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Breakfast Studies show that children who eat breakfast do better in school. It doesn’t take muc...
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GenerationsofAmericanshavebeenbroughtuptobelieveth
several studies have been done in the past few years
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eating little in the morning may be good for health
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StepBackinTime DoyouknowthatwelivealotlongernowthanthepeoplewhowerebornbeforeusOnehundredyearsagotheaveragewomanlivedtobe45.Butnowshecanliveuntilatleast80. Oneofthemainreasonsforpeoplelivinglongeristhatweknowhowtolookafterourselvesbetter.WeknowwhichfoodsaregoodforU.S.andwhatwehavetoeattomakesureourbodiesgetallthehealthythingstheyneed.Weknowwhywesometimesgetillandwhattodotogetbetteragain.Andweknowhowimportantitistodolotsofexercisetokeepourheartsbeatinghealthily. Butinorderthatwedon’tslipbackintobadhabitslet’shavealookatwhatlifewaslike100yearsago. Familieshadbetween15and20childrenalthoughmanybabiesdidn’tlivelong.Childrensufferedfromlotsofdiseasesespeciallyrickets佝偻病andscurvy坏血病whicharebothcausedbybaddiets.Thisisbecausemanyfamilieswereverypoorandnotabletofeedtheirchildrenwell. ReallypoorfamilieswholivedincrowdedcitieslikeLondonandManchesteroftensleptstandingupbendingoverapieceofstringbecausetherewasnoroomforthemtoliedown. Peopledidn’thavefridgesuntilthe1920s.Theykeptfreshfoodcoldbystoringitonwindowsills窗台板blocksoficeorevenburyingitinthegarden. Somechildrenhadtostartworkattheageofsevenoreighttoearnmoneyfortheirparents.Ifyouhadlived100yearsagoyoumightwellbesellingmatchsticks火柴杆ajobdonebymanychildrenorworkingwithyourdadbynow. Onaveragewomenlivedlongerthanmen100yearsago.
Inthe1950’saccumulatingscientificevidencelinkingcigarettesmokingandlungcancermadea51impact52thesmokingpublic.Duringthisperiodmanyhealthagenciesdeclaredsmokingtobea53Hazard.USSurgeonGeneralLeroyE.Bruneisaidin1957:"Theweighoftheevidenceisincreasinglypointingtoonedirection:that54smokingisoneofthecausativefactorsinlungcancer."Theinitialreportshadtheheaviestimpactso55totalcigaretteproductiondroppedin1953andagainin1954.56reportsappearedtohaveless57onsmokinghabitsandby1957cigaretteproductionhad58abovethe1952level. 59fourvoluntaryhealthorganizationsurguedpresidentJohnF.Kennedyto60acommissiontostudythewidespreadimplicationsofthetobaccoproblemtheSurgeonGeneral’sAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealthwas61in1962toreviewandevaluateall62scientificdata.WhenitsreportSmokingandHealthwasreleasedinearly1964cigaretteconsumptionagaindeclined63.Pipeandcigarsmokingincreased.Morethan350000copiesofthereportwerecontributedandsold.64abstractsandpamphletswerepreparedbythePublicHealthServiceandotherorganizations65amassiveeducationalcampaignonthehazardsofcigarettesmoking. 65
Inthe1950’saccumulatingscientificevidencelinkingcigarettesmokingandlungcancermadea51impact52thesmokingpublic.Duringthisperiodmanyhealthagenciesdeclaredsmokingtobea53Hazard.USSurgeonGeneralLeroyE.Bruneisaidin1957:"Theweighoftheevidenceisincreasinglypointingtoonedirection:that54smokingisoneofthecausativefactorsinlungcancer."Theinitialreportshadtheheaviestimpactso55totalcigaretteproductiondroppedin1953andagainin1954.56reportsappearedtohaveless57onsmokinghabitsandby1957cigaretteproductionhad58abovethe1952level. 59fourvoluntaryhealthorganizationsurguedpresidentJohnF.Kennedyto60acommissiontostudythewidespreadimplicationsofthetobaccoproblemtheSurgeonGeneral’sAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealthwas61in1962toreviewandevaluateall62scientificdata.WhenitsreportSmokingandHealthwasreleasedinearly1964cigaretteconsumptionagaindeclined63.Pipeandcigarsmokingincreased.Morethan350000copiesofthereportwerecontributedandsold.64abstractsandpamphletswerepreparedbythePublicHealthServiceandotherorganizations65amassiveeducationalcampaignonthehazardsofcigarettesmoking. 59
Asawriterheturnedoutthreenovelsthatyear.
