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(46) A long-held view of the history of the English colonies that became the United States has been ...
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以下九道小题使用的数据表如下 当前盘当前目录下有数据库大奖赛dbc其中有数据库表歌手dbf评分db
DELETE myview VIEW
DELETE myview
DROP myview VIEW
DROP VIEW myview
累加器A的内容是23H执行RLA指令后累加器的内容变为
40H
46H
11H
10H
单室模型药物单次静脉注射消除速度常数为0.2/h清除该药99%需要的时间是
6h
12.5h
23h
26h
46h
利用DOS系统功能INT21H的1号AH=2功能调用若用户按下的是6则寄存器AL中的内容是
26H
36H
46H
56H
已知R0=28H28H=46HMOVA#32HMOVA45HMOVA@R0执行结果A的内容为
46H
28H
45H
32H
建立一个视图salary该视图包括了系号和该系的平均工资两个字段正确的SQL语句是【】
CREATE VIEW salary AS系号,AVG(工资)AS平均工资 FROM 教师;GROUP BY系号
CREATE VIEW salary AS SELECT系号,AVG(工资)AS平均工资FROM教师;GROUP BY系号
CREATE VIEW salary SELECT系号,AVG(工资)AS平均工资FROM教师;GROUP BY系号
CREATE VIEW salary AS SELECT系号,AVG(工资)AS平均工资FROM教师;GROUP BY系号
下面程序的结果是 #includeiostream.h voidmain { char*st
CREATE VIEW ZG_view; SELECT职工号,姓名FROM职工表
CREATE VIEW ZG_view AS; SELECT职工号,姓名FROM职工表
CREATE QUERY ZG_view; SELECT职工号,姓名FROM职工表
CREATE QUERY ZG_view AS; SELECT职工号,姓名FROM职工表
单室模型药物单次静脉注射消除速度常数为0.2h问清除该药99%需要多少时间
12.5h
23h
26h
46h
6h
Manager:MayIhelpyouMadam?Customer:YesI’msorrytotro
已知字母F的ASCⅡ码是46H则字母f的ASCⅡ码是
66H
26H
98H
34H
删除视图salary的命令是【】
DROP salary VIEW
DROP VIEW salary
DELETE salary VIEW
DELETE salary
单室模型药物单次静脉注射消除速度常数为0.2h -1问清除该药99%需要多少时间
12.5h
23h
26h
46h
6h
执行下面的程序段后AL中的内容是BUFDW2152H3416H5731H4684HMOVBXOFFS
46H
57H
16H
34H
字符a的ASCII码是61H则字符f的ASCII码是
65H
66H
56H
46H
Theh_________youclimbthemorebeautifulviewyouwillse
下列反应中属于水解反应且使溶液显酸性的是
HSO
3
-
+H
2
O
H
3
O
+
+SO
3
2-
HCO
3
-
+H
3
O
+
CO
2
↑+2 H
2
O
S
2-
+ H
2
O
HS
-
+ OH
-
NH
4
+
+ H
2
O
NH
3
·H
2
O + H
+
假定AL=75HCH=29H依次执行SUBALCH指令和DAS指令后AL值为
9eH
46H
4cH
04H
我国实行劳动者每日工作时间不超过8h平均每周工作时间不超过的工时制定
40h
42h
44h
46h
纸片法测定茶具大肠菌群时所需的培养时间是
6~8h
16~18h
36~38h
46~48h
70~72h
已知H-H键能为436kJ/molH-N键能为391kJ/molN≡N键的键能为946kJ/mol则
+46 kJ/mol
+92kJ/mol
-46 kJ/mol
-92 kJ/mol
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It’ssevenweeksintothenewyear.DoyouknowwhereyourresolutionisIfyou’relikemillionsofAmericansyouprobablyvowedtoloseweightquitsmokinganddrinklessinthenewyear.YoukickedoffJanuarywithacommitmenttolong-termwell-being--untilyoucameface-to-facewithacheeseburger.Youspentabundleonashinynewgympass.Turnsoutitwasn’treasonenoughforyoutoactuallyusethegym. Peoplecanmakepoordecisionswhenitcomestohealth--despitetheirbestintentions.It’snoteasyabidingbywholesomechoicesgivingupFrenchfrieswhentheconsequencesofnotdoingsoheartdiseaseseemsofarinthefuture.Mostpeoplearebadatjudgingtheirhealthrisks:smokersgenerallyknowcigarettescausecancerbuttheyalsotendtobelievethey’relesslikelythanothersmokerstogetit.Andasanysnack-lovingdietercanattestpeoplecanbecomicallyineptatpredictingtheirfuture.behavior.Youswearyouwilleatjustonepotatochipbutdon’tstopuntilthebagisempty. SowhatdoesittaketomotivatepeopletosticktothepathsetbytheirconsciousbrainHowcangoodchoicesbemadetoseemmoreappealingthanbadonesTheproblemstumpsdoctorspublic-healthofficialsandweight-lossexpertsbutonesolutionmayspringfromanunlikelysource.Meetyournewpersonaltrainer:yourboss. Americanbusinesseshaveaparticularinterestinpersonalhealthsinceworkerillnesscoststhembillionseachyearininsuranceclaimssickdaysandhighstaffturnover.A2008surveyofmajorUSemployersfoundthat64%considertheiremployees’poorhealthdecisionsaseriousbarriertoaffordableinsurancecoverage.Nowsomecompaniesaretacklingthemotivationproblemheadonusingtacticsdrawnfrombehavioralpsychologytonudgetheiremployeestogethealthy. "It’sabitparadoxicalthatemployersneedtoprovideincentivesforpeopletoimprovetheirownhealth"saysMichaelFollickabehavioralpsychologistatBrownUniversityandpresidentoftheconsultancyAbacusEmployerHealthSolutions. Paradoxicalmaybebuteffective.ConsiderAmicaMutualInsurancebasedinRhodeIsland.Arnicaseemedtobedoingeverythingright:itboastsanon-sitefitnesscenteratitsheadquarters.ItpaystowardWeightWatchersandsmoking-cessationhelpgivesgiftcardstorewardproperprenatalcareandoffersfreeflushotseachyear.Stillinthemid-2000sabout7%ofthecompany’sinsuredpopulationincludingroughly3100employeesandtheirdependentshaddiabetes."Wemanagerisk.That’sourcorebusiness"saysScottBoydAmica’sdirectorofcompensationandbenefits.Butdiabetes-relatedclaimsfromArnicaemployeeshaddoubledinfouryears."WethoughtOK"Boydsaysnow"wehavetomanagethesehigh-riskgroupsalittlebetter. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
