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______标志着中国古代文学理论和文学批评建立了完整的体系。
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魏晋南北朝时期有哪些重要的文学理论和文学批评著作
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庄子的得意忘言说对后代文学创作和文学理论批评产生了巨大影响在魏晋以后被直接引入文学理论形成了中国古代
中国古代文学理论的概念和范畴主要受到中国古代传统感悟式直觉思维方式和的影响
怎样理解文学批评与文学理论的关系
文学批评家的专业知识体系应当大致包括
美学
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文学史
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刘勰的是中国古代文学理论批评史上一部最杰出的巨著全书五十篇体大思精有完整的科学体系和严密的组织结构
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[南朝梁]刘勰的《文心雕龙》
[南朝梁]钟嵘的《诗品》
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WhenIwaslookingforaChristmaspresentformydaughterinatoystoreanicelydressedlittlegirlwithsomemoneyinherlittlehandwaslookingatsomebeautifuldolls.Whenshesawadollshelikedshewouldaskherfatherffshehadenoughmoney.Heusuallysaidyes.Atthesametimeaboywitholdandsmallclotheswaslookingatsomevideogames.Hetoohadmoneyinhishandbutitlookednomorethanfivedollars.Eachtimehepickeduponeofthevideogamesandlookedathisfatherheshookhishead.Thelittlegirlhadchosenherdollaverybeautifulone.Howevershenoticedtheboyandhisfather.Shesawtheboygiveupavideogamewithdisappointment失望andwalktoanothercornerofthestore.Thelittlegirlputherdollbacktotheshelfandranovertothevideogame.Aftershetalkedtoherfathershepaidforthevideogameandwhispered耳语totheshopassistant.Sotheboygotthevideogamethathewantedforfree—hewastolditwasaprizefromthestore.Hesmiledhappilyalthoughhefeltitwassoincredible.Thegirlsawallthishappen.Shesmiledtoo.WhenIwalkedoutofthestoretomycarIheardthefatheraskhisdaughterwhyshehaddonethat.Iwouldneverforgettheirshorttalk.Daddydidn’tGrandmawantmetobuysomethingthatwouldmakemehappyHesaidOfcourseshedid.WellIjustdid!Withthatthelittlegirlstartedskipping蹦跳towardstheircarhappily.Theboy______.
______aloneinthedarkroomthelittlegirlwassofrightenedastocryloudly．
SusanSontag1933—2004wasoneofthemostnoticeablefiguresintheworldofliterature.Formorethan40yearsshemadeitmorallynecessarytoknoweverything—toreadeverybookworthreadingandtoseeeverymovieworthseeing.Whenshewasstillinherearly30spublishingessaysinsuchimportantmagazinesasPartisanReviewsheappearedasthesymbolofAmericanculturelifetryinghardtofollowevery-newdevelopmentinliteraturefilmandart.WithgreateffortandseriousjudgmentSontagwalkedatthelatestedgesofworldculture.SeriousnesswasoneofSontag’slifelongwatchwords格言butatatimewhenthebarriersbetweenthewell-educatedandthepoorly-educatedwereobviousshearguedforatrueopennesstothepleasuresofpopculture.InNotesonCampthe1964essaythatfirstmadehernamesheexplainedwhatwasthenalittle-knownsetofdifficultunderstandingsthroughwhichshecouldnothavebeenmorefamous.NotesonCampshewroterepresentsavictoryof’form’over’content’beautyovermoralsByconviction信念shewasasensualist感觉论者butbynatureshewasamoralist伦理学者andintheworksshepublishedinthe1970sand1980sitwasthelattersideofherthatcameforward.InIllnessasMetaphor—publishedin1978aftershesufferedcancer—shearguedagainsttheideathatcancerwassomehowaspecialproblemofrepressedpersonalities被压抑的性格aconceptthateffectivelyblamedthevictimforthedisease.Infactre-examiningoldpositionswasherlifelonghabit.InAmericaherstoryofa19thcenturyPolishactresswhosetupaperfectsocietyinCaliforniawontheNationalBookAwardin2000.Butitwasasatirelessall-purposeculturalviewthatshemadeherlastingfame.SometimessheoncesaidIfeelthatintheendallIamreallydefending...istheideaofseriousnessoftrueseriousness.Andintheendshemadeustakeitseriouslytoo.SusanSontag’slastingfamewasmadeupon______.