Inthe1950’saccumulatingscientificevidencelinkingcigarettesmokingandlungcancermadea51impact52thesmokingpublic.Duringthisperiodmanyhealthagenciesdeclaredsmokingtobea53Hazard.USSurgeonGeneralLeroyE.Bruneisaidin1957:"Theweighoftheevidenceisincreasinglypointingtoonedirection:that54smokingisoneofthecausativefactorsinlungcancer."Theinitialreportshadtheheaviestimpactso55totalcigaretteproductiondroppedin1953andagainin1954.56reportsappearedtohaveless57onsmokinghabitsandby1957cigaretteproductionhad58abovethe1952level. 59fourvoluntaryhealthorganizationsurguedpresidentJohnF.Kennedyto60acommissiontostudythewidespreadimplicationsofthetobaccoproblemtheSurgeonGeneral’sAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealthwas61in1962toreviewandevaluateall62scientificdata.WhenitsreportSmokingandHealthwasreleasedinearly1964cigaretteconsumptionagaindeclined63.Pipeandcigarsmokingincreased.Morethan350000copiesofthereportwerecontributedandsold.64abstractsandpamphletswerepreparedbythePublicHealthServiceandotherorganizations65amassiveeducationalcampaignonthehazardsofcigarettesmoking. 55
ShoppingatSecond-handClothingStores When33-year-oldPeteBarthwasincollegeshoppingatSecond-handclothingstoreswasjustsomethinghedid—"likechangingthetiresonhiscar."Helookedathisbudgetanddecidedhecouldsavealotofmoneybyshoppingforclothesatthriftshops. "Evennewclothesarefairlydisposable可丢失的andwearoutafteracoupleofyears"Barthsaid."Inthriftshopsyoucanfindsomegreatstuffwhosequalityisbetterthannewclothes". SincethenBarthwhoworksataGoodwillthriftshopintheUSstateofFloridahasfoundthatthereareallkindsofreasonsforshoppingforsecond-handclothing.Somepeoplelikehimshoptosavemoney.Someshopforacrazy-lookingshirt.Andsomeshopasameansofconservingenergyandhelpingtheenvironment. PatAkinsanaccountantataFloridaSalvationArmySA救世军thriftshopsaidthatforhershoppingatthriftshopsisawaytohelptheenvironment. "Whenmydaughterwaslittlewelookedatitasrecycling"Akinssaid."Alsowhypay30dollarsforanewcoatwhenyoucangetanotheroneforalotless" AkinssaidthattheSAhasshopsallovertheUS—"someasbigasdepartmentstores."Alloftheclothesaredonated捐赠andwhentheyhaveasurplus盈余they’llhave"stuffabag"specialswherecustomerscanfillagrocerysackwithclothesforonly5or10dollars JuliaSlocum22pointsouthoweverthatthehugeamountofsecond-handclothingintheUSistheresultofAmericanwastefulness. "I’dsaythatsecond-handstoresaretheresultofourwastefulmaterialisticculture"saidSlocumwhoworksforapro-conservationorganizationtheCenterforaNewAmericanDream."Thriftshopspreventthatwastefromgoingtolandfills垃圾填理场;theygiveclothingasecondlifeprovidecheaperclothingforthosewhocan’taffordtobuynewonesandgenerate生气incomeforcharities.Theyalsoprovideawayforthewealthyandmiddleclassestoshed摆脱someoftheguiltfortheirlevelofconsumption./ WhatdoesAkinsdo
{{*HTML*}}1.Thousandsofyearsagomanusedhandyrocksforhissurgicaloperations.Laterheusedsharpboneorhornmetalknivesandmorerecentlyrubberandplastic.Andthatwaswherewestuckinsurgicalinstrumenttermsformanyyears.Inthe1960sanewtoolwasdevelopedonewhichwasfirstofalltobeofgreatpracticalusetothearmedforcesandindustrybutwhichwasalsointimetorevolutionizetheartandscienceofsurgery.??2.Thetoolisthelaseranditisbeingusedbymoreandmoresurgeonsallovertheworldforaverylargenumberofdifferentcomplaints.Thewordlasermeans:LightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionofRadiation.Asweallknowlightishot;anysourceoflight--fromthesunitselfclowntoahumblematchburning--willgivewarmth.Butlightisusuallyspreadoutoverawidearea.Thelightinalaserbeamhoweverisconcentrated.Thismeansthatalightwithnomorepowerthanthatproducedbyanordinaryelectriclightbulbbecomesintenselystrongasitisconcentratedtoapinpoint-sizedbeam.??3.Experimentswiththesepinpointbeamshaveshownresearchersthatdifferentenergysourcesproducebeamsthathaveaparticulareffectoncertainlivingcells.Itisnowpossibleforeyesurgeonstooperateonthebackofthehumaneyewithoutharmingthefrontoftheeyesimplybypassingalaserbeamrightthroughtheeyeball.Noknivesnostitchesnounwanteddamage--atruesurgicalwonder.??4.Operationswhichonceleftpatientsexhaustedandinneedoflongperiodsofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.Somuchmoredifficultoperationscannowbetried.??5.Therapiddevelopmentoflasertechniquesinthepasttenyearshasmadeitclearthatthefutureislikelytobeveryexciting.Perhapssomecancerswillbetreatedwithlaserinawaythatmakessurgerynotonlysaferbutmoreeffective.Altogethertomorrowmayseemoreandmoreinformationcomingtolightonthediseaseswhichcanbetreatedmedically.Differentenergysourcesproducebeamsthathaveaparticulareffectoncertain______.
