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Text 4 Defenders of special protective labor legislation for women often maintain that eliminat...
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Integrationistheprocessofverifyingthatthecomponent
trying
checklng
testing
coding
在METAR/SPECI中何时开始报告跑道视程
在METAR/SPECI中主导能见度应按照什么增量等级来报告
什么时候在观测记录簿记录BRICFUHZDU和SADRSA除外?什么时候才在METAR 或者SPEC
当主导能见度演变到时应在纪要栏记录其演变过程
＜本场运行最低标准
＜本场SPECI报告标准中的最大值
＜本场特殊观测标准中的最小值
≤本场SPECI报告标准中的最大值
什么时候在观测记录簿记录BRICFUHZDU和SADRSA除外什么时候才在METAR或SPECI报中
在METAR/SPECI中何时编报NSC
什么时候在观测记录簿记录MIFGBCFGPRFG什么时候在METAR或SPECI报中编报这些天气现象
SPECI和SPECAL电报的区别.
当主导能见度演变到本场SPECI报告标准中的最大值时应在纪要栏记录其
在METAR/SPECI报告中强度符号与哪些天气现象结合使用
在METAR/SPECI中按顺时针方向报告风向变化的两个极端方向的条件
描述在METARA/SPECI中跑道视程分段编报的规定
在METAR/SPECI中VC可与那些天气现象结合使用
METAR/SPECI中符合哪些规定时应当编报为VRB
机场气象台站应当通过或者其他有效手段将本机场天气报告METAR和SPECI发往本地区气象中心和民航气
民航地区气象中心应当收集本地区民用机场的机场天气报告METAR和SPECI并编辑
凡某层云量且其云高本场SPECI报告标准中的最大值时应在纪要栏内记录云的演变情况
趋势预报必须附在该机场的后
METAR和SPECI
ROFOR
TAF
日常航空天气报告是
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Text2 Theenergycrisiswhichisbeingfeltaroundtheworldhasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth’sresourceshasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Theover-developmentofmotortransportwithitsincreaseofmorecarsmorehighwaysmorepollutionmoresuburbsmorecommutinghascontributedtothenear-destructionofourcitiesthebreakupofthefamilyandthepollutionnotonlyoflocalairbutalsooftheearth’satmosphere.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheformoftheenergycrisis. Ourpresentsituationisunlikewarrevolutionordepression.Itisalsounlikethegreatnaturaldisastersofthepast.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastatewherelong-rangeplanningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationofourpresentseriousstatewhichendangersthefutureofourcountryourchildrenandourearthbutamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertoworkrapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems. Thiscountryhasbeenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossmoralityandtherevelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesintheland.Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvastenoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepastithasbeenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatpeoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly. Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatweholddearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanetwhosharewithusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisacommonneedtoreassessourpresentcoursetochangethatcourseandtodevisenewmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapricelessopportunity. Tograspitweneedawidespreadunderstandingofnatureifthecrisisconfrontingusandtheworldisnopassinginconveniencenobyproductoftheambitionsoftheoil-producingcountriesnoenvironmentalists’merefearsnobyproductofanypresentsystemofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfourhundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestylecanflowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnologybutitsacceptancedependsonasinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld’schildrenandfuturegeneration. Whichconditiondoestheauthorfeelhasnearlydestroyedourcities
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 11
Text3 Scienceisthenever-endingstruggletofindtruth.Youmaydismissthisstatementastheramblingofanamateurphilosopherbutitholdssomepracticalvalue.Truthisatemporaryphenomenon.Itislimitedbyhumancommunicationsystemstechnologyandskills.ForexampleduringtheDarkAgesinEuropetheworldwasperceivedasflat.Thisflatnesswasacceptableas"truth"becausetravelandhumanknowledgeofcelestialphenomenaweresolimitedthatnootherconceptwasneeded.Afamilylivedinasmallareaandconfineditsactivitytoasmallregion.Thisregionappearedtobeflatsoforallpracticalpurposestheearthwasflattoo.WhentravelandexplorationbecamewidespreadandespeciallywhenshipswereabletosailfaroutontheAtlanticthevisionofaflatearthhadtochange.Manyobservationsofstarsandplanetsandofships’movementsatsealedtonewprinciplesandtoanewtruth.Thosewhowereinthepositiontodosocouldexploitthenewtruthabouttheearth’sshapeandturnitintoriches.TheSpanishknowingtheywouldnotfallofftheedgeofaflatearthfoundtheNewWorldandbroughtgoldandsilverbacktoSpain. ThesituationhasnotchangedmuchsincetheDarkAges.Truthisstillsoughtbecauseithasvalueandthescientificmethodremainsthemostsystematicwayofpursuingit.Themethodstartswithaproblem.Oncetheproblemiswelldefinedinformationthatmighthaveaneffectonitisgathered.Theinformationissortedandanalyzedandthatwhichisusefuliskept--tobeusedasabasisforgeneralprinciples.Inthesocialsciencestheprinciplesareoftenusedtohelpformulatepolicies.Thepoliciesultimatelyareaimedatremovingtheproblemandimprovingpeople’slives. Ineconomicsandinothersocialsciencesthepursuitoftruthisslowedbecausehumanbehaviorcannotbesubjectedtothekindsofcontrolledexperimentsthatarepossiblewithwhiteratsandguineapigs.Theeconomistmustfollowthestepsinasearchfornewtruthsabouteconomicbehaviorbutfollowingthemisfrustratingandoftenleadsupblindalleys.Neverthelessproblemsfactsprinciplesandpoliciesmustbeconsideredinasystematicway. Policiesinthesocialsciencestargetto
