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AccordingtothetextVerdi'screativetreatmentofcharactersisperformedthrough
Thewriterassertsthatthedefinitionofpopularartis
Asmorepeopleliveclosertogetherandastheyusemachines toproduceleisuretheyfindthattheirleisureandeventheirworkinghours becomespoiltbyaby-productoftheirmachines--namelynoise.Noiseis nowadaysinthenews;ithasacquiredpoliticalstatusandpublicopinionsare demandingmoreandmoreinsistentlythatsomethingmustbedoneabout it.46Tocontrolnoiseistodemandmuchself-discipline annoyancearisesoftenfromlackofcommoncourtesyasenseofproportion thereisusuallyaconflictofinterestifanoiseistobestoppedthe expenditureofmoneyanditisfarmoreeconomicaltodothisearlyratherthan lateandfinallytechnicalknowledge.Technical difficultiesoftenarisefromthesubjective-objectivenatureoftheproblem. Youcandefinetheexcessivespeedofamotor-carintermsofapointerreading onaspeedometer.Butcanyoudefineexcessivenoiseinthesameway47You findthatwithanyexistingsimplenoise-metervehicleswhicharejudgedto beequallynoisymayshowconsiderabledifferenceonthemeter. Thoughtheidealcurefornoiseistostopitatitssourcethismayin manycasesbeimpossible.Thenextremedyistoabsorbitonthewaytothe ear.48Domesticnoisesmayperhapsbecontrolledby forethoughtandcourtesyandindustrialnoisesbygoodplanningandtechnical improvement.Butifwearegoingtoallowfastmotor-cyclesandheavydiesel lorriestopasscontinuouslythroughresidentialandbusinessdistrictsthe communitymustdecideonthecontrolitneedstoexerciseforinthelongrun ithasgottopayforit.49Andifanationistotakepartinmodernair transportitmustenterintointernationalagreementsonthenoisecontrol measuresitwillimposeatitsairports-andherethecostofanyrealcontrolis tobemeasuredinmillionsofdollars.Jetenginesmaybemodifiedtoreduce theirnoiselevelorinsulationfromairtrafficnoisemaybeprovidedbythe purchaseoflandaroundairportsortheinsulationofbuildings.50One estimateisthat＄5.7billionwouldberequiredtoequipallexistingjet engineswithnoisecontroldevices;howeverconsideringthecurrentstateof thearteventakingthisstepwillnotreducenoiselevelsatallpointsto acceptablevalues.Somecombinationofmethodsisprobablynecessary.
Howdotheconsumersfeelabouttheirinvestmentinthehousingmarket
A.HumanbehaviorB.Culture attributesC.PhysiologyofHomosapiensD. ClassificationofHomosapiensE.Humansociety F.StructureofHomosapiensHumancommonnamegiventoany individualofthespeciesHomosapiensandbyextensiontotheentirespecies. Thetermisalsoappliedtocertainspeciesthatweretheevolutionary forerunnersofHomosapiens.Scientistsconsideralllivingpeoplemembersofa singlespecies.41.__________Homosapiensisidentifiedfor purposesofclassificationasananimalwithabackboneandsegmentedspinal cordthatsucklesitsyoung;thatgestatesitsyoungwiththeaidofaplacenta; thatisequippedwithfive-digitedextremitiesacollarboneandasinglepair ofmammaryglandsonthechest;andthathaseyesatthefrontofthehead stereoscopicvisionandaproportionatelylargebrain.Thespeciesbelongsto thefamilyHominidaethegeneralcharacteristicsofwhicharediscussed below.42.__________Thedetailsofskeletal structuredistinguishingHomosapiensfromthenearestprimaterelatives-the gorillachimpanzeeandorangutan-stemlargelyfromaveryearlyadaptationto acompletelyerectpostureandatwo-footedstridingwalk.TheuniquelyS-shaped spinalcolumnplacesthecenterofgravityofthehumanbodydirectlyoverthe areaofsupportprovidedbythefeetthusgivingstabilityandbalanceinthe uptightposition.Completebipedalisminthehumanfreedthe handtobecomeasupremelysensitiveinstrumentforprecisemanipulationand grasping.Themostimportantstructuraldetailinthisrefinementisthe elongatedhumanthumbwhichcanrotatefreelyandisfullyopposabletothe otherfingers.Thephysiologicalrequirementsforspeechweresecondarily establishedbyerectposturewhichpositionsthevocalcordsforcontrolled breathingandbytheskilleduseofthehands.Thelatterdevelopmentoccursin associationwiththeenlargementandspecializationofabrainareathatisa prerequisiteforrefinedcontrolofthelipsandtongue. 