Inthe1950’saccumulatingscientificevidencelinkingcigarettesmokingandlungcancermadea51impact52thesmokingpublic.Duringthisperiodmanyhealthagenciesdeclaredsmokingtobea53Hazard.USSurgeonGeneralLeroyE.Bruneisaidin1957:"Theweighoftheevidenceisincreasinglypointingtoonedirection:that54smokingisoneofthecausativefactorsinlungcancer."Theinitialreportshadtheheaviestimpactso55totalcigaretteproductiondroppedin1953andagainin1954.56reportsappearedtohaveless57onsmokinghabitsandby1957cigaretteproductionhad58abovethe1952level. 59fourvoluntaryhealthorganizationsurguedpresidentJohnF.Kennedyto60acommissiontostudythewidespreadimplicationsofthetobaccoproblemtheSurgeonGeneral’sAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealthwas61in1962toreviewandevaluateall62scientificdata.WhenitsreportSmokingandHealthwasreleasedinearly1964cigaretteconsumptionagaindeclined63.Pipeandcigarsmokingincreased.Morethan350000copiesofthereportwerecontributedandsold.64abstractsandpamphletswerepreparedbythePublicHealthServiceandotherorganizations65amassiveeducationalcampaignonthehazardsofcigarettesmoking. 61
Inthe1950’saccumulatingscientificevidencelinkingcigarettesmokingandlungcancermadea51impact52thesmokingpublic.Duringthisperiodmanyhealthagenciesdeclaredsmokingtobea53Hazard.USSurgeonGeneralLeroyE.Bruneisaidin1957:"Theweighoftheevidenceisincreasinglypointingtoonedirection:that54smokingisoneofthecausativefactorsinlungcancer."Theinitialreportshadtheheaviestimpactso55totalcigaretteproductiondroppedin1953andagainin1954.56reportsappearedtohaveless57onsmokinghabitsandby1957cigaretteproductionhad58abovethe1952level. 59fourvoluntaryhealthorganizationsurguedpresidentJohnF.Kennedyto60acommissiontostudythewidespreadimplicationsofthetobaccoproblemtheSurgeonGeneral’sAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealthwas61in1962toreviewandevaluateall62scientificdata.WhenitsreportSmokingandHealthwasreleasedinearly1964cigaretteconsumptionagaindeclined63.Pipeandcigarsmokingincreased.Morethan350000copiesofthereportwerecontributedandsold.64abstractsandpamphletswerepreparedbythePublicHealthServiceandotherorganizations65amassiveeducationalcampaignonthehazardsofcigarettesmoking. 63
IstheNewsBelievableUnlessyouhavegonethroughtheexperienceyourselforwatchedalovedone’sstruggleyoureallyhavenoideajusthowdesperatecancercanmakeyou.YouprayyourageyoubargainwithGodbutmostofallyouclutchatanyhopenomatterhowremoteofasecondchanceatlife.Forafewexciteddayslastweekhoweveritseemedasifthewholeworldwasacancerpatientandthatallhumankindhadbeengrantedareprieve痛苦减轻.Triggeredbyafront-pagemedicalnewsstoryintheusuallyreservedNewYorkTimesallanybodywastalkingabout—ontheradioontelevisionontheInternetinphonecallstofriendsandrelatives—wasthereportthatacombinationoftwonewdrugscouldastheTimesputitcurecancerintwoyears.Inamatterofhourspatientshadjammedtheirdoctors’phonelinesbeggingforachancetotestthemiraclecancercure.Cancerscientistsracedtothephonestomakesureeveryoneknewabouttheirresearchtoogeneratinganewroundofheadlines.Thetimecertainlyseemedripeforabreakthroughincancer.OnlylastmonthscientistsattheNationalCancerInstituteannouncedthattheywerehaltingaclinicaltrialofadrugcalledtamoxifen他莫昔芬—andofferingittopatientsgettingtheplacebo安慰剂—becauseithadprovedsoeffectiveatpreventingbreastcanceralthoughitalsoseemedtoincreasetheriskofuterine子宫的cancer.TwoweekslatercametheNewYorkTimes’reportthattwonewdrugscanshrinktumorsofeveryvarietywithoutanysideeffectswhatsoever.Itallseemedtoogoodtobetrueandofcourseitwas.Therearenomiraclecancerdrugsatleastnotyet.Atthisstageallthedrugmanufacturercanofferissomeveryinterestingmoleculesandtheonlycancerstheyhavecuredsofarhavebeeninmice.BYthemiddleoflastweekeventheTVtalk-showhostswhotalkedmostaboutthenewshadlearnedwhateveryscientistalreadyknew:thatcuringadiseaseinlabanimalsisnotthesameasdoingitinhumans.ThehistoryofcancerresearchhasbeenahistoryofcuringcancerinthemouseDr.RichardKlausnerheadoftheNationalCancerInstitutetoldtheLosAngelesTimes.Wehavecuredmiceofcancerfordecades—anditsimplydidn’tworkinpeople./Inthefirstsentenceofthelastparagraphitwasmeans
