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肛瘘手术后肛门失禁是由于手术时损伤了
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肛周脓肿常见的后遗症是
便秘
腹泻
肛瘘
肛门狭窄
肛门失禁
肛瘘挂线疗法的最大优点是
不会造成肛门失禁
快速治愈肛瘘
没有疼痛
不离断肛门括约肌
不会出血
肛肠病手术后近期肛门不清视为肛门失禁
痔切除后常有的后遗症是
肛瘘
肛门狭窄
肛门失禁
便秘
腹泻
患者女性55岁因为肛门周围红肿疼痛一周入院体查膝胸位3点处距肛门2cm见约2×3cm大小肿块波动感明
肛瘘
肛裂加重
血栓性外痔
痔疮脱出
肛门失禁
直肠肛管疾病手术前后常见的潜在并发症有
贫血
肛瘘
肛门失禁
继发感染
手术后出血
高位肛瘘切开术常有的后遗症是
便秘
腹泻
肛瘘
肛门狭窄
肛门失禁
手术后肛门失禁的主要原因是由于损伤了
外括约肌
耻骨直肠肌
内括约肌
联合纵肌
肛管直肠环
病人男60岁大便后常滴鲜血用力负重后有软块从肛门露出 近几日便血减少便后有肿物脱出不能自行回纳有疼痛
肛门狭窄
肛瘘形成
伤口出血
伤口感染
肛门失禁
患者男性55岁寒战高热1周伴有乏力食欲缺乏恶心等不适3天前患者自觉直肠有坠胀感便意不尽排尿困难经手术
肛门狭窄
切开引流后形成肛瘘
大便失禁
肛门失禁
形成肛裂
肛管手术后出现肛门失禁是由于术中损伤了
肛门外括约肌
肛门内括约肌
肛管直肠环
肛提肌
肛门内外括约肌
肛管手术后出现肛门失禁是下列哪一项组织结构损伤
外括约肌
内括约肌
肛提肌
齿状线
肛管直肠环
高位肛瘘切开术后可发生的后遗症是
肛瘘
肛门狭窄
肛门失禁
便秘
腹泻
现代医学认为肛门失禁与下列哪种因素有关
腹压增高
骨盆肌肉松弛
肛管直肠环损伤
术后伤口感染
手术时麻药过量
手术时不慎完全切除肛管直肠环可致肛门失禁
肛痿手术中为避免术后肛门失禁最需要明确的是
肛痿外口距肛门的距离
肛痿内口数目
痿管与肛门括约肌的关系
接管切开的范围是否充分
肛痿外口数目
肛瘘术后的并发症不包括
肛门直肠狭窄
肛门失禁
肛门畸形
桥形愈合
癌变
某女性患者56岁因为肛门周围红肿疼痛一周入院查体膝胸位3点处距肛门2cm见约2×3cm大小肿块波动感
肛瘘
肛裂加重
血栓性外痔
痔疮脱出
肛门失禁
肛瘘术中采用挂线方法是为了防止术后
疼痛
出血
水肿
复发
肛门失禁
直肠肛管疾病手术前后常见的潜在并发症有
贫血
肛瘘
肛门失禁
继发感染
手术后出血
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Text2Britain’srichestpeoplehaveexperiencedthebiggest-everriseintheirwealthaccordingtotheSundayTimesRichList.DrivenbytheneweconomyofInternetandcomputerentrepreneursthewealthofthoseatthetopofthefinancialtreehasincreasedatanunprecedentedrate.The12thannualRichListwillshowthatthecollectiveworthofthecountry’srichest1000peoplereachednearly146billionbyJanuarythecut-offpointforthesurvey.Theyrepresentedanincreaseof31billionor27%injust12months.SincethesurveywascompiledBritain’srichesthaveaddedbillionsmoretotheirwealththankstothecontinuingboomintechnologysharesonthestockmarket.Thishaspushedupthetotalvalueofthewealthoftherichest1000toaprobable160billionaccordingtoDr.PhilipBeresfordBritain’sacknowledgedexpertonpersonalwealthwhocompilestheSundayTimesRichList.ThemillenniumboomexceedsanythinginBritain’seconomichistoryincludingtherailwayboomofthe1840sandtheSouthSeabubbleof1720."IthasmadeMargaretThatcher’sboomseemassluggishasEdwardHeath’sthree-dayweek"saidBeresford."Weareseeingbillionsbeingaddedtothenationalwealtheveryweek."WilliamRubinsteinprofessorofmodemhistoryattheUniversityofWalesAberystwythconfirmedthatthegrowthinwealthwasunprecedented."Almostalloftoday’swealthhasbeencreatedsincetheindustrialrevolutionbutevenbythoseheadystandardsthecurrentboomisextraordinary"hesaid."Thereisnolarge-scaleculturaloppositionorguiltaboutmakingmoney.InmanywaysBritishbusinessattitudescannowchallengetheUnitedStates."AlthoughtheBritain’srichestareexperiencingthesharpestsurgeinwealththerestofthepopulationhasalsobenefitedfromthestockmarketboomandrisinghouseprices.Lastyearwealthroseby16%toarecord4267billionaccordingtocalculationbytheinvestmentbankSalomonSmithBarney.Inrealtermswealthhasincreasedbymorethanathirdsincethelate1980s.Muchofthewealthoftherichestisheldinsharesinstart-upcompanies.Someofthesepaperfortunesanalystsagreecouldeasilybewipedoutalthoughthewealth-generatingeffectsoftheinterestrevolutionseemtobeheretostay.ASundayTimesYoungRichListconfirmsthatpeoplearebecomingwealthieryounger.Itincludesthe60richestmillionairesaged30orunder.Atthetopon600misthe"oldmoney"EarlofIveagh30headoftheGuinnessbrewingfamily.InsecondplaceisCharlesNasseralso30wholaunchedtheClara-NETInternetproviderfouryearsagoandisworth300m.Theremainingeightinthetop10youngmillionairesmadetheirmoneyfromcomputingandtheInternet. Thecut-offpointforthesurveyParagraph1refersto
Text4ThefirstmentionofslaveryinthestatutesoftheEnglishcoloniesofNorthAmericadoesnotoccuruntilafter1660--somefortyyearsaftertheimportationofthefirstBlackpeople.LestwethinkthatslaveryexistedinfactbeforeitdidinlawOscarandMaryHandlinassureusthatthestatusofBlackpeopledowntothe1660’swasthatofservants.AcritiqueoftheHandlins’interpretationofwhylegalslaverydidnotappearuntilthe1660’ssuggeststhatassumptionsabouttherelationbetweenslaveryandracialprejudiceshouldbereexaminedandthatexplanationsforthedifferenttreatmentofBlackslavesinNorthandSouthAmericashouldbeexpanded.TheHandlinsexplaintheappearanceoflegalslaverybyarguingthatduringthe1660’sthepositionofWhiteservantswasimprovingrelativetothatofBlackservants.ThustheHandlinscontendBlackandWhiteservantsheretoforetreatedMikeeachattainedadifferentstatus.Therearehoweverimportantobjectionstothisargument.FirsttheHandlinscannotadequatelydemonstratethattheWhiteservant’spositionwasimprovingduringandafterthe1660’s;severalactsoftheMarylandandVirginialegislaturesindicateotherwise.AnotherflawintheHandlins’interpretationistheirassumptionthatpriortotheestablishmentoflegalslaverytherewasnodiscriminationagainstBlackpeople.Itistruethatbeforethe1660’sBlackpeoplewererarelycalledslaves.Butthisshouldnotovershadowevidencefromthe1630’sonthatpointtoracialdiscriminationwithoutusingthetermslavery.Suchdiscriminationsometimesstoppedshortoflifetimeservitudeorinheritedstatus--thetwoattributesoftrueslaveryyetinothercasesitincludedboth.TheHandlins’argumentexcludestherealpossibilitythatBlackpeopleintheEnglishcolonieswerenevertreatedastheequalsofWhitepeople.Thepossibilityhasimportantramifications.IffromtheoutsetBlackpeoplewerediscriminatedagainstthenlegalslaveryshouldbeviewedasareflectionandanextensionofracialprejudiceratherthanasmanyhistoriansincludingtheHandlinshavearguedthecauseofprejudice.InadditiontheexistenceofdiscriminationbeforetheadventoflegalslaveryoffersafurtherexplanationfortheharshertreatmentofBlackslavesinNorththaninSouthAmerica.FreyreandTannenbaumhaverightlyarguedthatthelackofcertaintraditionsinNorthAmerica--suchasaRomanconceptionofslaveryandaRomanCatholicemphasisonequality--explainswhythetreatmentofBlackslaveswasmoreseveretherethanintheSpanishandPortuguesecoloniesofSouthAmericaButthiscannotbethewholeexplanationsinceitismerelynegativebasedonlyonalackofsomething.AmorecompellingexplanationisthattheearlyandsometimesextremeracialdiscriminationintheEnglishcolonieshelpeddeterminetheparticularnatureoftheslaverythatfollowed. ThepassagesuggeststhattheexistenceofaRomanconceptionofslaveryinSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadtheeffectof
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue.Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere.6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows.Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries.Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Text2Miserseverywhere:thatMediterraneancruisecouldbewithinreachatlast.There’llbenofreeridetotheportandnofreefoodorentertainmentonboard.Thecabinwillmeasure30meterssquareandhousekeepingwillbeextra.Butthefiberglasssuiteiseasytocleanandcostsaslittleas￡29anight.EarlierthisyearserialentrepreneurSteliosHaji-IoannouthemanwhogaveEuropeitsfirstbudgetairlinecashedin￡14millionofhiseasyJetsharestofundwhathecallsa"littleshoppingspree."Boldlyexpandinghisno-frillsmodelintonewmarketsSteliosheinsistsonfirst-nameinformalityplanstoopenthefirsteasyHotelinLondonthisyearwithpricesfrom￡5anightaneasyBusfleetandeasyCruisereadytosailnextsummer.Alsoonthelist:easyPizzasandeasyTelecomamobile-phoneservice.CanhemakeitworkThesoaringsuccessofeasyJetanditsrivalswasEurope’sgreatbusinessstoryofthelate1990sandyetmorecarriersareemergingtoservethe10nationsthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionlastweek.Whilecopycattingtheideamaylooklikeano-brainerthoughsomeexpertsdoubtStelios’sexpansionplanshavemuchofafuture."Theno-frillsmodelisveryfragile."saysChrisVossofLondonBusinessSchool."Steliosisapplyingitratherindiscriminately."Theentrepreneur’srecordismixed.HelaunchedeasyJetin1995whenhewas28anditnowhas70planesandrevenuesof￡932millionlastyearupnearly70percentfrom2002.Buthisfirstattempttoclonetheno-frillsmodelaEurope-widechainofInternetcafeslaunchedattheheightofthebubblehassincestruggledtomakemoney.HisfirsteasyCinema-ticketsforjust50penceissufferingbecausebigdistributorsfearfulofundercuttingtheirotherbusinessrefusetoallowcheapscreeningsofnewblockbusters.Thelargerproblem:reducingpricesisnotenoughtomakeno-frillswork.Steliosforexamplelikestoselldirecttothecustomerpreferablyonlineandavoidscorporateaccountsonthetheorythatonlyindividualscareenoughaboutpricetobeloyalno-killscustomers.Hechoosesonlysectorsinwhichthevolumeofbusinesswillclearlyriseaspricesfall.There’snopointsayinofferingacut-rateburialservice.SaysStelios:"Thedemandforfuneralsisn’tgoingtogoup--regardlessoftheprice." Stelios'recordislistedinordertoshowthat
Text2Miserseverywhere:thatMediterraneancruisecouldbewithinreachatlast.There’llbenofreeridetotheportandnofreefoodorentertainmentonboard.Thecabinwillmeasure30meterssquareandhousekeepingwillbeextra.Butthefiberglasssuiteiseasytocleanandcostsaslittleas￡29anight.EarlierthisyearserialentrepreneurSteliosHaji-IoannouthemanwhogaveEuropeitsfirstbudgetairlinecashedin￡14millionofhiseasyJetsharestofundwhathecallsa"littleshoppingspree."Boldlyexpandinghisno-frillsmodelintonewmarketsSteliosheinsistsonfirst-nameinformalityplanstoopenthefirsteasyHotelinLondonthisyearwithpricesfrom￡5anightaneasyBusfleetandeasyCruisereadytosailnextsummer.Alsoonthelist:easyPizzasandeasyTelecomamobile-phoneservice.CanhemakeitworkThesoaringsuccessofeasyJetanditsrivalswasEurope’sgreatbusinessstoryofthelate1990sandyetmorecarriersareemergingtoservethe10nationsthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionlastweek.Whilecopycattingtheideamaylooklikeano-brainerthoughsomeexpertsdoubtStelios’sexpansionplanshavemuchofafuture."Theno-frillsmodelisveryfragile."saysChrisVossofLondonBusinessSchool."Steliosisapplyingitratherindiscriminately."Theentrepreneur’srecordismixed.HelaunchedeasyJetin1995whenhewas28anditnowhas70planesandrevenuesof￡932millionlastyearupnearly70percentfrom2002.Buthisfirstattempttoclonetheno-frillsmodelaEurope-widechainofInternetcafeslaunchedattheheightofthebubblehassincestruggledtomakemoney.HisfirsteasyCinema-ticketsforjust50penceissufferingbecausebigdistributorsfearfulofundercuttingtheirotherbusinessrefusetoallowcheapscreeningsofnewblockbusters.Thelargerproblem:reducingpricesisnotenoughtomakeno-frillswork.Steliosforexamplelikestoselldirecttothecustomerpreferablyonlineandavoidscorporateaccountsonthetheorythatonlyindividualscareenoughaboutpricetobeloyalno-killscustomers.Hechoosesonlysectorsinwhichthevolumeofbusinesswillclearlyriseaspricesfall.There’snopointsayinofferingacut-rateburialservice.SaysStelios:"Thedemandforfuneralsisn’tgoingtogoup--regardlessoftheprice." Steliosexpandshisbusinessfollowingthekeyprinciplethat
Text3IntheangrydebateoverhowmuchofIQcomesfromthegenesthatchildreninheritfromparentsandhowmuchcomesfromexperiencesonelittlefactgetsoverlooked:noonehasidentifiedanygenesotherthanthoseinthecaseofretardationthataffectintelligence.SoresearchersledbyRobertPlominofLondon’sInstituteofPsychiatrydecidedtolookforsome.Plomin’scolleaguesdrewbloodfromtwogroupsof51childreneach.TheyareallWhitelivinginsixcountiesaroundCleveland.InonegrouptheaverageIQis136.IntheothergrouptheaverageIQis103.Isolatingthebloodcellstheresearchersthenexaminedeachchild’schromosome6Oneof23humanchromosomesalongwhichgenesmadeofDNA.Ofthe37landmarksonchromo-some6thattheresearcherslookedforonejumpedout:aformofgenecalledIGF2Roccurredintwiceasmanychildreninhigh-IQgroupasintheaveragegroup--32percentversus16percent.ThesurveyconcludesthatitisthisformoftheIGF2Rgenecalledallele5thatcontributestointelligence.Plomincautionsthat"thisisnotageniusgene.hisoneofmany."Abouthalfthedifferencesinintelligencebetweenonepersonandanotherarethoughttoreflectdifferentgenesandhalfreflectdifferentlifeexperiences.ThegeneaccountsfornomorethanfourextraIQpoints.AnditisneithernecessarynorsufficientforhighIQ:23percentoftheaverage-IQkidsdidhaveitbut54percentofgeniuskidsdidnot.Thesmartgeneisknownbytheinterestingname"insulinlikegrowthfactor2receptor"IGF2Rtoitsfun.Itletshormoneslikeonesimilartoinsulindockwithcells.AlthoughageneinvolvedwithinsulinisnotthemostobviouscandidateforanIQgenenewevidencesuggestsitmightindeedplaytherole.Sometimeswhenahormonedockswiththecellitmakesthecellgrow;sometimesitmakesthecellcommitsuicide.Bothresponsescouldorganizethedevelopmentofthebrain.ScientistsattheNationalInstitutesofHealthfindthatinsulincanstimulatenervestogrow.Andinratbrainsregionsinvolvedinlearningandmemoryarechockfullofinsulinreceptors.EventhoughthissupportstheideathatIGF2RcanaffectthebrainandhenceintelligencesomegeneticistsseemajorproblemwiththeIQ-genestudy.OneisthepossibilitythatPlomin’sgroupfellforwhat’scalledthechopsticksfallacy.Geneticistsmightthinkthey’vefoundageneforchopsticksskillbutallthey’vereallyfoundisagenemorecommoninAsianthansayAfricans.SimilarlyPlomin’sIQgenemightsimplybeonethatismorecommoningroupsthatemphasizeacademicachievement."Whatifthegenethey’vefoundreflectsethnicdifferences"asksgeneticistAndrewFeinbergofJohnsHopkinsUniversity."Iwouldtakethesefindingswithawholeboxofsalt." RobertPlomindidthesurveyinvolvingtwogroupsofstudentsinorderto