Apairofdicerolledagainandagainwilleventuallyproducetwosixes.Similarlythevirusthatcausesinfluenzaisconstantlychangingatrandomandonedaywillmutateinawaythatwillenableittoinfectbillionsofpeopleandtokillmillions.Manyexpertsnowbelieveaglobaloutbreakofpandemicfluisoverdueandthatthenextonecouldbeasbadastheonein1918whichkilledsomewherebetween25mand50mpeople.Todayhoweveradvancesinmedicineofferrealhopethatanothersuchoutbreakcanbecontained-ifgovernmentsstartpreparingnow. Newresearchpublishedthisweeksuggeststhatarelativelysmallstockpileofanantiviraldrug-aslittleas3mdoses--couldbeenoughtolimitsharplyaflupandemicifthedrugsweredeployedquicklytopeopleintheareasurroundingtheinitialoutbreak.Thedrug’smanufacturerRocheistalkingtotheWorldHealthOrganisationaboutdonatingsuchastockpile. Thisisgoodnews.ButmuchmoreneedstobedoneespeciallywithanastystrainofavianfluspreadinginAsiawhichcouldmutateintoathreattohumans.SincetheSARSoutbreakin2003afewcountrieshavedevelopedplansinpreparationforsimilarepisodes.Butprogresshasbeenshamefullypatchyandthereisstillfartoolittleinternationalcoordination. AglobalstockpileofdrugsalonewouldnotbemuchusewithoutanadequatesystemofsurveillancetoidentifyearlycasesandawayofdeliveringtreatmentquicklyIfanoutbreakoccurredinaborderregionforexampleaswiftresponsewouldmostlikelydependonprioragreementsbetweendifferentcountriesaboutquarantineandcontainment. ReachingsuchagreementsisrarelyeasybutthatmakesthetaskallthemoreurgentRichcountriestendtobebetterpreparedthanpooronesbutthisshouldbenoconsolationtothem.Fludoesnotrespectborders.Itisineveryone’sinteresttomakesurethatdevelopingcountriesespeciallyinAsiaarealsowellprepared.Manymaybridleatinterferencefromoutside.Butifrichernationswerewillingtodonateanti-viraldrugsandguaranteeasupplyofanyvaccinethatbecomesavailablepoorernationsmightbewillingtoreachagreementsoversurveillanceandpreparedness. Simplysortingoutafewdetailsnowwillhavelivesandrecriminationslater.WilltherebeenoughventilatorsmakesanddrugsWherewillpeoplebetreatedifthehospitalsoverflowWillfoodbedeliveredasnormalToomanycountrieshavenoanswerstothesequestions. Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingsisnotreadilymade
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. 12
ScoresofworkersfromMTVNetworkswalkedoffthejobyesterdayafternoonfillingthesidewalkoutsidetheheadquartersofitscorporateparentViacomtoprotestrecentchangesinbenefits.Thewalkouthighlightedtheconcernsofacategoryofworkerswhoaresometimescalledpermalancers:permanentfreelancerswhoworklikefull-timeemployeesbutdonotreceivethesamebenefits. Wavingsignsthatread"ShameonViacom"theworkersmostofthemintheir20sdemandedthatMTVNetworksreverseaplantoreducehealthanddentalbenefitsforfreelancersbeginningOnJan.1st.InastatementMTVNetworksnotedthatitsbenefitsprogramforfull-timeemployeeshadalsoundergonechangesanditemphasizedthattheplanforfreelancerswasstillhighlycompetitivewithintheindustry.Manyfreelancersreceivenocorporatebenefits.Butsomeoftheprotestersassertedthatcorporationswerecompetingtoseewhichcouldprovidethemostmediocrehealthcarecoverage.MatthewYondawhoworksatNickelodeonheldasignthatlabeledthenetwork"Sick-elodeon.""I’veworkedhereeverydayforthreeyears-I’mnotafreelancer"Mr.Yondasaid."Theyjustcallusfreelancersinordertobarusfromgettingthesamebenefitsasemployees." ThechangestothebenefitspackagewereannouncedlastTuesday.Freelancersweretoldthattheywouldbecomeeligibleforbenefitsafter160daysofworkbeginninginJanuary.Whilethateasedpreviouseligibilityruleswhichrequiredfreelancerstoworkfor52weeksbeforebecomingeligibleitwouldhaverequiredallfreelancersnotyeteligibleforbenefitstostartthewaitingperiodoveragainonJan.1st.The401kplanwasalsoremoved.OnThursdayacknowledgingthecomplaintsMTVNetworksreinstatedthe401kplanandsaidfreelancerswhohadworkedconsistentlysinceMarchwouldbeeligible. FueledbyaseriesofblogpostsonthemediaWebsiteGawker-thefirstpostwasheadlined"TheViacomPermalanceSlaveSystem"-aloosecohortoffreelancerscreatedproteststickersanddistributedwalkoutflierslastweek.CarolineO’HareaunitmanagerwhohasworkedforMTVformorethantwoyearssaidthenewhealthcareplan-withhigherdeductiblesanda$2000caponhospitalexpenseseachyear-hadprovokedoutrage."Theythinktheycantreatuslikechildrenthatdon’thavefamiliesmortgagesordreamsofretirement"shesaid. OutsideViacom’sheadquartersseveralworkersheldposterswiththewords"There’stoomanyofustoignore."Itwasunclearhowmanyfreelancersareonthecompany’spayroll;anMTVNetworks’spokeswomansaidthefigurewasnotknownbecauseitrisesandfallsthroughouttheyear.Thecompanyhas5500full-timeemployeesexcludingfreelancersaroundtheworld. Twofreelancersandonefull-timeemployeewhoaskednottobeidentifiedforfearofretributionestimatedthatthepercentageoffreelancersinsomedepartmentsexceeded75percent.AnotherlaboractionisexpectedtotakeplaceoutsideViacomlaterthisweek.MembersoftheWritersGuildofAmericawhohavebeenonstrikeforfiveweeksareexpectedtopicketthereonThursday. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothetext
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican.Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation.AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk.RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation.48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths.Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatefreportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhas.beenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned.