{{*HTML*}}1.Thousandsofyearsagomanusedhandyrocksforhissurgicaloperations.Laterheusedsharpboneorhornmetalknivesandmorerecentlyrubberandplastic.Andthatwaswherewestuckinsurgicalinstrumenttermsformanyyears.Inthe1960sanewtoolwasdevelopedonewhichwasfirstofalltobeofgreatpracticalusetothearmedforcesandindustrybutwhichwasalsointimetorevolutionizetheartandscienceofsurgery.??2.Thetoolisthelaseranditisbeingusedbymoreandmoresurgeonsallovertheworldforaverylargenumberofdifferentcomplaints.Thewordlasermeans:LightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionofRadiation.Asweallknowlightishot;anysourceoflight--fromthesunitselfclowntoahumblematchburning--willgivewarmth.Butlightisusuallyspreadoutoverawidearea.Thelightinalaserbeamhoweverisconcentrated.Thismeansthatalightwithnomorepowerthanthatproducedbyanordinaryelectriclightbulbbecomesintenselystrongasitisconcentratedtoapinpoint-sizedbeam.??3.Experimentswiththesepinpointbeamshaveshownresearchersthatdifferentenergysourcesproducebeamsthathaveaparticulareffectoncertainlivingcells.Itisnowpossibleforeyesurgeonstooperateonthebackofthehumaneyewithoutharmingthefrontoftheeyesimplybypassingalaserbeamrightthroughtheeyeball.Noknivesnostitchesnounwanteddamage--atruesurgicalwonder.??4.Operationswhichonceleftpatientsexhaustedandinneedoflongperiodsofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.Somuchmoredifficultoperationscannowbetried.??5.Therapiddevelopmentoflasertechniquesinthepasttenyearshasmadeitclearthatthefutureislikelytobeveryexciting.Perhapssomecancerswillbetreatedwithlaserinawaythatmakessurgerynotonlysaferbutmoreeffective.Altogethertomorrowmayseemoreandmoreinformationcomingtolightonthediseaseswhichcanbetreatedmedically.{{*HTML*}}Itispossibleforeyesurgeonstooperatebypassingalaserbeenthroughthe______.??A.eyeball??B.livingcells??C.laser??D.cancer??E.lung??F.handyrocks
StepBackinTime DoyouknowthatwelivealotlongernowthanthepeoplewhowerebornbeforeusOnehundredyearsagotheaveragewomanlivedtobe45.Butnowshecanliveuntilatleast80. Oneofthemainreasonsforpeoplelivinglongeristhatweknowhowtolookafterourselvesbetter.WeknowwhichfoodsaregoodforU.S.andwhatwehavetoeattomakesureourbodiesgetallthehealthythingstheyneed.Weknowwhywesometimesgetillandwhattodotogetbetteragain.Andweknowhowimportantitistodolotsofexercisetokeepourheartsbeatinghealthily. Butinorderthatwedon’tslipbackintobadhabitslet’shavealookatwhatlifewaslike100yearsago. Familieshadbetween15and20childrenalthoughmanybabiesdidn’tlivelong.Childrensufferedfromlotsofdiseasesespeciallyrickets佝偻病andscurvy坏血病whicharebothcausedbybaddiets.Thisisbecausemanyfamilieswereverypoorandnotabletofeedtheirchildrenwell. ReallypoorfamilieswholivedincrowdedcitieslikeLondonandManchesteroftensleptstandingupbendingoverapieceofstringbecausetherewasnoroomforthemtoliedown. Peopledidn’thavefridgesuntilthe1920s.Theykeptfreshfoodcoldbystoringitonwindowsills窗台板blocksoficeorevenburyingitinthegarden. Somechildrenhadtostartworkattheageofsevenoreighttoearnmoneyfortheirparents.Ifyouhadlived100yearsagoyoumightwellbesellingmatchsticks火柴杆ajobdonebymanychildrenorworkingwithyourdadbynow. Ahundredyearsagomanykidsdiedatallearlyage.
Herbalmedicine草药canbeusedtocuresleeplessness.
Itisunderstandablethatearlycivilizationsblamedstormsonthegods.
StepBackinTime DoyouknowthatwelivealotlongernowthanthepeoplewhowerebornbeforeusOnehundredyearsagotheaveragewomanlivedtobe45.Butnowshecanliveuntilatleast80. Oneofthemainreasonsforpeoplelivinglongeristhatweknowhowtolookafterourselvesbetter.WeknowwhichfoodsaregoodforU.S.andwhatwehavetoeattomakesureourbodiesgetallthehealthythingstheyneed.Weknowwhywesometimesgetillandwhattodotogetbetteragain.Andweknowhowimportantitistodolotsofexercisetokeepourheartsbeatinghealthily. Butinorderthatwedon’tslipbackintobadhabitslet’shavealookatwhatlifewaslike100yearsago. Familieshadbetween15and20childrenalthoughmanybabiesdidn’tlivelong.Childrensufferedfromlotsofdiseasesespeciallyrickets佝偻病andscurvy坏血病whicharebothcausedbybaddiets.Thisisbecausemanyfamilieswereverypoorandnotabletofeedtheirchildrenwell. ReallypoorfamilieswholivedincrowdedcitieslikeLondonandManchesteroftensleptstandingupbendingoverapieceofstringbecausetherewasnoroomforthemtoliedown. Peopledidn’thavefridgesuntilthe1920s.Theykeptfreshfoodcoldbystoringitonwindowsills窗台板blocksoficeorevenburyingitinthegarden. Somechildrenhadtostartworkattheageofsevenoreighttoearnmoneyfortheirparents.Ifyouhadlived100yearsagoyoumightwellbesellingmatchsticks火柴杆ajobdonebymanychildrenorworkingwithyourdadbynow. Peopleinthepastpreferredstandinguptolyingdownwhensleeping.