Therearemanykindsoffriends.Somearealways16youbutdon’tunderstandyou.Somesayonlyafewwordstoyoubutunderstandyou.Manypeoplewillstepinyourlifebutonly17friendsleavefootprints脚印.Ishallalwaysrecall回忆theautumnandthegirlwiththe18.Shewillalwaysbringbackthefriendshipbetweenus.Iknowshewillalwaysbemybestfriend.Itwasthegoldenseason.Icouldseetheyellowleaves19withthecool20.InsuchaseasonIlikedwalkingaloneontheroadscoveredwithleaves21tothesoundofthem.Autumnisa22seasonandlifeisuninteresting.Thefreedaysalwaysgetme23.Butonedaythesoundofaviolin24intomyearslikeastream小溪flowinginthemountains.IwassosurprisedthatIjumpedtoseewhatitwas.Ayounggirlstandinginthewindwas25inplayingherviolin.Ihad26seenherbefore.ThemusicwassonicethatIlistenedquietly.LostinthemusicIdidn’tknowthatIhadbeen27thereforsolongbutmyexistence存在didnotseemtodisturbher.Leaveswerestillfalling.Everydaysheplayedtheviolinatthecornerofthebuilding28Iwentdownstairstowatchherperformance.Iwastheonlylistener.Theautumnseemednolongerlonelyandlifebecame29.30wedidn’tknoweachotherIthoughtwewerealreadygoodfriends.Ibelieveshealsolovedme.Autumnwasnearlyover.OnedaywhenIwaslisteningcarefullythesoundsuddenly31.Tomyastonishment惊讶thegirlcameovertome.Youmustlikemusicfromtheviolin.shesaid.Yes.Andyouplayverywell.WhydidyoustopIasked.Suddenlya32expressionappearedonherfaceandIcouldfeelsomethingunusual.IcameheretoseemygrandmotherbutnowImustleave.Ionceplayedverybadly.Itwasyourlisteningeverydaythat33me.shesaid.Infactitwasyourplaying34gavemeameaningfulautumnIansweredLet’sbefriends.ThegirlsmiledandsodidI.Ineverheardherplayagaininmylife.Inolongerwentdown-stairstolistentoher.Onlythickleaveswereleftbehind.ButIwillalwaysrememberthefinefigure身影ofthegirl.Sheislikea35—soshortsobrightlikeashootingstargivingoffsomuchlightthatmakestheautumnbeautiful.Ⅱ．完形填空/Cloze
Therearemanykindsoffriends.Somearealways16youbutdon’tunderstandyou.Somesayonlyafewwordstoyoubutunderstandyou.Manypeoplewillstepinyourlifebutonly17friendsleavefootprints脚印.Ishallalwaysrecall回忆theautumnandthegirlwiththe18.Shewillalwaysbringbackthefriendshipbetweenus.Iknowshewillalwaysbemybestfriend.Itwasthegoldenseason.Icouldseetheyellowleaves19withthecool20.InsuchaseasonIlikedwalkingaloneontheroadscoveredwithleaves21tothesoundofthem.Autumnisa22seasonandlifeisuninteresting.Thefreedaysalwaysgetme23.Butonedaythesoundofaviolin24intomyearslikeastream小溪flowinginthemountains.IwassosurprisedthatIjumpedtoseewhatitwas.Ayounggirlstandinginthewindwas25inplayingherviolin.Ihad26seenherbefore.ThemusicwassonicethatIlistenedquietly.LostinthemusicIdidn’tknowthatIhadbeen27thereforsolongbutmyexistence存在didnotseemtodisturbher.Leaveswerestillfalling.Everydaysheplayedtheviolinatthecornerofthebuilding28Iwentdownstairstowatchherperformance.Iwastheonlylistener.Theautumnseemednolongerlonelyandlifebecame29.30wedidn’tknoweachotherIthoughtwewerealreadygoodfriends.Ibelieveshealsolovedme.Autumnwasnearlyover.OnedaywhenIwaslisteningcarefullythesoundsuddenly31.Tomyastonishment惊讶thegirlcameovertome.Youmustlikemusicfromtheviolin.shesaid.Yes.Andyouplayverywell.WhydidyoustopIasked.Suddenlya32expressionappearedonherfaceandIcouldfeelsomethingunusual.IcameheretoseemygrandmotherbutnowImustleave.Ionceplayedverybadly.Itwasyourlisteningeverydaythat33me.shesaid.Infactitwasyourplaying34gavemeameaningfulautumnIansweredLet’sbefriends.ThegirlsmiledandsodidI.Ineverheardherplayagaininmylife.Inolongerwentdown-stairstolistentoher.Onlythickleaveswereleftbehind.ButIwillalwaysrememberthefinefigure身影ofthegirl.Sheislikea35—soshortsobrightlikeashootingstargivingoffsomuchlightthatmakestheautumnbeautiful.Ⅱ．完形填空/Cloze