WhenDr.JohnW.GofmanprofessorofmedicalphysicsattheUniversityofCaliforniaandaleadingnuclearcriticspeaksof"ecocide"inhisadversaryviewofnucleartechnologyhemeansthefollowing.AlargenuclearplantlikethatinKalkartheNetherlandswouldproduceabout200poundsofplutoniumeachyear.Onepoundreleasedintotheatmospherecouldcause9billioncasesoflungcancer.Thiswasteproductmustbestoredfor500000yearsbeforeitisofnofurtherdangertoman.Intheanticipatedreactoreconomyitisestimatedthattherewillbe10000tonsofthismaterialinWesternEuropeofwhichonetable-spoonfulofplutonium-239representstheofficialmaximumpermissiblebodyburdenfor200000people.Ratherthanbeingbiodegradableplutoniumdestroysbiologicalproperties. In1972the.U.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationruledthattheasbestoslevelintheworkplaceshouldbeloweredto2fiberspercubiccentimeterofairbuttheeffectivedateoftherulinghasbeendelayeduntilnow.TheInternationalFederationofChemicalandGeneralWorkers’Unionsreportthatthe2-fiberstandardwasbasedprimarilyononestudyof290menataBritishasbestosfactory.ButwhentheworkersattheBritishfactoryhadbeenreexaminedbyanotherphysician40--70percenthadX-rayevidenceoflungabnormalities.Accordingtopresentmedicalinformationatthefactoryinquestionoutofatotalof29deathsthusfarsevenwerecausedbylungcancer.AnaverageEuropeanorAmericanworkercomesintocontactwithsixmillionfibersaday."Wearenowinfactfindingcancerdeathswithinthefamilyoftheasbestosworker"statesDr.IrvingSelikoffoftheMountSinaiMedicalSchoolinNewYork. Itisnowalsoclearthatvinylchlorideagasfromwhichthemostwidelyusedplasticsaremadecausesafatalcanceroftheblood-vesselcellsoftheliver.Howeverthehistoryoftheresearchonvinylchlorideisinsomewaysmoredisturbingthanthe"Watergatecover-up.""Therehasbeenevidenceofpotentiallyseriousdiseaseamongpolyvinylchlorideworkersfor25yearsthathasbeenincompletelyappreciatedandinadequatelyapproachedbymedicalscientistsandbyregulatoryauthorities"summedupDr.SelikoffintheNewScientist.Atleast17workershavebeenkilledbyvinylchloridebecauseresearchoverthepast25yearswasnotfollowedup.Andforover10yearsworkershavebeenexposedtoconcentrationsofvinylchloride10timesthe"safelimit"imposedbyDowChemicalCompany. Accordingtothetexttheauthormentionsplutoniuminparagraph1to
Apairofdicerolledagainandagainwilleventuallyproducetwosixes.Similarlythevirusthatcausesinfluenzaisconstantlychangingatrandomandonedaywillmutateinawaythatwillenableittoinfectbillionsofpeopleandtokillmillions.Manyexpertsnowbelieveaglobaloutbreakofpandemicfluisoverdueandthatthenextonecouldbeasbadastheonein1918whichkilledsomewherebetween25mand50mpeople.Todayhoweveradvancesinmedicineofferrealhopethatanothersuchoutbreakcanbecontained-ifgovernmentsstartpreparingnow. Newresearchpublishedthisweeksuggeststhatarelativelysmallstockpileofanantiviraldrug-aslittleas3mdoses--couldbeenoughtolimitsharplyaflupandemicifthedrugsweredeployedquicklytopeopleintheareasurroundingtheinitialoutbreak.Thedrug’smanufacturerRocheistalkingtotheWorldHealthOrganisationaboutdonatingsuchastockpile. Thisisgoodnews.ButmuchmoreneedstobedoneespeciallywithanastystrainofavianfluspreadinginAsiawhichcouldmutateintoathreattohumans.SincetheSARSoutbreakin2003afewcountrieshavedevelopedplansinpreparationforsimilarepisodes.Butprogresshasbeenshamefullypatchyandthereisstillfartoolittleinternationalcoordination. AglobalstockpileofdrugsalonewouldnotbemuchusewithoutanadequatesystemofsurveillancetoidentifyearlycasesandawayofdeliveringtreatmentquicklyIfanoutbreakoccurredinaborderregionforexampleaswiftresponsewouldmostlikelydependonprioragreementsbetweendifferentcountriesaboutquarantineandcontainment. ReachingsuchagreementsisrarelyeasybutthatmakesthetaskallthemoreurgentRichcountriestendtobebetterpreparedthanpooronesbutthisshouldbenoconsolationtothem.Fludoesnotrespectborders.Itisineveryone’sinteresttomakesurethatdevelopingcountriesespeciallyinAsiaarealsowellprepared.Manymaybridleatinterferencefromoutside.Butifrichernationswerewillingtodonateanti-viraldrugsandguaranteeasupplyofanyvaccinethatbecomesavailablepoorernationsmightbewillingtoreachagreementsoversurveillanceandpreparedness. Simplysortingoutafewdetailsnowwillhavelivesandrecriminationslater.WilltherebeenoughventilatorsmakesanddrugsWherewillpeoplebetreatedifthehospitalsoverflowWillfoodbedeliveredasnormalToomanycountrieshavenoanswerstothesequestions. Accordingtothetextitisupsettingthat