{{*HTML*}}1.Thousandsofyearsagomanusedhandyrocksforhissurgicaloperations.Laterheusedsharpboneorhornmetalknivesandmorerecentlyrubberandplastic.Andthatwaswherewestuckinsurgicalinstrumenttermsformanyyears.Inthe1960sanewtoolwasdevelopedonewhichwasfirstofalltobeofgreatpracticalusetothearmedforcesandindustrybutwhichwasalsointimetorevolutionizetheartandscienceofsurgery.??2.Thetoolisthelaseranditisbeingusedbymoreandmoresurgeonsallovertheworldforaverylargenumberofdifferentcomplaints.Thewordlasermeans:LightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionofRadiation.Asweallknowlightishot;anysourceoflight--fromthesunitselfclowntoahumblematchburning--willgivewarmth.Butlightisusuallyspreadoutoverawidearea.Thelightinalaserbeamhoweverisconcentrated.Thismeansthatalightwithnomorepowerthanthatproducedbyanordinaryelectriclightbulbbecomesintenselystrongasitisconcentratedtoapinpoint-sizedbeam.??3.Experimentswiththesepinpointbeamshaveshownresearchersthatdifferentenergysourcesproducebeamsthathaveaparticulareffectoncertainlivingcells.Itisnowpossibleforeyesurgeonstooperateonthebackofthehumaneyewithoutharmingthefrontoftheeyesimplybypassingalaserbeamrightthroughtheeyeball.Noknivesnostitchesnounwanteddamage--atruesurgicalwonder.??4.Operationswhichonceleftpatientsexhaustedandinneedoflongperiodsofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.Somuchmoredifficultoperationscannowbetried.??5.Therapiddevelopmentoflasertechniquesinthepasttenyearshasmadeitclearthatthefutureislikelytobeveryexciting.Perhapssomecancerswillbetreatedwithlaserinawaythatmakessurgerynotonlysaferbutmoreeffective.Altogethertomorrowmayseemoreandmoreinformationcomingtolightonthediseaseswhichcanbetreatedmedically.{{*HTML*}}Para5______.??A.Theuseofanewtoolasasurgicalinstrument.??B.Thecostofanoperation.??C.Theprospectofsurgicalfuturewiththehelpoflaser.??D.Theusageoflaser.??E.Howlaserfunctions.??F.Theadvantageoflaser.
Inthe1950’saccumulatingscientificevidencelinkingcigarettesmokingandlungcancermadea51impact52thesmokingpublic.Duringthisperiodmanyhealthagenciesdeclaredsmokingtobea53Hazard.USSurgeonGeneralLeroyE.Bruneisaidin1957:"Theweighoftheevidenceisincreasinglypointingtoonedirection:that54smokingisoneofthecausativefactorsinlungcancer."Theinitialreportshadtheheaviestimpactso55totalcigaretteproductiondroppedin1953andagainin1954.56reportsappearedtohaveless57onsmokinghabitsandby1957cigaretteproductionhad58abovethe1952level. 59fourvoluntaryhealthorganizationsurguedpresidentJohnF.Kennedyto60acommissiontostudythewidespreadimplicationsofthetobaccoproblemtheSurgeonGeneral’sAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealthwas61in1962toreviewandevaluateall62scientificdata.WhenitsreportSmokingandHealthwasreleasedinearly1964cigaretteconsumptionagaindeclined63.Pipeandcigarsmokingincreased.Morethan350000copiesofthereportwerecontributedandsold.64abstractsandpamphletswerepreparedbythePublicHealthServiceandotherorganizations65amassiveeducationalcampaignonthehazardsofcigarettesmoking. 57
{{*HTML*}}TheWorld’sLongestBridge??Rumorhasitthatalegendary传说的six-headedmonsterlurksinthedeepwatersoftheTyrrhenianSeabetweenItalyandtheislandofSicily.?46?Whencompletedin2010theworld’slongestbridgewillweighnearly300000tonsequivalenttotheicebergthatsanktheTitanicandstretch5kilometerslong.That’snearly50percentlongerthananyotherbridgeeverbuiltsaysstructuralengineerShaneRixon.???47?They’resuspensionbridgesmassivestructuresbuilttospanvastwaterchannelsorgorges峡谷.Asuspensionbridgeneedsjusttwotowerstoshoulderthestructure’smammoth巨大的weightthankstohefty高强度的supportingcablesslungbetweenthetowersandanchoredfirmlyindeeppoolsofcementateachendofthebridge.TheMessinaStraitBridgewillhavetwo54100-tontowerswhichwillsupportmostofthebridge’sload.Thebeefy结实的cablesofthebridgeeach1.2meterindiameterwillholdupthelongestandwidestbridgedeckeverbuilt.??WhenconstructionbeginsontheMessinaStraitBridgein2005thefirstjobwillbetoerecttwo370-metertallsteeltowers.?48?Gettingthesecablesupwillbesomething.It’snotjusttheirlength--totally5.3kilometers--buttheirweight.?49???Afterloweringverticalsuspendercablesfromthemaincablesbuilderswillerecta60meter-wide54630-tonsteelroadwayordeckwideenoughtoaccommodate12lanesoftraffic.Thedeck’sweightwillpulldownonthecableswithaforceof70500tons.Inreturnthecablesyank拽upagainsttheirfirmlyrootedanchorswithaforceof139000tons?equivalenttotheweightofabout100000cars.Thoseanchorsareessential.?50???A.Someenvironmentalistsareagainsttheprojectonbiologicalgrounds.??B.Whatdotheworld’slongestbridgeshaveincommon???C.Iftrueonedayyoumightspythebeastwhilezipping呼啸而过acrosstheMessinaStraitBridge.??D.They’rewhatwillkeepthebridgefromgoinganywhere.??E.Thesecondjobwillbetopulltwosetsofsteelcablesacrossthestraiteachsetbeingabundleof44352individualsteelwires.??F.Theywilltipupthescalesat166500tons--morethanhalfthebridge’stotalmass.
Iamverysorryforringingyoulatelastnight.
