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Directions: The Students Union of your university is planning to star a campaign to fight against t...
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Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 7
September11th2001drewthetransatlanticalliancetogether;butthemooddidnotlastandoverthefiveyearssinceithaspulledeverfurtherapart.ArecentpollfortheGermanMarshallFundshowsthat57%ofEuropeansregardAmericanleadershipinworldaffairsas"undesirable".TheIraqwarismainlytoblame.Butthereisanotherandmore.intractablereasonforthegrowingdivision:God. EuropeansworrythatAmericanforeignpolicyunderGeorgeBushistooinfluencedbyreligion.The"holywarriors"whohijackedtheplanesonSeptember11threintroducedGodintointernationalaffairsinthemostdramaticofways.ItseemsthatGeorgeBushisreplyinginkindencouragingaclashofreligionsthatcouldspellglobalcatastrophe. DominiqueMoisiaspecialadviserattheFrenchInstituteforInternationalRelationsarguesthat"thecombinationofreligionandnationalisminAmericaisfrightening.WefeelbetrayedbyGodandbynationalismwhichiswhywearebuildingtheEuropeanUnionasabarriertoreligiouswarfare."JosefBramloftheGermanInstituteforInternationalandSecurityAffairscomplainsthatinAmerica"religiousattitudeshavemoreofaninfluenceonpoliticalchoicesthaninanyotherwesterndemocracy." ThenotionthatAmericaistooinfluencedbyreligionisnotconfinedtotheelites.ThreeinfiveFrenchpeopleandnearlyasmanyDutchthinkthatAmericansaretooreligious-andthatreligionskewswhatshouldbeseculardecisions.EuropeanswhothinkthatAmericais"tooreligious"aremoreinclinedtoanti-Americanismthantheirfellowcountrymen.38%ofBritonshaveanunfavourableviewofAmericabutthatnumberrisesto50%amongpeoplewhoarewaryofAmericanreligiosity. IsAmericaengagedinafaith-basedforeignpolicyReligioncertainlyexertsagrowinginfluenceonitsactionsintheworldbutinwaysmoresubtleandcomplicatedthanEuropeansimagine.ItistruethatAmericaisundergoingareligiousrevival."Hot"religionssuchasevangelicalProtestantismandhardlineCatholicismaregrowingrapidlywhile"cool"mainlineversionsofChristianityaredeclining.ItisalsotruethattheRepublicanPartyisbeingreshapedbythisrevival.Self-identifiedevangelicalsprovidedalmost40%ofMr.Bushesvotein2004;ifyouaddinothertheologicalconservativessuchasMormonsandtraditionalCatholicsthatnumberrisescloserto60%.AllsixtopRepublicanleadersintheSenatehaveearned100KratingsfromtheChristianCoalition. ItisalsotruethatMr.Bushfrequentlyusesreligiousrhetoricwhentalkingofforeignaffairs.OnSeptember12thhewasatitagaintellingagroupofconservativejournaliststhatheseesthewaronterroras"aconfrontationbetweengoodandevil"andremarking"Itseemstomethatthere’saThirdAwakening"inotherwordsanoutbreakofChristianevangelicalfervourofthesortthathassweptacrossAmericaatleasttwicebefore.AndChristianAmericaoverallistakingabiggerinterestinforeignpolicy.NewvoicesarebeingheardsuchasSamBrownbackaconservativesenatorfromKansaswhohasledthefightagainstgenocideinDarfurandRickWarrentheauthorofabestsellercalled"ThePurpose-DrivenLife"whoissending2000missionariestoRwanda. Finallyitistruethatreligiousfigureshavedonesomeprettyoutrageousthings.PatRobertsoncalledfortheassassinationofHugoChvezthepresidentofVenezuela.Lieutenant-GeneralWilliam"Jerry"Boykindeputyunder-secretaryofdefenceforintelligencetouredthecountrytellingChristiangroupsthatradicalMuslimshateAmerica"becausewe’reaChristiannationandtheenemyisaguynamedSatan".Heoftenworeuniform. Theviewmentionedinthethirdparagraphatleastprevailamong
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46.Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaselfevidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscienfifieproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47.Thisdoesn’tmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownabouttilefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelythere-creativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities. 48.Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovingre-creativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisn’trightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedon’tpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor. 50.Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohaveare-creativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencan’tbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut. 49.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisn’trightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedon’tpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome
[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmunesystem [B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIVcropup [C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy [D]HowdoesHIVsubverttheimmunesystem [E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbestopped [F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesofcancerandinfections Inthe20yearssincethefirstcasesofAIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviraldiseasethananyother. YetPeterPiotwhodirectstheUnitedNationsAIDSprogramandStefanoVellaofRomepresidentoftheInternationalAIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldproveusefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases. Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthatremain: 41.__________. Along-standingbeliefisthatcancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmunesystem.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmorepronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbutnottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates.ThispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthetypethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancerstodevelop. 42.__________. WhenHIVistransmittedsexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthathappensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbyaseriesofdifferentkindsofcells. EventuallyHIVtravelsthroughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhatisnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatareneededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents. 43.__________. AlthoughHIVkillstheimmunecellssenttokillthevirusthereiswidespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeillwithAIDS.Soscientistsask.CantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsibleforthatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressiontoAIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirstplace 44.__________. Intheoryearlytreatmentshouldofferthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.ButthenewdrugsdonotcompletelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhavedangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschangedtocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbedeferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening. Isavaccinepossible Thereislittlequestionthataneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehasreachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegreeofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareasoftheworlddiffergenetically.ItisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfromonetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstothertypes. 45.__________. Withoutmoreincisivefocusedbehavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobalepidemic. 43
MassproductionthedefiningcharacteristicoftheSecondWaveeconomybecomesincreasinglyobsoleteasfirmsinstallinformationintensiveoftenrobotizedmanufacturingsystemscapableofendlesscheapvariationevencustomization.Therevolutionaryresultisineffectthedemassificationofmassproduction. TheshifttowardsmartflextechspromotesdiversityandfeedsconsumerchoicetothepointthataWal-Martstorecanofferthebuyernearly110000productsinvarioustypessizesmodelsandcolorstochooseamong.ButWal-Martisamassmerchandiser.Increasinglythemassmarketitselfisbreakingupintodifferentiatednichesascustomerneedsdivergeandbetterinformationmakesitpossibleforbusinessestoidentifyandservemicromarkets. SpecialtystoresboutiquessuperstoresTVhome-shoppingsystemscomputerbasedbuyingdirectmailandothersystemsprovideagrowingdiversityofchannelsthroughwhichproducerscandistributetheirwarestocustomersinanincreasinglydemassifiedmarketplace.WhenwewroteFutureShockinthelate1960svisionarymarketersbegantalkingabout"marketsegmentation".Todaytheynolongerfocuson"segments"buton"particles"—familyunitsandevensingleindividuals.Meanwhileadvertisingistargetedatsmallerandsmallermarketsegmentsreachedthroughincreasinglydemassifiedmedia. ThedramaticbreakupofmassaudiencesisunderscoredbythecrisisoftheoncegreatTVnetworksABCCBSandNBCatatimewhenTele-CommunicationsInc.ofDenverannouncesafiberopticnetworkcapableofprovidingviewerswithfivehundredinteractivechannelsoftelevision.Suchsystemsmeanthatsellerswillbeabletotargetbuyerswithevengreaterprecision.Thesimultaneousdemassificationofproductiondistributionandcommunicationrevolutionizestheeconomyandshiftsitfromhomogeneitytowardextremeheterogeneity. WhyaregreatTVnetworksABSCBSandNBCmentionedinthepassage
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46.Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaselfevidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscienfifieproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47.Thisdoesn’tmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownabouttilefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelythere-creativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities. 48.Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovingre-creativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisn’trightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedon’tpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor. 50.Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohaveare-creativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencan’tbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut. 47.Thisdoesn’tmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownabouttilefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.
Theconceptionofpovertyandwhatto1aboutithavechangedoverthedecades.UnderSocialDarwinismthelazyandthe2weresupposedtobeatthebottomoftheeconomicladderas3ofthe"lawofsurvivalofthefittest".Societywas4asanetworkofself-sufficientfamilieswhichprovidedfortheirown.5personsoutsideahouseholdorphansthe6elderlyandthecrippledwereprovidedoutdoorreliefgrudginglyandasatemporaryexpedient权宜之计.Althoughitwas7that"thepoorwillalwaysbewithus"theindividualwasexpectedtoimprovehimself8actsofhisownwill.Charitywasthoughttobethe9ofidleness.Bykeepingwageslowlaborerswouldbe10toworkharder. Atabouttheturnofthecenturythebeginningofconcernaboutnatural11broughtuneasinessaboutthepossiblespreadofbeggary.Therewasapotentiallydangerousclassin12ofdiseaseanddisorder.The"poor"were13asdifferentfrom"paupers"Pauperswereindividualswell14tobeingonthelowendofthesocioeconomic15Withoutshameorbitternesstheywouldnotseekindependenceanda"16"life.Forthemountaineersthesubsistencedwellersandsomeslumdwellersthelackofwealth17hasbeenarguedreflectsapreferencenottopaythepsychologicalcostsofthestruggleforfichesorofadoptingthemiddleclassworkethicofstriving.In18theworthypoorstruggledto19theirlotagainstcircumstancesbeyondtheircontrol:lowwagessicknessindustrial20widowhood孀居andsoon. 1