Text3 Scienceisthenever-endingstruggletofindtruth.Youmaydismissthisstatementastheramblingofanamateurphilosopherbutitholdssomepracticalvalue.Truthisatemporaryphenomenon.Itislimitedbyhumancommunicationsystemstechnologyandskills.ForexampleduringtheDarkAgesinEuropetheworldwasperceivedasflat.Thisflatnesswasacceptableas"truth"becausetravelandhumanknowledgeofcelestialphenomenaweresolimitedthatnootherconceptwasneeded.Afamilylivedinasmallareaandconfineditsactivitytoasmallregion.Thisregionappearedtobeflatsoforallpracticalpurposestheearthwasflattoo.WhentravelandexplorationbecamewidespreadandespeciallywhenshipswereabletosailfaroutontheAtlanticthevisionofaflatearthhadtochange.Manyobservationsofstarsandplanetsandofships’movementsatsealedtonewprinciplesandtoanewtruth.Thosewhowereinthepositiontodosocouldexploitthenewtruthabouttheearth’sshapeandturnitintoriches.TheSpanishknowingtheywouldnotfallofftheedgeofaflatearthfoundtheNewWorldandbroughtgoldandsilverbacktoSpain. ThesituationhasnotchangedmuchsincetheDarkAges.Truthisstillsoughtbecauseithasvalueandthescientificmethodremainsthemostsystematicwayofpursuingit.Themethodstartswithaproblem.Oncetheproblemiswelldefinedinformationthatmighthaveaneffectonitisgathered.Theinformationissortedandanalyzedandthatwhichisusefuliskept--tobeusedasabasisforgeneralprinciples.Inthesocialsciencestheprinciplesareoftenusedtohelpformulatepolicies.Thepoliciesultimatelyareaimedatremovingtheproblemandimprovingpeople’slives. Ineconomicsandinothersocialsciencesthepursuitoftruthisslowedbecausehumanbehaviorcannotbesubjectedtothekindsofcontrolledexperimentsthatarepossiblewithwhiteratsandguineapigs.Theeconomistmustfollowthestepsinasearchfornewtruthsabouteconomicbehaviorbutfollowingthemisfrustratingandoftenleadsupblindalleys.Neverthelessproblemsfactsprinciplesandpoliciesmustbeconsideredinasystematicway. Whatcanweinferfromthefactthattheworldwasperceivedasflat
Text4 Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.UntilrecentlychildpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturitychildrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharmbutrathersimplyassignpunishmentforoffencesonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescause. AccordingtoPiagetchildrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopmentwhichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutismrulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyedandimminentjusticeifrulesarebrokenpunishmentwillbemetedout.Untilyoungchildrenmaturetheirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofanoffence.HoweverinrecentresearchKeaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharmbutalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtierregardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.BothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildrenatanearlieragethanPiagetclaimedadvanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopmentmoralautonomyinwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage. Kensey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven:dotheyrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactionsanddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences.’Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicdutyself-defenseandprovocation.ForexampleNesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionswasjustifiedbypublicduty:fiveyearoldsreactedverydifferentlyto"BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse"dependingonwhetherBonniedidit"sosomebodywon’tfalloverit"orbecauseBonniewanted"tomakeAnnefeelbad."Thusachildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactionsthoughintentionalcanbejustified:theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgements. Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharmsix-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeableandthuspreventableharmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheoffendercannotbeblamed.SevenmonthslaterhoweverDarleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctionsthusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous. Keasey'sfindingssupporttheconclusionaboutsix-year-oldchildrenthat
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 1
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 15
Trainingisintendedprimarilyfortheserviceofsociety;educationisprimarilyfortheindividual.Societyneedsdoctorslawyersengineersteacherstoperformspecifictasksnecessarytoitsoperationjustasitneedscarpentersandplumbersandstenographers速记员. 41______Andtheseneedsourtrainingcenters--theprofessionalandtradeschoolsfill.Butalthougheducationisfortheimprovementoftheindividualitalsoservessocietybyprovidingaleaveningofmenofunderstandingofperceptionandwisdom. 42______Theyservesocietybyexaminingitsfunctionappraisingitsneedsandcriticizingitsdirection.Theymaybeearningtheirlivingsbypracticingoneoftheprofessionsorinpursuingatradeorbyengaginginbusinessenterprise.Theymayberichorpoor.Theymayoccupypositionsofpowerandprestigeortheymaybeengagedinsomehumbleemployment.Withoutthemhoweversocietyeitherdisintegratesorelsebecomesananthill. 43_______.Intheonetherecruitistrainingtobecomeaprofessionalbaseballplayerwhowillmakealivingandservesocietybyplayingbaseball;intheotherheistrainingonlytoimprovehisownbodyandmusculature.Thetrainingatthebaseballcampisallrelevant.Therecruitmayspendhourspracticinghowtoslideintosecondbasenotbecauseitisaparticularlyusefulformofcalisthenics柔软体操butbecauseitisrelevanttothegame.Theexercisewouldstopiftheruleswerechangedsothatslidingtoabasewasmadeillegal.Similarlythecandidateforthepitchingstaffspendsalotoftimethrowingabaseballnotbecauseitwillimprovehisphysique--itmayhavequitetheoppositeeffectbutbecausepitchingistobehisprincipalfunctionontheteam.Atthegymexerciseshavenosuchrelevance. 44______ 45______WhatistaughtatlawschoolisthepresentlawofthelandnottheNapoleonicCodeoreventhearchaiclawsthathavebeenscratchedfromthestatutebooks.Andatmedicalschooltooitismodernmedicalpracticethatistaughtwhichisrelevanttoconditionstoday.Andtheplumber水管工人andthecarpenterandtheelectricianandthemason泥瓦匠learnonlywhatisrelevanttothepracticeoftheirrespectivetradesinthisdaywiththetoolsandmaterialsthatarepresentlyavailableandthatconformtothebuildingcode. A.Educationreferstotheknowledgeorskillobtainedordevelopedbyalearningprocess. B.Theyareourintellectualleadersthecriticsofourculturethedefendersofourfreetraditionstheinstigatorsofourprogress. C.Theintentionistostrengthenthebodyingeneralandwhenthememberssitdownonthefloorwiththeirlegsoutstretchedandpracticetouchingtheirfingerstotheirtoesitisnotbecausetheyhopetobecomegalleyslavesperhapstheonlyoccupationwherethatparticularexercisewouldberelevant. D.Thedifferencebetweenthetwotypesofstudyislikethedifferencebetweenthedisciplineandexerciseinaprofessionalbaseballtrainingcampandthatofagym. E.Trainingsuppliestheimmediateandspecificneedsofsocietysothattheworkoftheworldmaycontinue. F.Ingeneralrelevancyisafacetoftrainingratherthanofeducation. G.Trainingistomakeproficientwithspecializedinstructionandpractice. 41