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue.Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere.6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows.Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries.Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue.Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere.6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows.Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries.Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue.Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere.6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows.Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries.Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue.Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere.6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows.Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries.Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue.Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere.6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows.Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries.Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Text4ThefirstmentionofslaveryinthestatutesoftheEnglishcoloniesofNorthAmericadoesnotoccuruntilafter1660--somefortyyearsaftertheimportationofthefirstBlackpeople.LestwethinkthatslaveryexistedinfactbeforeitdidinlawOscarandMaryHandlinassureusthatthestatusofBlackpeopledowntothe1660’swasthatofservants.AcritiqueoftheHandlins’interpretationofwhylegalslaverydidnotappearuntilthe1660’ssuggeststhatassumptionsabouttherelationbetweenslaveryandracialprejudiceshouldbereexaminedandthatexplanationsforthedifferenttreatmentofBlackslavesinNorthandSouthAmericashouldbeexpanded.TheHandlinsexplaintheappearanceoflegalslaverybyarguingthatduringthe1660’sthepositionofWhiteservantswasimprovingrelativetothatofBlackservants.ThustheHandlinscontendBlackandWhiteservantsheretoforetreatedMikeeachattainedadifferentstatus.Therearehoweverimportantobjectionstothisargument.FirsttheHandlinscannotadequatelydemonstratethattheWhiteservant’spositionwasimprovingduringandafterthe1660’s;severalactsoftheMarylandandVirginialegislaturesindicateotherwise.AnotherflawintheHandlins’interpretationistheirassumptionthatpriortotheestablishmentoflegalslaverytherewasnodiscriminationagainstBlackpeople.Itistruethatbeforethe1660’sBlackpeoplewererarelycalledslaves.Butthisshouldnotovershadowevidencefromthe1630’sonthatpointtoracialdiscriminationwithoutusingthetermslavery.Suchdiscriminationsometimesstoppedshortoflifetimeservitudeorinheritedstatus--thetwoattributesoftrueslaveryyetinothercasesitincludedboth.TheHandlins’argumentexcludestherealpossibilitythatBlackpeopleintheEnglishcolonieswerenevertreatedastheequalsofWhitepeople.Thepossibilityhasimportantramifications.IffromtheoutsetBlackpeoplewerediscriminatedagainstthenlegalslaveryshouldbeviewedasareflectionandanextensionofracialprejudiceratherthanasmanyhistoriansincludingtheHandlinshavearguedthecauseofprejudice.InadditiontheexistenceofdiscriminationbeforetheadventoflegalslaveryoffersafurtherexplanationfortheharshertreatmentofBlackslavesinNorththaninSouthAmerica.FreyreandTannenbaumhaverightlyarguedthatthelackofcertaintraditionsinNorthAmerica--suchasaRomanconceptionofslaveryandaRomanCatholicemphasisonequality--explainswhythetreatmentofBlackslaveswasmoreseveretherethanintheSpanishandPortuguesecoloniesofSouthAmericaButthiscannotbethewholeexplanationsinceitismerelynegativebasedonlyonalackofsomething.AmorecompellingexplanationisthattheearlyandsometimesextremeracialdiscriminationintheEnglishcolonieshelpeddeterminetheparticularnatureoftheslaverythatfollowed. WhathavetheHandlinsarguedabouttherelationshipbetweenracialprejudiceandtheinstitutionoflegalslaveryintheEnglishcoloniesofNorthAmerica
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10PointsBeforeDr.LutherL.TerrythentheSurgeonGeneraloftheUnitedStatesissuedhisoffice’sfirst"ReportonSmokingandHealth"morethan30yearsagothousandsofarticleshadalreadybeenwrittenontheeffectsoftobaccouseonthehumanbody.46Tobaccocompanieshadcounteredthereports--whichaimedtoshowlinksbetweensmokingandcancerandotherseriousdiseases--withdenialsandcompetingstudies.47Soin1964TerryandhisAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealthknewtheyweresteppingintoamajorpitofcontroversywhentheyannounced"cigarettesmokingisahealthhazardofsufficientimportanceintheUnitedStatestowarrantappropriateremedialaction".ItwasAmerica’sfirstwidelypublicizedacknowledgmentthatsmokingcigarettesisacauseofseriousdiseases.Buttheissuewasn’tsettledin1964norisitsettledin1997despiteliterallythousandsmorestudies--andlitigationthathasforcedat]eastonetobaccocompanytoadmitwhatsomeactivistssaytheyknewallalong:cigarettesmokeishazardoustoyourhealth.48Morethan30years--andmorethan20SurgeonGeneralreports--latertheissueappearsheadedforsettlementinthecourtroomratherthanthelaboratory.SowhataretherisksHere’swhattobacco’scriticssay.TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsayscigarettesmokingisresponsiblefor151322cancerdeathsannuallyintheUnitedStates.Mostofthose--116920--arefromlungcancer.TheCDCsaysmenwhosmokeare22timesmorelikelytodiefromlungcancerthannon-smokers.Womenwhosmokeare12timesmorelikelytodiefromthedisease.49Statisticalstudieshavelongshownthatpeoplewhodon’tsmokelivelongerthanpeoplewhodoandscientistshaveseenstatisticallytherelationshipbetweensmokingandincidencesoflungcancersincethe1950s.ButastudyearlierthisyearbyGerdPfeiferoftheBeckmanResearchInstitutepinpointedspecificcarcinogensincigarettesmokethattargetpartsofagenealreadyknowntobeprominentinsomecancers.PfeiferwroteinSciencethatcigarettesmokecauseschangesinthegenep53whichprotectsagainstcancerwhennormalbutpromotescancergrowthwhenmutated.50AnotherstudypublishedbytheAmericanCancerSocietysaidthatlow-tarcigarettesofferednorelieffromthepotentialofcancerandinfactwereresponsibleforatypeofcancerthatreachesdeeperintolungtissue.Othercancersarealsoaffectedbycigarettesmoke.AnAmericanCancerSocietyresearcherreportedearlierthisyearthatsmokingincreasedmen’sriskofdyingofprostatecancerwhileotherstudieshavelinkedtobaccousetoincreasedriskofothercancersincludingthroatbreastandbowelcancer. AnotherstudypublishedbytheAmericanCancerSocietysaidthatlow-tarcigarettesofferednorelieffromthepotentialofcancerandinfactwereresponsibleforatypeofcancerthatreachesdeeperintolungtissue.