41.Twotypesofstress:Therearebasicallytwotypesofstressplacedonhumanbeings--physicalandmental.42.Effectsofstress--physicaloremotional:Whetherphysicaloremotionalinoriginstresscausesthebodytoreactinthesameway.43.Guilty--usefulthoughmostharmful:Probablythemostharmfulofallthestressesisguilt.44.Instancesnoneedtofeelguilty:Howevermanyofusaschildrenlearnedrulesthatwenolongerneed.Nooneisperfect:Guiltandtheworrythatoftenaccompaniesthismajorstressaredifficulttoeradicatebutpeoplesubjecttoexcessiveguiltfeelingsshouldrealizeassimpleasitsoundsthatnooneisperfect.Peoplecannotalwaysbecheerfulandhelpfultoeveryonetheymeet.Anothergoodlessonisthatmistakesshouldbeforgottennotlingeredoverandbroughtouttoexamineperiodically.45.Lifewithalittlestress--significant:Alifewithoutstresssuchasretirementwithnothingtodowouldbeboring.[A]FatadultsshouldnolongerfeelguiltyaboutleavingalittlefoodontheplateasuccessfulbusinessmanneednotfeelguiltyaboutspendingalittletoomuchmoneyonavacationnorshouldhefeelguiltythathecancombineabusinesstriptotheWestCoastwithsomeswimmingandgolfatanoceanresort.Butmanypeopledofeelguiltyoversuchapparentlyinnocentactions.Excessiveguiltcansouralloflifeandmakelifenotworthliving;itcanalsocauseself-hatredaswellasotherfearsandanxietiesthatcausealllife’ssuccessestobebittersweetatbest.[B]Stressfromphysicalactivityifnotcarriedtoofarisactuallybeneficial.Exerciserelaxesyouandmayhelpforgetaboutmentalandemotionalstress.Butmentalstressisalmostalwaysbadforyou.Ifmentalstressisunrelieveditcanactuallycausediseasessuchasulcersmigraineheadachesheartproblemsormentalillness.[C]Justasweneedalittleguilt--tokeepuscorrectandalittleworry--tomakeusplanahead--weneedalittlestresstostayinterestedinlife.Butwhenstressbeginstobotheryouyoumightaswellchangeyourroutine.Takeyourmindoffyourworrieswithsomephysicalactivity;youmaydiscoverasolutionyouhaveoverlookedbefore.[D]Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowaytoavoidit.Infactitisnotthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe.Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandgivepurposetolife.Itisonlywhenthestressgetsoutofcontrolthatitcanleadtopoorperformanceandillhealth.[E]Somepeoplearenotafraidofstressandsuchcharactersareobviouslyprimematerialformanagerialresponsibilitiesothersloseheartatthefirstsignsofunusualdifficulties.[F]Inthefirststageyourbodypreparestomeetthestress.Theheartbeatandrespirationratesincreaseandthepupilsoftheeyesdilate;thebloodsugarlevelincreasesandtherateofperspirationspeedsupwhiledigestionslowsdownasbloodandmuscularactivityisdivertedelsewhere.Inthesecondstageyourbodyreturnstonormalandrepairsanydamagecausedbythestressfulsituation.Howeverifstresscontinuesthebodycannotrepairitselfandthefinalstageexhaustionthenbegins.Ifthisstagecontinuesifforexampleyouarefrustratedbyyourworkandcontinuetobefrustratedforalongtimephysicaloremotionaldamagewilloccur.Thesestagesofstressreactionarealwaysthesamewhetherthestressiscausedbyacross-countryrunafirstdatebuyingahouseornarrowlymissinganautomobileaccident.[G]Thiscommonemotionisusefultohavewhenithelpsustorealizethatwehaveinfactcommittedsomeerrorviolatedourownrulesorsocialrules.Ifwedidnotfeelguiltywewouldneverdoanythingexceptthethingsthatbroughtusimmediatepleasure--we’dneverobeythelawworkexerciseorevenstudyinschoolunlesswewantedtodosointhefirstplace.Asaperson’sconsciencedevelopsguiltfeelingsbecomeinevitable;guiltisthesorrowweexperiencewhenweknowwehavedonesomethingincorrect.
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly. 2explainitsintendedmeaningand 3giveyourcomments.
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. 4
WhenDr.JohnW.GofmanprofessorofmedicalphysicsattheUniversityofCaliforniaandaleadingnuclearcriticspeaksof"ecocide"inhisadversaryviewofnucleartechnologyhemeansthefollowing.AlargenuclearplantlikethatinKalkartheNetherlandswouldproduceabout200poundsofplutoniumeachyear.Onepoundreleasedintotheatmospherecouldcause9billioncasesoflungcancer.Thiswasteproductmustbestoredfor500000yearsbeforeitisofnofurtherdangertoman.Intheanticipatedreactoreconomyitisestimatedthattherewillbe10000tonsofthismaterialinWesternEuropeofwhichonetable-spoonfulofplutonium-239representstheofficialmaximumpermissiblebodyburdenfor200000people.Ratherthanbeingbiodegradableplutoniumdestroysbiologicalproperties. In1972the.U.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationruledthattheasbestoslevelintheworkplaceshouldbeloweredto2fiberspercubiccentimeterofairbuttheeffectivedateoftherulinghasbeendelayeduntilnow.TheInternationalFederationofChemicalandGeneralWorkers’Unionsreportthatthe2-fiberstandardwasbasedprimarilyononestudyof290menataBritishasbestosfactory.ButwhentheworkersattheBritishfactoryhadbeenreexaminedbyanotherphysician40--70percenthadX-rayevidenceoflungabnormalities.Accordingtopresentmedicalinformationatthefactoryinquestionoutofatotalof29deathsthusfarsevenwerecausedbylungcancer.AnaverageEuropeanorAmericanworkercomesintocontactwithsixmillionfibersaday."Wearenowinfactfindingcancerdeathswithinthefamilyoftheasbestosworker"statesDr.IrvingSelikoffoftheMountSinaiMedicalSchoolinNewYork. Itisnowalsoclearthatvinylchlorideagasfromwhichthemostwidelyusedplasticsaremadecausesafatalcanceroftheblood-vesselcellsoftheliver.Howeverthehistoryoftheresearchonvinylchlorideisinsomewaysmoredisturbingthanthe"Watergatecover-up.""Therehasbeenevidenceofpotentiallyseriousdiseaseamongpolyvinylchlorideworkersfor25yearsthathasbeenincompletelyappreciatedandinadequatelyapproachedbymedicalscientistsandbyregulatoryauthorities"summedupDr.SelikoffintheNewScientist.Atleast17workershavebeenkilledbyvinylchloridebecauseresearchoverthepast25yearswasnotfollowedup.Andforover10yearsworkershavebeenexposedtoconcentrationsofvinylchloride10timesthe"safelimit"imposedbyDowChemicalCompany. Accordingtoparagraph3someworkershavebeenkilledbyharmfulpollutantsinthat