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 9
Peoplecangetemotionalaboutimmigration.BillO’Reillyatalk-showhostdevotedarecentsegmenttothestoryofanillegalalienwhogotdrunkandaccidentallykilledtwoattractivewhitegirlswithhiscar.IfonlyhehadbeendeportedforpreviousmisdemeanoursMr.O’Reillyragedthosegirlswouldstillbealive.Anothertalk-showhostGeraldoRiveraduringanon-airshout-joust争吵withMr.O’Reillydenouncedhisdemagogicchoiceofstory-angleas"asin". PresidentGeorgeBushtriedagainthisweektobringamorerationaltonetothedebate.HeurgedthenewDemocraticCongresstorevivetheimmigrationreformsthattheoldRepublicanCongresskilledlastyear.Hisproposalwasbroadlythesameasbefore.HesaidhewantedtomakeithardertoenterAmericaillegallybuteasiertodosolegallyandtoofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalswhohavealreadysnuckin. Thefirstpartfacesfewpoliticalhurdlesandisalreadywellunderway.Mr.BushexpectstohavedoubledthenumberofBorderPatrolagentsbytheendofnextyear.Thenewrecruitsarebeingtrained.Andtodefendagainsttheinvadinglegionsofwould-begardenersandhotelcleanersthefrontierisalsoequippedwithhigh-techmilitarygizmos小发明suchasunmannedspyplaneswithinfra-red红外cameras.Thismaybehavingsomeeffect.Mr.Bushboastedthatthenumberofpeoplecaughtsneakingovertheborderhadfallenbynearly30%thisyear. AndthecontroversialpartofMr.Bush’simmigrationpackage--allowingmoreimmigrantsinandofferingthosealreadyinAmericaachancetobecomelegal--isstilljustaplan.HouseRepublicanssquasheditlastyear.Mr.BushsensesasecondchancewiththenewDemocraticCongressbutDemocratslikeRepublicansaresplitontheissue.SomenotablyTedKennedythinkAmericashouldembracehard-workingmigrants.Othersfretthathard-workingmigrantswillundercutthewagesofthenative-born. Mr.Bushwouldliketoseethepro-immigrantwingsofbothpartiesworktogethertogivehimabillhecansign.TheSenateisexpectedtosqueezeinadebatenextmonth.Theadministrationistryingtoenticelaw-and-orderRepublicansonboard;arecentleakedmemotalkedofsubstantialfinesforillegalsbeforetheycanbecomelegaland"muchbigger"finesforemployerswhohirethembeforetheydo. ThebiggesthurdlehowevermaybetheDemocrats’reluctancetoco-operatewithMr.Bush.SomefigurethatratherthanlettingtheirhatedadversarysharethecreditforfixingtheimmigrationsystemtheyshouldstalluntilaDemocratisintheWhiteHouseandthentakeitall.Sothereisaselfishaswellasamoralargumentformakingadeal. SomeDemocratsopposetoTedKennedybecausetheybelievethat
InthecurrentimmigrationwavesomethingmarkedlydifferentishappeninghereinthemiddleofthegreatAmerican"meltingpot."46ThereisasensethatespeciallyasimmigrantpopulationsreachacriticalmassinmanycommunitiesitisnolongerthemeltingpotthatistransformingthembuttheywhoaretransformingAmericansociety. Americancultureremainsapowerfulforce—forbetterorworse—thatinfluencespeoplebothhereandaroundtheworldincountlessways.ButseveralfactorshavecombinedinrecentyearstoallowimmigrantstoresistiftheychoosetheAmericanizationthathadoncebeenconsideredirresistible. Infacttheveryconceptofassimilationisbeingcalledintoquestionasneverbefore.47Somesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethan"Angloconformity"andthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.Andwithtoday’semphasisondiversityandethnicityithasbecomeeasierthaneverforimmigrantstoavoidthemeltingpotentirely.Eventhemetaphoritselfischanginghavingfallenoutoffashioncompletelywithmanyimmigrationadvocacyandethnicgroups.Theyprefersuchtermsasthe"saladbowl"andthe"mosaic"metaphorsthatconveymoreofasenseofseparatenessindescribingthisnationofimmigrants. 48AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern.TheyseetheirchildrenassimilatingbutoftentotheworstaspectsofAmericanculture. Theirconcernsreflectsomeofthecomplexitiesandambivalencethatmarktheassimilationprocessthesedays.ImmigrantssuchastheJacintosareheretostaybutremainwaryoftheiradoptivecountry.Accordingtosociologiststheyarerighttobeconcerned. "Ifassimilationisalearningprocessitinvolveslearninggoodthingsandbadthings"saidRubenG.RumbautasociologyprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity."Itdoesn’talwaysleadtosomethingbetter." Theambivalenceofassimilationcancutbothways.Manynative-bornAmericansalsoseemtoharbormixedfeelingsabouttheprocess.49AsanationtheUnitedStatesincreasinglypromotesdiversitybutthereareunderlyingconcernsthatthemoreemphasisthereisonthefactorsthatsetpeopleapartthemorelikelythatsocietywillendupdivided. WithHispanicsespeciallyMexicansaccountingforanincreasingproportionofU.S.populationgrowthitisthisgroupmorethananyotherthatisredefiningthemeltingpot. HispanicsnowhaveovertakenblacksasthelargestminoritygroupinNebraskaandwillbecomethebiggestminorityinthecountrywithinthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoCensusBureauprojections.50Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed. 49AsanationtheUnitedStatesincreasinglypromotesdiversitybutthereareunderlyingconcernsthatthemoreemphasisthereisonthefactorsthatsetpeopleapartthemorelikelythatsocietywillendupdivided.