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10PointsBeforeDr.LutherL.TerrythentheSurgeonGeneraloftheUnitedStatesissuedhisoffice’sfirst"ReportonSmokingandHealth"morethan30yearsagothousandsofarticleshadalreadybeenwrittenontheeffectsoftobaccouseonthehumanbody.46Tobaccocompanieshadcounteredthereports--whichaimedtoshowlinksbetweensmokingandcancerandotherseriousdiseases--withdenialsandcompetingstudies.47Soin1964TerryandhisAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealthknewtheyweresteppingintoamajorpitofcontroversywhentheyannounced"cigarettesmokingisahealthhazardofsufficientimportanceintheUnitedStatestowarrantappropriateremedialaction".ItwasAmerica’sfirstwidelypublicizedacknowledgmentthatsmokingcigarettesisacauseofseriousdiseases.Buttheissuewasn’tsettledin1964norisitsettledin1997despiteliterallythousandsmorestudies--andlitigationthathasforcedat]eastonetobaccocompanytoadmitwhatsomeactivistssaytheyknewallalong:cigarettesmokeishazardoustoyourhealth.48Morethan30years--andmorethan20SurgeonGeneralreports--latertheissueappearsheadedforsettlementinthecourtroomratherthanthelaboratory.SowhataretherisksHere’swhattobacco’scriticssay.TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsayscigarettesmokingisresponsiblefor151322cancerdeathsannuallyintheUnitedStates.Mostofthose--116920--arefromlungcancer.TheCDCsaysmenwhosmokeare22timesmorelikelytodiefromlungcancerthannon-smokers.Womenwhosmokeare12timesmorelikelytodiefromthedisease.49Statisticalstudieshavelongshownthatpeoplewhodon’tsmokelivelongerthanpeoplewhodoandscientistshaveseenstatisticallytherelationshipbetweensmokingandincidencesoflungcancersincethe1950s.ButastudyearlierthisyearbyGerdPfeiferoftheBeckmanResearchInstitutepinpointedspecificcarcinogensincigarettesmokethattargetpartsofagenealreadyknowntobeprominentinsomecancers.PfeiferwroteinSciencethatcigarettesmokecauseschangesinthegenep53whichprotectsagainstcancerwhennormalbutpromotescancergrowthwhenmutated.50AnotherstudypublishedbytheAmericanCancerSocietysaidthatlow-tarcigarettesofferednorelieffromthepotentialofcancerandinfactwereresponsibleforatypeofcancerthatreachesdeeperintolungtissue.Othercancersarealsoaffectedbycigarettesmoke.AnAmericanCancerSocietyresearcherreportedearlierthisyearthatsmokingincreasedmen’sriskofdyingofprostatecancerwhileotherstudieshavelinkedtobaccousetoincreasedriskofothercancersincludingthroatbreastandbowelcancer. Tobaccocompanieshadcounteredthereports--whichaimedtoshowlinksbetweensmokingandcancerandotherseriousdiseases--withdenialsandcompetingstudies.
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonit. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Text2Britain’srichestpeoplehaveexperiencedthebiggest-everriseintheirwealthaccordingtotheSundayTimesRichList.DrivenbytheneweconomyofInternetandcomputerentrepreneursthewealthofthoseatthetopofthefinancialtreehasincreasedatanunprecedentedrate.The12thannualRichListwillshowthatthecollectiveworthofthecountry’srichest1000peoplereachednearly146billionbyJanuarythecut-offpointforthesurvey.Theyrepresentedanincreaseof31billionor27%injust12months.SincethesurveywascompiledBritain’srichesthaveaddedbillionsmoretotheirwealththankstothecontinuingboomintechnologysharesonthestockmarket.Thishaspushedupthetotalvalueofthewealthoftherichest1000toaprobable160billionaccordingtoDr.PhilipBeresfordBritain’sacknowledgedexpertonpersonalwealthwhocompilestheSundayTimesRichList.ThemillenniumboomexceedsanythinginBritain’seconomichistoryincludingtherailwayboomofthe1840sandtheSouthSeabubbleof1720."IthasmadeMargaretThatcher’sboomseemassluggishasEdwardHeath’sthree-dayweek"saidBeresford."Weareseeingbillionsbeingaddedtothenationalwealtheveryweek."WilliamRubinsteinprofessorofmodemhistoryattheUniversityofWalesAberystwythconfirmedthatthegrowthinwealthwasunprecedented."Almostalloftoday’swealthhasbeencreatedsincetheindustrialrevolutionbutevenbythoseheadystandardsthecurrentboomisextraordinary"hesaid."Thereisnolarge-scaleculturaloppositionorguiltaboutmakingmoney.InmanywaysBritishbusinessattitudescannowchallengetheUnitedStates."AlthoughtheBritain’srichestareexperiencingthesharpestsurgeinwealththerestofthepopulationhasalsobenefitedfromthestockmarketboomandrisinghouseprices.Lastyearwealthroseby16%toarecord4267billionaccordingtocalculationbytheinvestmentbankSalomonSmithBarney.Inrealtermswealthhasincreasedbymorethanathirdsincethelate1980s.Muchofthewealthoftherichestisheldinsharesinstart-upcompanies.Someofthesepaperfortunesanalystsagreecouldeasilybewipedoutalthoughthewealth-generatingeffectsoftheinterestrevolutionseemtobeheretostay.ASundayTimesYoungRichListconfirmsthatpeoplearebecomingwealthieryounger.Itincludesthe60richestmillionairesaged30orunder.Atthetopon600misthe"oldmoney"EarlofIveagh30headoftheGuinnessbrewingfamily.InsecondplaceisCharlesNasseralso30wholaunchedtheClara-NETInternetproviderfouryearsagoandisworth300m.Theremainingeightinthetop10youngmillionairesmadetheirmoneyfromcomputingandtheInternet. Theauthorcallsthewealthoftherichestpaperfortunesbecause
Text3ScientistsJohanFeenstraandRobHayesthinkthey’vefiguredouthowaprocesscalledelectrowettingcanmakepaperthatcandoanythingavideoscreendoes.Sofarthoughallthey’vegottoshowfortheireffortsisatinypieceofe-paperonecentimetersquare--only225pixelsorpictureelements.Thatwon’tbenearlyenoughforheadlinesandnewsvideos.Theonlyhintofthetechnology’spotentialisalaptoppresentationtheinventorshavesetup.ItfeaturesProfessorShapeHarryPotter’steacherholdinganelectronicnewspaperwithanembeddedvideoclip."That’swhatwewant"saysHayes.They’relikelytogetit.LatelastmonthinTokyoSonytookanimportantleapinthisdirectionbyintroducingLibrieane-bookreader.Althoughit’savailableonlyinblackandwhiteLibriehasthemostimportantcharacteristicofpaper:itreflectsnaturallight.Thatmeansitcanbereadonsunnydaysorviewedfromanyangle.Youcanevenchooseyourownfontsize.IsthisfinallythebeginningoftheendofpaperTheansweriscloserto"yes"thanyoumaythink.Theholdupsofarhasbeenuser-unfriendlyscreensbutnowe-papernolongerreliesonback-litdisplays.Areflectivedisplayiseasyontheeyeswithtwicethecontrastofcomputerscreensanduptosixtimesthebrightness.Itusespoweronlywhenchangingthepagesoabatterycanlast300hours.Severalfirmsarecompetingforleadership.ThePhilip’sdisplayonLibrieusestechnologyfromMassachusetts-basedE-InkCorp.Anelectricchargemoveseitherblackorwhitecapsulestothesurfaceofthepageinpatternsthatformimages.GyriconMediausesrotatingballswithoneblacksideandonewhitesideforsignsandbillboards.Othercompaniesarefocusingonimprovementsinliquid-crystaldisplays.Thenextchallengeistoaddcolor.Oneoptionforbookswouldbeasimplecolorfilterbutthatwouldblocktwothirdsofthelight.GuofuZhouwhorunstheE-InkprojectforPhilipsthinksproductswithcoloredinkcanbereadyforthemarketwithinsevenyears.He’snowfocusingone-paperthatcandisplay16ormoregradationsofgraywhichwouldcomeinhandyinmedicalimagingortodisplayblack-and-whitephotographsathome.Labsaroundtheworldarealsoracingtodesignarobustyetflexiblebacking.PhilipsresearchersareworkingonatechnologyforlaminatingE-Inkonaplasticlayerinsteadofglasswhichwouldthenrollintoapen-sizedtube.Aflexibleproductformobilephonesanddigitalcamerascanbereadyinthreetofiveyears. ThegreatestadvancethatLibriehasisthat
