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Directions : The following are three pictures of different ways to spend the summer holiday. Write ...
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单项选择题Ineachofthefollowinggroupsofwordstherearefour
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Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEngli
单项选择题Ineachofthefollowinggroupsofwordstherearefour
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Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEngli
Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese
Ofthefollowing______iscorrect．
the Sailing Directions Book is also known as Pilot Book
the Sailing Directions Book and the Pilot Book are different books
the Pilot Book is a part of the Sailing Directions
the Sailing Directions Book contains the Pilot Book"
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Ineachofthefollowinggroupsofwordstherearefourunder
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Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEngli
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ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 2
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodiesandmusicaltechniquesintoabriefquadrille-likestructuredesignedtobeplayed--exactlyaswritten--onthepiano.46AstronganalogyexistsbetweenEuropeancomposerslikeRalphVaughanWilliamsandEdwardGriegwhocombinedfolktunesandtheirownoriginalmaterialsinlargercompositionsandthepioneercomposersintheUnitedStates.ComposerslikeScottJoplinandJamesScottwereinasensecollectorsormusicologistscollectingdanceandfolkmusicinBlackcommunitiesandconsciouslyshapingitintobriefsuitesoranthologiescalledpianorags. Ithassometimesbeenchargedthatragtimeismechanical.ForinstanceWilfredMellerscomments"ragsweretransferredtothepianolarollandevenifnotplayedbyamachineshouldbeplayedlikeamachinewithmeticulousprecision."47Howeverthereisnoreasontoassumethatragtimeisinherentlymechanicalsimplybecausecommercialmanufacturersappliedamechanicalrecordingmethodtoittheonlywaytorecordpianosatthatdate.Ragtime’sisnotamechanicalprecisionanditisnotprecisionlimitedtothestyleofperformance.Itarisesfromragtime’sfollowingawell-definedformandobeyingsimpleruleswithinthatform. Theclassicformulaforthepianoragdisposesthreetofivethemesinsixteen-barstrainsoftenorganizedwithrepeats.48Theragopenswithabrightmemorablestrainorthemefollowedbyasimilarthemeleadingtoamelodyofmarkedlyricalcharacterwiththestructureconcludedbyalyricalstrainthatparallelstherhythmicdevelopmentsoftheearlierthemes.Theaimofthestructureistorisefromonethemetoanotherinastair-stepmannerendingonanoteoftriumphorexhilaration.Typicallyeachstrainisdividedintotwo8-barsegmentsthatareessentiallyalikesotherhythmic-melodicunitofragtimeisonlyeightbarsof2/4measure.49Thereforenotconcernedwithdevelopmentofmusicalthemestheragtimecomposerinsteadsetsathemedownintactinfinishedformandlinksittovariousrelatedthemesthatarebriefwithclearmelodicfigures.Tensioninragtimecompositionsarisesfromapolaritybetweentwobasicingredients:acontinuousbass--calledbyjazzmusiciansaboom-chickbass--inthepianist’slefthandanditsmelodicsyncopatedcounterpartintherighthand.Ragtimeremainsdistinctfromjazzbothasaninstrumentalstyleandasagenre.Ragtimestylestressesapatternofrepeatedrhythmsnottheconstantinventionsandvariationsofjazz.50Asagenreragtimerequiresstrictattentiontostructurenotinventivenessorexceptionalskillsexistingasatraditionasetofconventionsabodyofwrittenscoresseparatefromtheindividualplayersassociatedwithit.Inthissenseragtimeismoreakintofolkmusicofthenineteenthcenturythantojazz. 48Theragopenswithabrightmemorablestrainorthemefollowedbyasimilarthemeleadingtoamelodyofmarkedlyricalcharacterwiththestructureconcludedbyalyricalstrainthatparallelstherhythmicdevelopmentsoftheearlierthemes.