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 17
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 9
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 19
Text4 Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.UntilrecentlychildpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturitychildrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharmbutrathersimplyassignpunishmentforoffencesonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescause. AccordingtoPiagetchildrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopmentwhichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutismrulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyedandimminentjusticeifrulesarebrokenpunishmentwillbemetedout.Untilyoungchildrenmaturetheirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofanoffence.HoweverinrecentresearchKeaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharmbutalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtierregardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.BothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildrenatanearlieragethanPiagetclaimedadvanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopmentmoralautonomyinwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage. Kensey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven:dotheyrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactionsanddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences.’Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicdutyself-defenseandprovocation.ForexampleNesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionswasjustifiedbypublicduty:fiveyearoldsreactedverydifferentlyto"BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse"dependingonwhetherBonniedidit"sosomebodywon’tfalloverit"orbecauseBonniewanted"tomakeAnnefeelbad."Thusachildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactionsthoughintentionalcanbejustified:theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgements. Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharmsix-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeableandthuspreventableharmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheoffendercannotbeblamed.SevenmonthslaterhoweverDarleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctionsthusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous. PiagetandKeaseywouldnothaveagreedon
Text4 "Thereisasenselessnotionthatchildrengrowupandleavehomewhentheyare18andthetruthisfarfromthat"sayssociologistLaryBumpassoftheUniversityofWisconsin.Todayunexpectednumbersofyoungadultsarelivingwiththeirparents."Thereisamajorshiftinthemiddleclass"declaressociologistAllasnSchnaibergofNorthwesternUniversitywhoseson19movedbackinafteranabsenceofeightmonths. Analystsciteavarietyofreasonsforthisreturntothenest.Themarriageageisrisingaconditionthatmakeshomeanditspleasantnessparticularlyattractivetoyoungpeople.Ahighdivorcerateandadecliningremarriageratearesendingeconomicallypressedandemotionallyhurtsurvivorsbacktoparentalshelters.Forsometheexpenseofanaway-from-homecollegeeducationhasbecomesoexcessivelygreatthatmanystudentsnowattendlocalschools.Evenaftergraduationyoungpeoplefindtheir.wingsclippedbyskyrocketinghousingcosts. LivingathomesaysKnightonaschoolteachercontinuestogivehersecurityandmoralsupport.Hismotheragreed"It’sridiculousforthekidstopayallthatmoneyforrent.Itmakessenseforkidstostayathome."Butsharingthefamilyhomerequiresadjustmentsforall.Therearethehasslesoverbathroomstelephonesandprivacy.Somefamilieshowevermanagethedelicatebalancingact.Butforothersitprovestoodifficult.MichelleDelTurco24hasbeenhomethreetimes--andleftthreetimes."WhatIconsideredasocialdrinkmydadconsideredanalcoholproblem"sheexplains."HeneverlikedanyoneIdatedsoIeitherhadtohideawayormeetthematfriends’houses." JusthowlongshouldadultchildrenlivewiththeirparentsbeforemovingonMostpsychologistsfeellengthyhomecomingsareamistake.Childrenstrugglingtoestablishseparateidentitiescanendupwith"asenseofinadequacydefeatandfailure."Andagingparentswhoshouldbeenjoyingsomefinancialandpersonalfreedomfindthemselvesstuckwithresponsibilities.Manyagreethatbriefvisitshowevercanworkbeneficially. Oneofthedisadvantagesofyoungadultsreturningtostaywiththeirparentsisthat
MyeldestdaughterlanInternetconsultantisonly30butshehasalreadylivedinfivedifferenthousesinfivedifferentplacesandhashadaboutsixdifferentjobs.EverytimeIvisitherInoticehowmanynewthingsthereareinherhouseandhowmanythingslieunusedoutofdate.Whatisevenmorestrikingishowmanythingstherearewhicharenotexpectedtolast--disposablethings.Disposableplatesandglassesdisposabletowelsandbabies’nappies.Itsometimesseemsthatweliveinanageofthedisposable. 46Thisphenomenonofconstantchangerunsthrougheverythinginlifenowadaysfromfashiontomusicfrommedicinetomotorcarsfromeducationtoemployment.Twoimportantfactoriesseemtobedrivingthesechanges.Thefirstistherapidgrowthinknowledgeandtheconsequentrapiddevelopmentoftechnology.Thesecondistherevolutionincommunicationswhichmeansthatknowledgeisspreadfasterandmorewidelythanever.Ourtimesareoftencalled"theinformationage"and.theeffectistobringabout"theknowledgeeconomy."Newtechnologiesandnewknowledgebringabouttheneedfornewskills.47Thespeedwithwhichthesetechnologiesarebeingcreatedissuchthatallofusarefacedwiththechallengeoflearningnewskillsnotjustoncebutseveraltimes.Whatweknewyesterdayisoftenobsoletetoday. Iremembermydaughtersayingtomethatshewasat"thecuttingedge"ofherparticularfield.Butwithinfiveyearsshesaidshewouldhavetodosomethingnewanddifferenttokeepup.Thereisagreaterneedforflexibilityandproblem-solvingthanbefore.Tasksrequireagreaterintegrationofskills.48Therewardsoflifegotothemulti-skilledtoflexibleteamsofworkerseachcapableofcontributinginarangeofways.49Tosucceedinthisnewworldofworkindividualswillhavetoregardtheircareersnotjustasaprocessofgatheringexperiencebutasaprocessoflearningnewthingsonanalmostcontinuousbasis.Allthissuggeststomethattherelationshipbetweeneducationandemploymenthaschangedradicallyoverthelastfewyears. 50OnecouldsummarizethechangebysayingthatwhenIgrewupIlearnedthingsinordertoachievelife-longemploymentwhilemychildrenneedtopursuelife-longlearninginordertostayemployed. 49