Therearemanykindsoffriends.Somearealways16youbutdon’tunderstandyou.Somesayonlyafewwordstoyoubutunderstandyou.Manypeoplewillstepinyourlifebutonly17friendsleavefootprints脚印.Ishallalwaysrecall回忆theautumnandthegirlwiththe18.Shewillalwaysbringbackthefriendshipbetweenus.Iknowshewillalwaysbemybestfriend.Itwasthegoldenseason.Icouldseetheyellowleaves19withthecool20.InsuchaseasonIlikedwalkingaloneontheroadscoveredwithleaves21tothesoundofthem.Autumnisa22seasonandlifeisuninteresting.Thefreedaysalwaysgetme23.Butonedaythesoundofaviolin24intomyearslikeastream小溪flowinginthemountains.IwassosurprisedthatIjumpedtoseewhatitwas.Ayounggirlstandinginthewindwas25inplayingherviolin.Ihad26seenherbefore.ThemusicwassonicethatIlistenedquietly.LostinthemusicIdidn’tknowthatIhadbeen27thereforsolongbutmyexistence存在didnotseemtodisturbher.Leaveswerestillfalling.Everydaysheplayedtheviolinatthecornerofthebuilding28Iwentdownstairstowatchherperformance.Iwastheonlylistener.Theautumnseemednolongerlonelyandlifebecame29.30wedidn’tknoweachotherIthoughtwewerealreadygoodfriends.Ibelieveshealsolovedme.Autumnwasnearlyover.OnedaywhenIwaslisteningcarefullythesoundsuddenly31.Tomyastonishment惊讶thegirlcameovertome.Youmustlikemusicfromtheviolin.shesaid.Yes.Andyouplayverywell.WhydidyoustopIasked.Suddenlya32expressionappearedonherfaceandIcouldfeelsomethingunusual.IcameheretoseemygrandmotherbutnowImustleave.Ionceplayedverybadly.Itwasyourlisteningeverydaythat33me.shesaid.Infactitwasyourplaying34gavemeameaningfulautumnIansweredLet’sbefriends.ThegirlsmiledandsodidI.Ineverheardherplayagaininmylife.Inolongerwentdown-stairstolistentoher.Onlythickleaveswereleftbehind.ButIwillalwaysrememberthefinefigure身影ofthegirl.Sheislikea35—soshortsobrightlikeashootingstargivingoffsomuchlightthatmakestheautumnbeautiful.Ⅱ．完形填空/Cloze
ItisonOctober12009thatthePeople'sRepublicofChina______its60thbirthday.
Therearemanykindsoffriends.Somearealways16youbutdon’tunderstandyou.Somesayonlyafewwordstoyoubutunderstandyou.Manypeoplewillstepinyourlifebutonly17friendsleavefootprints脚印.Ishallalwaysrecall回忆theautumnandthegirlwiththe18.Shewillalwaysbringbackthefriendshipbetweenus.Iknowshewillalwaysbemybestfriend.Itwasthegoldenseason.Icouldseetheyellowleaves19withthecool20.InsuchaseasonIlikedwalkingaloneontheroadscoveredwithleaves21tothesoundofthem.Autumnisa22seasonandlifeisuninteresting.Thefreedaysalwaysgetme23.Butonedaythesoundofaviolin24intomyearslikeastream小溪flowinginthemountains.IwassosurprisedthatIjumpedtoseewhatitwas.Ayounggirlstandinginthewindwas25inplayingherviolin.Ihad26seenherbefore.ThemusicwassonicethatIlistenedquietly.LostinthemusicIdidn’tknowthatIhadbeen27thereforsolongbutmyexistence存在didnotseemtodisturbher.Leaveswerestillfalling.Everydaysheplayedtheviolinatthecornerofthebuilding28Iwentdownstairstowatchherperformance.Iwastheonlylistener.Theautumnseemednolongerlonelyandlifebecame29.30wedidn’tknoweachotherIthoughtwewerealreadygoodfriends.Ibelieveshealsolovedme.Autumnwasnearlyover.OnedaywhenIwaslisteningcarefullythesoundsuddenly31.Tomyastonishment惊讶thegirlcameovertome.Youmustlikemusicfromtheviolin.shesaid.Yes.Andyouplayverywell.WhydidyoustopIasked.Suddenlya32expressionappearedonherfaceandIcouldfeelsomethingunusual.IcameheretoseemygrandmotherbutnowImustleave.Ionceplayedverybadly.Itwasyourlisteningeverydaythat33me.shesaid.Infactitwasyourplaying34gavemeameaningfulautumnIansweredLet’sbefriends.ThegirlsmiledandsodidI.Ineverheardherplayagaininmylife.Inolongerwentdown-stairstolistentoher.Onlythickleaveswereleftbehind.ButIwillalwaysrememberthefinefigure身影ofthegirl.Sheislikea35—soshortsobrightlikeashootingstargivingoffsomuchlightthatmakestheautumnbeautiful.Ⅱ．完形填空/Cloze
WhereisLoveHowcanwefindLoveThepastagesofmanhaveallbeencarefullylabeledbyanthropologists.DescriptionslikePaleolithicManNeolithicManetc.neatlysumupthewholeperiods.WhenthetimecomesforanthropologiststoturntheirattentiontothetwentiethcenturytheywillsurelychoosethelabelLeglessMan.Historiesofthetimewillgosomethinglikethis:inthetwentiethcenturypeopleforgothowtousetheirlegs.Menandwomenmovedaboutincarsbusesandtrainsfromaveryearlyage.Therewereliftsandescalatorsinalllargebuildingstopreventpeoplefromwalking.Thissituationwasforceduponearthdwellersofthattimebecauseofmileseachday.Butthesurprisingthingisthattheydidn’tusetheirlegsevenwhentheywentonholiday.Theybuiltcablerailwaysski-liftsandroadstothetopofevery-hugemountain.Allthebeautyspotsonearthweremarredbythepresenceoflargecarparks.Thefuturehistorybooksmightalsorecordthatweweredeprivedoftheuseofoureyes.Inourhurrytogetfromoneplacetoanotherwefailedtoseeanythingontheway.Airtravelgivesyouabird’s-eyeviewoftheworld—orevenlessifthewingoftheaircrafthappenstogetinyourway.Whenyoutravelbycarortrainablurredimageofthecountrysideconstantlysmearsthewindows.Cardriversinparticularareforeverobsessedwiththeurgetogoonandon:theyneverwanttostop.IsitthelureofthegreatmotorwaysorwhatAndasforseatravelithardlydeservesmention.Itisperfectlysummedupinthewordsoftheoldsong:IjoinedthenavytoseetheworldandwhatdidIseeIsawthesea.Thetypicaltwentieth-centurytraveleristhemanwhoalwayssaysI’vebeenthere.Youmentiontheremotestmostevocativeplace-namesintheworldlikeE1DoradoKabulIrkutskandsomeoneisboundtosayI’vebeenthere—meaningIdrovethroughitat100milesanhouronthewaytosomewhereelse.Whenyoutravelathighspeedthepresentmeansnothing:youlivemainlyinthefuturebecauseyouspendmostofyourtimelookingforwardtoarrivingatsomeotherplace.Butactualarrivalwhenitisachievedismeaningless.Youwanttomoveonagain.Bytravelinglikethisyoususpendallexperience;thepresentceasestobeareality:youmightjustaswellbedead.Thetraveleronfootontheotherhandlivesconstantlyinthepresent.Forhimtravelingandarrivingareoneandthesamething:hearrivessomewherewitheverystephemakes.Heexperiencesthepresentmomentwithhiseyeshisearsandthewholeofhisbody.Attheendofhisjourneyhefeelsadeliciousphysicalweariness.Heknowsthatsound.Satisfyingsleepwillbehis:thejustrewardofalltruetravelers.Travellingathighspeedmeans______.
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Therearemanykindsoffriends.Somearealways16youbutdon’tunderstandyou.Somesayonlyafewwordstoyoubutunderstandyou.Manypeoplewillstepinyourlifebutonly17friendsleavefootprints脚印.Ishallalwaysrecall回忆theautumnandthegirlwiththe18.Shewillalwaysbringbackthefriendshipbetweenus.Iknowshewillalwaysbemybestfriend.Itwasthegoldenseason.Icouldseetheyellowleaves19withthecool20.InsuchaseasonIlikedwalkingaloneontheroadscoveredwithleaves21tothesoundofthem.Autumnisa22seasonandlifeisuninteresting.Thefreedaysalwaysgetme23.Butonedaythesoundofaviolin24intomyearslikeastream小溪flowinginthemountains.IwassosurprisedthatIjumpedtoseewhatitwas.Ayounggirlstandinginthewindwas25inplayingherviolin.Ihad26seenherbefore.ThemusicwassonicethatIlistenedquietly.LostinthemusicIdidn’tknowthatIhadbeen27thereforsolongbutmyexistence存在didnotseemtodisturbher.Leaveswerestillfalling.Everydaysheplayedtheviolinatthecornerofthebuilding28Iwentdownstairstowatchherperformance.Iwastheonlylistener.Theautumnseemednolongerlonelyandlifebecame29.30wedidn’tknoweachotherIthoughtwewerealreadygoodfriends.Ibelieveshealsolovedme.Autumnwasnearlyover.OnedaywhenIwaslisteningcarefullythesoundsuddenly31.Tomyastonishment惊讶thegirlcameovertome.Youmustlikemusicfromtheviolin.shesaid.Yes.Andyouplayverywell.WhydidyoustopIasked.Suddenlya32expressionappearedonherfaceandIcouldfeelsomethingunusual.IcameheretoseemygrandmotherbutnowImustleave.Ionceplayedverybadly.Itwasyourlisteningeverydaythat33me.shesaid.Infactitwasyourplaying34gavemeameaningfulautumnIansweredLet’sbefriends.ThegirlsmiledandsodidI.Ineverheardherplayagaininmylife.Inolongerwentdown-stairstolistentoher.Onlythickleaveswereleftbehind.ButIwillalwaysrememberthefinefigure身影ofthegirl.Sheislikea35—soshortsobrightlikeashootingstargivingoffsomuchlightthatmakestheautumnbeautiful.Ⅱ．完形填空/Cloze