LikeallquintessentiallyBritishthingsgardeningisapastimethathaslongbeenindecline.Fromahighpointof￡5billionin2001spendingonplantstoolsandgardenfurniturehasfalleneveryyearsincethentoaround~3billionin2008．Thearrivalofeconomicrecessiononlydeepenedthegloom:tocredit-crunchedconsumersshrubsandhangingbasketsseemedobviouscandidatesforcuts. YetthelatestfiguresfromtheHorticulturalTradesAssociationHTAsuggestabumperyearforgarden-relatedexpenditureisinthemaking.Salesvolumeswereupby21%inMarchand28%inAprilcomparedwiththesamemonthsayearearlier.Thiswasnottheresultofdeepdiscountingastrategythatmanyotherretailershavebeenadopting.Thevalueofgardengoodssoldwas37%higherinMarchand42%higherinAprilthanayearearlierwhereasthevalueofallsaleshadincreasedbyjust3%inApril.Datamonitoramarket-researchfirmreckonsthatgardeningwillcontinuetooutperformtherestofretailingforatleastthenexttwoyears. MuchofthegoodnewsisduetotheweatheradmitsTimBriercliffetheHTA’sdirectorofbusinessdevelopment.Lastyearthevitalspringmonthsweredampandmiserable;thisyearsunshineandweathermen’spredictionofahotsummerhasboostedcustom.Buttheeconomicdownturnitselfhasturnedouttobeasmuchablessingasacurse.GardeningmaybealuxuryarguesMr.Briercliffebutitcompeteswithothermoreexpensiveluxuries."PeoplewhomighthaveotherwisebookedacitybreaktoPraguearestayingathomeandmakingthebestofwhattheyhave"hemaintains.AccordingtoIpsosMORIapollsterthree-quartersofpeopleplantospendatleastasmuchontheirgardenthisyearaslast. Economichardshiphascreatedanewbreedofgardenertoo.Partlythatreflectspeoplemakingthemostoftheirenforcedleisure:"Wegetsomeunemployedcitytypeswhoarejustfillingtimewhilelookingforanotherjob"admitsagarden-centreworkerneartheLondoncommutertownofGuilford.Buttherearemorepositivedevelopments.Muchofthegrowthingardenspendinghascomefromtheunder-35snottraditionallyagreen-fingereddemographic.Oneexplanationisthatenvironmentalismandthriftinesshavemadegrowingvegetablestrendyanideathatissupportedbygrowingshortageofallotments. Butthereismoretoitthanpleasantweatherandbelt-tightening.TheHTAdetectsdeeperanddarkerchangesinthenationalpsyche.CitingresearchfromtheFutureFoundationaprognosticatoryconsultancyitreckonsthatpeoplearespendingmoretimeintheirhomesfortifyingthemintohavensfromanunwelcomingworldhauntedbycrimebureaucracyandrisingunemployment.Thelongerthedownturnpersiststhegreenerthegrassmaygrow. Whichofthefollowingisrightaccordingtothe2ndparagraph
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 18
ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostparttheresponsehasbeenfavorabletosaytheleast.Hooray!Atlast!wroteAnthonyTommasiniasober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.OneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprisehoweveristhatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasiniwhohadadvocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimescallshimanunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulezthatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.FormypartIhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.TobesureheperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositionsbutitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHalloranywhereelsetohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelforbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetimeattentionandmoneyoftheart-lovingpublicclassicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahousesdancetroupestheatercompaniesandmuseumsbutalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheapavailableeverywhereandveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sliveperformances;moreovertheycanbeconsumedatatimeandplaceofthelistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRossaclassical-musiccritichasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicintoamarkedlydifferentmorevibrantorganization.ButwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifferenceMerelyexpandingtheorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceedtheymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 16