Text2 Theenergycrisiswhichisbeingfeltaroundtheworldhasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth’sresourceshasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Theover-developmentofmotortransportwithitsincreaseofmorecarsmorehighwaysmorepollutionmoresuburbsmorecommutinghascontributedtothenear-destructionofourcitiesthebreakupofthefamilyandthepollutionnotonlyoflocalairbutalsooftheearth’satmosphere.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheformoftheenergycrisis. Ourpresentsituationisunlikewarrevolutionordepression.Itisalsounlikethegreatnaturaldisastersofthepast.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastatewherelong-rangeplanningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationofourpresentseriousstatewhichendangersthefutureofourcountryourchildrenandourearthbutamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertoworkrapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems. Thiscountryhasbeenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossmoralityandtherevelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesintheland.Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvastenoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepastithasbeenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatpeoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly. Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatweholddearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanetwhosharewithusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisacommonneedtoreassessourpresentcoursetochangethatcourseandtodevisenewmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapricelessopportunity. Tograspitweneedawidespreadunderstandingofnatureifthecrisisconfrontingusandtheworldisnopassinginconveniencenobyproductoftheambitionsoftheoil-producingcountriesnoenvironmentalists’merefearsnobyproductofanypresentsystemofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfourhundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestylecanflowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnologybutitsacceptancedependsonasinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld’schildrenandfuturegeneration. Theauthorwrotethepassageinorderto
Trainingisintendedprimarilyfortheserviceofsociety;educationisprimarilyfortheindividual.Societyneedsdoctorslawyersengineersteacherstoperformspecifictasksnecessarytoitsoperationjustasitneedscarpentersandplumbersandstenographers速记员. 41______Andtheseneedsourtrainingcenters--theprofessionalandtradeschoolsfill.Butalthougheducationisfortheimprovementoftheindividualitalsoservessocietybyprovidingaleaveningofmenofunderstandingofperceptionandwisdom. 42______Theyservesocietybyexaminingitsfunctionappraisingitsneedsandcriticizingitsdirection.Theymaybeearningtheirlivingsbypracticingoneoftheprofessionsorinpursuingatradeorbyengaginginbusinessenterprise.Theymayberichorpoor.Theymayoccupypositionsofpowerandprestigeortheymaybeengagedinsomehumbleemployment.Withoutthemhoweversocietyeitherdisintegratesorelsebecomesananthill. 43_______.Intheonetherecruitistrainingtobecomeaprofessionalbaseballplayerwhowillmakealivingandservesocietybyplayingbaseball;intheotherheistrainingonlytoimprovehisownbodyandmusculature.Thetrainingatthebaseballcampisallrelevant.Therecruitmayspendhourspracticinghowtoslideintosecondbasenotbecauseitisaparticularlyusefulformofcalisthenics柔软体操butbecauseitisrelevanttothegame.Theexercisewouldstopiftheruleswerechangedsothatslidingtoabasewasmadeillegal.Similarlythecandidateforthepitchingstaffspendsalotoftimethrowingabaseballnotbecauseitwillimprovehisphysique--itmayhavequitetheoppositeeffectbutbecausepitchingistobehisprincipalfunctionontheteam.Atthegymexerciseshavenosuchrelevance. 44______ 45______WhatistaughtatlawschoolisthepresentlawofthelandnottheNapoleonicCodeoreventhearchaiclawsthathavebeenscratchedfromthestatutebooks.Andatmedicalschooltooitismodernmedicalpracticethatistaughtwhichisrelevanttoconditionstoday.Andtheplumber水管工人andthecarpenterandtheelectricianandthemason泥瓦匠learnonlywhatisrelevanttothepracticeoftheirrespectivetradesinthisdaywiththetoolsandmaterialsthatarepresentlyavailableandthatconformtothebuildingcode. A.Educationreferstotheknowledgeorskillobtainedordevelopedbyalearningprocess. B.Theyareourintellectualleadersthecriticsofourculturethedefendersofourfreetraditionstheinstigatorsofourprogress. C.Theintentionistostrengthenthebodyingeneralandwhenthememberssitdownonthefloorwiththeirlegsoutstretchedandpracticetouchingtheirfingerstotheirtoesitisnotbecausetheyhopetobecomegalleyslavesperhapstheonlyoccupationwherethatparticularexercisewouldberelevant. D.Thedifferencebetweenthetwotypesofstudyislikethedifferencebetweenthedisciplineandexerciseinaprofessionalbaseballtrainingcampandthatofagym. E.Trainingsuppliestheimmediateandspecificneedsofsocietysothattheworkoftheworldmaycontinue. F.Ingeneralrelevancyisafacetoftrainingratherthanofeducation. G.Trainingistomakeproficientwithspecializedinstructionandpractice. 45