43.__________ThelargebrainofHomosapiensisapproximately doublethatofearlyhumantoolmakers.Thisgreatincreaseinsizeinonly2 millionyearswasachievedbyaprocesscalledneotenywhichisthe prolongationofretentionofimmaturecharacteristics.Thejuvenilestageof brainandskulldevelopmentisprolongedsothattheygrowforalongerperiod oftimeinrelationtothetimerequiredtoreachsexualmaturity.Unlikethe earlyhumanadultskullwithitsslopingforeheadandprominentjawthemodem humanskull-withbiologicallyinsignificantvariations-retainsintomaturitya proportionatelylargesizeinrelationtotherestofthebodyahigh-rounded domestraight-planedfaceandreducedjawsizeallcloselyresemblingthe characteristicsoftheskullinthejuvenilechimpanzee.Itsenlargeddimensions requiredadaptationsforpassagethroughthebirthcanal;consequentlythe humanfemalepelviswidensatmaturityandthehumaninfantisborn prematurely.44.__________Thephysiological adaptationsthatmadehumansmoreflexiblethanotherprimatesallowedforthe developmentofawiderangeofabilitiesandanunparalleledversatilityin behavior.Thebrain’sgreatsizecomplexityandslowmaturationwithneural connectionsbeingaddedthoughatleastthefirst12yearsoflifemeantthat learnedbehaviorcouldlargelymodifystereotypedinstinctiveresponses.New environmentaldemandscouldbemetbyrapidadjustmentsratherthanbyslow geneticselection;thussurvivalinawiderangeofhabitatsandunderextreme conditionseventuallybecamepossiblewithoutfurtherspeciesdifferentiation. Eachnewinfanthoweverwithrelativelyfewinnatetraitsyetwithavast numberofpotentialbehaviorsmustbetaughttoachieveitsbiological potentialasahuman.45.__________Thehuman specieshasauniquecapabilityforcultureinthesenseofconsciousthinking andplanningtransmissionofskillsandsystemsofsocialrelationshipsand creativemodificationoftheenvironment.Theintegratedpatternsofbehavior requiredforplanningandfashioningtoolswereaccomplishedatleast2.5 millionyearsagoandsomeformofadvancedcodeforvocalcommunicationmay alsohaveexistedatthistime.By350000yearsagoplannedhuntingfire makingandthewearingofclothingwerewellestablishedaswaspossibly ritualizeddisposalofthedead.Evidenceofreligionrecordedeventsandart datefrom30000to40000yearsagoandimplyadvancedlanguageandethics forthecomplexorderingofsocialgroupsrequiredforsuchactivities.From aboutthattimethegenusHomobegantostabilizeintotheonegeneralized speciesofHomosapiens.
Text4 Itishardtogetanyagreementonthe precisemeaningofthetermsocialclassIneverydaylifepeopletendtohave adifferentapproachtothosetheyconsidertheirequalsfromthatwhichthey assumewithpeopletheyconsiderhigherorlowerthanthemselvesinthesocial scale.Thecriteriaweusetoplaceanewacquaintancehoweverareacomplex mixtureoffactors.Dresswayofspeakingareaofresidenceinagivencityor provinceeducationandmannersallplayapart.Inthe eighteenth-centuryoneofthefirstmoderneconomistsAdamSmiththoughtthat thewholeannualproduceofthelandandlaborofeverycountry’provided revenuetothreedifferentordersofpeople:Thosewholivebyrentthosewho livebywagesthosewholivebyprofit.Eachsuccessivestageofthe industrialrevolutionhowevermadethesocialstructuremore complicated.Manyintermediategroupsgrewupduringthe nineteenth-centurybetweentheuppermiddleclassandtheworkingclass.There weresmall-scaleindustrialistsaswellaslargeonessmallshopkeepersand tradesmenofficialsandsalariedemployeesskilledandunskilledworkersand professionalmensuchasdoctorsandteachers.Farmersandpeasantscontinuedin allcountriesasindependentgroups.Duringthenineteenthand earlytwentiethcenturiesthepossessionofwealthinevitablyaffecteda person’ssocialposition.Intelligentindustrialistswithinitiativemade