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodiesandmusicaltechniquesintoabriefquadrille-likestructuredesignedtobeplayed--exactlyaswritten--onthepiano.46AstronganalogyexistsbetweenEuropeancomposerslikeRalphVaughanWilliamsandEdwardGriegwhocombinedfolktunesandtheirownoriginalmaterialsinlargercompositionsandthepioneercomposersintheUnitedStates.ComposerslikeScottJoplinandJamesScottwereinasensecollectorsormusicologistscollectingdanceandfolkmusicinBlackcommunitiesandconsciouslyshapingitintobriefsuitesoranthologiescalledpianorags. Ithassometimesbeenchargedthatragtimeismechanical.ForinstanceWilfredMellerscomments"ragsweretransferredtothepianolarollandevenifnotplayedbyamachineshouldbeplayedlikeamachinewithmeticulousprecision."47Howeverthereisnoreasontoassumethatragtimeisinherentlymechanicalsimplybecausecommercialmanufacturersappliedamechanicalrecordingmethodtoittheonlywaytorecordpianosatthatdate.Ragtime’sisnotamechanicalprecisionanditisnotprecisionlimitedtothestyleofperformance.Itarisesfromragtime’sfollowingawell-definedformandobeyingsimpleruleswithinthatform. Theclassicformulaforthepianoragdisposesthreetofivethemesinsixteen-barstrainsoftenorganizedwithrepeats.48Theragopenswithabrightmemorablestrainorthemefollowedbyasimilarthemeleadingtoamelodyofmarkedlyricalcharacterwiththestructureconcludedbyalyricalstrainthatparallelstherhythmicdevelopmentsoftheearlierthemes.Theaimofthestructureistorisefromonethemetoanotherinastair-stepmannerendingonanoteoftriumphorexhilaration.Typicallyeachstrainisdividedintotwo8-barsegmentsthatareessentiallyalikesotherhythmic-melodicunitofragtimeisonlyeightbarsof2/4measure.49Thereforenotconcernedwithdevelopmentofmusicalthemestheragtimecomposerinsteadsetsathemedownintactinfinishedformandlinksittovariousrelatedthemesthatarebriefwithclearmelodicfigures.Tensioninragtimecompositionsarisesfromapolaritybetweentwobasicingredients:acontinuousbass--calledbyjazzmusiciansaboom-chickbass--inthepianist’slefthandanditsmelodicsyncopatedcounterpartintherighthand.Ragtimeremainsdistinctfromjazzbothasaninstrumentalstyleandasagenre.Ragtimestylestressesapatternofrepeatedrhythmsnottheconstantinventionsandvariationsofjazz.50Asagenreragtimerequiresstrictattentiontostructurenotinventivenessorexceptionalskillsexistingasatraditionasetofconventionsabodyofwrittenscoresseparatefromtheindividualplayersassociatedwithit.Inthissenseragtimeismoreakintofolkmusicofthenineteenthcenturythantojazz. 50Asagenreragtimerequiresstrictattentiontostructurenotinventivenessorexceptionalskillsexistingasatraditionasetofconventionsabodyofwrittenscoresseparatefromtheindividualplayersassociatedwithit.
LikeallquintessentiallyBritishthingsgardeningisapastimethathaslongbeenindecline.Fromahighpointof￡5billionin2001spendingonplantstoolsandgardenfurniturehasfalleneveryyearsincethentoaround~3billionin2008．Thearrivalofeconomicrecessiononlydeepenedthegloom:tocredit-crunchedconsumersshrubsandhangingbasketsseemedobviouscandidatesforcuts. YetthelatestfiguresfromtheHorticulturalTradesAssociationHTAsuggestabumperyearforgarden-relatedexpenditureisinthemaking.Salesvolumeswereupby21%inMarchand28%inAprilcomparedwiththesamemonthsayearearlier.Thiswasnottheresultofdeepdiscountingastrategythatmanyotherretailershavebeenadopting.Thevalueofgardengoodssoldwas37%higherinMarchand42%higherinAprilthanayearearlierwhereasthevalueofallsaleshadincreasedbyjust3%inApril.Datamonitoramarket-researchfirmreckonsthatgardeningwillcontinuetooutperformtherestofretailingforatleastthenexttwoyears. MuchofthegoodnewsisduetotheweatheradmitsTimBriercliffetheHTA’sdirectorofbusinessdevelopment.Lastyearthevitalspringmonthsweredampandmiserable;thisyearsunshineandweathermen’spredictionofahotsummerhasboostedcustom.Buttheeconomicdownturnitselfhasturnedouttobeasmuchablessingasacurse.GardeningmaybealuxuryarguesMr.Briercliffebutitcompeteswithothermoreexpensiveluxuries."PeoplewhomighthaveotherwisebookedacitybreaktoPraguearestayingathomeandmakingthebestofwhattheyhave"hemaintains.AccordingtoIpsosMORIapollsterthree-quartersofpeopleplantospendatleastasmuchontheirgardenthisyearaslast. Economichardshiphascreatedanewbreedofgardenertoo.Partlythatreflectspeoplemakingthemostoftheirenforcedleisure:"Wegetsomeunemployedcitytypeswhoarejustfillingtimewhilelookingforanotherjob"admitsagarden-centreworkerneartheLondoncommutertownofGuilford.Buttherearemorepositivedevelopments.Muchofthegrowthingardenspendinghascomefromtheunder-35snottraditionallyagreen-fingereddemographic.Oneexplanationisthatenvironmentalismandthriftinesshavemadegrowingvegetablestrendyanideathatissupportedbygrowingshortageofallotments. Butthereismoretoitthanpleasantweatherandbelt-tightening.TheHTAdetectsdeeperanddarkerchangesinthenationalpsyche.CitingresearchfromtheFutureFoundationaprognosticatoryconsultancyitreckonsthatpeoplearespendingmoretimeintheirhomesfortifyingthemintohavensfromanunwelcomingworldhauntedbycrimebureaucracyandrisingunemployment.Thelongerthedownturnpersiststhegreenerthegrassmaygrow. Whatdoesthenewbreedofgardenerinthe4thparagraphreferto