Therearemanykindsoffriends.Somearealways16youbutdon’tunderstandyou.Somesayonlyafewwordstoyoubutunderstandyou.Manypeoplewillstepinyourlifebutonly17friendsleavefootprints脚印.Ishallalwaysrecall回忆theautumnandthegirlwiththe18.Shewillalwaysbringbackthefriendshipbetweenus.Iknowshewillalwaysbemybestfriend.Itwasthegoldenseason.Icouldseetheyellowleaves19withthecool20.InsuchaseasonIlikedwalkingaloneontheroadscoveredwithleaves21tothesoundofthem.Autumnisa22seasonandlifeisuninteresting.Thefreedaysalwaysgetme23.Butonedaythesoundofaviolin24intomyearslikeastream小溪flowinginthemountains.IwassosurprisedthatIjumpedtoseewhatitwas.Ayounggirlstandinginthewindwas25inplayingherviolin.Ihad26seenherbefore.ThemusicwassonicethatIlistenedquietly.LostinthemusicIdidn’tknowthatIhadbeen27thereforsolongbutmyexistence存在didnotseemtodisturbher.Leaveswerestillfalling.Everydaysheplayedtheviolinatthecornerofthebuilding28Iwentdownstairstowatchherperformance.Iwastheonlylistener.Theautumnseemednolongerlonelyandlifebecame29.30wedidn’tknoweachotherIthoughtwewerealreadygoodfriends.Ibelieveshealsolovedme.Autumnwasnearlyover.OnedaywhenIwaslisteningcarefullythesoundsuddenly31.Tomyastonishment惊讶thegirlcameovertome.Youmustlikemusicfromtheviolin.shesaid.Yes.Andyouplayverywell.WhydidyoustopIasked.Suddenlya32expressionappearedonherfaceandIcouldfeelsomethingunusual.IcameheretoseemygrandmotherbutnowImustleave.Ionceplayedverybadly.Itwasyourlisteningeverydaythat33me.shesaid.Infactitwasyourplaying34gavemeameaningfulautumnIansweredLet’sbefriends.ThegirlsmiledandsodidI.Ineverheardherplayagaininmylife.Inolongerwentdown-stairstolistentoher.Onlythickleaveswereleftbehind.ButIwillalwaysrememberthefinefigure身影ofthegirl.Sheislikea35—soshortsobrightlikeashootingstargivingoffsomuchlightthatmakestheautumnbeautiful.Ⅱ．完形填空/Cloze
WithpropermeasurestheeconomyinChinaisbeginningto______again．
Therearemanykindsoffriends.Somearealways16youbutdon’tunderstandyou.Somesayonlyafewwordstoyoubutunderstandyou.Manypeoplewillstepinyourlifebutonly17friendsleavefootprints脚印.Ishallalwaysrecall回忆theautumnandthegirlwiththe18.Shewillalwaysbringbackthefriendshipbetweenus.Iknowshewillalwaysbemybestfriend.Itwasthegoldenseason.Icouldseetheyellowleaves19withthecool20.InsuchaseasonIlikedwalkingaloneontheroadscoveredwithleaves21tothesoundofthem.Autumnisa22seasonandlifeisuninteresting.Thefreedaysalwaysgetme23.Butonedaythesoundofaviolin24intomyearslikeastream小溪flowinginthemountains.IwassosurprisedthatIjumpedtoseewhatitwas.Ayounggirlstandinginthewindwas25inplayingherviolin.Ihad26seenherbefore.ThemusicwassonicethatIlistenedquietly.LostinthemusicIdidn’tknowthatIhadbeen27thereforsolongbutmyexistence存在didnotseemtodisturbher.Leaveswerestillfalling.Everydaysheplayedtheviolinatthecornerofthebuilding28Iwentdownstairstowatchherperformance.Iwastheonlylistener.Theautumnseemednolongerlonelyandlifebecame29.30wedidn’tknoweachotherIthoughtwewerealreadygoodfriends.Ibelieveshealsolovedme.Autumnwasnearlyover.OnedaywhenIwaslisteningcarefullythesoundsuddenly31.Tomyastonishment惊讶thegirlcameovertome.Youmustlikemusicfromtheviolin.shesaid.Yes.Andyouplayverywell.WhydidyoustopIasked.Suddenlya32expressionappearedonherfaceandIcouldfeelsomethingunusual.IcameheretoseemygrandmotherbutnowImustleave.Ionceplayedverybadly.Itwasyourlisteningeverydaythat33me.shesaid.Infactitwasyourplaying34gavemeameaningfulautumnIansweredLet’sbefriends.ThegirlsmiledandsodidI.Ineverheardherplayagaininmylife.Inolongerwentdown-stairstolistentoher.Onlythickleaveswereleftbehind.ButIwillalwaysrememberthefinefigure身影ofthegirl.Sheislikea35—soshortsobrightlikeashootingstargivingoffsomuchlightthatmakestheautumnbeautiful.Ⅱ．完形填空/Cloze
Therearemanykindsoffriends.Somearealways16youbutdon’tunderstandyou.Somesayonlyafewwordstoyoubutunderstandyou.Manypeoplewillstepinyourlifebutonly17friendsleavefootprints脚印.Ishallalwaysrecall回忆theautumnandthegirlwiththe18.Shewillalwaysbringbackthefriendshipbetweenus.Iknowshewillalwaysbemybestfriend.Itwasthegoldenseason.Icouldseetheyellowleaves19withthecool20.InsuchaseasonIlikedwalkingaloneontheroadscoveredwithleaves21tothesoundofthem.Autumnisa22seasonandlifeisuninteresting.Thefreedaysalwaysgetme23.Butonedaythesoundofaviolin24intomyearslikeastream小溪flowinginthemountains.IwassosurprisedthatIjumpedtoseewhatitwas.Ayounggirlstandinginthewindwas25inplayingherviolin.Ihad26seenherbefore.ThemusicwassonicethatIlistenedquietly.LostinthemusicIdidn’tknowthatIhadbeen27thereforsolongbutmyexistence存在didnotseemtodisturbher.Leaveswerestillfalling.Everydaysheplayedtheviolinatthecornerofthebuilding28Iwentdownstairstowatchherperformance.Iwastheonlylistener.Theautumnseemednolongerlonelyandlifebecame29.30wedidn’tknoweachotherIthoughtwewerealreadygoodfriends.Ibelieveshealsolovedme.Autumnwasnearlyover.OnedaywhenIwaslisteningcarefullythesoundsuddenly31.Tomyastonishment惊讶thegirlcameovertome.Youmustlikemusicfromtheviolin.shesaid.Yes.Andyouplayverywell.WhydidyoustopIasked.Suddenlya32expressionappearedonherfaceandIcouldfeelsomethingunusual.IcameheretoseemygrandmotherbutnowImustleave.Ionceplayedverybadly.Itwasyourlisteningeverydaythat33me.shesaid.Infactitwasyourplaying34gavemeameaningfulautumnIansweredLet’sbefriends.ThegirlsmiledandsodidI.Ineverheardherplayagaininmylife.Inolongerwentdown-stairstolistentoher.Onlythickleaveswereleftbehind.ButIwillalwaysrememberthefinefigure身影ofthegirl.Sheislikea35—soshortsobrightlikeashootingstargivingoffsomuchlightthatmakestheautumnbeautiful.Ⅱ．完形填空/Cloze
最早提出经典性条件反射的人是
SusanSontag1933—2004wasoneofthemostnoticeablefiguresintheworldofliterature.Formorethan40yearsshemadeitmorallynecessarytoknoweverything—toreadeverybookworthreadingandtoseeeverymovieworthseeing.Whenshewasstillinherearly30spublishingessaysinsuchimportantmagazinesasPartisanReviewsheappearedasthesymbolofAmericanculturelifetryinghardtofollowevery-newdevelopmentinliteraturefilmandart.WithgreateffortandseriousjudgmentSontagwalkedatthelatestedgesofworldculture.SeriousnesswasoneofSontag’slifelongwatchwords格言butatatimewhenthebarriersbetweenthewell-educatedandthepoorly-educatedwereobviousshearguedforatrueopennesstothepleasuresofpopculture.InNotesonCampthe1964essaythatfirstmadehernamesheexplainedwhatwasthenalittle-knownsetofdifficultunderstandingsthroughwhichshecouldnothavebeenmorefamous.NotesonCampshewroterepresentsavictoryof’form’over’content’beautyovermoralsByconviction信念shewasasensualist感觉论者butbynatureshewasamoralist伦理学者andintheworksshepublishedinthe1970sand1980sitwasthelattersideofherthatcameforward.InIllnessasMetaphor—publishedin1978aftershesufferedcancer—shearguedagainsttheideathatcancerwassomehowaspecialproblemofrepressedpersonalities被压抑的性格aconceptthateffectivelyblamedthevictimforthedisease.Infactre-examiningoldpositionswasherlifelonghabit.InAmericaherstoryofa19thcenturyPolishactresswhosetupaperfectsocietyinCaliforniawontheNationalBookAwardin2000.Butitwasasatirelessall-purposeculturalviewthatshemadeherlastingfame.SometimessheoncesaidIfeelthatintheendallIamreallydefending...istheideaofseriousnessoftrueseriousness.Andintheendshemadeustakeitseriouslytoo.AccordingtothepassageSusanSontag______.
Tom'smotheralwaystoldhimnottosmokeagainbut______didn'thelp.
联结学习理论认为学习就是在刺激和反应之间建立直接联结的过程其中起重要作用的是
WhenIwaslookingforaChristmaspresentformydaughterinatoystoreanicelydressedlittlegirlwithsomemoneyinherlittlehandwaslookingatsomebeautifuldolls.Whenshesawadollshelikedshewouldaskherfatherffshehadenoughmoney.Heusuallysaidyes.Atthesametimeaboywitholdandsmallclotheswaslookingatsomevideogames.Hetoohadmoneyinhishandbutitlookednomorethanfivedollars.Eachtimehepickeduponeofthevideogamesandlookedathisfatherheshookhishead.Thelittlegirlhadchosenherdollaverybeautifulone.Howevershenoticedtheboyandhisfather.Shesawtheboygiveupavideogamewithdisappointment失望andwalktoanothercornerofthestore.Thelittlegirlputherdollbacktotheshelfandranovertothevideogame.Aftershetalkedtoherfathershepaidforthevideogameandwhispered耳语totheshopassistant.Sotheboygotthevideogamethathewantedforfree—hewastolditwasaprizefromthestore.Hesmiledhappilyalthoughhefeltitwassoincredible.Thegirlsawallthishappen.Shesmiledtoo.WhenIwalkedoutofthestoretomycarIheardthefatheraskhisdaughterwhyshehaddonethat.Iwouldneverforgettheirshorttalk.Daddydidn’tGrandmawantmetobuysomethingthatwouldmakemehappyHesaidOfcourseshedid.WellIjustdid!Withthatthelittlegirlstartedskipping蹦跳towardstheircarhappily.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothestory
Imetseveralpeopletheretwoof______beingforeigners.
