesubconscious8thatgotoworktodigupa9memory.Forcingyourselftorecall10neverhelpsbecauseitdoesn’t11yourmemoryitonlytightensit.Studentsfindthepreparatorymethodhelp12examinations.Theyreadoverthequestions13tryingtoansweranyofthem.14theyanswerfirsttheones15whichtheyaremostconfident.Meanwhiledeepermentalactivitiesinthesubconsciousmindaretaking16;workisbeingdoneonthe17difficultquestions.Bythetimetheeasierquestionsareansweredanswers18themoredifficultoneswillusuallybeginto19intoconsciousness.Itisoften20aquestionofwaitingforrecalltocometothememory. 10
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 14
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 12
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 20
WorklooksabettercureforpovertythanwelfareEspeciallyasfewerandfewercountrieswillbeabletoaffordtopaypotentialworkerstostayathomeaVictorianideaisbackinfavour:manypoorpeoplearebetteroffwhentheyarepulledbackintothelabourmarket.TheidearevivedfirstintheUnitedStates.Thereinitsharshestformtheunemployedworkinexchangeforwelfare.ButcountrieswithgovernmentstotheleftofAmerica’sincludingLabourAustraliaandSocialistFrancearenowalsoexploringwaystolinkincomesupportandemploymentpolicy. Comingfromdifferentdirectionstherightandtheleftaregraduallyfindingnewcommonground.Fortherightitseemsdeplorabletoencouragethepoortorelyonthestateforcashbecausetheygethookedongovernmenthelpandaccustomedtobeingpoor.Fortheleftitseemsdeplorabletoallowworkerstodropoutofthejobmarketforlongperiodsbecauseitmakesitharderforthemtofindnewjobs.Forboththeansweristogetthepoortowork. Mostindustrialcountrieshaveatwo-tiersystemofsocialprotection:asocial-securityschemewhereworkersandtheirbossesmakeregularcontributionsinexchangeforpaymentstoworkerswhentheyareunemployedsickorretired;andasafety-nettogivesomeincometothosepoorpeoplewhohaveexhaustedtheirsocialinsuranceorwhohavenoneTheformerisusuallynotmeans-testedbutfortheunemployedisoflimitedduration;thelatterisalmostalwaystiedtoincomeThepublictendstoapproveofcontributorybenefitswhichiswhatdesignersofsuchschemesintended. Safety-netbenefitscarrynosuchsenseofentitlementandarelesspopular.Yettheyhavegrownmorerapidlyinlargepartbecausethe1980-82recessionincreasedthenumberofpeopleofworkingagewhohadexhaustedtheirrighttocontributorybenefits.Andanincreasingproportionofthepoorarepeopleforwhomthecontributorysystemswereneverdesigned:theyoungandlonemothers.Inconsequencepaymentswhichcarryaclearentitlementhavebecomelesssignificantcomparedwiththosewhichappeartodependpurelyonstatecharity. Theriseinthebillfortheunpopularkindofsocialprotectioncomesatatimewhengovernmentswanttocurbstatespending.Itcomestooatatimewhenmanycountrieshavedonealmosteverythingtheycanthinkoftoprotectthepoor.Adecadeagomanyontheleftarguedthatpovertywasusuallycausedbycircumstancesoutsidethecontrolofthepoor—alackofjobsdisabilityoldageracialdiscriminationbrokenmarriages.Onewayoranothergovernmentshavetriedtotacklemostoftheseproblems.Stillthepoorremain. Existingsocialsecuritysystemsareincreasinglyexpensivetooperatebecause
WorklooksabettercureforpovertythanwelfareEspeciallyasfewerandfewercountrieswillbeabletoaffordtopaypotentialworkerstostayathomeaVictorianideaisbackinfavour:manypoorpeoplearebetteroffwhentheyarepulledbackintothelabourmarket.TheidearevivedfirstintheUnitedStates.Thereinitsharshestformtheunemployedworkinexchangeforwelfare.ButcountrieswithgovernmentstotheleftofAmerica’sincludingLabourAustraliaandSocialistFrancearenowalsoexploringwaystolinkincomesupportandemploymentpolicy. Comingfromdifferentdirectionstherightandtheleftaregraduallyfindingnewcommonground.Fortherightitseemsdeplorabletoencouragethepoortorelyonthestateforcashbecausetheygethookedongovernmenthelpandaccustomedtobeingpoor.Fortheleftitseemsdeplorabletoallowworkerstodropoutofthejobmarketforlongperiodsbecauseitmakesitharderforthemtofindnewjobs.Forboththeansweristogetthepoortowork. Mostindustrialcountrieshaveatwo-tiersystemofsocialprotection:asocial-securityschemewhereworkersandtheirbossesmakeregularcontributionsinexchangeforpaymentstoworkerswhentheyareunemployedsickorretired;andasafety-nettogivesomeincometothosepoorpeoplewhohaveexhaustedtheirsocialinsuranceorwhohavenoneTheformerisusuallynotmeans-testedbutfortheunemployedisoflimitedduration;thelatterisalmostalwaystiedtoincomeThepublictendstoapproveofcontributorybenefitswhichiswhatdesignersofsuchschemesintended. Safety-netbenefitscarrynosuchsenseofentitlementandarelesspopular.Yettheyhavegrownmorerapidlyinlargepartbecausethe1980-82recessionincreasedthenumberofpeopleofworkingagewhohadexhaustedtheirrighttocontributorybenefits.Andanincreasingproportionofthepoorarepeopleforwhomthecontributorysystemswereneverdesigned:theyoungandlonemothers.Inconsequencepaymentswhichcarryaclearentitlementhavebecomelesssignificantcomparedwiththosewhichappeartodependpurelyonstatecharity. Theriseinthebillfortheunpopularkindofsocialprotectioncomesatatimewhengovernmentswanttocurbstatespending.Itcomestooatatimewhenmanycountrieshavedonealmosteverythingtheycanthinkoftoprotectthepoor.Adecadeagomanyontheleftarguedthatpovertywasusuallycausedbycircumstancesoutsidethecontrolofthepoor—alackofjobsdisabilityoldageracialdiscriminationbrokenmarriages.Onewayoranothergovernmentshavetriedtotacklemostoftheseproblems.Stillthepoorremain. Ifyoubecomeunemployedyouwillreceiveapayment
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