Directions: Writealetterofcomplaintsaccordingtothefollowingsituation:Youboughtanairconditionerandhaditinstalledtheotherdaybutyoufoundthattheair-conditioningdidn’tworkwhenitoperated.Writealetterto 1pointoutthemalfunctionand 2suggestsomesolutions. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 17
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 13
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 15
September11th2001drewthetransatlanticalliancetogether;butthemooddidnotlastandoverthefiveyearssinceithaspulledeverfurtherapart.ArecentpollfortheGermanMarshallFundshowsthat57%ofEuropeansregardAmericanleadershipinworldaffairsas"undesirable".TheIraqwarismainlytoblame.Butthereisanotherandmore.intractablereasonforthegrowingdivision:God. EuropeansworrythatAmericanforeignpolicyunderGeorgeBushistooinfluencedbyreligion.The"holywarriors"whohijackedtheplanesonSeptember11threintroducedGodintointernationalaffairsinthemostdramaticofways.ItseemsthatGeorgeBushisreplyinginkindencouragingaclashofreligionsthatcouldspellglobalcatastrophe. DominiqueMoisiaspecialadviserattheFrenchInstituteforInternationalRelationsarguesthat"thecombinationofreligionandnationalisminAmericaisfrightening.WefeelbetrayedbyGodandbynationalismwhichiswhywearebuildingtheEuropeanUnionasabarriertoreligiouswarfare."JosefBramloftheGermanInstituteforInternationalandSecurityAffairscomplainsthatinAmerica"religiousattitudeshavemoreofaninfluenceonpoliticalchoicesthaninanyotherwesterndemocracy." ThenotionthatAmericaistooinfluencedbyreligionisnotconfinedtotheelites.ThreeinfiveFrenchpeopleandnearlyasmanyDutchthinkthatAmericansaretooreligious-andthatreligionskewswhatshouldbeseculardecisions.EuropeanswhothinkthatAmericais"tooreligious"aremoreinclinedtoanti-Americanismthantheirfellowcountrymen.38%ofBritonshaveanunfavourableviewofAmericabutthatnumberrisesto50%amongpeoplewhoarewaryofAmericanreligiosity. IsAmericaengagedinafaith-basedforeignpolicyReligioncertainlyexertsagrowinginfluenceonitsactionsintheworldbutinwaysmoresubtleandcomplicatedthanEuropeansimagine.ItistruethatAmericaisundergoingareligiousrevival."Hot"religionssuchasevangelicalProtestantismandhardlineCatholicismaregrowingrapidlywhile"cool"mainlineversionsofChristianityaredeclining.ItisalsotruethattheRepublicanPartyisbeingreshapedbythisrevival.Self-identifiedevangelicalsprovidedalmost40%ofMr.Bushesvotein2004;ifyouaddinothertheologicalconservativessuchasMormonsandtraditionalCatholicsthatnumberrisescloserto60%.AllsixtopRepublicanleadersintheSenatehaveearned100KratingsfromtheChristianCoalition. ItisalsotruethatMr.Bushfrequentlyusesreligiousrhetoricwhentalkingofforeignaffairs.OnSeptember12thhewasatitagaintellingagroupofconservativejournaliststhatheseesthewaronterroras"aconfrontationbetweengoodandevil"andremarking"Itseemstomethatthere’saThirdAwakening"inotherwordsanoutbreakofChristianevangelicalfervourofthesortthathassweptacrossAmericaatleasttwicebefore.AndChristianAmericaoverallistakingabiggerinterestinforeignpolicy.NewvoicesarebeingheardsuchasSamBrownbackaconservativesenatorfromKansaswhohasledthefightagainstgenocideinDarfurandRickWarrentheauthorofabestsellercalled"ThePurpose-DrivenLife"whoissending2000missionariestoRwanda. Finallyitistruethatreligiousfigureshavedonesomeprettyoutrageousthings.PatRobertsoncalledfortheassassinationofHugoChvezthepresidentofVenezuela.Lieutenant-GeneralWilliam"Jerry"Boykindeputyunder-secretaryofdefenceforintelligencetouredthecountrytellingChristiangroupsthatradicalMuslimshateAmerica"becausewe’reaChristiannationandtheenemyisaguynamedSatan".Heoftenworeuniform. Theauthorevidenceshisownnotionbyadvancing
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 11
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 5
MassproductionthedefiningcharacteristicoftheSecondWaveeconomybecomesincreasinglyobsoleteasfirmsinstallinformationintensiveoftenrobotizedmanufacturingsystemscapableofendlesscheapvariationevencustomization.Therevolutionaryresultisineffectthedemassificationofmassproduction. TheshifttowardsmartflextechspromotesdiversityandfeedsconsumerchoicetothepointthataWal-Martstorecanofferthebuyernearly110000productsinvarioustypessizesmodelsandcolorstochooseamong.ButWal-Martisamassmerchandiser.Increasinglythemassmarketitselfisbreakingupintodifferentiatednichesascustomerneedsdivergeandbetterinformationmakesitpossibleforbusinessestoidentifyandservemicromarkets. SpecialtystoresboutiquessuperstoresTVhome-shoppingsystemscomputerbasedbuyingdirectmailandothersystemsprovideagrowingdiversityofchannelsthroughwhichproducerscandistributetheirwarestocustomersinanincreasinglydemassifiedmarketplace.WhenwewroteFutureShockinthelate1960svisionarymarketersbegantalkingabout"marketsegmentation".Todaytheynolongerfocuson"segments"buton"particles"—familyunitsandevensingleindividuals.Meanwhileadvertisingistargetedatsmallerandsmallermarketsegmentsreachedthroughincreasinglydemassifiedmedia. ThedramaticbreakupofmassaudiencesisunderscoredbythecrisisoftheoncegreatTVnetworksABCCBSandNBCatatimewhenTele-CommunicationsInc.ofDenverannouncesafiberopticnetworkcapableofprovidingviewerswithfivehundredinteractivechannelsoftelevision.Suchsystemsmeanthatsellerswillbeabletotargetbuyerswithevengreaterprecision.Thesimultaneousdemassificationofproductiondistributionandcommunicationrevolutionizestheeconomyandshiftsitfromhomogeneitytowardextremeheterogeneity. ThewordnichesinthiscontextinParagraph2means