46SurprisinglyenoughmodernhistorianshaverarelyinterestedthemselvesinthehistoryoftheAmericanSouthintheperiodbeforetheSouthbegantobecomeself-consciouslyanddistinctively"Southern"--thedecadesafter1815.ConsequentlytheculturalhistoryofBritain’sNorthAmericanempireintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturieshasbeenwrittenalmostasiftheSoutherncolonieshadneverexisted.TheAmericanculturethatemergedduringtheColonialandRevolutionaryerashasbeendepictedashavingbeensimplyanextensionofNewEnglandPuritanculture.HoweverProfessorDavishasrecentlyarguedthattheSouthstoodapartfromtherestofAmericansocietyduringthisearlyperiodfollowingitsownuniquepatternofculturaldevelopment.47ThecaseforSoutherndistinctivenessrestsupontworelatedpremises:firstthattheculturalsimilaritiesamongthefiveSoutherncolonieswerefarmoreimpressivethanthedifferencesandsecondthatwhatmadethosecoloniesalikealsomadethemdifferentfromtheothercolonies.ThefirstforwhichDavisoffersanenormousamountofevidencecanbeacceptedwithoutmajorreservations;thesecondisfarmoreproblematic. WhatmakesthesecondpremiseproblematicistheuseofthePuritancoloniesasabasisforcomparison.QuiteproperlyDavisdecriestheexcessiveinfluenceascribedbyhistorianstothePuritansintheformationofAmericanculture.YetDavisinadvertentlyaddsweighttosuchascriptionsbyusingthePuritansasthestandardagainstwhichtoassesstheachievementsandcontributionsofSoutherncolonials.48ThroughoutDavisfocusesontheimportantandundeniabledifferencesbetweentheSouthernandNortherncoloniesinmotivesforandpatternsofearlysettlementinattitudestowardnatureandNativeAmericansandinthedegreeofreceptivitytometropolitanculturalinfluences. 49HoweverrecentscholarshiphasstronglysuggestedthatthoseaspectsofearlyNewEnglandculturethatseemtohavebeenmostdistinctlyPuritansuchasthestrongreligiousorientationandthecommunalimpulsewerenoteventypicalofNewEnglandasawholebutwerelargelyconfinedtothetwocoloniesofAmerica.ThuswhatincontrasttothePuritanNortherncoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlySouthern--acquisitivenessastronginterestinpoliticsandthelawandatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels--wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbyPuritanMassachusettsandConnecticutbutalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.50WithinthelargerframeworkofAmericancoloniallifethennottheSouthernbuttheNortherncoloniesappeartohavebeendistinctiveandeventheyseemtohavebeenrapidlyassimilatingtothedominantculturalpatternsbythelastColonialperiod. 46SurprisinglyenoughmodernhistorianshaverarelyinterestedthemselvesinthehistoryoftheAmericanSouthintheperiodbeforetheSouthbegantobecomeself-consciouslyanddistinctivelySouthern--thedecadesafter1815.
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 4
Directions: Studythefollowingchartscarefullyandwriteanarticle.Inyourarticleyoushouldcoverthefollowingpoints: 1describethephenomenon; 2analyzethephenomenonandgiveyourcommentit. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceivedtheeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisherandresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal. Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencieswhoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOECDhasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.ThereportbyJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECDmakesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohavesofarmadehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathasuntilnowbeenakeyelementofscientificendeavor. Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdependsinpartuponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmericathecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16000journals. Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreportsome75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdealwhereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishingtypicallysup-portedbyaskingtheauthororhisemployertopayforthepapertobepublished:Finallythereareopen-accessarchiveswhereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethreesuchasdelayedopen-accesswhere.journalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonthsbeforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocessatleastforthepublicationofpapers. Inthefirstparagraphtheauthordiscusses
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 20
Directions: Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessayyoushould: 1describethepicturebriefly 2interpretthemeaningand 3supportyourviewswithexamples.