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshaveremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsGlobalizationwasthebuzzwordofthe1990sinthelasttwodecadestheamountofmoneyandgoodsmovingbetweencountrieshasbeenrisingsteadily.Atthesametimetradebarriersacrosstheworldhavebeenlowered.SohowclosearewetoatrueglobaleconomyandwhateffectisitlikelytohaveAnyonewhodoubtsthatglobalfinancialmarketscontrolnationaleconomiesneedonlylookatthecrisisfacingthe"tigers"oftheFarEast.Lastyearthevalueoftheircurrenciesplummetedafterinvestorsdecidedtheireconomicpolicieswerenotoughenough.Nowtheregionissufferingslowergrowthlowerlivingstandardsandrisingunemployment.ThesituationinAsiashowshowpowerhasshiftedfromindividualgovernmentstothemarkets.Intheorygovernmentsarefreetosettheirowneconomicpolicies;41.___________________________.Thetrendtowardsglobalizationbeganinearnestintheearly1970swhenthesystemoffixedexchangeratessetupafterWorldWarIIwasdismantled.Thismeantthatthevalueofcurrencieswouldnowbedeterminedbythemarketsinsteadofindividualgovernments.Overthenexttwodecadescountriesslowlybegantoremovetheirexchangecontrols.42.___________________________.Otherfactorscontributingtotheriseofglobalizationarenewcommunicationstechnologiesandbettertransportationsystemsthesehaveenabledcompaniestogrowintomultinationals--producinggoodsononesideoftheplanetandsellingthemontheother.Lowercostshavealsohelped--thepriceoftelephonecallsforinstanceischeapernowthanatanytimeinhistory.Butadjustingtothisnew"economicorder"isprovingdifficult.InthedevelopedworldandinparticulartheEuropeanUnionglobalizationisfacingwidespreadpublicresistance.Criticscomplainthatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersjobsarebeinglosttoworkersinpoorercountriesandwagesforemployeesinrichcountriesarefalling.OpponentsintheEuropeanUnionpointtotheeffectsthatglobalizationhashadintheUSandBritain.Inthosecountrieswagesarestagnant--exceptforaprivilegedfew--andtaxesandwelfarebenefitshavebeenreducedtohelpcompaniescompetewithindustriesinthedevelopingworld.43.___________________________.Thoseinfavorofglobalizationaccusetheircriticsofbeingshort-sightedprotectionists.Theyclaimamoreintegratedglobaleconomywillultimatelybenefiteveryonebecauseitwillenablecountriestospecializeinthoseareaswheretheyperformbest.Developingcountrieswiththeirhigherpopulationsandlowerwageswillconcentrateonlabor-intensiveindustriessuchasrawmaterialsmanufacturinginmuchthesamewayasWesterncountriesdidduringtheindustrialrevolution.44.___________________________.Theeffectofthissaysupporterswillbetoimproveproductivityinallcountriesleadingtohigherlivingstandards.Thefreemovementofcapitalwillalsohelppoorercountriesdevelopsotheycanplayafullandactiveroleintheworldeconomy.45.___________________________.ButhowclosearewetoatrulyglobaleconomyForthelosersprobablytooclose.Butintermsofrealeconomicintegrationthereisstillalongwaytogo [A]Evensupportersofglobalizationacknowledgehoweverthattherewillbelosers.Atpresentthosesufferingmostarepeopleworkinginlabor-intensiveindustriesinthedevelopedworld.Alreadytheyarefacingrisingunemploymentandfallingwagesascompaniesstruggletocompetewithmanufacturersindevelopingcountries.Theyarguethatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersandthewelfarestatetheirchancesofimprovingtheirskillsandlivingstandardswilldisappearresultinginagrowingdividebetweenrichandpoor. [B]Foreigninvestmentisalsoextremelysmallamountingtolittlemorethanfivepercentofthedevelopedworld’sdomesticinvestments. [C]Aglobaleconomywouldmeancompletefreedomofmovementofgoodsandservicescapitalandlabor.Yetevenignoringthetariffsandotherrestrictionsstillinplacecross-bordertraderemainstinycomparedtothevolumeofgoodsandservicestradedwithincountries. [D]Inpracticetheymustconformtoaglobaleconomicmodelorriskbeingpenalizedbythemarkets. [E]Therichercountriesontheotherhandwilldiversifyintohi-techindustrieswherehighproductivityandspecialistknowledgeareparamount. [F]Opponentsofglobalizationalsopointtoitseffectsonworkersinpoorercountries.Theyagreethatmultinationalsmaybehelpingtoreduceunemploymentinthedevelopingworldbuttheyarguethatjobsarehardlyworthhavingsincetheyarelow-paidandexploitative. [G]By1990nearlyallworld’smajoreconomicshadgotridofrestrictionsonhowmuchmoneycouldbemovedinandoutoftheircountries. 42
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshaveremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsGlobalizationwasthebuzzwordofthe1990sinthelasttwodecadestheamountofmoneyandgoodsmovingbetweencountrieshasbeenrisingsteadily.Atthesametimetradebarriersacrosstheworldhavebeenlowered.SohowclosearewetoatrueglobaleconomyandwhateffectisitlikelytohaveAnyonewhodoubtsthatglobalfinancialmarketscontrolnationaleconomiesneedonlylookatthecrisisfacingthe"tigers"oftheFarEast.Lastyearthevalueoftheircurrenciesplummetedafterinvestorsdecidedtheireconomicpolicieswerenotoughenough.Nowtheregionissufferingslowergrowthlowerlivingstandardsandrisingunemployment.ThesituationinAsiashowshowpowerhasshiftedfromindividualgovernmentstothemarkets.Intheorygovernmentsarefreetosettheirowneconomicpolicies;41.___________________________.Thetrendtowardsglobalizationbeganinearnestintheearly1970swhenthesystemoffixedexchangeratessetupafterWorldWarIIwasdismantled.Thismeantthatthevalueofcurrencieswouldnowbedeterminedbythemarketsinsteadofindividualgovernments.Overthenexttwodecadescountriesslowlybegantoremovetheirexchangecontrols.42.___________________________.Otherfactorscontributingtotheriseofglobalizationarenewcommunicationstechnologiesandbettertransportationsystemsthesehaveenabledcompaniestogrowintomultinationals--producinggoodsononesideoftheplanetandsellingthemontheother.Lowercostshavealsohelped--thepriceoftelephonecallsforinstanceischeapernowthanatanytimeinhistory.Butadjustingtothisnew"economicorder"isprovingdifficult.InthedevelopedworldandinparticulartheEuropeanUnionglobalizationisfacingwidespreadpublicresistance.Criticscomplainthatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersjobsarebeinglosttoworkersinpoorercountriesandwagesforemployeesinrichcountriesarefalling.OpponentsintheEuropeanUnionpointtotheeffectsthatglobalizationhashadintheUSandBritain.Inthosecountrieswagesarestagnant--exceptforaprivilegedfew--andtaxesandwelfarebenefitshavebeenreducedtohelpcompaniescompetewithindustriesinthedevelopingworld.43.