OntheeveofglobalwarmingnegotiationsscientistsfromseveralWesternnationsareclamoringforacrashprogramtodevelopcleanenergythatwouldrivaltheManhattanProjectandtheApollomissiontothemoon. WritinginThursday’sissueofthejournalNaturescientistsfromNorthAmericaandEuropepredictedthatglobalwarmingwillsoonbecometheenvironmentalequivalentoftheColdWarastheworld’sincreasingrelianceonfossilfuelsreleasesmorecarbondioxideandotherheattrappingpollutantsintotheatmosphere.The11scientistsurgednegotiatorsatenvironmentaltalksscheduledtobeginNov.2inBuenosAiresArgentinatopushforamobilizationofscientificresourcestodevelopalternativeformsofenergysuchassolarwindandnuclearpower."Developingandcommercializingcarbon-fleepowertechnologiesbythemid-21stcenturycouldrequireeffortsperhapsinternationalpursuedwiththeurgencyoftheManhattanProjectortheApollospaceprogram"saidMartinHoffertaphysicistatNewYorkUniversity.Only20%orlessoftoday’senergyusecomesfromcarbon-freesources.TheNaturepaperisunusualbecauseitcontainsbroadpolicyrecommendations.Normallythejournalpublishesstraightforwardscientificstudies. LastyeargovernmentsmeetinginKyotoJapanagreedtoemissionreductionsbytheUnitedStatesJapanthe15-nationEuropeanUnionand21otherindustrialnations.Thenationsaretocuttheiroutputofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesto5%belowtheir1990levelsby2012.Thisyearnegotiatorsfor166nationsaremeetingtodeterminehoweachcountrywillachievethereductions. Tosomerisingannualaveragetemperaturesinthe1990samounttoearlyproofthatglobalwarminghasarrivedandthatthecurrenttreatywon’tprotectnationsfromclimaticupheavalduringthe21stcentury.Somescientistssaidglobalwarmingisinevitableandnoamountofeffort—notevenacrashprogram—willpreventit."Wewillexperienceasubstantialamountoffurtherclimatechangeevenifwemakehugecutsinemissions"saidMartinParryofUniversityCollegeinLondon.Otherssaidtherearemanywaysofreducingglobalwarmingwithoutmobilizingscientistsworldwide.Energyconservationandefficiencysuchasgreateruseofcleaner-burningnaturalgasandnuclearpowermightbeacheapersolutiontheysay.Smokestackandtailpipecontrolsaswellasplantingtreescanreducepollutiontoo.Countriescanalsoprovideutilitieswithfinancialincentivestoinvestinexperimentaltechnologies. Evenoptimistsatthemeetingagreedthatdemandforcrudeoilwilloutstripproductionby2020andthatworldwidereserveswillbeexhaustedby2100.Oilshortagesandhigherpriceswillmaketheworldamoredangerousplacetheywarned. TheauthorcomparedthecleanenergycampaigntoManhattanProjectandtheApollomissiontoshowthat
Directions: WritealettertoinviteyourbestfriendJanetotakepartinyourmother’s60-year-oldbirthdayandinformherofyourarrangement. Beginyourletterasfollows. DearJane Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameusing"LiMing’instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
September11th2001drewthetransatlanticalliancetogether;butthemooddidnotlastandoverthefiveyearssinceithaspulledeverfurtherapart.ArecentpollfortheGermanMarshallFundshowsthat57%ofEuropeansregardAmericanleadershipinworldaffairsas"undesirable".TheIraqwarismainlytoblame.Butthereisanotherandmore.intractablereasonforthegrowingdivision:God. EuropeansworrythatAmericanforeignpolicyunderGeorgeBushistooinfluencedbyreligion.The"holywarriors"whohijackedtheplanesonSeptember11threintroducedGodintointernationalaffairsinthemostdramaticofways.ItseemsthatGeorgeBushisreplyinginkindencouragingaclashofreligionsthatcouldspellglobalcatastrophe. DominiqueMoisiaspecialadviserattheFrenchInstituteforInternationalRelationsarguesthat"thecombinationofreligionandnationalisminAmericaisfrightening.WefeelbetrayedbyGodandbynationalismwhichiswhywearebuildingtheEuropeanUnionasabarriertoreligiouswarfare."JosefBramloftheGermanInstituteforInternationalandSecurityAffairscomplainsthatinAmerica"religiousattitudeshavemoreofaninfluenceonpoliticalchoicesthaninanyotherwesterndemocracy." ThenotionthatAmericaistooinfluencedbyreligionisnotconfinedtotheelites.ThreeinfiveFrenchpeopleandnearlyasmanyDutchthinkthatAmericansaretooreligious-andthatreligionskewswhatshouldbeseculardecisions.EuropeanswhothinkthatAmericais"tooreligious"aremoreinclinedtoanti-Americanismthantheirfellowcountrymen.38%ofBritonshaveanunfavourableviewofAmericabutthatnumberrisesto50%amongpeoplewhoarewaryofAmericanreligiosity. IsAmericaengagedinafaith-basedforeignpolicyReligioncertainlyexertsagrowinginfluenceonitsactionsintheworldbutinwaysmoresubtleandcomplicatedthanEuropeansimagine.ItistruethatAmericaisundergoingareligiousrevival."Hot"religionssuchasevangelicalProtestantismandhardlineCatholicismaregrowingrapidlywhile"cool"mainlineversionsofChristianityaredeclining.ItisalsotruethattheRepublicanPartyisbeingreshapedbythisrevival.Self-identifiedevangelicalsprovidedalmost40%ofMr.Bushesvotein2004;ifyouaddinothertheologicalconservativessuchasMormonsandtraditionalCatholicsthatnumberrisescloserto60%.AllsixtopRepublicanleadersintheSenatehaveearned100KratingsfromtheChristianCoalition. ItisalsotruethatMr.Bushfrequentlyusesreligiousrhetoricwhentalkingofforeignaffairs.OnSeptember12thhewasatitagaintellingagroupofconservativejournaliststhatheseesthewaronterroras"aconfrontationbetweengoodandevil"andremarking"Itseemstomethatthere’saThirdAwakening"inotherwordsanoutbreakofChristianevangelicalfervourofthesortthathassweptacrossAmericaatleasttwicebefore.AndChristianAmericaoverallistakingabiggerinterestinforeignpolicy.NewvoicesarebeingheardsuchasSamBrownbackaconservativesenatorfromKansaswhohasledthefightagainstgenocideinDarfurandRickWarrentheauthorofabestsellercalled"ThePurpose-DrivenLife"whoissending2000missionariestoRwanda. Finallyitistruethatreligiousfigureshavedonesomeprettyoutrageousthings.PatRobertsoncalledfortheassassinationofHugoChvezthepresidentofVenezuela.Lieutenant-GeneralWilliam"Jerry"Boykindeputyunder-secretaryofdefenceforintelligencetouredthecountrytellingChristiangroupsthatradicalMuslimshateAmerica"becausewe’reaChristiannationandtheenemyisaguynamedSatan".Heoftenworeuniform. Theincreasingtransatlanticschismaccordingtothetextresultsfrom