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 8
ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostparttheresponsehasbeenfavorabletosaytheleast.Hooray!Atlast!wroteAnthonyTommasiniasober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.OneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprisehoweveristhatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasiniwhohadadvocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimescallshimanunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulezthatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.FormypartIhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.TobesureheperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositionsbutitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHalloranywhereelsetohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelforbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetimeattentionandmoneyoftheart-lovingpublicclassicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahousesdancetroupestheatercompaniesandmuseumsbutalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheapavailableeverywhereandveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sliveperformances;moreovertheycanbeconsumedatatimeandplaceofthelistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRossaclassical-musiccritichasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicintoamarkedlydifferentmorevibrantorganization.ButwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifferenceMerelyexpandingtheorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceedtheymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings
Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceivedtheeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisherandresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal. Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencieswhoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOECDhasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.ThereportbyJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECDmakesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohavesofarmadehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathasuntilnowbeenakeyelementofscientificendeavor. Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdependsinpartuponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmericathecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16000journals. Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreportsome75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdealwhereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishingtypicallysup-portedbyaskingtheauthororhisemployertopayforthepapertobepublished:Finallythereareopen-accessarchiveswhereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethreesuchasdelayedopen-accesswhere.journalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonthsbeforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocessatleastforthepublicationofpapers. Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext
SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisabadidea. Whenoilburnsitdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeopleburnsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthe"greenhousegases"thatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise. Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney--forresearchandforequipment--thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse. AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy. Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan--evenifitworks--mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture. TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithit.TheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer. Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe
Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceivedtheeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisherandresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal. Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencieswhoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOECDhasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.ThereportbyJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECDmakesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohavesofarmadehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathasuntilnowbeenakeyelementofscientificendeavor. Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdependsinpartuponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmericathecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16000journals. Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreportsome75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdealwhereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishingtypicallysup-portedbyaskingtheauthororhisemployertopayforthepapertobepublished:Finallythereareopen-accessarchiveswhereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethreesuchasdelayedopen-accesswhere.journalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonthsbeforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocessatleastforthepublicationofpapers. Accordingtothetextonlinepublicationissignificantinthat
46SurprisinglyenoughmodernhistorianshaverarelyinterestedthemselvesinthehistoryoftheAmericanSouthintheperiodbeforetheSouthbegantobecomeself-consciouslyanddistinctively"Southern"--thedecadesafter1815.ConsequentlytheculturalhistoryofBritain’sNorthAmericanempireintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturieshasbeenwrittenalmostasiftheSoutherncolonieshadneverexisted.TheAmericanculturethatemergedduringtheColonialandRevolutionaryerashasbeendepictedashavingbeensimplyanextensionofNewEnglandPuritanculture.HoweverProfessorDavishasrecentlyarguedthattheSouthstoodapartfromtherestofAmericansocietyduringthisearlyperiodfollowingitsownuniquepatternofculturaldevelopment.47ThecaseforSoutherndistinctivenessrestsupontworelatedpremises:firstthattheculturalsimilaritiesamongthefiveSoutherncolonieswerefarmoreimpressivethanthedifferencesandsecondthatwhatmadethosecoloniesalikealsomadethemdifferentfromtheothercolonies.ThefirstforwhichDavisoffersanenormousamountofevidencecanbeacceptedwithoutmajorreservations;thesecondisfarmoreproblematic. WhatmakesthesecondpremiseproblematicistheuseofthePuritancoloniesasabasisforcomparison.QuiteproperlyDavisdecriestheexcessiveinfluenceascribedbyhistorianstothePuritansintheformationofAmericanculture.YetDavisinadvertentlyaddsweighttosuchascriptionsbyusingthePuritansasthestandardagainstwhichtoassesstheachievementsandcontributionsofSoutherncolonials.48ThroughoutDavisfocusesontheimportantandundeniabledifferencesbetweentheSouthernandNortherncoloniesinmotivesforandpatternsofearlysettlementinattitudestowardnatureandNativeAmericansandinthedegreeofreceptivitytometropolitanculturalinfluences. 49HoweverrecentscholarshiphasstronglysuggestedthatthoseaspectsofearlyNewEnglandculturethatseemtohavebeenmostdistinctlyPuritansuchasthestrongreligiousorientationandthecommunalimpulsewerenoteventypicalofNewEnglandasawholebutwerelargelyconfinedtothetwocoloniesofAmerica.ThuswhatincontrasttothePuritanNortherncoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlySouthern--acquisitivenessastronginterestinpoliticsandthelawandatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels--wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbyPuritanMassachusettsandConnecticutbutalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.50WithinthelargerframeworkofAmericancoloniallifethennottheSouthernbuttheNortherncoloniesappeartohavebeendistinctiveandeventheyseemtohavebeenrapidlyassimilatingtothedominantculturalpatternsbythelastColonialperiod. 50WithinthelargerframeworkofAmericancoloniallifethennottheSouthernbuttheNortherncoloniesappeartohavebeendistinctiveandeventheyseemtohavebeenrapidlyassimilatingtothedominantculturalpatternsbythelastColonialperiod.