PartA Directions: OnemonthagoyoubookedtwocopiesofConciseOxfordDictionarybuthaven’treceivedthebooksuntilnow.Soyouwriteacomplaininglettertothebookstore: youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"Martin"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Text3 Scienceisthenever-endingstruggletofindtruth.Youmaydismissthisstatementastheramblingofanamateurphilosopherbutitholdssomepracticalvalue.Truthisatemporaryphenomenon.Itislimitedbyhumancommunicationsystemstechnologyandskills.ForexampleduringtheDarkAgesinEuropetheworldwasperceivedasflat.Thisflatnesswasacceptableas"truth"becausetravelandhumanknowledgeofcelestialphenomenaweresolimitedthatnootherconceptwasneeded.Afamilylivedinasmallareaandconfineditsactivitytoasmallregion.Thisregionappearedtobeflatsoforallpracticalpurposestheearthwasflattoo.WhentravelandexplorationbecamewidespreadandespeciallywhenshipswereabletosailfaroutontheAtlanticthevisionofaflatearthhadtochange.Manyobservationsofstarsandplanetsandofships’movementsatsealedtonewprinciplesandtoanewtruth.Thosewhowereinthepositiontodosocouldexploitthenewtruthabouttheearth’sshapeandturnitintoriches.TheSpanishknowingtheywouldnotfallofftheedgeofaflatearthfoundtheNewWorldandbroughtgoldandsilverbacktoSpain. ThesituationhasnotchangedmuchsincetheDarkAges.Truthisstillsoughtbecauseithasvalueandthescientificmethodremainsthemostsystematicwayofpursuingit.Themethodstartswithaproblem.Oncetheproblemiswelldefinedinformationthatmighthaveaneffectonitisgathered.Theinformationissortedandanalyzedandthatwhichisusefuliskept--tobeusedasabasisforgeneralprinciples.Inthesocialsciencestheprinciplesareoftenusedtohelpformulatepolicies.Thepoliciesultimatelyareaimedatremovingtheproblemandimprovingpeople’slives. Ineconomicsandinothersocialsciencesthepursuitoftruthisslowedbecausehumanbehaviorcannotbesubjectedtothekindsofcontrolledexperimentsthatarepossiblewithwhiteratsandguineapigs.Theeconomistmustfollowthestepsinasearchfornewtruthsabouteconomicbehaviorbutfollowingthemisfrustratingandoftenleadsupblindalleys.Neverthelessproblemsfactsprinciplesandpoliciesmustbeconsideredinasystematicway. Accordingtothepassagetruth
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 7
Text3 Ifanoccupationcensushadbeentakenintheeleventhcenturyitwouldprobablyhaverevealedthatquite90percentofthepeoplewerecountyinhabitantswhodrewtheirlivelihoodfromfarmingherdingfishingortheforest.Anairphotographtakenatthattimewouldhaverevealedspottedvillageslinkedtogetherbyunsurfacedroadsandseparatedbyexpansesofforestorswamp.Thereweresometownsbutfewofthemhousedmorethan10000persons.Asecondpicturetakeninthemid-fourteenthcenturywouldshowthatthevillageshadgrownmorenumerousandalsomorewidespreadforEuropeanshadpushedtheirfrontieroutwardbysettlingnewareas.Therewouldbemorepeopleontheroadsriversandseascarryingfoodorrawmaterialstotownswhichhadincreasedinnumbersizeandimportance.Butaphotographtakenabout1450wouldrevealthatlittlefurtherexpansionhadtakenplaceduringtheprecedinghundredyears. Anyattempttodescribethecountrysideduringthosecenturiesispreventedbytwodifficulties.InthefirstplacewehavetoexaminethegreaterpartofEurope’s3750000squaremilesandnotmerelytheMediterraneanlands.Inthesecondplacetheinhabitantsofthatwideexpanserefusetofitintoourstandardpatternortostandstill. In1450mostEuropeansprobablylivedinvillagesbutsomeregionsweresohillylackingingoodsoilorheavilytimberedthatvillagescouldnotkeepgoingandsettlementwasthatofsolitaryherdsmenorshepherds.Someareashadbetteraccesstomarketthanothersandwerethereforemoreinvolvedincommercialagriculturethaninfarming.Largelandownersweremorelikelythansmalllandlordstoruntheirestatesandespeciallytheirdomainsmoresystematicallyandalsotokeepthoserecordsfromwhichwelearnmostofwhatweknowaboutthesubject.Someareashadneverbeenquitefeudalized;theirfarmersweremorefreefromlordshipandevenfromlandlordship.Someregionshadbeenrecentlysettledandtheirtenantshadbeenofferedliberaltermsoftenureinordertolurethemintothewilderness.Finallytherewasatimeelement;theexpansionandprosperitythatcharacterizedtheperiodfromthetwelfthtothefifteenthcenturyproducedormaintainedconditionswhichwereunsuitabletothestormierdaysprecedingortheleanonesfollowingit. ExpansioninEuropebetween1350and1450
Text4 "Thereisasenselessnotionthatchildrengrowupandleavehomewhentheyare18andthetruthisfarfromthat"sayssociologistLaryBumpassoftheUniversityofWisconsin.Todayunexpectednumbersofyoungadultsarelivingwiththeirparents."Thereisamajorshiftinthemiddleclass"declaressociologistAllasnSchnaibergofNorthwesternUniversitywhoseson19movedbackinafteranabsenceofeightmonths. Analystsciteavarietyofreasonsforthisreturntothenest.Themarriageageisrisingaconditionthatmakeshomeanditspleasantnessparticularlyattractivetoyoungpeople.Ahighdivorcerateandadecliningremarriageratearesendingeconomicallypressedandemotionallyhurtsurvivorsbacktoparentalshelters.Forsometheexpenseofanaway-from-homecollegeeducationhasbecomesoexcessivelygreatthatmanystudentsnowattendlocalschools.Evenaftergraduationyoungpeoplefindtheir.wingsclippedbyskyrocketinghousingcosts. LivingathomesaysKnightonaschoolteachercontinuestogivehersecurityandmoralsupport.Hismotheragreed"It’sridiculousforthekidstopayallthatmoneyforrent.Itmakessenseforkidstostayathome."Butsharingthefamilyhomerequiresadjustmentsforall.Therearethehasslesoverbathroomstelephonesandprivacy.Somefamilieshowevermanagethedelicatebalancingact.Butforothersitprovestoodifficult.MichelleDelTurco24hasbeenhomethreetimes--andleftthreetimes."WhatIconsideredasocialdrinkmydadconsideredanalcoholproblem"sheexplains."HeneverlikedanyoneIdatedsoIeitherhadtohideawayormeetthematfriends’houses." JusthowlongshouldadultchildrenlivewiththeirparentsbeforemovingonMostpsychologistsfeellengthyhomecomingsareamistake.Childrenstrugglingtoestablishseparateidentitiescanendupwith"asenseofinadequacydefeatandfailure."Andagingparentswhoshouldbeenjoyingsomefinancialandpersonalfreedomfindthemselvesstuckwithresponsibilities.Manyagreethatbriefvisitshowevercanworkbeneficially. Accordingtothetexttherewasoncea'trendintheU.S.