Therearemanykindsoffriends.Somearealways16youbutdon’tunderstandyou.Somesayonlyafewwordstoyoubutunderstandyou.Manypeoplewillstepinyourlifebutonly17friendsleavefootprints脚印.Ishallalwaysrecall回忆theautumnandthegirlwiththe18.Shewillalwaysbringbackthefriendshipbetweenus.Iknowshewillalwaysbemybestfriend.Itwasthegoldenseason.Icouldseetheyellowleaves19withthecool20.InsuchaseasonIlikedwalkingaloneontheroadscoveredwithleaves21tothesoundofthem.Autumnisa22seasonandlifeisuninteresting.Thefreedaysalwaysgetme23.Butonedaythesoundofaviolin24intomyearslikeastream小溪flowinginthemountains.IwassosurprisedthatIjumpedtoseewhatitwas.Ayounggirlstandinginthewindwas25inplayingherviolin.Ihad26seenherbefore.ThemusicwassonicethatIlistenedquietly.LostinthemusicIdidn’tknowthatIhadbeen27thereforsolongbutmyexistence存在didnotseemtodisturbher.Leaveswerestillfalling.Everydaysheplayedtheviolinatthecornerofthebuilding28Iwentdownstairstowatchherperformance.Iwastheonlylistener.Theautumnseemednolongerlonelyandlifebecame29.30wedidn’tknoweachotherIthoughtwewerealreadygoodfriends.Ibelieveshealsolovedme.Autumnwasnearlyover.OnedaywhenIwaslisteningcarefullythesoundsuddenly31.Tomyastonishment惊讶thegirlcameovertome.Youmustlikemusicfromtheviolin.shesaid.Yes.Andyouplayverywell.WhydidyoustopIasked.Suddenlya32expressionappearedonherfaceandIcouldfeelsomethingunusual.IcameheretoseemygrandmotherbutnowImustleave.Ionceplayedverybadly.Itwasyourlisteningeverydaythat33me.shesaid.Infactitwasyourplaying34gavemeameaningfulautumnIansweredLet’sbefriends.ThegirlsmiledandsodidI.Ineverheardherplayagaininmylife.Inolongerwentdown-stairstolistentoher.Onlythickleaveswereleftbehind.ButIwillalwaysrememberthefinefigure身影ofthegirl.Sheislikea35—soshortsobrightlikeashootingstargivingoffsomuchlightthatmakestheautumnbeautiful.Ⅱ．完形填空/Cloze
WhereisLoveHowcanwefindLoveThepastagesofmanhaveallbeencarefullylabeledbyanthropologists.DescriptionslikePaleolithicManNeolithicManetc.neatlysumupthewholeperiods.WhenthetimecomesforanthropologiststoturntheirattentiontothetwentiethcenturytheywillsurelychoosethelabelLeglessMan.Historiesofthetimewillgosomethinglikethis:inthetwentiethcenturypeopleforgothowtousetheirlegs.Menandwomenmovedaboutincarsbusesandtrainsfromaveryearlyage.Therewereliftsandescalatorsinalllargebuildingstopreventpeoplefromwalking.Thissituationwasforceduponearthdwellersofthattimebecauseofmileseachday.Butthesurprisingthingisthattheydidn’tusetheirlegsevenwhentheywentonholiday.Theybuiltcablerailwaysski-liftsandroadstothetopofevery-hugemountain.Allthebeautyspotsonearthweremarredbythepresenceoflargecarparks.Thefuturehistorybooksmightalsorecordthatweweredeprivedoftheuseofoureyes.Inourhurrytogetfromoneplacetoanotherwefailedtoseeanythingontheway.Airtravelgivesyouabird’s-eyeviewoftheworld—orevenlessifthewingoftheaircrafthappenstogetinyourway.Whenyoutravelbycarortrainablurredimageofthecountrysideconstantlysmearsthewindows.Cardriversinparticularareforeverobsessedwiththeurgetogoonandon:theyneverwanttostop.IsitthelureofthegreatmotorwaysorwhatAndasforseatravelithardlydeservesmention.Itisperfectlysummedupinthewordsoftheoldsong:IjoinedthenavytoseetheworldandwhatdidIseeIsawthesea.Thetypicaltwentieth-centurytraveleristhemanwhoalwayssaysI’vebeenthere.Youmentiontheremotestmostevocativeplace-namesintheworldlikeE1DoradoKabulIrkutskandsomeoneisboundtosayI’vebeenthere—meaningIdrovethroughitat100milesanhouronthewaytosomewhereelse.Whenyoutravelathighspeedthepresentmeansnothing:youlivemainlyinthefuturebecauseyouspendmostofyourtimelookingforwardtoarrivingatsomeotherplace.Butactualarrivalwhenitisachievedismeaningless.Youwanttomoveonagain.Bytravelinglikethisyoususpendallexperience;thepresentceasestobeareality:youmightjustaswellbedead.Thetraveleronfootontheotherhandlivesconstantlyinthepresent.Forhimtravelingandarrivingareoneandthesamething:hearrivessomewherewitheverystephemakes.Heexperiencesthepresentmomentwithhiseyeshisearsandthewholeofhisbody.Attheendofhisjourneyhefeelsadeliciousphysicalweariness.Heknowsthatsound.Satisfyingsleepwillbehis:thejustrewardofalltruetravelers.Whatisthepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassage
Hewrotealotofnovelsnoneof______wastranslatedintoforeignlanguages.