fortunesbytheirwitswhichliftedthemintoaneconomicgroupfarhigherthan theirworking-classparents.Buttheylackedthesocialtrainingoftheupper classwhodespisedthemasthenewrich.Theyoftensent theirsonsanddaughterstospecialschoolstoacquiresocialtraining.Here theirchildrenmixedwiththechildrenoftheupperclasseswereacceptedby themandveryoftenfoundmarriagepartnersfromamongthem.Inthesamewaya thriftyhardworkinglabourerthoughnotcleverenoughhimselfmightsavefor hissonenoughtopayforanextendedsecondaryschooleducationinthehope thathewouldmoveintoawhite-collar’occupationcarryingwithitahigher salaryandmoveupinthesocialscale.Inthetwentiethcentury theincreasedtaxationofhigherincomesthegrowthofthesocialservicesand thewiderdevelopmentofeducationalopportunityhaveconsiderablyalteredthe socialoutlook.Theupperclassesnolongerarethesoleoreventhemain possessorsofwealthpowerandeducationthoughinheritedsocialposition stillcarriesconsiderableprestige.Manypeopletodayare hostiletowardsclassdistinctionsandprivilegesandhopetoachievea classlesssociety.Thetroubleisthatasoneinequalityisremovedanother tendstotakeitsplaceandthebestthathasasfarbeenattemptedisa societyinwhichdistinctionsareelasticandinwhicheverymemberhasfair opportunitiesformakingthebestofhis abilities.WhichofthefollowingstatementsdoesNOTtrulydescribethenewrich
Accordingtothe4thparagraphwhatintereststheauthoristhatsomepoliticiansfailto
Direction:Youlearnedfromtoday’spaperthatyourfriendMr.WangHuiwasrecentlyappointededitor-in-chiefofTheEveningNews.Writehimalettertoexpressyourcordialcongratulations. Youshouldwrite100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginsteadYoudonotneedtowriteyouraddress.
TheauthorisobviouslycriticalofPresidentClintonfor
Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree
Asmorepeopleliveclosertogetherandastheyusemachines toproduceleisuretheyfindthattheirleisureandeventheirworkinghours becomespoiltbyaby-productoftheirmachines--namelynoise.Noiseis nowadaysinthenews;ithasacquiredpoliticalstatusandpublicopinionsare demandingmoreandmoreinsistentlythatsomethingmustbedoneabout it.46Tocontrolnoiseistodemandmuchself-discipline annoyancearisesoftenfromlackofcommoncourtesyasenseofproportion thereisusuallyaconflictofinterestifanoiseistobestoppedthe expenditureofmoneyanditisfarmoreeconomicaltodothisearlyratherthan lateandfinallytechnicalknowledge.Technical difficultiesoftenarisefromthesubjective-objectivenatureoftheproblem. Youcandefinetheexcessivespeedofamotor-carintermsofapointerreading onaspeedometer.Butcanyoudefineexcessivenoiseinthesameway47You findthatwithanyexistingsimplenoise-metervehicleswhicharejudgedto beequallynoisymayshowconsiderabledifferenceonthemeter. Thoughtheidealcurefornoiseistostopitatitssourcethismayin manycasesbeimpossible.Thenextremedyistoabsorbitonthewaytothe ear.48Domesticnoisesmayperhapsbecontrolledby forethoughtandcourtesyandindustrialnoisesbygoodplanningandtechnical improvement.Butifwearegoingtoallowfastmotor-cyclesandheavydiesel lorriestopasscontinuouslythroughresidentialandbusinessdistrictsthe communitymustdecideonthecontrolitneedstoexerciseforinthelongrun ithasgottopayforit.49Andifanationistotakepartinmodernair transportitmustenterintointernationalagreementsonthenoisecontrol measuresitwillimposeatitsairports-andherethecostofanyrealcontrolis tobemeasuredinmillionsofdollars.Jetenginesmaybemodifiedtoreduce theirnoiselevelorinsulationfromairtrafficnoisemaybeprovidedbythe purchaseoflandaroundairportsortheinsulationofbuildings.50One estimateisthat＄5.7billionwouldberequiredtoequipallexistingjet engineswithnoisecontroldevices;howeverconsideringthecurrentstateof thearteventakingthisstepwillnotreducenoiselevelsatallpointsto acceptablevalues.Somecombinationofmethodsisprobablynecessary.