Text1 Onekeyanswertotheproblemoffindingandkeepingcustomers--andturningtheirgoodwillintosales--ishavinggoodcustomerrelationshipmanagementCRM.CRM’sgoalistocreateacooperationamongsalesmarketingandcustomer-serviceactivitieswithinanorganizationinordertoobtainandretaincustomers.CRMontheInternet--e-CRM--usesWebtechnologytocreatesuchacooperation. E-CRMmeansdifferentthingstodifferentcompanies.Someentere-CRMthroughtraditionalcontact-managementandsales-forceautomationsoftwarefromsuchvendorsasGoldMineSoftwareCorp.orInteractCommerceCorp.Manycompaniesseee-CRMasanaturalextensionoftheircallcenters.Inanidealsystemhistoricalinformationsuchascustomers’buyingpreferencesorcircumstantialinformationsuchascustomer-contractvolumescanlaunchactionsanddatascreens.FinallycompanieswithcorporateenterpriseresourceplanningERPsystemsseee-CRMasanaturalpartofcomputer-facilitatedmanagement. Youdon’tneedtobeginonagrandscale;youcantakesmallstepstowardacomprehensivee-CRMsystemwithexperiencedcontactmanagementcompaniessuchasCommenceCorp.GoldMineSoftwareCorp.InteractCommerceCorp.andMultiactiveSoftware.GoldMine5.0isaimedatteamsof1to50userswhowanttotrackreferandactontelephoneande-mailcontactsfromcustomers.Theusersneedn’tresideonalocalnetworktocoordinateanaction.AlleachuserneedsisanIPaddress.GoldMineFrontOfficeofferstemplatesforspecificindustries;thesedefinerolesandrelationshipsandincluderulesforworkflowprocesses.SimilarlyInteractCommerceCorp.hasamulti-layerproductfamilyincludingACT2000andSalesLogix2000.Eachcanintegratetheactivitiesofsalesmarketingandsupportteams. Smallerorganizationscanalsotakeadvantageoftheservicesofdot-comcompaniessuchassalesforcecomandUpShot.comwhichfocusprimarilyonsales-forceautomation.Thesecompanieswillputyourbasice-CRMservicesonlineforunder$50peruserpermonth.Onthedownsideyoudon’tgetmuchcustomizationorintegration. Somee-CRMcompanieshavefeweroptionsandoftenconcentrateonverticalmarkets.JannaSystemsforexamplespecializesine-CRMsolutionsforthefinancialservicesindustry.SomecompaniessuchaseGainCommunicationsCorp.andTalismaCorp.specializeine-mailbasedCRMandofferbothhostedandonlineservices.SocratesTechnologiesCorp.takestheonlineASPapproachandofferstheSalesLogix2000suiteontheWebalongwithothere-businessapplications. Towhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree
Text1 Onekeyanswertotheproblemoffindingandkeepingcustomers--andturningtheirgoodwillintosales--ishavinggoodcustomerrelationshipmanagementCRM.CRM’sgoalistocreateacooperationamongsalesmarketingandcustomer-serviceactivitieswithinanorganizationinordertoobtainandretaincustomers.CRMontheInternet--e-CRM--usesWebtechnologytocreatesuchacooperation. E-CRMmeansdifferentthingstodifferentcompanies.Someentere-CRMthroughtraditionalcontact-managementandsales-forceautomationsoftwarefromsuchvendorsasGoldMineSoftwareCorp.orInteractCommerceCorp.Manycompaniesseee-CRMasanaturalextensionoftheircallcenters.Inanidealsystemhistoricalinformationsuchascustomers’buyingpreferencesorcircumstantialinformationsuchascustomer-contractvolumescanlaunchactionsanddatascreens.FinallycompanieswithcorporateenterpriseresourceplanningERPsystemsseee-CRMasanaturalpartofcomputer-facilitatedmanagement. Youdon’tneedtobeginonagrandscale;youcantakesmallstepstowardacomprehensivee-CRMsystemwithexperiencedcontactmanagementcompaniessuchasCommenceCorp.GoldMineSoftwareCorp.InteractCommerceCorp.andMultiactiveSoftware.GoldMine5.0isaimedatteamsof1to50userswhowanttotrackreferandactontelephoneande-mailcontactsfromcustomers.Theusersneedn’tresideonalocalnetworktocoordinateanaction.AlleachuserneedsisanIPaddress.GoldMineFrontOfficeofferstemplatesforspecificindustries;thesedefinerolesandrelationshipsandincluderulesforworkflowprocesses.SimilarlyInteractCommerceCorp.hasamulti-layerproductfamilyincludingACT2000andSalesLogix2000.Eachcanintegratetheactivitiesofsalesmarketingandsupportteams. Smallerorganizationscanalsotakeadvantageoftheservicesofdot-comcompaniessuchassalesforcecomandUpShot.comwhichfocusprimarilyonsales-forceautomation.Thesecompanieswillputyourbasice-CRMservicesonlineforunder$50peruserpermonth.Onthedownsideyoudon’tgetmuchcustomizationorintegration. Somee-CRMcompanieshavefeweroptionsandoftenconcentrateonverticalmarkets.JannaSystemsforexamplespecializesine-CRMsolutionsforthefinancialservicesindustry.SomecompaniessuchaseGainCommunicationsCorp.andTalismaCorp.specializeine-mailbasedCRMandofferbothhostedandonlineservices.SocratesTechnologiesCorp.takestheonlineASPapproachandofferstheSalesLogix2000suiteontheWebalongwithothere-businessapplications. ThephraseOnthedownsideLine3Paragraph4denotes