______newbuildingswillbebuiltinmyhometown.
SusanSontag1933—2004wasoneofthemostnoticeablefiguresintheworldofliterature.Formorethan40yearsshemadeitmorallynecessarytoknoweverything—toreadeverybookworthreadingandtoseeeverymovieworthseeing.Whenshewasstillinherearly30spublishingessaysinsuchimportantmagazinesasPartisanReviewsheappearedasthesymbolofAmericanculturelifetryinghardtofollowevery-newdevelopmentinliteraturefilmandart.WithgreateffortandseriousjudgmentSontagwalkedatthelatestedgesofworldculture.SeriousnesswasoneofSontag’slifelongwatchwords格言butatatimewhenthebarriersbetweenthewell-educatedandthepoorly-educatedwereobviousshearguedforatrueopennesstothepleasuresofpopculture.InNotesonCampthe1964essaythatfirstmadehernamesheexplainedwhatwasthenalittle-knownsetofdifficultunderstandingsthroughwhichshecouldnothavebeenmorefamous.NotesonCampshewroterepresentsavictoryof’form’over’content’beautyovermoralsByconviction信念shewasasensualist感觉论者butbynatureshewasamoralist伦理学者andintheworksshepublishedinthe1970sand1980sitwasthelattersideofherthatcameforward.InIllnessasMetaphor—publishedin1978aftershesufferedcancer—shearguedagainsttheideathatcancerwassomehowaspecialproblemofrepressedpersonalities被压抑的性格aconceptthateffectivelyblamedthevictimforthedisease.Infactre-examiningoldpositionswasherlifelonghabit.InAmericaherstoryofa19thcenturyPolishactresswhosetupaperfectsocietyinCaliforniawontheNationalBookAwardin2000.Butitwasasatirelessall-purposeculturalviewthatshemadeherlastingfame.SometimessheoncesaidIfeelthatintheendallIamreallydefending...istheideaofseriousnessoftrueseriousness.Andintheendshemadeustakeitseriouslytoo.TheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph1meansSontag______.
—I'mgoingonatriptoHainanaftertheexam.—Really______!
苏格拉底法又称为
Therearemanykindsoffriends.Somearealways16youbutdon’tunderstandyou.Somesayonlyafewwordstoyoubutunderstandyou.Manypeoplewillstepinyourlifebutonly17friendsleavefootprints脚印.Ishallalwaysrecall回忆theautumnandthegirlwiththe18.Shewillalwaysbringbackthefriendshipbetweenus.Iknowshewillalwaysbemybestfriend.Itwasthegoldenseason.Icouldseetheyellowleaves19withthecool20.InsuchaseasonIlikedwalkingaloneontheroadscoveredwithleaves21tothesoundofthem.Autumnisa22seasonandlifeisuninteresting.Thefreedaysalwaysgetme23.Butonedaythesoundofaviolin24intomyearslikeastream小溪flowinginthemountains.IwassosurprisedthatIjumpedtoseewhatitwas.Ayounggirlstandinginthewindwas25inplayingherviolin.Ihad26seenherbefore.ThemusicwassonicethatIlistenedquietly.LostinthemusicIdidn’tknowthatIhadbeen27thereforsolongbutmyexistence存在didnotseemtodisturbher.Leaveswerestillfalling.Everydaysheplayedtheviolinatthecornerofthebuilding28Iwentdownstairstowatchherperformance.Iwastheonlylistener.Theautumnseemednolongerlonelyandlifebecame29.30wedidn’tknoweachotherIthoughtwewerealreadygoodfriends.Ibelieveshealsolovedme.Autumnwasnearlyover.OnedaywhenIwaslisteningcarefullythesoundsuddenly31.Tomyastonishment惊讶thegirlcameovertome.Youmustlikemusicfromtheviolin.shesaid.Yes.Andyouplayverywell.WhydidyoustopIasked.Suddenlya32expressionappearedonherfaceandIcouldfeelsomethingunusual.IcameheretoseemygrandmotherbutnowImustleave.Ionceplayedverybadly.Itwasyourlisteningeverydaythat33me.shesaid.Infactitwasyourplaying34gavemeameaningfulautumnIansweredLet’sbefriends.ThegirlsmiledandsodidI.Ineverheardherplayagaininmylife.Inolongerwentdown-stairstolistentoher.Onlythickleaveswereleftbehind.ButIwillalwaysrememberthefinefigure身影ofthegirl.Sheislikea35—soshortsobrightlikeashootingstargivingoffsomuchlightthatmakestheautumnbeautiful.Ⅱ．完形填空/Cloze
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