[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmunesystem [B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIVcropup [C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy [D]HowdoesHIVsubverttheimmunesystem [E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbestopped [F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesofcancerandinfections Inthe20yearssincethefirstcasesofAIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviraldiseasethananyother. YetPeterPiotwhodirectstheUnitedNationsAIDSprogramandStefanoVellaofRomepresidentoftheInternationalAIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldproveusefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases. Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthatremain: 41.__________. Along-standingbeliefisthatcancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmunesystem.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmorepronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbutnottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates.ThispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthetypethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancerstodevelop. 42.__________. WhenHIVistransmittedsexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthathappensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbyaseriesofdifferentkindsofcells. EventuallyHIVtravelsthroughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhatisnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatareneededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents. 43.__________. AlthoughHIVkillstheimmunecellssenttokillthevirusthereiswidespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeillwithAIDS.Soscientistsask.CantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsibleforthatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressiontoAIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirstplace 44.__________. Intheoryearlytreatmentshouldofferthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.ButthenewdrugsdonotcompletelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhavedangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschangedtocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbedeferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening. Isavaccinepossible Thereislittlequestionthataneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehasreachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegreeofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareasoftheworlddiffergenetically.ItisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfromonetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstothertypes. 45.__________. Withoutmoreincisivefocusedbehavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobalepidemic. 41
[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmunesystem [B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIVcropup [C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy [D]HowdoesHIVsubverttheimmunesystem [E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbestopped [F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesofcancerandinfections Inthe20yearssincethefirstcasesofAIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviraldiseasethananyother. YetPeterPiotwhodirectstheUnitedNationsAIDSprogramandStefanoVellaofRomepresidentoftheInternationalAIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldproveusefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases. Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthatremain: 41.__________. Along-standingbeliefisthatcancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmunesystem.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmorepronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbutnottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates.ThispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthetypethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancerstodevelop. 42.__________. WhenHIVistransmittedsexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthathappensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbyaseriesofdifferentkindsofcells. EventuallyHIVtravelsthroughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhatisnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatareneededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents. 43.__________. AlthoughHIVkillstheimmunecellssenttokillthevirusthereiswidespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeillwithAIDS.Soscientistsask.CantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsibleforthatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressiontoAIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirstplace 44.__________. Intheoryearlytreatmentshouldofferthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.ButthenewdrugsdonotcompletelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhavedangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschangedtocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbedeferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening. Isavaccinepossible Thereislittlequestionthataneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehasreachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegreeofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareasoftheworlddiffergenetically.ItisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfromonetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstothertypes. 45.__________. Withoutmoreincisivefocusedbehavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobalepidemic. 45
Peoplecangetemotionalaboutimmigration.BillO’Reillyatalk-showhostdevotedarecentsegmenttothestoryofanillegalalienwhogotdrunkandaccidentallykilledtwoattractivewhitegirlswithhiscar.IfonlyhehadbeendeportedforpreviousmisdemeanoursMr.O’Reillyragedthosegirlswouldstillbealive.Anothertalk-showhostGeraldoRiveraduringanon-airshout-joust争吵withMr.O’Reillydenouncedhisdemagogicchoiceofstory-angleas"asin". PresidentGeorgeBushtriedagainthisweektobringamorerationaltonetothedebate.HeurgedthenewDemocraticCongresstorevivetheimmigrationreformsthattheoldRepublicanCongresskilledlastyear.Hisproposalwasbroadlythesameasbefore.HesaidhewantedtomakeithardertoenterAmericaillegallybuteasiertodosolegallyandtoofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalswhohavealreadysnuckin. Thefirstpartfacesfewpoliticalhurdlesandisalreadywellunderway.Mr.BushexpectstohavedoubledthenumberofBorderPatrolagentsbytheendofnextyear.Thenewrecruitsarebeingtrained.Andtodefendagainsttheinvadinglegionsofwould-begardenersandhotelcleanersthefrontierisalsoequippedwithhigh-techmilitarygizmos小发明suchasunmannedspyplaneswithinfra-red红外cameras.Thismaybehavingsomeeffect.Mr.Bushboastedthatthenumberofpeoplecaughtsneakingovertheborderhadfallenbynearly30%thisyear. AndthecontroversialpartofMr.Bush’simmigrationpackage--allowingmoreimmigrantsinandofferingthosealreadyinAmericaachancetobecomelegal--isstilljustaplan.HouseRepublicanssquasheditlastyear.Mr.BushsensesasecondchancewiththenewDemocraticCongressbutDemocratslikeRepublicansaresplitontheissue.SomenotablyTedKennedythinkAmericashouldembracehard-workingmigrants.Othersfretthathard-workingmigrantswillundercutthewagesofthenative-born. Mr.Bushwouldliketoseethepro-immigrantwingsofbothpartiesworktogethertogivehimabillhecansign.TheSenateisexpectedtosqueezeinadebatenextmonth.Theadministrationistryingtoenticelaw-and-orderRepublicansonboard;arecentleakedmemotalkedofsubstantialfinesforillegalsbeforetheycanbecomelegaland"muchbigger"finesforemployerswhohirethembeforetheydo. ThebiggesthurdlehowevermaybetheDemocrats’reluctancetoco-operatewithMr.Bush.SomefigurethatratherthanlettingtheirhatedadversarysharethecreditforfixingtheimmigrationsystemtheyshouldstalluntilaDemocratisintheWhiteHouseandthentakeitall.Sothereisaselfishaswellasamoralargumentformakingadeal. TheDemocratsarehesitanttosupportMr.Bushonthisissueinthat
InthecurrentimmigrationwavesomethingmarkedlydifferentishappeninghereinthemiddleofthegreatAmerican"meltingpot."46ThereisasensethatespeciallyasimmigrantpopulationsreachacriticalmassinmanycommunitiesitisnolongerthemeltingpotthatistransformingthembuttheywhoaretransformingAmericansociety. Americancultureremainsapowerfulforce—forbetterorworse—thatinfluencespeoplebothhereandaroundtheworldincountlessways.ButseveralfactorshavecombinedinrecentyearstoallowimmigrantstoresistiftheychoosetheAmericanizationthathadoncebeenconsideredirresistible. Infacttheveryconceptofassimilationisbeingcalledintoquestionasneverbefore.47Somesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethan"Angloconformity"andthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.Andwithtoday’semphasisondiversityandethnicityithasbecomeeasierthaneverforimmigrantstoavoidthemeltingpotentirely.Eventhemetaphoritselfischanginghavingfallenoutoffashioncompletelywithmanyimmigrationadvocacyandethnicgroups.Theyprefersuchtermsasthe"saladbowl"andthe"mosaic"metaphorsthatconveymoreofasenseofseparatenessindescribingthisnationofimmigrants. 48AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern.TheyseetheirchildrenassimilatingbutoftentotheworstaspectsofAmericanculture. Theirconcernsreflectsomeofthecomplexitiesandambivalencethatmarktheassimilationprocessthesedays.ImmigrantssuchastheJacintosareheretostaybutremainwaryoftheiradoptivecountry.Accordingtosociologiststheyarerighttobeconcerned. "Ifassimilationisalearningprocessitinvolveslearninggoodthingsandbadthings"saidRubenG.RumbautasociologyprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity."Itdoesn’talwaysleadtosomethingbetter." Theambivalenceofassimilationcancutbothways.Manynative-bornAmericansalsoseemtoharbormixedfeelingsabouttheprocess.49AsanationtheUnitedStatesincreasinglypromotesdiversitybutthereareunderlyingconcernsthatthemoreemphasisthereisonthefactorsthatsetpeopleapartthemorelikelythatsocietywillendupdivided. WithHispanicsespeciallyMexicansaccountingforanincreasingproportionofU.S.populationgrowthitisthisgroupmorethananyotherthatisredefiningthemeltingpot. HispanicsnowhaveovertakenblacksasthelargestminoritygroupinNebraskaandwillbecomethebiggestminorityinthecountrywithinthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoCensusBureauprojections.50Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed. 47SomesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethanAngloconformityandthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 1