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 2
LikeallquintessentiallyBritishthingsgardeningisapastimethathaslongbeenindecline.Fromahighpointof￡5billionin2001spendingonplantstoolsandgardenfurniturehasfalleneveryyearsincethentoaround~3billionin2008．Thearrivalofeconomicrecessiononlydeepenedthegloom:tocredit-crunchedconsumersshrubsandhangingbasketsseemedobviouscandidatesforcuts. YetthelatestfiguresfromtheHorticulturalTradesAssociationHTAsuggestabumperyearforgarden-relatedexpenditureisinthemaking.Salesvolumeswereupby21%inMarchand28%inAprilcomparedwiththesamemonthsayearearlier.Thiswasnottheresultofdeepdiscountingastrategythatmanyotherretailershavebeenadopting.Thevalueofgardengoodssoldwas37%higherinMarchand42%higherinAprilthanayearearlierwhereasthevalueofallsaleshadincreasedbyjust3%inApril.Datamonitoramarket-researchfirmreckonsthatgardeningwillcontinuetooutperformtherestofretailingforatleastthenexttwoyears. MuchofthegoodnewsisduetotheweatheradmitsTimBriercliffetheHTA’sdirectorofbusinessdevelopment.Lastyearthevitalspringmonthsweredampandmiserable;thisyearsunshineandweathermen’spredictionofahotsummerhasboostedcustom.Buttheeconomicdownturnitselfhasturnedouttobeasmuchablessingasacurse.GardeningmaybealuxuryarguesMr.Briercliffebutitcompeteswithothermoreexpensiveluxuries."PeoplewhomighthaveotherwisebookedacitybreaktoPraguearestayingathomeandmakingthebestofwhattheyhave"hemaintains.AccordingtoIpsosMORIapollsterthree-quartersofpeopleplantospendatleastasmuchontheirgardenthisyearaslast. Economichardshiphascreatedanewbreedofgardenertoo.Partlythatreflectspeoplemakingthemostoftheirenforcedleisure:"Wegetsomeunemployedcitytypeswhoarejustfillingtimewhilelookingforanotherjob"admitsagarden-centreworkerneartheLondoncommutertownofGuilford.Buttherearemorepositivedevelopments.Muchofthegrowthingardenspendinghascomefromtheunder-35snottraditionallyagreen-fingereddemographic.Oneexplanationisthatenvironmentalismandthriftinesshavemadegrowingvegetablestrendyanideathatissupportedbygrowingshortageofallotments. Butthereismoretoitthanpleasantweatherandbelt-tightening.TheHTAdetectsdeeperanddarkerchangesinthenationalpsyche.CitingresearchfromtheFutureFoundationaprognosticatoryconsultancyitreckonsthatpeoplearespendingmoretimeintheirhomesfortifyingthemintohavensfromanunwelcomingworldhauntedbycrimebureaucracyandrisingunemployment.Thelongerthedownturnpersiststhegreenerthegrassmaygrow. AccordingtothetextwhatarethereasonsfortheRenaissanceofgardening
[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaginge.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paperwithadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperisinfactprobablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnowwithmassiveincreasesinpaperpricesthetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable. [B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottleswhicharereturnedtothedairieswashedoutandrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.MoreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottlesandithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplasticthenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays! [C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopperwhousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.SowhyisitdoneSomeofitlikethecellophaneonmeatisnecessarybutmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment. [D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshopsasuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks. [E]Littleresearchhoweverisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisitforinstanceforlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaperpulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxesWoulditbecheapertoplantanotherforestPaperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging--20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday--butverylittleissalvaged. [F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandreuseofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackagingintendedtobeusedjustonceandmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythemisclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatisafterallarelativelyunimportantfunction. [G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoffthelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophanepolytheneorpaper. Order: 42