Late-nightDrinking Coffeeloversbeware.Havingaquick"pick-me-up"cupofcoffeelateinthedaywillplayhavocwithyoursleep.Aswellasbeingastimulantcaffeineinterruptstheflowofmelatoninthebrainhormonethatsendspeopleintoasleep. Melatoninlevelsnormallystarttoriseabouttwohoursbeforebedtime.Levelsthenpeakbetween2amand4ambeforefallingagain."It’stheneurohormonethatcontrolsoursleepandtellsourbodywhentosleepandwhentowake"saysMauriceOhayonoftheStanfordSleepEpidemiologyResearchCenteratStanfordUniversityinCalifornia.ButresearchersinIsraelhavefoundthatcaffeinatedcoffeehalvesthebody’slevelsofthissleephormone. LotanShiloandateamattheSapirMedicalCenterinTelAvivUniversityfoundthatsixvolunteerssleptlesswellafteracupofcaffeinatedcoffeethanafterdrinkingthesameamountofdecaf.Onaveragesubjectsslept336minutespernightafterdrinkingcaffeinatedcoffeecomparedwith415minutesafterdecalTheyalsotookhalfanhourtodropoff—twiceaslongasusual—andjiggedaroundinbedtwiceasmuch. Inthesecondphaseoftheexperimenttheresearcherswokethevolunteerseverythreehoursandaskedthemtogiveaurinesample.Shilomeasuredconcentrationsofabreakdownproductofmelatonin.Theresultssuggestthatmelatoninconcentrationsincaffeinedrinkerswerehalfthoseindecaldrinkers.InapaperacceptedforpublicationinSleepMedicinetheresearcherssuggestthatcaffeineblocksproductionoftheenzymethatdrivesmelatoninproduction. BecauseitcantakemanyhourstoeliminatecaffeinefromthebodyOhayonrecommendsthatcoffeeloversswitchtodecafafterlunch. Whichofthefollowingtellsushowcaffeineaffectssleep
IstheNewsBelievableUnlessyouhavegonethroughtheexperienceyourselforwatchedalovedone’sstruggleyoureallyhavenoideajusthowdesperatecancercanmakeyou.YouprayyourageyoubargainwithGodbutmostofallyouclutchatanyhopenomatterhowremoteofasecondchanceatlife.Forafewexciteddayslastweekhoweveritseemedasifthewholeworldwasacancerpatientandthatallhumankindhadbeengrantedareprieve痛苦减轻.Triggeredbyafront-pagemedicalnewsstoryintheusuallyreservedNewYorkTimesallanybodywastalkingabout—ontheradioontelevisionontheInternetinphonecallstofriendsandrelatives—wasthereportthatacombinationoftwonewdrugscouldastheTimesputitcurecancerintwoyears.Inamatterofhourspatientshadjammedtheirdoctors’phonelinesbeggingforachancetotestthemiraclecancercure.Cancerscientistsracedtothephonestomakesureeveryoneknewabouttheirresearchtoogeneratinganewroundofheadlines.Thetimecertainlyseemedripeforabreakthroughincancer.OnlylastmonthscientistsattheNationalCancerInstituteannouncedthattheywerehaltingaclinicaltrialofadrugcalledtamoxifen他莫昔芬—andofferingittopatientsgettingtheplacebo安慰剂—becauseithadprovedsoeffectiveatpreventingbreastcanceralthoughitalsoseemedtoincreasetheriskofuterine子宫的cancer.TwoweekslatercametheNewYorkTimes’reportthattwonewdrugscanshrinktumorsofeveryvarietywithoutanysideeffectswhatsoever.Itallseemedtoogoodtobetrueandofcourseitwas.Therearenomiraclecancerdrugsatleastnotyet.Atthisstageallthedrugmanufacturercanofferissomeveryinterestingmoleculesandtheonlycancerstheyhavecuredsofarhavebeeninmice.BYthemiddleoflastweekeventheTVtalk-showhostswhotalkedmostaboutthenewshadlearnedwhateveryscientistalreadyknew:thatcuringadiseaseinlabanimalsisnotthesameasdoingitinhumans.ThehistoryofcancerresearchhasbeenahistoryofcuringcancerinthemouseDr.RichardKlausnerheadoftheNationalCancerInstitutetoldtheLosAngelesTimes.Wehavecuredmiceofcancerfordecades—anditsimplydidn’tworkinpeople./Theunprecedentedinterestinthecureofcancerwasarousedby
ShoppingatSecond-handClothingStores When33-year-oldPeteBarthwasincollegeshoppingatSecond-handclothingstoreswasjustsomethinghedid—"likechangingthetiresonhiscar."Helookedathisbudgetanddecidedhecouldsavealotofmoneybyshoppingforclothesatthriftshops. "Evennewclothesarefairlydisposable可丢失的andwearoutafteracoupleofyears"Barthsaid."Inthriftshopsyoucanfindsomegreatstuffwhosequalityisbetterthannewclothes". SincethenBarthwhoworksataGoodwillthriftshopintheUSstateofFloridahasfoundthatthereareallkindsofreasonsforshoppingforsecond-handclothing.Somepeoplelikehimshoptosavemoney.Someshopforacrazy-lookingshirt.Andsomeshopasameansofconservingenergyandhelpingtheenvironment. PatAkinsanaccountantataFloridaSalvationArmySA救世军thriftshopsaidthatforhershoppingatthriftshopsisawaytohelptheenvironment. "Whenmydaughterwaslittlewelookedatitasrecycling"Akinssaid."Alsowhypay30dollarsforanewcoatwhenyoucangetanotheroneforalotless" AkinssaidthattheSAhasshopsallovertheUS—"someasbigasdepartmentstores."Alloftheclothesaredonated捐赠andwhentheyhaveasurplus盈余they’llhave"stuffabag"specialswherecustomerscanfillagrocerysackwithclothesforonly5or10dollars JuliaSlocum22pointsouthoweverthatthehugeamountofsecond-handclothingintheUSistheresultofAmericanwastefulness. "I’dsaythatsecond-handstoresaretheresultofourwastefulmaterialisticculture"saidSlocumwhoworksforapro-conservationorganizationtheCenterforaNewAmericanDream."Thriftshopspreventthatwastefromgoingtolandfills垃圾填理场;theygiveclothingasecondlifeprovidecheaperclothingforthosewhocan’taffordtobuynewonesandgenerate生气incomeforcharities.Theyalsoprovideawayforthewealthyandmiddleclassestoshed摆脱someoftheguiltfortheirlevelofconsumption./ Thewordthriftinparagraph1couldbebestreplacedby