Trainingisintendedprimarilyfortheserviceofsociety;educationisprimarilyfortheindividual.Societyneedsdoctorslawyersengineersteacherstoperformspecifictasksnecessarytoitsoperationjustasitneedscarpentersandplumbersandstenographers速记员. 41______Andtheseneedsourtrainingcenters--theprofessionalandtradeschoolsfill.Butalthougheducationisfortheimprovementoftheindividualitalsoservessocietybyprovidingaleaveningofmenofunderstandingofperceptionandwisdom. 42______Theyservesocietybyexaminingitsfunctionappraisingitsneedsandcriticizingitsdirection.Theymaybeearningtheirlivingsbypracticingoneoftheprofessionsorinpursuingatradeorbyengaginginbusinessenterprise.Theymayberichorpoor.Theymayoccupypositionsofpowerandprestigeortheymaybeengagedinsomehumbleemployment.Withoutthemhoweversocietyeitherdisintegratesorelsebecomesananthill. 43_______.Intheonetherecruitistrainingtobecomeaprofessionalbaseballplayerwhowillmakealivingandservesocietybyplayingbaseball;intheotherheistrainingonlytoimprovehisownbodyandmusculature.Thetrainingatthebaseballcampisallrelevant.Therecruitmayspendhourspracticinghowtoslideintosecondbasenotbecauseitisaparticularlyusefulformofcalisthenics柔软体操butbecauseitisrelevanttothegame.Theexercisewouldstopiftheruleswerechangedsothatslidingtoabasewasmadeillegal.Similarlythecandidateforthepitchingstaffspendsalotoftimethrowingabaseballnotbecauseitwillimprovehisphysique--itmayhavequitetheoppositeeffectbutbecausepitchingistobehisprincipalfunctionontheteam.Atthegymexerciseshavenosuchrelevance. 44______ 45______WhatistaughtatlawschoolisthepresentlawofthelandnottheNapoleonicCodeoreventhearchaiclawsthathavebeenscratchedfromthestatutebooks.Andatmedicalschooltooitismodernmedicalpracticethatistaughtwhichisrelevanttoconditionstoday.Andtheplumber水管工人andthecarpenterandtheelectricianandthemason泥瓦匠learnonlywhatisrelevanttothepracticeoftheirrespectivetradesinthisdaywiththetoolsandmaterialsthatarepresentlyavailableandthatconformtothebuildingcode. A.Educationreferstotheknowledgeorskillobtainedordevelopedbyalearningprocess. B.Theyareourintellectualleadersthecriticsofourculturethedefendersofourfreetraditionstheinstigatorsofourprogress. C.Theintentionistostrengthenthebodyingeneralandwhenthememberssitdownonthefloorwiththeirlegsoutstretchedandpracticetouchingtheirfingerstotheirtoesitisnotbecausetheyhopetobecomegalleyslavesperhapstheonlyoccupationwherethatparticularexercisewouldberelevant. D.Thedifferencebetweenthetwotypesofstudyislikethedifferencebetweenthedisciplineandexerciseinaprofessionalbaseballtrainingcampandthatofagym. E.Trainingsuppliestheimmediateandspecificneedsofsocietysothattheworkoftheworldmaycontinue. F.Ingeneralrelevancyisafacetoftrainingratherthanofeducation. G.Trainingistomakeproficientwithspecializedinstructionandpractice. 43
Text1 Onekeyanswertotheproblemoffindingandkeepingcustomers--andturningtheirgoodwillintosales--ishavinggoodcustomerrelationshipmanagementCRM.CRM’sgoalistocreateacooperationamongsalesmarketingandcustomer-serviceactivitieswithinanorganizationinordertoobtainandretaincustomers.CRMontheInternet--e-CRM--usesWebtechnologytocreatesuchacooperation. E-CRMmeansdifferentthingstodifferentcompanies.Someentere-CRMthroughtraditionalcontact-managementandsales-forceautomationsoftwarefromsuchvendorsasGoldMineSoftwareCorp.orInteractCommerceCorp.Manycompaniesseee-CRMasanaturalextensionoftheircallcenters.Inanidealsystemhistoricalinformationsuchascustomers’buyingpreferencesorcircumstantialinformationsuchascustomer-contractvolumescanlaunchactionsanddatascreens.FinallycompanieswithcorporateenterpriseresourceplanningERPsystemsseee-CRMasanaturalpartofcomputer-facilitatedmanagement. Youdon’tneedtobeginonagrandscale;youcantakesmallstepstowardacomprehensivee-CRMsystemwithexperiencedcontactmanagementcompaniessuchasCommenceCorp.GoldMineSoftwareCorp.InteractCommerceCorp.andMultiactiveSoftware.GoldMine5.0isaimedatteamsof1to50userswhowanttotrackreferandactontelephoneande-mailcontactsfromcustomers.Theusersneedn’tresideonalocalnetworktocoordinateanaction.AlleachuserneedsisanIPaddress.GoldMineFrontOfficeofferstemplatesforspecificindustries;thesedefinerolesandrelationshipsandincluderulesforworkflowprocesses.SimilarlyInteractCommerceCorp.hasamulti-layerproductfamilyincludingACT2000andSalesLogix2000.Eachcanintegratetheactivitiesofsalesmarketingandsupportteams. Smallerorganizationscanalsotakeadvantageoftheservicesofdot-comcompaniessuchassalesforcecomandUpShot.comwhichfocusprimarilyonsales-forceautomation.Thesecompanieswillputyourbasice-CRMservicesonlineforunder$50peruserpermonth.Onthedownsideyoudon’tgetmuchcustomizationorintegration. Somee-CRMcompanieshavefeweroptionsandoftenconcentrateonverticalmarkets.JannaSystemsforexamplespecializesine-CRMsolutionsforthefinancialservicesindustry.SomecompaniessuchaseGainCommunicationsCorp.andTalismaCorp.specializeine-mailbasedCRMandofferbothhostedandonlineservices.SocratesTechnologiesCorp.takestheonlineASPapproachandofferstheSalesLogix2000suiteontheWebalongwithothere-businessapplications. CompaniesworkingonCRMaimat