BysayingthatIt'sanimagethatwillbogglethemindforyearstocomeParagraph3theauthormeansthatthedebateinSeattleprovestobe
A.HumanbehaviorB.Culture attributesC.PhysiologyofHomosapiensD. ClassificationofHomosapiensE.Humansociety F.StructureofHomosapiensHumancommonnamegiventoany individualofthespeciesHomosapiensandbyextensiontotheentirespecies. Thetermisalsoappliedtocertainspeciesthatweretheevolutionary forerunnersofHomosapiens.Scientistsconsideralllivingpeoplemembersofa singlespecies.41.__________Homosapiensisidentifiedfor purposesofclassificationasananimalwithabackboneandsegmentedspinal cordthatsucklesitsyoung;thatgestatesitsyoungwiththeaidofaplacenta; thatisequippedwithfive-digitedextremitiesacollarboneandasinglepair ofmammaryglandsonthechest;andthathaseyesatthefrontofthehead stereoscopicvisionandaproportionatelylargebrain.Thespeciesbelongsto thefamilyHominidaethegeneralcharacteristicsofwhicharediscussed below.42.__________Thedetailsofskeletal structuredistinguishingHomosapiensfromthenearestprimaterelatives-the gorillachimpanzeeandorangutan-stemlargelyfromaveryearlyadaptationto acompletelyerectpostureandatwo-footedstridingwalk.TheuniquelyS-shaped spinalcolumnplacesthecenterofgravityofthehumanbodydirectlyoverthe areaofsupportprovidedbythefeetthusgivingstabilityandbalanceinthe uptightposition.Completebipedalisminthehumanfreedthe handtobecomeasupremelysensitiveinstrumentforprecisemanipulationand grasping.Themostimportantstructuraldetailinthisrefinementisthe elongatedhumanthumbwhichcanrotatefreelyandisfullyopposabletothe otherfingers.Thephysiologicalrequirementsforspeechweresecondarily establishedbyerectposturewhichpositionsthevocalcordsforcontrolled breathingandbytheskilleduseofthehands.Thelatterdevelopmentoccursin associationwiththeenlargementandspecializationofabrainareathatisa prerequisiteforrefinedcontrolofthelipsandtongue. 43.__________ThelargebrainofHomosapiensisapproximately doublethatofearlyhumantoolmakers.Thisgreatincreaseinsizeinonly2 millionyearswasachievedbyaprocesscalledneotenywhichisthe prolongationofretentionofimmaturecharacteristics.Thejuvenilestageof brainandskulldevelopmentisprolongedsothattheygrowforalongerperiod oftimeinrelationtothetimerequiredtoreachsexualmaturity.Unlikethe earlyhumanadultskullwithitsslopingforeheadandprominentjawthemodem humanskull-withbiologicallyinsignificantvariations-retainsintomaturitya proportionatelylargesizeinrelationtotherestofthebodyahigh-rounded domestraight-planedfaceandreducedjawsizeallcloselyresemblingthe characteristicsoftheskullinthejuvenilechimpanzee.Itsenlargeddimensions requiredadaptationsforpassagethroughthebirthcanal;consequentlythe humanfemalepelviswidensatmaturityandthehumaninfantisborn prematurely.44.__________Thephysiological adaptationsthatmadehumansmoreflexiblethanotherprimatesallowedforthe developmentofawiderangeofabilitiesandanunparalleledversatilityin behavior.Thebrain’sgreatsizecomplexityandslowmaturationwithneural connectionsbeingaddedthoughatleastthefirst12yearsoflifemeantthat learnedbehaviorcouldlargelymodifystereotypedinstinctiveresponses.New environmentaldemandscouldbemetbyrapidadjustmentsratherthanbyslow geneticselection;thussurvivalinawiderangeofhabitatsandunderextreme conditionseventuallybecamepossiblewithoutfurtherspeciesdifferentiation. Eachnewinfanthoweverwithrelativelyfewinnatetraitsyetwithavast numberofpotentialbehaviorsmustbetaughttoachieveitsbiological potentialasahuman.45.__________Thehuman specieshasauniquecapabilityforcultureinthesenseofconsciousthinking andplanningtransmissionofskillsandsystemsofsocialrelationshipsand creativemodificationoftheenvironment.Theintegratedpatternsofbehavior requiredforplanningandfashioningtoolswereaccomplishedatleast2.5 millionyearsagoandsomeformofadvancedcodeforvocalcommunicationmay alsohaveexistedatthistime.By350000yearsagoplannedhuntingfire makingandthewearingofclothingwerewellestablishedaswaspossibly ritualizeddisposalofthedead.Evidenceofreligionrecordedeventsandart datefrom30000to40000yearsagoandimplyadvancedlanguageandethics forthecomplexorderingofsocialgroupsrequiredforsuchactivities.From aboutthattimethegenusHomobegantostabilizeintotheonegeneralized speciesofHomosapiens.
Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems
A.HumanbehaviorB.Culture attributesC.PhysiologyofHomosapiensD. ClassificationofHomosapiensE.Humansociety F.StructureofHomosapiensHumancommonnamegiventoany individualofthespeciesHomosapiensandbyextensiontotheentirespecies. Thetermisalsoappliedtocertainspeciesthatweretheevolutionary forerunnersofHomosapiens.Scientistsconsideralllivingpeoplemembersofa singlespecies.41.__________Homosapiensisidentifiedfor purposesofclassificationasananimalwithabackboneandsegmentedspinal cordthatsucklesitsyoung;thatgestatesitsyoungwiththeaidofaplacenta; thatisequippedwithfive-digitedextremitiesacollarboneandasinglepair ofmammaryglandsonthechest;andthathaseyesatthefrontofthehead stereoscopicvisionandaproportionatelylargebrain.Thespeciesbelongsto thefamilyHominidaethegeneralcharacteristicsofwhicharediscussed below.42.__________Thedetailsofskeletal structuredistinguishingHomosapiensfromthenearestprimaterelatives-the gorillachimpanzeeandorangutan-stemlargelyfromaveryearlyadaptationto acompletelyerectpostureandatwo-footedstridingwalk.TheuniquelyS-shaped spinalcolumnplacesthecenterofgravityofthehumanbodydirectlyoverthe areaofsupportprovidedbythefeetthusgivingstabilityandbalanceinthe uptightposition.Completebipedalisminthehumanfreedthe handtobecomeasupremelysensitiveinstrumentforprecisemanipulationand grasping.Themostimportantstructuraldetailinthisrefinementisthe elongatedhumanthumbwhichcanrotatefreelyandisfullyopposabletothe otherfingers.Thephysiologicalrequirementsforspeechweresecondarily establishedbyerectposturewhichpositionsthevocalcordsforcontrolled breathingandbytheskilleduseofthehands.Thelatterdevelopmentoccursin associationwiththeenlargementandspecializationofabrainareathatisa prerequisiteforrefinedcontrolofthelipsandtongue. 43.__________ThelargebrainofHomosapiensisapproximately doublethatofearlyhumantoolmakers.Thisgreatincreaseinsizeinonly2 millionyearswasachievedbyaprocesscalledneotenywhichisthe prolongationofretentionofimmaturecharacteristics.Thejuvenilestageof brainandskulldevelopmentisprolongedsothattheygrowforalongerperiod oftimeinrelationtothetimerequiredtoreachsexualmaturity.Unlikethe earlyhumanadultskullwithitsslopingforeheadandprominentjawthemodem humanskull-withbiologicallyinsignificantvariations-retainsintomaturitya proportionatelylargesizeinrelationtotherestofthebodyahigh-rounded domestraight-planedfaceandreducedjawsizeallcloselyresemblingthe characteristicsoftheskullinthejuvenilechimpanzee.Itsenlargeddimensions requiredadaptationsforpassagethroughthebirthcanal;consequentlythe humanfemalepelviswidensatmaturityandthehumaninfantisborn prematurely.44.__________Thephysiological adaptationsthatmadehumansmoreflexiblethanotherprimatesallowedforthe developmentofawiderangeofabilitiesandanunparalleledversatilityin behavior.Thebrain’sgreatsizecomplexityandslowmaturationwithneural connectionsbeingaddedthoughatleastthefirst12yearsoflifemeantthat learnedbehaviorcouldlargelymodifystereotypedinstinctiveresponses.New environmentaldemandscouldbemetbyrapidadjustmentsratherthanbyslow geneticselection;thussurvivalinawiderangeofhabitatsandunderextreme conditionseventuallybecamepossiblewithoutfurtherspeciesdifferentiation. Eachnewinfanthoweverwithrelativelyfewinnatetraitsyetwithavast numberofpotentialbehaviorsmustbetaughttoachieveitsbiological potentialasahuman.45.__________Thehuman specieshasauniquecapabilityforcultureinthesenseofconsciousthinking andplanningtransmissionofskillsandsystemsofsocialrelationshipsand creativemodificationoftheenvironment.Theintegratedpatternsofbehavior requiredforplanningandfashioningtoolswereaccomplishedatleast2.5 millionyearsagoandsomeformofadvancedcodeforvocalcommunicationmay alsohaveexistedatthistime.By350000yearsagoplannedhuntingfire makingandthewearingofclothingwerewellestablishedaswaspossibly ritualizeddisposalofthedead.Evidenceofreligionrecordedeventsandart datefrom30000to40000yearsagoandimplyadvancedlanguageandethics forthecomplexorderingofsocialgroupsrequiredforsuchactivities.From aboutthattimethegenusHomobegantostabilizeintotheonegeneralized speciesofHomosapiens.
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