___________________________.Thoseinfavorofglobalizationaccusetheircriticsofbeingshort-sightedprotectionists.Theyclaimamoreintegratedglobaleconomywillultimatelybenefiteveryonebecauseitwillenablecountriestospecializeinthoseareaswheretheyperformbest.Developingcountrieswiththeirhigherpopulationsandlowerwageswillconcentrateonlabor-intensiveindustriessuchasrawmaterialsmanufacturinginmuchthesamewayasWesterncountriesdidduringtheindustrialrevolution.44.___________________________.Theeffectofthissaysupporterswillbetoimproveproductivityinallcountriesleadingtohigherlivingstandards.Thefreemovementofcapitalwillalsohelppoorercountriesdevelopsotheycanplayafullandactiveroleintheworldeconomy.45.___________________________.ButhowclosearewetoatrulyglobaleconomyForthelosersprobablytooclose.Butintermsofrealeconomicintegrationthereisstillalongwaytogo [A]Evensupportersofglobalizationacknowledgehoweverthattherewillbelosers.Atpresentthosesufferingmostarepeopleworkinginlabor-intensiveindustriesinthedevelopedworld.Alreadytheyarefacingrisingunemploymentandfallingwagesascompaniesstruggletocompetewithmanufacturersindevelopingcountries.Theyarguethatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersandthewelfarestatetheirchancesofimprovingtheirskillsandlivingstandardswilldisappearresultinginagrowingdividebetweenrichandpoor. [B]Foreigninvestmentisalsoextremelysmallamountingtolittlemorethanfivepercentofthedevelopedworld’sdomesticinvestments. [C]Aglobaleconomywouldmeancompletefreedomofmovementofgoodsandservicescapitalandlabor.Yetevenignoringthetariffsandotherrestrictionsstillinplacecross-bordertraderemainstinycomparedtothevolumeofgoodsandservicestradedwithincountries. [D]Inpracticetheymustconformtoaglobaleconomicmodelorriskbeingpenalizedbythemarkets. [E]Therichercountriesontheotherhandwilldiversifyintohi-techindustrieswherehighproductivityandspecialistknowledgeareparamount. [F]Opponentsofglobalizationalsopointtoitseffectsonworkersinpoorercountries.Theyagreethatmultinationalsmaybehelpingtoreduceunemploymentinthedevelopingworldbuttheyarguethatjobsarehardlyworthhavingsincetheyarelow-paidandexploitative. [G]By1990nearlyallworld’smajoreconomicshadgotridofrestrictionsonhowmuchmoneycouldbemovedinandoutoftheircountries. 44
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A][B][C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1ImprovingthebalancebetweentheworkingpartofthedayandtherestofitisagoalofagrowingnumberofworkersinrichWesterncountries.Someareturningawayfromtheidealsoftheirparentsforwhomworkalwayscamefirst;otherswithscarceskillsaredemandingmorebecausetheyknowtheycangetit.EmployersCaughtbetweenafallingpopulationofworkersandtightcontrolsonimmigrationareeagertoidentifyextraperksthatwillluremore"talent"theirway.Justnowtheyarefocusingonbenefitsespeciallyflexibleworkingthatofferemployeesmorethanjustpay.Somecompaniessawthechangeofmoodsometimeago.IBMhasmorethan50differentprogrammespromotingwork-lifebalanceandBankofAmericaover30.Butplentyofotherfirmsremainunconvincedandmanylackthecapacitytocatertosuchideaseveniftheywantedto.HelenMuftiswithHayGroupahuman-resourcesconsultancyseesawideninggapbetweenfirms"atthecreativeendofemployment"andthosethatarenot.Thechiefcomponentofalmostallschemestopromotework-lifebalanceisflexibleworking.Thisallowspeopletoescaperigidnine-to-fiveschedulesandworkawayfromaformaloffice.IBMsaysthat40%ofitsemployeestodayworkoffthecompanypremises.Formanybusinessesflexibleworkingisanecessity.Globalizationhasspreadthehoursinwhichworkersneedtocommunicatewitheachotherandincreasedthecallforflexibleshifts.NellaBarkleyanAmericanwhoadvisescompaniesonwork-lifebalancesaysthatlargefirmsalebeginningtounderstandthevalueofsuchschemes"butonlyslowly".Formostofthemtheystillmeanlittlemorethanchildcarehealthcareandflexibleworking.Tosomeextenttheproliferationofwork-life-balanceschemesisafunctionoftoday’slabourmarket.Companiesinknowledgebasedindustriesworryabouttheshortageofskillsandhowtheyaregoingtopersuadetalentedpeopletoworkforthem.Althoughwhite-collarworkersaremorelikelytobelaidoffnowadaystheyarealsolikelytogetrehired.UnemploymentamongcollegegraduatesinAmericaisjustover2%.Thesamecompetitionforscarce.talentisevidentinBritain.ForsometimetocometalentedpeopleintheWestwilldemandmorefromemployersandcleveremployerswillcreatenewgewgawstoenticethemtojoin.Thoseemployersshouldnotethatforagrowingnumberoftheseworkersthemostappealinggewgawofallisthefreedomtoworkasandwhentheyplease. Thepresentsituationaboutthework-lifebalanceproblemisthat
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue.Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere.6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows.Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries.Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A][B][C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1ImprovingthebalancebetweentheworkingpartofthedayandtherestofitisagoalofagrowingnumberofworkersinrichWesterncountries.Someareturningawayfromtheidealsoftheirparentsforwhomworkalwayscamefirst;otherswithscarceskillsaredemandingmorebecausetheyknowtheycangetit.EmployersCaughtbetweenafallingpopulationofworkersandtightcontrolsonimmigrationareeagertoidentifyextraperksthatwillluremore"talent"theirway.Justnowtheyarefocusingonbenefitsespeciallyflexibleworkingthatofferemployeesmorethanjustpay.Somecompaniessawthechangeofmoodsometimeago.IBMhasmorethan50differentprogrammespromotingwork-lifebalanceandBankofAmericaover30.Butplentyofotherfirmsremainunconvincedandmanylackthecapacitytocatertosuchideaseveniftheywantedto.HelenMuftiswithHayGroupahuman-resourcesconsultancyseesawideninggapbetweenfirms"atthecreativeendofemployment"andthosethatarenot.Thechiefcomponentofalmostallschemestopromotework-lifebalanceisflexibleworking.Thisallowspeopletoescaperigidnine-to-fiveschedulesandworkawayfromaformaloffice.IBMsaysthat40%ofitsemployeestodayworkoffthecompanypremises.Formanybusinessesflexibleworkingisanecessity.Globalizationhasspreadthehoursinwhichworkersneedtocommunicatewitheachotherandincreasedthecallforflexibleshifts.NellaBarkleyanAmericanwhoadvisescompaniesonwork-lifebalancesaysthatlargefirmsalebeginningtounderstandthevalueofsuchschemes"butonlyslowly".Formostofthemtheystillmeanlittlemorethanchildcarehealthcareandflexibleworking.Tosomeextenttheproliferationofwork-life-balanceschemesisafunctionoftoday’slabourmarket.Companiesinknowledgebasedindustriesworryabouttheshortageofskillsandhowtheyaregoingtopersuadetalentedpeopletoworkforthem.Althoughwhite-collarworkersaremorelikelytobelaidoffnowadaystheyarealsolikelytogetrehired.UnemploymentamongcollegegraduatesinAmericaisjustover2%.Thesamecompetitionforscarce.talentisevidentinBritain.ForsometimetocometalentedpeopleintheWestwilldemandmorefromemployersandcleveremployerswillcreatenewgewgawstoenticethemtojoin.Thoseemployersshouldnotethatforagrowingnumberoftheseworkersthemostappealinggewgawofallisthefreedomtoworkasandwhentheyplease. Accordingtothepassagework-lifebalanceschemes