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 5
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 13
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 3
MyeldestdaughterlanInternetconsultantisonly30butshehasalreadylivedinfivedifferenthousesinfivedifferentplacesandhashadaboutsixdifferentjobs.EverytimeIvisitherInoticehowmanynewthingsthereareinherhouseandhowmanythingslieunusedoutofdate.Whatisevenmorestrikingishowmanythingstherearewhicharenotexpectedtolast--disposablethings.Disposableplatesandglassesdisposabletowelsandbabies’nappies.Itsometimesseemsthatweliveinanageofthedisposable. 46Thisphenomenonofconstantchangerunsthrougheverythinginlifenowadaysfromfashiontomusicfrommedicinetomotorcarsfromeducationtoemployment.Twoimportantfactoriesseemtobedrivingthesechanges.Thefirstistherapidgrowthinknowledgeandtheconsequentrapiddevelopmentoftechnology.Thesecondistherevolutionincommunicationswhichmeansthatknowledgeisspreadfasterandmorewidelythanever.Ourtimesareoftencalled"theinformationage"and.theeffectistobringabout"theknowledgeeconomy."Newtechnologiesandnewknowledgebringabouttheneedfornewskills.47Thespeedwithwhichthesetechnologiesarebeingcreatedissuchthatallofusarefacedwiththechallengeoflearningnewskillsnotjustoncebutseveraltimes.Whatweknewyesterdayisoftenobsoletetoday. Iremembermydaughtersayingtomethatshewasat"thecuttingedge"ofherparticularfield.Butwithinfiveyearsshesaidshewouldhavetodosomethingnewanddifferenttokeepup.Thereisagreaterneedforflexibilityandproblem-solvingthanbefore.Tasksrequireagreaterintegrationofskills.48Therewardsoflifegotothemulti-skilledtoflexibleteamsofworkerseachcapableofcontributinginarangeofways.49Tosucceedinthisnewworldofworkindividualswillhavetoregardtheircareersnotjustasaprocessofgatheringexperiencebutasaprocessoflearningnewthingsonanalmostcontinuousbasis.Allthissuggeststomethattherelationshipbetweeneducationandemploymenthaschangedradicallyoverthelastfewyears. 50OnecouldsummarizethechangebysayingthatwhenIgrewupIlearnedthingsinordertoachievelife-longemploymentwhilemychildrenneedtopursuelife-longlearninginordertostayemployed. 47
Text3 Ifanoccupationcensushadbeentakenintheeleventhcenturyitwouldprobablyhaverevealedthatquite90percentofthepeoplewerecountyinhabitantswhodrewtheirlivelihoodfromfarmingherdingfishingortheforest.Anairphotographtakenatthattimewouldhaverevealedspottedvillageslinkedtogetherbyunsurfacedroadsandseparatedbyexpansesofforestorswamp.Thereweresometownsbutfewofthemhousedmorethan10000persons.Asecondpicturetakeninthemid-fourteenthcenturywouldshowthatthevillageshadgrownmorenumerousandalsomorewidespreadforEuropeanshadpushedtheirfrontieroutwardbysettlingnewareas.Therewouldbemorepeopleontheroadsriversandseascarryingfoodorrawmaterialstotownswhichhadincreasedinnumbersizeandimportance.Butaphotographtakenabout1450wouldrevealthatlittlefurtherexpansionhadtakenplaceduringtheprecedinghundredyears. Anyattempttodescribethecountrysideduringthosecenturiesispreventedbytwodifficulties.InthefirstplacewehavetoexaminethegreaterpartofEurope’s3750000squaremilesandnotmerelytheMediterraneanlands.Inthesecondplacetheinhabitantsofthatwideexpanserefusetofitintoourstandardpatternortostandstill. In1450mostEuropeansprobablylivedinvillagesbutsomeregionsweresohillylackingingoodsoilorheavilytimberedthatvillagescouldnotkeepgoingandsettlementwasthatofsolitaryherdsmenorshepherds.Someareashadbetteraccesstomarketthanothersandwerethereforemoreinvolvedincommercialagriculturethaninfarming.Largelandownersweremorelikelythansmalllandlordstoruntheirestatesandespeciallytheirdomainsmoresystematicallyandalsotokeepthoserecordsfromwhichwelearnmostofwhatweknowaboutthesubject.Someareashadneverbeenquitefeudalized;theirfarmersweremorefreefromlordshipandevenfromlandlordship.Someregionshadbeenrecentlysettledandtheirtenantshadbeenofferedliberaltermsoftenureinordertolurethemintothewilderness.Finallytherewasatimeelement;theexpansionandprosperitythatcharacterizedtheperiodfromthetwelfthtothefifteenthcenturyproducedormaintainedconditionswhichwereunsuitabletothestormierdaysprecedingortheleanonesfollowingit. Somelandlordsmadeagreementscomparativelyfavourabletofarmersinthattheywantedto
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