TogethelpInternetaddictstiredoftheirsquare-eyedkeyboardtappingwaysneedlooknofurtherthantheWebforcounseling.Thereisnowanonlinecounselingserviceatwww.relateorg.nzforInternetobsessives.Juste-mailthedetailsofyourInternet-inducedcrisisandhelpcomesdirecttoyourinbox.46Thenewbreedofcybertherapistsseenothingstrangeaboutofferinghelpthroughtheverymediumthatisswallowingtheirclients’freetimeandsplittingtheirmarriages.GettinghookedontheInternetisn’tconfinedtoafewcomputernerds.It’sontheriseeverywhere—andwomenarethemostlikelyaddicts.Theoldstereotypicaladdictwasayoungmanwhospenthoursplayinggamesdownloadingsoftwareorreadingmessagesonnewsgroups.47Yetthenewimageisofayoungwomanwhofrittersawayhourse-mailingfriendsbuyingbooksandCDsonlinetalkinginchatroomsandlookingforinformationfornextyear’sholiday.IngridParkeronceaslavetoInternetchatroomsfoundherexperiencessodevastatingthatshewroteabooktohelpotheraddictsbreakthehabit.48Hercomputerdreamturnedtonightmarewhenshesoldupandmovedtobewithhercyberpalwhohadjustlefthiswifeonlytobetoldaweeklaterthatthecoupleweregettingbacktogether.Theheart-breakingturnofeventsgaveherthemotivationtocontrolheraddiction—andwritethebookCaughtintheWeb.ForIngridParkeranyonewhoismarriedorinasoundrelationshipshouldnotreallybespendinghourstalkingtosomeoneelseandignoringtheirnearestanddearest.49WhileParkerprovidedherowntherapybyputtingherexperiencesdownonpapersherecommendsotherstakeuptheonlinecounselingofferorlogofffromtheWorldwideWebgradually.ShesaidIt’slikesmoking.It’snotagoodideatosuddenlygocoldturkey.PeopleoftenemailmeabouttheproblemandItellthemtograduallyweanthemselvesoffandnottoswitchtoaschemewhereyoupayperhourforonlinetime.50IftheybreaktheirresolutionalltheyendupwiththenisthesameoldproblemplusmoneydifficultiesforthelonghourstheyhavespentloggedintotheInternet.OfcoursetheInternetisdefinitelyaddictivebutifyoucankeepitincontrolithasadvantagestoo.Usingitcanbeasteeplearningcurvesoithelpsyoubecomeveryquickatlearning.AlsothereisahugedemandforpeopleinthefieldofInformationTechnologyITandhoursontheInternetaregreattraining.
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. 20
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. 10
It’ssevenweeksintothenewyear.DoyouknowwhereyourresolutionisIfyou’relikemillionsofAmericansyouprobablyvowedtoloseweightquitsmokinganddrinklessinthenewyear.YoukickedoffJanuarywithacommitmenttolong-termwell-being--untilyoucameface-to-facewithacheeseburger.Youspentabundleonashinynewgympass.Turnsoutitwasn’treasonenoughforyoutoactuallyusethegym. Peoplecanmakepoordecisionswhenitcomestohealth--despitetheirbestintentions.It’snoteasyabidingbywholesomechoicesgivingupFrenchfrieswhentheconsequencesofnotdoingsoheartdiseaseseemsofarinthefuture.Mostpeoplearebadatjudgingtheirhealthrisks:smokersgenerallyknowcigarettescausecancerbuttheyalsotendtobelievethey’relesslikelythanothersmokerstogetit.Andasanysnack-lovingdietercanattestpeoplecanbecomicallyineptatpredictingtheirfuture.behavior.Youswearyouwilleatjustonepotatochipbutdon’tstopuntilthebagisempty. SowhatdoesittaketomotivatepeopletosticktothepathsetbytheirconsciousbrainHowcangoodchoicesbemadetoseemmoreappealingthanbadonesTheproblemstumpsdoctorspublic-healthofficialsandweight-lossexpertsbutonesolutionmayspringfromanunlikelysource.Meetyournewpersonaltrainer:yourboss. Americanbusinesseshaveaparticularinterestinpersonalhealthsinceworkerillnesscoststhembillionseachyearininsuranceclaimssickdaysandhighstaffturnover.A2008surveyofmajorUSemployersfoundthat64%considertheiremployees’poorhealthdecisionsaseriousbarriertoaffordableinsurancecoverage.Nowsomecompaniesaretacklingthemotivationproblemheadonusingtacticsdrawnfrombehavioralpsychologytonudgetheiremployeestogethealthy. "It’sabitparadoxicalthatemployersneedtoprovideincentivesforpeopletoimprovetheirownhealth"saysMichaelFollickabehavioralpsychologistatBrownUniversityandpresidentoftheconsultancyAbacusEmployerHealthSolutions. Paradoxicalmaybebuteffective.ConsiderAmicaMutualInsurancebasedinRhodeIsland.Arnicaseemedtobedoingeverythingright:itboastsanon-sitefitnesscenteratitsheadquarters.ItpaystowardWeightWatchersandsmoking-cessationhelpgivesgiftcardstorewardproperprenatalcareandoffersfreeflushotseachyear.Stillinthemid-2000sabout7%ofthecompany’sinsuredpopulationincludingroughly3100employeesandtheirdependentshaddiabetes."Wemanagerisk.That’sourcorebusiness"saysScottBoydAmica’sdirectorofcompensationandbenefits.Butdiabetes-relatedclaimsfromArnicaemployeeshaddoubledinfouryears."WethoughtOK"Boydsaysnow"wehavetomanagethesehigh-riskgroupsalittlebetter. InthefirstparagraphwecaninferthattheAmericans
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. 16
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican.Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation.AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk.RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation.48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths.Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatefreportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhas.beenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned.