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 3
OntheeveofglobalwarmingnegotiationsscientistsfromseveralWesternnationsareclamoringforacrashprogramtodevelopcleanenergythatwouldrivaltheManhattanProjectandtheApollomissiontothemoon. WritinginThursday’sissueofthejournalNaturescientistsfromNorthAmericaandEuropepredictedthatglobalwarmingwillsoonbecometheenvironmentalequivalentoftheColdWarastheworld’sincreasingrelianceonfossilfuelsreleasesmorecarbondioxideandotherheattrappingpollutantsintotheatmosphere.The11scientistsurgednegotiatorsatenvironmentaltalksscheduledtobeginNov.2inBuenosAiresArgentinatopushforamobilizationofscientificresourcestodevelopalternativeformsofenergysuchassolarwindandnuclearpower."Developingandcommercializingcarbon-fleepowertechnologiesbythemid-21stcenturycouldrequireeffortsperhapsinternationalpursuedwiththeurgencyoftheManhattanProjectortheApollospaceprogram"saidMartinHoffertaphysicistatNewYorkUniversity.Only20%orlessoftoday’senergyusecomesfromcarbon-freesources.TheNaturepaperisunusualbecauseitcontainsbroadpolicyrecommendations.Normallythejournalpublishesstraightforwardscientificstudies. LastyeargovernmentsmeetinginKyotoJapanagreedtoemissionreductionsbytheUnitedStatesJapanthe15-nationEuropeanUnionand21otherindustrialnations.Thenationsaretocuttheiroutputofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesto5%belowtheir1990levelsby2012.Thisyearnegotiatorsfor166nationsaremeetingtodeterminehoweachcountrywillachievethereductions. Tosomerisingannualaveragetemperaturesinthe1990samounttoearlyproofthatglobalwarminghasarrivedandthatthecurrenttreatywon’tprotectnationsfromclimaticupheavalduringthe21stcentury.Somescientistssaidglobalwarmingisinevitableandnoamountofeffort—notevenacrashprogram—willpreventit."Wewillexperienceasubstantialamountoffurtherclimatechangeevenifwemakehugecutsinemissions"saidMartinParryofUniversityCollegeinLondon.Otherssaidtherearemanywaysofreducingglobalwarmingwithoutmobilizingscientistsworldwide.Energyconservationandefficiencysuchasgreateruseofcleaner-burningnaturalgasandnuclearpowermightbeacheapersolutiontheysay.Smokestackandtailpipecontrolsaswellasplantingtreescanreducepollutiontoo.Countriescanalsoprovideutilitieswithfinancialincentivestoinvestinexperimentaltechnologies. Evenoptimistsatthemeetingagreedthatdemandforcrudeoilwilloutstripproductionby2020andthatworldwidereserveswillbeexhaustedby2100.Oilshortagesandhigherpriceswillmaketheworldamoredangerousplacetheywarned. Thosewhoconsiderglobalwarminginevitablebelievethat
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 19
Peoplecangetemotionalaboutimmigration.BillO’Reillyatalk-showhostdevotedarecentsegmenttothestoryofanillegalalienwhogotdrunkandaccidentallykilledtwoattractivewhitegirlswithhiscar.IfonlyhehadbeendeportedforpreviousmisdemeanoursMr.O’Reillyragedthosegirlswouldstillbealive.Anothertalk-showhostGeraldoRiveraduringanon-airshout-joust争吵withMr.O’Reillydenouncedhisdemagogicchoiceofstory-angleas"asin". PresidentGeorgeBushtriedagainthisweektobringamorerationaltonetothedebate.HeurgedthenewDemocraticCongresstorevivetheimmigrationreformsthattheoldRepublicanCongresskilledlastyear.Hisproposalwasbroadlythesameasbefore.HesaidhewantedtomakeithardertoenterAmericaillegallybuteasiertodosolegallyandtoofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalswhohavealreadysnuckin. Thefirstpartfacesfewpoliticalhurdlesandisalreadywellunderway.Mr.BushexpectstohavedoubledthenumberofBorderPatrolagentsbytheendofnextyear.Thenewrecruitsarebeingtrained.Andtodefendagainsttheinvadinglegionsofwould-begardenersandhotelcleanersthefrontierisalsoequippedwithhigh-techmilitarygizmos小发明suchasunmannedspyplaneswithinfra-red红外cameras.Thismaybehavingsomeeffect.Mr.Bushboastedthatthenumberofpeoplecaughtsneakingovertheborderhadfallenbynearly30%thisyear. AndthecontroversialpartofMr.Bush’simmigrationpackage--allowingmoreimmigrantsinandofferingthosealreadyinAmericaachancetobecomelegal--isstilljustaplan.HouseRepublicanssquasheditlastyear.Mr.BushsensesasecondchancewiththenewDemocraticCongressbutDemocratslikeRepublicansaresplitontheissue.SomenotablyTedKennedythinkAmericashouldembracehard-workingmigrants.Othersfretthathard-workingmigrantswillundercutthewagesofthenative-born. Mr.Bushwouldliketoseethepro-immigrantwingsofbothpartiesworktogethertogivehimabillhecansign.TheSenateisexpectedtosqueezeinadebatenextmonth.Theadministrationistryingtoenticelaw-and-orderRepublicansonboard;arecentleakedmemotalkedofsubstantialfinesforillegalsbeforetheycanbecomelegaland"muchbigger"finesforemployerswhohirethembeforetheydo. ThebiggesthurdlehowevermaybetheDemocrats’reluctancetoco-operatewithMr.Bush.SomefigurethatratherthanlettingtheirhatedadversarysharethecreditforfixingtheimmigrationsystemtheyshouldstalluntilaDemocratisintheWhiteHouseandthentakeitall.Sothereisaselfishaswellasamoralargumentformakingadeal. TheunderlinedwordmisdemeanoursLine3Paragraph1canbereplacedby
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