Whatisyourgoalinlife
StepBackinTime DoyouknowthatwelivealotlongernowthanthepeoplewhowerebornbeforeusOnehundredyearsagotheaveragewomanlivedtobe45.Butnowshecanliveuntilatleast80. Oneofthemainreasonsforpeoplelivinglongeristhatweknowhowtolookafterourselvesbetter.WeknowwhichfoodsaregoodforU.S.andwhatwehavetoeattomakesureourbodiesgetallthehealthythingstheyneed.Weknowwhywesometimesgetillandwhattodotogetbetteragain.Andweknowhowimportantitistodolotsofexercisetokeepourheartsbeatinghealthily. Butinorderthatwedon’tslipbackintobadhabitslet’shavealookatwhatlifewaslike100yearsago. Familieshadbetween15and20childrenalthoughmanybabiesdidn’tlivelong.Childrensufferedfromlotsofdiseasesespeciallyrickets佝偻病andscurvy坏血病whicharebothcausedbybaddiets.Thisisbecausemanyfamilieswereverypoorandnotabletofeedtheirchildrenwell. ReallypoorfamilieswholivedincrowdedcitieslikeLondonandManchesteroftensleptstandingupbendingoverapieceofstringbecausetherewasnoroomforthemtoliedown. Peopledidn’thavefridgesuntilthe1920s.Theykeptfreshfoodcoldbystoringitonwindowsills窗台板blocksoficeorevenburyingitinthegarden. Somechildrenhadtostartworkattheageofsevenoreighttoearnmoneyfortheirparents.Ifyouhadlived100yearsagoyoumightwellbesellingmatchsticks火柴杆ajobdonebymanychildrenorworkingwithyourdadbynow. Lifewasnoteasyformanychildrenliving100yearsago.
Late-nightDrinking Coffeeloversbeware.Havingaquick"pick-me-up"cupofcoffeelateinthedaywillplayhavocwithyoursleep.Aswellasbeingastimulantcaffeineinterruptstheflowofmelatoninthebrainhormonethatsendspeopleintoasleep. Melatoninlevelsnormallystarttoriseabouttwohoursbeforebedtime.Levelsthenpeakbetween2amand4ambeforefallingagain."It’stheneurohormonethatcontrolsoursleepandtellsourbodywhentosleepandwhentowake"saysMauriceOhayonoftheStanfordSleepEpidemiologyResearchCenteratStanfordUniversityinCalifornia.ButresearchersinIsraelhavefoundthatcaffeinatedcoffeehalvesthebody’slevelsofthissleephormone. LotanShiloandateamattheSapirMedicalCenterinTelAvivUniversityfoundthatsixvolunteerssleptlesswellafteracupofcaffeinatedcoffeethanafterdrinkingthesameamountofdecaf.Onaveragesubjectsslept336minutespernightafterdrinkingcaffeinatedcoffeecomparedwith415minutesafterdecalTheyalsotookhalfanhourtodropoff—twiceaslongasusual—andjiggedaroundinbedtwiceasmuch. Inthesecondphaseoftheexperimenttheresearcherswokethevolunteerseverythreehoursandaskedthemtogiveaurinesample.Shilomeasuredconcentrationsofabreakdownproductofmelatonin.Theresultssuggestthatmelatoninconcentrationsincaffeinedrinkerswerehalfthoseindecaldrinkers.InapaperacceptedforpublicationinSleepMedicinetheresearcherssuggestthatcaffeineblocksproductionoftheenzymethatdrivesmelatoninproduction. BecauseitcantakemanyhourstoeliminatecaffeinefromthebodyOhayonrecommendsthatcoffeeloversswitchtodecafafterlunch. Whatdoestheexperimentmentionedinparagraph4prove
{{*HTML*}}TheWorld’sLongestBridge??Rumorhasitthatalegendary传说的six-headedmonsterlurksinthedeepwatersoftheTyrrhenianSeabetweenItalyandtheislandofSicily.?46?Whencompletedin2010theworld’slongestbridgewillweighnearly300000tonsequivalenttotheicebergthatsanktheTitanicandstretch5kilometerslong.That’snearly50percentlongerthananyotherbridgeeverbuiltsaysstructuralengineerShaneRixon.???47?They’resuspensionbridgesmassivestructuresbuilttospanvastwaterchannelsorgorges峡谷.Asuspensionbridgeneedsjusttwotowerstoshoulderthestructure’smammoth巨大的weightthankstohefty高强度的supportingcablesslungbetweenthetowersandanchoredfirmlyindeeppoolsofcementateachendofthebridge.TheMessinaStraitBridgewillhavetwo54100-tontowerswhichwillsupportmostofthebridge’sload.Thebeefy结实的cablesofthebridgeeach1.2meterindiameterwillholdupthelongestandwidestbridgedeckeverbuilt.??WhenconstructionbeginsontheMessinaStraitBridgein2005thefirstjobwillbetoerecttwo370-metertallsteeltowers.?48?Gettingthesecablesupwillbesomething.It’snotjusttheirlength--totally5.3kilometers--buttheirweight.?49???Afterloweringverticalsuspendercablesfromthemaincablesbuilderswillerecta60meter-wide54630-tonsteelroadwayordeckwideenoughtoaccommodate12lanesoftraffic.Thedeck’sweightwillpulldownonthecableswithaforceof70500tons.Inreturnthecablesyank拽upagainsttheirfirmlyrootedanchorswithaforceof139000tons?equivalenttotheweightofabout100000cars.Thoseanchorsareessential.?50???A.Someenvironmentalistsareagainsttheprojectonbiologicalgrounds.??B.Whatdotheworld’slongestbridgeshaveincommon???C.Iftrueonedayyoumightspythebeastwhilezipping呼啸而过acrosstheMessinaStraitBridge.??D.They’rewhatwillkeepthebridgefromgoinganywhere.??E.Thesecondjobwillbetopulltwosetsofsteelcablesacrossthestraiteachsetbeingabundleof44352individualsteelwires.??F.Theywilltipupthescalesat166500tons--morethanhalfthebridge’stotalmass.