Text3IntheangrydebateoverhowmuchofIQcomesfromthegenesthatchildreninheritfromparentsandhowmuchcomesfromexperiencesonelittlefactgetsoverlooked:noonehasidentifiedanygenesotherthanthoseinthecaseofretardationthataffectintelligence.SoresearchersledbyRobertPlominofLondon’sInstituteofPsychiatrydecidedtolookforsome.Plomin’scolleaguesdrewbloodfromtwogroupsof51childreneach.TheyareallWhitelivinginsixcountiesaroundCleveland.InonegrouptheaverageIQis136.IntheothergrouptheaverageIQis103.Isolatingthebloodcellstheresearchersthenexaminedeachchild’schromosome6Oneof23humanchromosomesalongwhichgenesmadeofDNA.Ofthe37landmarksonchromo-some6thattheresearcherslookedforonejumpedout:aformofgenecalledIGF2Roccurredintwiceasmanychildreninhigh-IQgroupasintheaveragegroup--32percentversus16percent.ThesurveyconcludesthatitisthisformoftheIGF2Rgenecalledallele5thatcontributestointelligence.Plomincautionsthat"thisisnotageniusgene.hisoneofmany."Abouthalfthedifferencesinintelligencebetweenonepersonandanotherarethoughttoreflectdifferentgenesandhalfreflectdifferentlifeexperiences.ThegeneaccountsfornomorethanfourextraIQpoints.AnditisneithernecessarynorsufficientforhighIQ:23percentoftheaverage-IQkidsdidhaveitbut54percentofgeniuskidsdidnot.Thesmartgeneisknownbytheinterestingname"insulinlikegrowthfactor2receptor"IGF2Rtoitsfun.Itletshormoneslikeonesimilartoinsulindockwithcells.AlthoughageneinvolvedwithinsulinisnotthemostobviouscandidateforanIQgenenewevidencesuggestsitmightindeedplaytherole.Sometimeswhenahormonedockswiththecellitmakesthecellgrow;sometimesitmakesthecellcommitsuicide.Bothresponsescouldorganizethedevelopmentofthebrain.ScientistsattheNationalInstitutesofHealthfindthatinsulincanstimulatenervestogrow.Andinratbrainsregionsinvolvedinlearningandmemoryarechockfullofinsulinreceptors.EventhoughthissupportstheideathatIGF2RcanaffectthebrainandhenceintelligencesomegeneticistsseemajorproblemwiththeIQ-genestudy.OneisthepossibilitythatPlomin’sgroupfellforwhat’scalledthechopsticksfallacy.Geneticistsmightthinkthey’vefoundageneforchopsticksskillbutallthey’vereallyfoundisagenemorecommoninAsianthansayAfricans.SimilarlyPlomin’sIQgenemightsimplybeonethatismorecommoningroupsthatemphasizeacademicachievement."Whatifthegenethey’vefoundreflectsethnicdifferences"asksgeneticistAndrewFeinbergofJohnsHopkinsUniversity."Iwouldtakethesefindingswithawholeboxofsalt." AsforhowmuchofIQcomesfromgenesandhowmuchcomesfromexperiences
Text2Miserseverywhere:thatMediterraneancruisecouldbewithinreachatlast.There’llbenofreeridetotheportandnofreefoodorentertainmentonboard.Thecabinwillmeasure30meterssquareandhousekeepingwillbeextra.Butthefiberglasssuiteiseasytocleanandcostsaslittleas￡29anight.EarlierthisyearserialentrepreneurSteliosHaji-IoannouthemanwhogaveEuropeitsfirstbudgetairlinecashedin￡14millionofhiseasyJetsharestofundwhathecallsa"littleshoppingspree."Boldlyexpandinghisno-frillsmodelintonewmarketsSteliosheinsistsonfirst-nameinformalityplanstoopenthefirsteasyHotelinLondonthisyearwithpricesfrom￡5anightaneasyBusfleetandeasyCruisereadytosailnextsummer.Alsoonthelist:easyPizzasandeasyTelecomamobile-phoneservice.CanhemakeitworkThesoaringsuccessofeasyJetanditsrivalswasEurope’sgreatbusinessstoryofthelate1990sandyetmorecarriersareemergingtoservethe10nationsthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionlastweek.Whilecopycattingtheideamaylooklikeano-brainerthoughsomeexpertsdoubtStelios’sexpansionplanshavemuchofafuture."Theno-frillsmodelisveryfragile."saysChrisVossofLondonBusinessSchool."Steliosisapplyingitratherindiscriminately."Theentrepreneur’srecordismixed.HelaunchedeasyJetin1995whenhewas28anditnowhas70planesandrevenuesof￡932millionlastyearupnearly70percentfrom2002.Buthisfirstattempttoclonetheno-frillsmodelaEurope-widechainofInternetcafeslaunchedattheheightofthebubblehassincestruggledtomakemoney.HisfirsteasyCinema-ticketsforjust50penceissufferingbecausebigdistributorsfearfulofundercuttingtheirotherbusinessrefusetoallowcheapscreeningsofnewblockbusters.Thelargerproblem:reducingpricesisnotenoughtomakeno-frillswork.Steliosforexamplelikestoselldirecttothecustomerpreferablyonlineandavoidscorporateaccountsonthetheorythatonlyindividualscareenoughaboutpricetobeloyalno-killscustomers.Hechoosesonlysectorsinwhichthevolumeofbusinesswillclearlyriseaspricesfall.There’snopointsayinofferingacut-rateburialservice.SaysStelios:"Thedemandforfuneralsisn’tgoingtogoup--regardlessoftheprice." SomeexpertslikeChrisVossthinkthat
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue.Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere.6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows.Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries.Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue.Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere.6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows.Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries.Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Text4ThefirstmentionofslaveryinthestatutesoftheEnglishcoloniesofNorthAmericadoesnotoccuruntilafter1660--somefortyyearsaftertheimportationofthefirstBlackpeople.LestwethinkthatslaveryexistedinfactbeforeitdidinlawOscarandMaryHandlinassureusthatthestatusofBlackpeopledowntothe1660’swasthatofservants.AcritiqueoftheHandlins’interpretationofwhylegalslaverydidnotappearuntilthe1660’ssuggeststhatassumptionsabouttherelationbetweenslaveryandracialprejudiceshouldbereexaminedandthatexplanationsforthedifferenttreatmentofBlackslavesinNorthandSouthAmericashouldbeexpanded.TheHandlinsexplaintheappearanceoflegalslaverybyarguingthatduringthe1660’sthepositionofWhiteservantswasimprovingrelativetothatofBlackservants.ThustheHandlinscontendBlackandWhiteservantsheretoforetreatedMikeeachattainedadifferentstatus.Therearehoweverimportantobjectionstothisargument.FirsttheHandlinscannotadequatelydemonstratethattheWhiteservant’spositionwasimprovingduringandafterthe1660’s;severalactsoftheMarylandandVirginialegislaturesindicateotherwise.AnotherflawintheHandlins’interpretationistheirassumptionthatpriortotheestablishmentoflegalslaverytherewasnodiscriminationagainstBlackpeople.Itistruethatbeforethe1660’sBlackpeoplewererarelycalledslaves.Butthisshouldnotovershadowevidencefromthe1630’sonthatpointtoracialdiscriminationwithoutusingthetermslavery.Suchdiscriminationsometimesstoppedshortoflifetimeservitudeorinheritedstatus--thetwoattributesoftrueslaveryyetinothercasesitincludedboth.TheHandlins’argumentexcludestherealpossibilitythatBlackpeopleintheEnglishcolonieswerenevertreatedastheequalsofWhitepeople.Thepossibilityhasimportantramifications.IffromtheoutsetBlackpeoplewerediscriminatedagainstthenlegalslaveryshouldbeviewedasareflectionandanextensionofracialprejudiceratherthanasmanyhistoriansincludingtheHandlinshavearguedthecauseofprejudice.InadditiontheexistenceofdiscriminationbeforetheadventoflegalslaveryoffersafurtherexplanationfortheharshertreatmentofBlackslavesinNorththaninSouthAmerica.FreyreandTannenbaumhaverightlyarguedthatthelackofcertaintraditionsinNorthAmerica--suchasaRomanconceptionofslaveryandaRomanCatholicemphasisonequality--explainswhythetreatmentofBlackslaveswasmoreseveretherethanintheSpanishandPortuguesecoloniesofSouthAmericaButthiscannotbethewholeexplanationsinceitismerelynegativebasedonlyonalackofsomething.AmorecompellingexplanationisthattheearlyandsometimesextremeracialdiscriminationintheEnglishcolonieshelpeddeterminetheparticularnatureoftheslaverythatfollowed. TheauthorconsiderstheexplanationputforwardbyFreyreandTannenbaumforthetreatmentaccordedBlackslavestobe
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10PointsBeforeDr.LutherL.TerrythentheSurgeonGeneraloftheUnitedStatesissuedhisoffice’sfirst"ReportonSmokingandHealth"morethan30yearsagothousandsofarticleshadalreadybeenwrittenontheeffectsoftobaccouseonthehumanbody.46Tobaccocompanieshadcounteredthereports--whichaimedtoshowlinksbetweensmokingandcancerandotherseriousdiseases--withdenialsandcompetingstudies.47Soin1964TerryandhisAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealthknewtheyweresteppingintoamajorpitofcontroversywhentheyannounced"cigarettesmokingisahealthhazardofsufficientimportanceintheUnitedStatestowarrantappropriateremedialaction".ItwasAmerica’sfirstwidelypublicizedacknowledgmentthatsmokingcigarettesisacauseofseriousdiseases.Buttheissuewasn’tsettledin1964norisitsettledin1997despiteliterallythousandsmorestudies--andlitigationthathasforcedat]eastonetobaccocompanytoadmitwhatsomeactivistssaytheyknewallalong:cigarettesmokeishazardoustoyourhealth.48Morethan30years--andmorethan20SurgeonGeneralreports--latertheissueappearsheadedforsettlementinthecourtroomratherthanthelaboratory.SowhataretherisksHere’swhattobacco’scriticssay.TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsayscigarettesmokingisresponsiblefor151322cancerdeathsannuallyintheUnitedStates.Mostofthose--116920--arefromlungcancer.TheCDCsaysmenwhosmokeare22timesmorelikelytodiefromlungcancerthannon-smokers.Womenwhosmokeare12timesmorelikelytodiefromthedisease.49Statisticalstudieshavelongshownthatpeoplewhodon’tsmokelivelongerthanpeoplewhodoandscientistshaveseenstatisticallytherelationshipbetweensmokingandincidencesoflungcancersincethe1950s.ButastudyearlierthisyearbyGerdPfeiferoftheBeckmanResearchInstitutepinpointedspecificcarcinogensincigarettesmokethattargetpartsofagenealreadyknowntobeprominentinsomecancers.PfeiferwroteinSciencethatcigarettesmokecauseschangesinthegenep53whichprotectsagainstcancerwhennormalbutpromotescancergrowthwhenmutated.50AnotherstudypublishedbytheAmericanCancerSocietysaidthatlow-tarcigarettesofferednorelieffromthepotentialofcancerandinfactwereresponsibleforatypeofcancerthatreachesdeeperintolungtissue.Othercancersarealsoaffectedbycigarettesmoke.AnAmericanCancerSocietyresearcherreportedearlierthisyearthatsmokingincreasedmen’sriskofdyingofprostatecancerwhileotherstudieshavelinkedtobaccousetoincreasedriskofothercancersincludingthroatbreastandbowelcancer. Morethan30years--andmorethan20SurgeonGeneralreports--latertheissueappearsheadedforsettlementinthecourtroomratherthanthelaboratory
Text2Britain’srichestpeoplehaveexperiencedthebiggest-everriseintheirwealthaccordingtotheSundayTimesRichList.DrivenbytheneweconomyofInternetandcomputerentrepreneursthewealthofthoseatthetopofthefinancialtreehasincreasedatanunprecedentedrate.The12thannualRichListwillshowthatthecollectiveworthofthecountry’srichest1000peoplereachednearly146billionbyJanuarythecut-offpointforthesurvey.Theyrepresentedanincreaseof31billionor27%injust12months.SincethesurveywascompiledBritain’srichesthaveaddedbillionsmoretotheirwealththankstothecontinuingboomintechnologysharesonthestockmarket.Thishaspushedupthetotalvalueofthewealthoftherichest1000toaprobable160billionaccordingtoDr.PhilipBeresfordBritain’sacknowledgedexpertonpersonalwealthwhocompilestheSundayTimesRichList.ThemillenniumboomexceedsanythinginBritain’seconomichistoryincludingtherailwayboomofthe1840sandtheSouthSeabubbleof1720."IthasmadeMargaretThatcher’sboomseemassluggishasEdwardHeath’sthree-dayweek"saidBeresford."Weareseeingbillionsbeingaddedtothenationalwealtheveryweek."WilliamRubinsteinprofessorofmodemhistoryattheUniversityofWalesAberystwythconfirmedthatthegrowthinwealthwasunprecedented."Almostalloftoday’swealthhasbeencreatedsincetheindustrialrevolutionbutevenbythoseheadystandardsthecurrentboomisextraordinary"hesaid."Thereisnolarge-scaleculturaloppositionorguiltaboutmakingmoney.InmanywaysBritishbusinessattitudescannowchallengetheUnitedStates."AlthoughtheBritain’srichestareexperiencingthesharpestsurgeinwealththerestofthepopulationhasalsobenefitedfromthestockmarketboomandrisinghouseprices.Lastyearwealthroseby16%toarecord4267billionaccordingtocalculationbytheinvestmentbankSalomonSmithBarney.Inrealtermswealthhasincreasedbymorethanathirdsincethelate1980s.Muchofthewealthoftherichestisheldinsharesinstart-upcompanies.Someofthesepaperfortunesanalystsagreecouldeasilybewipedoutalthoughthewealth-generatingeffectsoftheinterestrevolutionseemtobeheretostay.ASundayTimesYoungRichListconfirmsthatpeoplearebecomingwealthieryounger.Itincludesthe60richestmillionairesaged30orunder.Atthetopon600misthe"oldmoney"EarlofIveagh30headoftheGuinnessbrewingfamily.InsecondplaceisCharlesNasseralso30wholaunchedtheClara-NETInternetproviderfouryearsagoandisworth300m.Theremainingeightinthetop10youngmillionairesmadetheirmoneyfromcomputingandtheInternet. Anewtendencyemergedinthecurrentboomisthat
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue.Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere.6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows.Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries.Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
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