ScoresofworkersfromMTVNetworkswalkedoffthejobyesterdayafternoonfillingthesidewalkoutsidetheheadquartersofitscorporateparentViacomtoprotestrecentchangesinbenefits.Thewalkouthighlightedtheconcernsofacategoryofworkerswhoaresometimescalledpermalancers:permanentfreelancerswhoworklikefull-timeemployeesbutdonotreceivethesamebenefits. Wavingsignsthatread"ShameonViacom"theworkersmostofthemintheir20sdemandedthatMTVNetworksreverseaplantoreducehealthanddentalbenefitsforfreelancersbeginningOnJan.1st.InastatementMTVNetworksnotedthatitsbenefitsprogramforfull-timeemployeeshadalsoundergonechangesanditemphasizedthattheplanforfreelancerswasstillhighlycompetitivewithintheindustry.Manyfreelancersreceivenocorporatebenefits.Butsomeoftheprotestersassertedthatcorporationswerecompetingtoseewhichcouldprovidethemostmediocrehealthcarecoverage.MatthewYondawhoworksatNickelodeonheldasignthatlabeledthenetwork"Sick-elodeon.""I’veworkedhereeverydayforthreeyears-I’mnotafreelancer"Mr.Yondasaid."Theyjustcallusfreelancersinordertobarusfromgettingthesamebenefitsasemployees." ThechangestothebenefitspackagewereannouncedlastTuesday.Freelancersweretoldthattheywouldbecomeeligibleforbenefitsafter160daysofworkbeginninginJanuary.Whilethateasedpreviouseligibilityruleswhichrequiredfreelancerstoworkfor52weeksbeforebecomingeligibleitwouldhaverequiredallfreelancersnotyeteligibleforbenefitstostartthewaitingperiodoveragainonJan.1st.The401kplanwasalsoremoved.OnThursdayacknowledgingthecomplaintsMTVNetworksreinstatedthe401kplanandsaidfreelancerswhohadworkedconsistentlysinceMarchwouldbeeligible. FueledbyaseriesofblogpostsonthemediaWebsiteGawker-thefirstpostwasheadlined"TheViacomPermalanceSlaveSystem"-aloosecohortoffreelancerscreatedproteststickersanddistributedwalkoutflierslastweek.CarolineO’HareaunitmanagerwhohasworkedforMTVformorethantwoyearssaidthenewhealthcareplan-withhigherdeductiblesanda$2000caponhospitalexpenseseachyear-hadprovokedoutrage."Theythinktheycantreatuslikechildrenthatdon’thavefamiliesmortgagesordreamsofretirement"shesaid. OutsideViacom’sheadquartersseveralworkersheldposterswiththewords"There’stoomanyofustoignore."Itwasunclearhowmanyfreelancersareonthecompany’spayroll;anMTVNetworks’spokeswomansaidthefigurewasnotknownbecauseitrisesandfallsthroughouttheyear.Thecompanyhas5500full-timeemployeesexcludingfreelancersaroundtheworld. Twofreelancersandonefull-timeemployeewhoaskednottobeidentifiedforfearofretributionestimatedthatthepercentageoffreelancersinsomedepartmentsexceeded75percent.AnotherlaboractionisexpectedtotakeplaceoutsideViacomlaterthisweek.MembersoftheWritersGuildofAmericawhohavebeenonstrikeforfiveweeksareexpectedtopicketthereonThursday. WhatdoesthewordreinstateLine6Paragraph3mostprobablymean
41.Twotypesofstress:Therearebasicallytwotypesofstressplacedonhumanbeings--physicalandmental.42.Effectsofstress--physicaloremotional:Whetherphysicaloremotionalinoriginstresscausesthebodytoreactinthesameway.43.Guilty--usefulthoughmostharmful:Probablythemostharmfulofallthestressesisguilt.44.Instancesnoneedtofeelguilty:Howevermanyofusaschildrenlearnedrulesthatwenolongerneed.Nooneisperfect:Guiltandtheworrythatoftenaccompaniesthismajorstressaredifficulttoeradicatebutpeoplesubjecttoexcessiveguiltfeelingsshouldrealizeassimpleasitsoundsthatnooneisperfect.Peoplecannotalwaysbecheerfulandhelpfultoeveryonetheymeet.Anothergoodlessonisthatmistakesshouldbeforgottennotlingeredoverandbroughtouttoexamineperiodically.45.Lifewithalittlestress--significant:Alifewithoutstresssuchasretirementwithnothingtodowouldbeboring.[A]FatadultsshouldnolongerfeelguiltyaboutleavingalittlefoodontheplateasuccessfulbusinessmanneednotfeelguiltyaboutspendingalittletoomuchmoneyonavacationnorshouldhefeelguiltythathecancombineabusinesstriptotheWestCoastwithsomeswimmingandgolfatanoceanresort.Butmanypeopledofeelguiltyoversuchapparentlyinnocentactions.Excessiveguiltcansouralloflifeandmakelifenotworthliving;itcanalsocauseself-hatredaswellasotherfearsandanxietiesthatcausealllife’ssuccessestobebittersweetatbest.[B]Stressfromphysicalactivityifnotcarriedtoofarisactuallybeneficial.Exerciserelaxesyouandmayhelpforgetaboutmentalandemotionalstress.Butmentalstressisalmostalwaysbadforyou.Ifmentalstressisunrelieveditcanactuallycausediseasessuchasulcersmigraineheadachesheartproblemsormentalillness.[C]Justasweneedalittleguilt--tokeepuscorrectandalittleworry--tomakeusplanahead--weneedalittlestresstostayinterestedinlife.Butwhenstressbeginstobotheryouyoumightaswellchangeyourroutine.Takeyourmindoffyourworrieswithsomephysicalactivity;youmaydiscoverasolutionyouhaveoverlookedbefore.[D]Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowaytoavoidit.Infactitisnotthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe.Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandgivepurposetolife.Itisonlywhenthestressgetsoutofcontrolthatitcanleadtopoorperformanceandillhealth.[E]Somepeoplearenotafraidofstressandsuchcharactersareobviouslyprimematerialformanagerialresponsibilitiesothersloseheartatthefirstsignsofunusualdifficulties.[F]Inthefirststageyourbodypreparestomeetthestress.Theheartbeatandrespirationratesincreaseandthepupilsoftheeyesdilate;thebloodsugarlevelincreasesandtherateofperspirationspeedsupwhiledigestionslowsdownasbloodandmuscularactivityisdivertedelsewhere.Inthesecondstageyourbodyreturnstonormalandrepairsanydamagecausedbythestressfulsituation.Howeverifstresscontinuesthebodycannotrepairitselfandthefinalstageexhaustionthenbegins.Ifthisstagecontinuesifforexampleyouarefrustratedbyyourworkandcontinuetobefrustratedforalongtimephysicaloremotionaldamagewilloccur.Thesestagesofstressreactionarealwaysthesamewhetherthestressiscausedbyacross-countryrunafirstdatebuyingahouseornarrowlymissinganautomobileaccident.[G]Thiscommonemotionisusefultohavewhenithelpsustorealizethatwehaveinfactcommittedsomeerrorviolatedourownrulesorsocialrules.Ifwedidnotfeelguiltywewouldneverdoanythingexceptthethingsthatbroughtusimmediatepleasure--we’dneverobeythelawworkexerciseorevenstudyinschoolunlesswewantedtodosointhefirstplace.Asaperson’sconsciencedevelopsguiltfeelingsbecomeinevitable;guiltisthesorrowweexperiencewhenweknowwehavedonesomethingincorrect.