ShoppingatSecond-handClothingStores When33-year-oldPeteBarthwasincollegeshoppingatSecond-handclothingstoreswasjustsomethinghedid—"likechangingthetiresonhiscar."Helookedathisbudgetanddecidedhecouldsavealotofmoneybyshoppingforclothesatthriftshops. "Evennewclothesarefairlydisposable可丢失的andwearoutafteracoupleofyears"Barthsaid."Inthriftshopsyoucanfindsomegreatstuffwhosequalityisbetterthannewclothes". SincethenBarthwhoworksataGoodwillthriftshopintheUSstateofFloridahasfoundthatthereareallkindsofreasonsforshoppingforsecond-handclothing.Somepeoplelikehimshoptosavemoney.Someshopforacrazy-lookingshirt.Andsomeshopasameansofconservingenergyandhelpingtheenvironment. PatAkinsanaccountantataFloridaSalvationArmySA救世军thriftshopsaidthatforhershoppingatthriftshopsisawaytohelptheenvironment. "Whenmydaughterwaslittlewelookedatitasrecycling"Akinssaid."Alsowhypay30dollarsforanewcoatwhenyoucangetanotheroneforalotless" AkinssaidthattheSAhasshopsallovertheUS—"someasbigasdepartmentstores."Alloftheclothesaredonated捐赠andwhentheyhaveasurplus盈余they’llhave"stuffabag"specialswherecustomerscanfillagrocerysackwithclothesforonly5or10dollars JuliaSlocum22pointsouthoweverthatthehugeamountofsecond-handclothingintheUSistheresultofAmericanwastefulness. "I’dsaythatsecond-handstoresaretheresultofourwastefulmaterialisticculture"saidSlocumwhoworksforapro-conservationorganizationtheCenterforaNewAmericanDream."Thriftshopspreventthatwastefromgoingtolandfills垃圾填理场;theygiveclothingasecondlifeprovidecheaperclothingforthosewhocan’taffordtobuynewonesandgenerate生气incomeforcharities.Theyalsoprovideawayforthewealthyandmiddleclassestoshed摆脱someoftheguiltfortheirlevelofconsumption./ WhichstatementaboutBarthisNOTtrue
Theoscillatorwaseasiertousemorestableandlessexpensivethanothersavailableatthetime.
{{*HTML*}}1.Thousandsofyearsagomanusedhandyrocksforhissurgicaloperations.Laterheusedsharpboneorhornmetalknivesandmorerecentlyrubberandplastic.Andthatwaswherewestuckinsurgicalinstrumenttermsformanyyears.Inthe1960sanewtoolwasdevelopedonewhichwasfirstofalltobeofgreatpracticalusetothearmedforcesandindustrybutwhichwasalsointimetorevolutionizetheartandscienceofsurgery.??2.Thetoolisthelaseranditisbeingusedbymoreandmoresurgeonsallovertheworldforaverylargenumberofdifferentcomplaints.Thewordlasermeans:LightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionofRadiation.Asweallknowlightishot;anysourceoflight--fromthesunitselfclowntoahumblematchburning--willgivewarmth.Butlightisusuallyspreadoutoverawidearea.Thelightinalaserbeamhoweverisconcentrated.Thismeansthatalightwithnomorepowerthanthatproducedbyanordinaryelectriclightbulbbecomesintenselystrongasitisconcentratedtoapinpoint-sizedbeam.??3.Experimentswiththesepinpointbeamshaveshownresearchersthatdifferentenergysourcesproducebeamsthathaveaparticulareffectoncertainlivingcells.Itisnowpossibleforeyesurgeonstooperateonthebackofthehumaneyewithoutharmingthefrontoftheeyesimplybypassingalaserbeamrightthroughtheeyeball.Noknivesnostitchesnounwanteddamage--atruesurgicalwonder.??4.Operationswhichonceleftpatientsexhaustedandinneedoflongperiodsofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.Somuchmoredifficultoperationscannowbetried.??5.Therapiddevelopmentoflasertechniquesinthepasttenyearshasmadeitclearthatthefutureislikelytobeveryexciting.Perhapssomecancerswillbetreatedwithlaserinawaythatmakessurgerynotonlysaferbutmoreeffective.Altogethertomorrowmayseemoreandmoreinformationcomingtolightonthediseaseswhichcanbetreatedmedically.Para2______.
ThepolicemanagedtotrackdownthemaninNewYork.
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