46SurprisinglyenoughmodernhistorianshaverarelyinterestedthemselvesinthehistoryoftheAmericanSouthintheperiodbeforetheSouthbegantobecomeself-consciouslyanddistinctively"Southern"--thedecadesafter1815.ConsequentlytheculturalhistoryofBritain’sNorthAmericanempireintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturieshasbeenwrittenalmostasiftheSoutherncolonieshadneverexisted.TheAmericanculturethatemergedduringtheColonialandRevolutionaryerashasbeendepictedashavingbeensimplyanextensionofNewEnglandPuritanculture.HoweverProfessorDavishasrecentlyarguedthattheSouthstoodapartfromtherestofAmericansocietyduringthisearlyperiodfollowingitsownuniquepatternofculturaldevelopment.47ThecaseforSoutherndistinctivenessrestsupontworelatedpremises:firstthattheculturalsimilaritiesamongthefiveSoutherncolonieswerefarmoreimpressivethanthedifferencesandsecondthatwhatmadethosecoloniesalikealsomadethemdifferentfromtheothercolonies.ThefirstforwhichDavisoffersanenormousamountofevidencecanbeacceptedwithoutmajorreservations;thesecondisfarmoreproblematic. WhatmakesthesecondpremiseproblematicistheuseofthePuritancoloniesasabasisforcomparison.QuiteproperlyDavisdecriestheexcessiveinfluenceascribedbyhistorianstothePuritansintheformationofAmericanculture.YetDavisinadvertentlyaddsweighttosuchascriptionsbyusingthePuritansasthestandardagainstwhichtoassesstheachievementsandcontributionsofSoutherncolonials.48ThroughoutDavisfocusesontheimportantandundeniabledifferencesbetweentheSouthernandNortherncoloniesinmotivesforandpatternsofearlysettlementinattitudestowardnatureandNativeAmericansandinthedegreeofreceptivitytometropolitanculturalinfluences. 49HoweverrecentscholarshiphasstronglysuggestedthatthoseaspectsofearlyNewEnglandculturethatseemtohavebeenmostdistinctlyPuritansuchasthestrongreligiousorientationandthecommunalimpulsewerenoteventypicalofNewEnglandasawholebutwerelargelyconfinedtothetwocoloniesofAmerica.ThuswhatincontrasttothePuritanNortherncoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlySouthern--acquisitivenessastronginterestinpoliticsandthelawandatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels--wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbyPuritanMassachusettsandConnecticutbutalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.50WithinthelargerframeworkofAmericancoloniallifethennottheSouthernbuttheNortherncoloniesappeartohavebeendistinctiveandeventheyseemtohavebeenrapidlyassimilatingtothedominantculturalpatternsbythelastColonialperiod. 48ThroughoutDavisfocusesontheimportantandundeniabledifferencesbetweentheSouthernandNortherncoloniesinmotivesforandpatternsofearlysettlementinattitudestowardnatureandNativeAmericansandinthedegreeofreceptivitytometropolitanculturalinfluences.
SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisabadidea. Whenoilburnsitdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeopleburnsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthe"greenhousegases"thatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise. Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney--forresearchandforequipment--thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse. AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy. Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan--evenifitworks--mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture. TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithit.TheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer. Accordingtosomeenvironmentalisttheoilcompanies
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 14
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 10
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 12
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 6
[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaginge.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paperwithadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperisinfactprobablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnowwithmassiveincreasesinpaperpricesthetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable. [B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottleswhicharereturnedtothedairieswashedoutandrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.MoreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottlesandithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplasticthenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays! [C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopperwhousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.SowhyisitdoneSomeofitlikethecellophaneonmeatisnecessarybutmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment. [D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshopsasuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks. [E]Littleresearchhoweverisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisitforinstanceforlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaperpulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxesWoulditbecheapertoplantanotherforestPaperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging--20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday--butverylittleissalvaged. [F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandreuseofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackagingintendedtobeusedjustonceandmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythemisclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatisafterallarelativelyunimportantfunction. [G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoffthelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophanepolytheneorpaper. Order: 44
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