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. 14
Thetimeforsharpeningpencilsarrangingyourdeskanddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsitstanduporliedowntowrite.41______Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenextbutdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounowworkitintothedraft.42______Grammarpunctuationandspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors.43______Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatwayandifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhereyouwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessoryoucantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyour’writing.44______Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaperyoucandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.ThestudentwhowroteTheA&PasaStateofMindwiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.45______Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes—andthenagainworkingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.[A]Tomakerevisingeasierleavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwordssentencesandcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.[B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaperpayparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlastafteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.[C]It’sworthrememberinghoweverthatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrificitwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.[D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwritejustsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesisyoucanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.[E]AlthoughthisisaninterestingissueithasnothingtodowiththethesiswhichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.InsteadofincludingthatparagraphsheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&Ppolicyheenforces.[F]InthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettinginA&PthestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies.[G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosayyouwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.
ScoresofworkersfromMTVNetworkswalkedoffthejobyesterdayafternoonfillingthesidewalkoutsidetheheadquartersofitscorporateparentViacomtoprotestrecentchangesinbenefits.Thewalkouthighlightedtheconcernsofacategoryofworkerswhoaresometimescalledpermalancers:permanentfreelancerswhoworklikefull-timeemployeesbutdonotreceivethesamebenefits. Wavingsignsthatread"ShameonViacom"theworkersmostofthemintheir20sdemandedthatMTVNetworksreverseaplantoreducehealthanddentalbenefitsforfreelancersbeginningOnJan.1st.InastatementMTVNetworksnotedthatitsbenefitsprogramforfull-timeemployeeshadalsoundergonechangesanditemphasizedthattheplanforfreelancerswasstillhighlycompetitivewithintheindustry.Manyfreelancersreceivenocorporatebenefits.Butsomeoftheprotestersassertedthatcorporationswerecompetingtoseewhichcouldprovidethemostmediocrehealthcarecoverage.MatthewYondawhoworksatNickelodeonheldasignthatlabeledthenetwork"Sick-elodeon.""I’veworkedhereeverydayforthreeyears-I’mnotafreelancer"Mr.Yondasaid."Theyjustcallusfreelancersinordertobarusfromgettingthesamebenefitsasemployees." ThechangestothebenefitspackagewereannouncedlastTuesday.Freelancersweretoldthattheywouldbecomeeligibleforbenefitsafter160daysofworkbeginninginJanuary.Whilethateasedpreviouseligibilityruleswhichrequiredfreelancerstoworkfor52weeksbeforebecomingeligibleitwouldhaverequiredallfreelancersnotyeteligibleforbenefitstostartthewaitingperiodoveragainonJan.1st.The401kplanwasalsoremoved.OnThursdayacknowledgingthecomplaintsMTVNetworksreinstatedthe401kplanandsaidfreelancerswhohadworkedconsistentlysinceMarchwouldbeeligible. FueledbyaseriesofblogpostsonthemediaWebsiteGawker-thefirstpostwasheadlined"TheViacomPermalanceSlaveSystem"-aloosecohortoffreelancerscreatedproteststickersanddistributedwalkoutflierslastweek.CarolineO’HareaunitmanagerwhohasworkedforMTVformorethantwoyearssaidthenewhealthcareplan-withhigherdeductiblesanda$2000caponhospitalexpenseseachyear-hadprovokedoutrage."Theythinktheycantreatuslikechildrenthatdon’thavefamiliesmortgagesordreamsofretirement"shesaid. OutsideViacom’sheadquartersseveralworkersheldposterswiththewords"There’stoomanyofustoignore."Itwasunclearhowmanyfreelancersareonthecompany’spayroll;anMTVNetworks’spokeswomansaidthefigurewasnotknownbecauseitrisesandfallsthroughouttheyear.Thecompanyhas5500full-timeemployeesexcludingfreelancersaroundtheworld. Twofreelancersandonefull-timeemployeewhoaskednottobeidentifiedforfearofretributionestimatedthatthepercentageoffreelancersinsomedepartmentsexceeded75percent.AnotherlaboractionisexpectedtotakeplaceoutsideViacomlaterthisweek.MembersoftheWritersGuildofAmericawhohavebeenonstrikeforfiveweeksareexpectedtopicketthereonThursday. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueonMTVNetworks’newbenefitsplanforfreelancers
TogethelpInternetaddictstiredoftheirsquare-eyedkeyboardtappingwaysneedlooknofurtherthantheWebforcounseling.Thereisnowanonlinecounselingserviceatwww.relateorg.nzforInternetobsessives.Juste-mailthedetailsofyourInternet-inducedcrisisandhelpcomesdirecttoyourinbox.46Thenewbreedofcybertherapistsseenothingstrangeaboutofferinghelpthroughtheverymediumthatisswallowingtheirclients’freetimeandsplittingtheirmarriages.GettinghookedontheInternetisn’tconfinedtoafewcomputernerds.It’sontheriseeverywhere—andwomenarethemostlikelyaddicts.Theoldstereotypicaladdictwasayoungmanwhospenthoursplayinggamesdownloadingsoftwareorreadingmessagesonnewsgroups.47Yetthenewimageisofayoungwomanwhofrittersawayhourse-mailingfriendsbuyingbooksandCDsonlinetalkinginchatroomsandlookingforinformationfornextyear’sholiday.IngridParkeronceaslavetoInternetchatroomsfoundherexperiencessodevastatingthatshewroteabooktohelpotheraddictsbreakthehabit.48Hercomputerdreamturnedtonightmarewhenshesoldupandmovedtobewithhercyberpalwhohadjustlefthiswifeonlytobetoldaweeklaterthatthecoupleweregettingbacktogether.Theheart-breakingturnofeventsgaveherthemotivationtocontrolheraddiction—andwritethebookCaughtintheWeb.ForIngridParkeranyonewhoismarriedorinasoundrelationshipshouldnotreallybespendinghourstalkingtosomeoneelseandignoringtheirnearestanddearest.49WhileParkerprovidedherowntherapybyputtingherexperiencesdownonpapersherecommendsotherstakeuptheonlinecounselingofferorlogofffromtheWorldwideWebgradually.ShesaidIt’slikesmoking.It’snotagoodideatosuddenlygocoldturkey.PeopleoftenemailmeabouttheproblemandItellthemtograduallyweanthemselvesoffandnottoswitchtoaschemewhereyoupayperhourforonlinetime.50IftheybreaktheirresolutionalltheyendupwiththenisthesameoldproblemplusmoneydifficultiesforthelonghourstheyhavespentloggedintotheInternet.OfcoursetheInternetisdefinitelyaddictivebutifyoucankeepitincontrolithasadvantagestoo.Usingitcanbeasteeplearningcurvesoithelpsyoubecomeveryquickatlearning.AlsothereisahugedemandforpeopleinthefieldofInformationTechnologyITandhoursontheInternetaregreattraining.
