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共鸣累积遍在效果
下列关于师生关系的发展顺序正确的是
接近、亲近、共鸣、信赖
接近、亲近、信赖、共鸣
亲近、接近、共鸣、信赖
亲近、接近、信赖、共鸣
共鸣效果
声音可以通过共鸣器官的强化训练得以美化发音的共鸣器官包括
口腔
咽腔
鼻腔
胸腔
心灵共鸣
一种带有共鸣器的木琴它发音宽厚余音较长琴板下面都有用各种果壳空心干葫芦或罐头盒长方形木盒等做的共鸣体
马林巴
竖琴
姆比拉
音条琴
引起粉丝共鸣主要指
情感共鸣
价值共鸣
爱好共鸣
道德共鸣
用声的共鸣主要以共鸣为主
头腔
鼻腔
口腔
胸腔
简述共鸣功能评估的框架
共鸣Resonance
简述共鸣
文学共鸣
徐老师是某中学的一名新教师她希望走进学生内心深处倾听学生丰富的内心世界全面了解学生与学生建立起良好的
接近、亲近、共鸣、信赖
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MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonablepricestherebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabourandisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuchthepriceofyourtelevisionlicencewouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore. Andperhapsmostimportantofalladvertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertisingnoregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlongformercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.IfyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertiseditisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforitandthatitrepresentsgoodvalue. AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof. ThereisonepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade. Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation―andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieveforevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtletypersuasiveadvertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants. InthepassagewhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofadvertising
Wearenotconsciousoftheextentofwhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.
ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskilfulperformanceonthepianotorecitationofapoemandeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemoryrememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typicallythedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences. Practiceorreviewtendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yetdramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissensetheabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeedwhenone’smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxietyforgettingmayproducerelief.Neverthelessanevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection. Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspectsitishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintimesinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandoutprovidingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgettingadaptiveabilitywouldsuffer;forexamplelearnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewhobyordinarystandardsforgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thusforgettingseemstoservethesurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies. Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisviewcontinualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorageinputandforgettingoutput.Indeedthereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffergrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance. Accordingtothepassageifapersonneverforgot________________.
Outline: 1presentsituation 2necessityoftheproject 3mysuggestion
_______________isgenerallyacceptedeconomicalgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.
生产率的定义是
人机系统的研究对象为
ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Whentheenginewouldnotstartthemechanicinspectedallthepartstofindwhatwasat____________.
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent―A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. OneplacewherechildrensoakupAcharacteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthewinatallcostsmoralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdroppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:Rejoiceweconquer! Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. ObviouslyitisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessenedmoretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged. Fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat________________.
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonablepricestherebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabourandisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuchthepriceofyourtelevisionlicencewouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore. Andperhapsmostimportantofalladvertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertisingnoregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlongformercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.IfyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertiseditisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforitandthatitrepresentsgoodvalue. AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof. ThereisonepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade. Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation―andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieveforevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtletypersuasiveadvertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants. Intheauthor’’sopinion__________________.
Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproducttheotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotionthestudentwhosegradesimprovetheforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage―alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts. Bycontrasttheprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodeterminesincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditselfbutrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehavetheircautionorcourageastheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocessthejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworldnewideastotrynewchallengestoaccept. Inordertogrowtotravelnewroadspeopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakeriskstoconfronttheunknownandtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymayfailatfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.DoweperceiveourselvesasquickandcuriousIfsothenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe’reshyandindecisiveThenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitatetomoveslowlyandnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe’reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallengeThenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall. Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubtsifweprotectourselvestoomuchthenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking. ForpersonalgrowththeauthoradvocatesallofthefollowingEXCEPT________________.
Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproducttheotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotionthestudentwhosegradesimprovetheforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage―alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts. Bycontrasttheprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodeterminesincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditselfbutrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehavetheircautionorcourageastheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocessthejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworldnewideastotrynewchallengestoaccept. Inordertogrowtotravelnewroadspeopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakeriskstoconfronttheunknownandtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymayfailatfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.DoweperceiveourselvesasquickandcuriousIfsothenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe’reshyandindecisiveThenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitatetomoveslowlyandnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe’reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallengeThenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall. Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubtsifweprotectourselvestoomuchthenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking. Intheauthor’’seyesonewhoviewspersonalgrowthasaprocesswould________________.
以操作者为对象开展程序分析适宜采用
Hefailedtocarryoutsomeoftheprovisionsofthecontractandnowhehasto____________theconsequences.
Insuchachangingcomplexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecomecomplicated.Manyoflife’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembersfriendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday. InadditiontothisthereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarⅡ.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunitytheirfriendsofmanyyearstheirextendedfamilyrelationshipstheinformalflowofinformationiscutoffandwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thusthingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned. Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygenerationandthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicatedtime-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming. Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachinereadablefilesandtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevisionradioandveryshortlyelectronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.ExpertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencingandproblemsindisputecanbesettledWithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformationthusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople. Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexitytheneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.Thosepeoplewhohaveaccuratereliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblemsthecriticalproblemsoftheirbusinesssocialandfamilylifewillsurviveandsucceed.Knowledgeispowermaywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople. Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat________________.
Thesupervisordidn'thavetimesofartogointoit____________buthegaveusideaabouthisplan.
泰勒是科学管理的创始人他创立了通过改进操作方法科学地制定劳动定额采用标准化极大地提高了效率降低了成本
ThePortuguesegiveagreatdealofcredittoonemanforhavingpromotedseatravelthatmanwasPrinceHenrythenavigatorwholivedinthe15thcentury.
Weshouldalwayskeepinmindthat____________decisionsoftenleadtobitterregrets.
Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskilfulperformanceonthepianotorecitationofapoemandeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemoryrememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typicallythedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences. Practiceorreviewtendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yetdramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissensetheabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeedwhenone’smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxietyforgettingmayproducerelief.Neverthelessanevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection. Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspectsitishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintimesinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandoutprovidingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgettingadaptiveabilitywouldsuffer;forexamplelearnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewhobyordinarystandardsforgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thusforgettingseemstoservethesurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies. Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisviewcontinualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorageinputandforgettingoutput.Indeedthereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffergrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance. Inthisarticletheauthortriestointerpretthefunctionof________________.
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed. Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent―A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. OneplacewherechildrensoakupAcharacteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthewinatallcostsmoralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdroppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:Rejoiceweconquer! Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. ObviouslyitisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessenedmoretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged. Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschoolsbecause________________.
Insuchachangingcomplexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecomecomplicated.Manyoflife’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembersfriendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday. InadditiontothisthereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarⅡ.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunitytheirfriendsofmanyyearstheirextendedfamilyrelationshipstheinformalflowofinformationiscutoffandwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thusthingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned. Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygenerationandthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicatedtime-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming. Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachinereadablefilesandtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevisionradioandveryshortlyelectronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.ExpertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencingandproblemsindisputecanbesettledWithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformationthusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople. Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexitytheneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.Thosepeoplewhohaveaccuratereliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblemsthecriticalproblemsoftheirbusinesssocialandfamilylifewillsurviveandsucceed.Knowledgeispowermaywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople. Themainproblempeoplemayencountertodayarisesfromthefactthat________________.
Inthatcountrygueststendtofeeltheyarenothighly____________iftheinvitationtoadinnerpartyisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.
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