Thetimeforsharpeningpencilsarrangingyourdeskanddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsitstanduporliedowntowrite.41______Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenextbutdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounowworkitintothedraft.42______Grammarpunctuationandspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors.43______Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatwayandifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhereyouwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessoryoucantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyour’writing.44______Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaperyoucandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.ThestudentwhowroteTheA&PasaStateofMindwiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.45______Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes—andthenagainworkingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.[A]Tomakerevisingeasierleavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwordssentencesandcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.[B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaperpayparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlastafteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.[C]It’sworthrememberinghoweverthatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrificitwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.[D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwritejustsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesisyoucanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.[E]AlthoughthisisaninterestingissueithasnothingtodowiththethesiswhichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.InsteadofincludingthatparagraphsheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&Ppolicyheenforces.[F]InthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettinginA&PthestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies.[G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosayyouwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. 2
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. 6
It’ssevenweeksintothenewyear.DoyouknowwhereyourresolutionisIfyou’relikemillionsofAmericansyouprobablyvowedtoloseweightquitsmokinganddrinklessinthenewyear.YoukickedoffJanuarywithacommitmenttolong-termwell-being--untilyoucameface-to-facewithacheeseburger.Youspentabundleonashinynewgympass.Turnsoutitwasn’treasonenoughforyoutoactuallyusethegym. Peoplecanmakepoordecisionswhenitcomestohealth--despitetheirbestintentions.It’snoteasyabidingbywholesomechoicesgivingupFrenchfrieswhentheconsequencesofnotdoingsoheartdiseaseseemsofarinthefuture.Mostpeoplearebadatjudgingtheirhealthrisks:smokersgenerallyknowcigarettescausecancerbuttheyalsotendtobelievethey’relesslikelythanothersmokerstogetit.Andasanysnack-lovingdietercanattestpeoplecanbecomicallyineptatpredictingtheirfuture.behavior.Youswearyouwilleatjustonepotatochipbutdon’tstopuntilthebagisempty. SowhatdoesittaketomotivatepeopletosticktothepathsetbytheirconsciousbrainHowcangoodchoicesbemadetoseemmoreappealingthanbadonesTheproblemstumpsdoctorspublic-healthofficialsandweight-lossexpertsbutonesolutionmayspringfromanunlikelysource.Meetyournewpersonaltrainer:yourboss. Americanbusinesseshaveaparticularinterestinpersonalhealthsinceworkerillnesscoststhembillionseachyearininsuranceclaimssickdaysandhighstaffturnover.A2008surveyofmajorUSemployersfoundthat64%considertheiremployees’poorhealthdecisionsaseriousbarriertoaffordableinsurancecoverage.Nowsomecompaniesaretacklingthemotivationproblemheadonusingtacticsdrawnfrombehavioralpsychologytonudgetheiremployeestogethealthy. "It’sabitparadoxicalthatemployersneedtoprovideincentivesforpeopletoimprovetheirownhealth"saysMichaelFollickabehavioralpsychologistatBrownUniversityandpresidentoftheconsultancyAbacusEmployerHealthSolutions. Paradoxicalmaybebuteffective.ConsiderAmicaMutualInsurancebasedinRhodeIsland.Arnicaseemedtobedoingeverythingright:itboastsanon-sitefitnesscenteratitsheadquarters.ItpaystowardWeightWatchersandsmoking-cessationhelpgivesgiftcardstorewardproperprenatalcareandoffersfreeflushotseachyear.Stillinthemid-2000sabout7%ofthecompany’sinsuredpopulationincludingroughly3100employeesandtheirdependentshaddiabetes."Wemanagerisk.That’sourcorebusiness"saysScottBoydAmica’sdirectorofcompensationandbenefits.Butdiabetes-relatedclaimsfromArnicaemployeeshaddoubledinfouryears."WethoughtOK"Boydsaysnow"wehavetomanagethesehigh-riskgroupsalittlebetter. Whoplayanimportantroleinmotivatingpeopletosticktohealth
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. 8
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican.Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation.AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk.RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation.48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths.Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatefreportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhas.beenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned.
Governmentofficialsreportedthreenewcasesofmadcowbringingthetotalsofarthisyearto99.LastyearFrancerecordedjust31casesofthemadcowdisease.Therisingnumbersareinpart1anewtestingprogramthatfocusesoncowsthataremost2.Thatprogramhas339cases.Butstill60newcaseswereidentifiedintheusualway4werefoundin1999.Manyscientists5thatthisyearfiveyearsaftersafetyprecautionswere6thenumberofcaseswouldbe7. Theriseincaseshas8somescientiststoquestionwhetherthediseasecanbetransmittedinwaysnotyetunderstood.Scientistsarestill9thediseasefirstrecognizedincowsin1986. Itappearsthatitisnotcausedbyabacteriavirusorfungusbut10infectiousparticlescalledprionperhaps11avirusorotheragent.Thediseasekillscellsinthebrain12itspongyandfullofholes. Francehastakenmorestepsto13safetythanmostEuropeancountries14refusingtotakeEnglishbeef15theEuropeanUnion.ButsomescientistsbelievethatFrancehasnotbeen16inimposingthebanonfeedthat17animalpans. SomeFrenchofficialshopethatthesuddeninterestinmadcowdiseasewillmeanthatFrenchconsumerswillbecomeeducatedaboutittherebyrecognizingthatFrenchbeefisactually18controlled.Everycowisgivenapassportatbirthandextensiveinformationaboutitsparentageand19itwasraisedmustbe20toanyslaughterhouse.Whenadiseasedanimalisfoundtheentireherdisdestroyed. 18
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