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Text 4 "There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when they are 18, and ...
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在横线上填上运算符号或括号使等式成立．4444=144+44=24444=34444=4．
化简下列各式﹣﹣4=+﹣4=﹣|﹣4|=+|﹣4|=．
推理填空如图EF∥AD∠1＝∠2∠BAC＝80°．求∠AGD． 解∵EF∥AD ∴∠2＝ ∵
有一个VBA计算程序的功能如下该程序用户界面由4个文本框和3个按钮组成4个文本框的名称分别为Text
4.04从右边起第一个4在位上表示4个第二个4在位上表示4个它比4.004．
上面计数器上的数位最高位是位左边的4表示4个中间的4表示4个右边的4表示4个．
0.424中最左边的4表示4个0.1最右边的4表示4个0.01．．判断对错
例4在下面添上运算符号和小括号组成3个不同的等式使得数都是2．4444=24444=24444=2
下列等式成立的是
-|-4|-|4|=0
-4-4=0
|-4|-|4|=0
-4-|-4|=0
24.04是位小数左边的4在位上表示4个右边的4在位上表示4个．
5.00分在4.04中左边的4在位它表示右边的4在位它表示左边的4是右边的4的倍．
下列式子可以用=连接的是
5+4
12-5
7+（-4）
7-（+4）
2+4（-2）
-12
2（3-4）
23-4
有一组数据44346410这组数据的平均数是中位数是众数是．
有一个VBA计算程序的功能如下该程序用户界面由4个文本框和3个按钮组成4个文本框的名称分别为Text
4是5的%4比5少%5比4多%．
在4.04中左边的4在位它表示右边的4在位它表示左边的4是右边的4的倍．
巧填+﹣×÷使等式成立．4444=14444=54444=24444=9．
找规律在横线上填入适当的数.145494134．
一个比的后项是4比值是4前项是假如这个比的前项是4比值是4后项是．
巧填+﹣×÷使等式成立．4444=14444=54444=24444=94444=34444=15．
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IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Nikeisoneofthemostpowerfulmarketingcompaniesinthebusinessworldtodaybutithadverysmallbeginnings.Theglobalgiantcompanywithrevenuesin1996of$US6.4billionandprofitsof$553millionstartedinthe1960swiththecompany’sfounderssellingcheapJapanesesportsshoestoAmericanhighschoolathletesatschooltrackmeetingsusingasupplyofshoestheykeptintheircar. OneofNike’sfoundersPhillipHampsonKnighthadbeenatopathletewhenhewasattheUniversityofOregon.HemovedontobecomeastudentatStanfordBusinessSchoolbutretainedhisinterestinsport.41______ SubSequentlyKnightvisitedJapananddiscoveredamanufacturerwhofittedthemodeloftheidealfirm--OnituskaTigerCompanywhichmadeitsowninexpensivehigh-qualityrunningshoes. 42______Hesuggestedtohisoldcollegetrackcoach.BillBowermanthattheycouldworktogetherusingtheirskillsandinterestsinsportandbusinessandcapitaliseonthecheapercostofsportsshoesfromJapan.In1964theyeachcontributed$500toimportTigershoeswhichKnightbegansellingfromhiscarathigh-schooltrackmeets. 43______KnightandBowermandevelopedtheirownbrandnameNikenamedaftertheGreekwingedgoddessofvictory.TheypaidalocaldesignstudentatPortlandStateUniversity$35tocreatethefamous"Swoosh"logoandBowermancreatedtheinnovativepatterncalledthewaffle-soledesignbyusinghiswife’swaffleirontoimposethepatternonthesoleoftheshoe.By1972Nikebegan’designingitsownshoesandwascontractingproductionouttofactoriesinAsia.WithexcellenttimingandafairshareofgoodluckthefoundersofNikewereperfectlyplacedtocashinonAmerica’ssportsleisureboomduringthe1970swhenmillionsofAmericansbeganjoggingandrunningaspartoftheirpersonalcampaignstokeepfitandhealthy. 44______ButattheheartofitsconstantcampaignisthestarathleteaprinciplethatwasputinplaceearlyinthehugeAmericancompany’smarketingplans. 45______OtherendorsementscamesoonafterthatsuchasleadingAmericantennisplayerJimmyConnorswhowontheWimbledonandtheUSOpenGrandSlamtennistournamentsin1974wearingNiketennisshoes.In1985themanwhowouldbecomeoneofNike’sbiggestsuccessesChicagoBullsrookiebasketballplayerMichaelJordanendorsedhisfirstlineof"AirJordan"Shoes.TheendorsementsbystarplayersencouragingordinaryconsumerstobuythesportsgearofthestarsanddreamofbeingchampionsthemselvessawNikesellingcloseto$USIbillionworthofrunningbasketballandtennisshoesin1986whilecreatingtheirfirstsportsclothesundertheNikelabel. A.NowadaysNike’sproductsincludenotonlybasketballandtennisshoesbutalsosportsclothessportsbagssportscapsetc. B.BackintheUSKnightgottothinkthathecouldactuallyputhisknowledgeintopracticeandmakemoney. C.In1973thenewlyformedcompanyimplementeditsfirstandmostimportantmarketingstrategyendorsingitsfirststarathleterunningstarStevePrefontainewhointurnusedandpraisedNikefootwear. D.ToreinforceitsdominantworldwidepresenceNikespent$US642millionin1996onadvertisingandpromotion. E.ThenameofNikecomesfromthegoddessofvictoryinGreekmythology. F.AtStanfordhebroughthisenthusiasmfortracksportstohisstudieswritingapaperon howtocreateacheaperbetterrunningshoeusingJapaneselabourwhichwascheaperthanAmerican. G.WorriedthattheJapanesecompanymightfindamoreestablishedtlistributor. 41
Text4 ThereisextraordinaryexposureintheUnitedStatestotherisksofinjuryanddeathfrommotorvehicleaccidents.Morethan80percentofallhouseholdsownpassengercars.orlighttrucksandeachoftheseisdrivenanaverageofmorethan11000mileseachyear.Almostone-halfoffatallyinjureddrivershaveabloodalcoholconcentrationBACof0.Ipercentorhigher.Fortheaverageadultoverfiveouncesof80proofspiritswouldhavetobeconsumedoverashortperiodoftimetoattaintheselevels.Onethirdofdriverswhohavebeendrinkingbutfewerthan4percentofalldriversdemonstratetheselevels.Althoughlessthan1percentofdriveswithBACsof0.1percentormoreareinvolvedinfatalcrashedtheprobabilityoftheirinvolvementsis27timeshigherthanforthosewithoutalcoholintheirblood.Thereareanumberofdifferentapproachestoreducinginjuriesinwhichdrinkingplaysarole.Basedontheobservationthatexcessiveconsumptioncorrelateswiththetotalalcoholconsumptionofthecountry’spopulationithasbeensuggestedthathighertaxesonalcoholwouldreduceboth.Whiletheheaviestdrinkerswouldbetaxedthemostanyonewhodrinksatallwouldbepunishedbythisapproach. Tomakedrinkinganddrivingacriminaloffenseisanapproachdirectedonlyatdrinkingdrivers.InsomestatesthelawempowerspolicetorequestbreathtestsofdriverscommittinganytrafficoffenseandhigherBACcanbebasisforarrest.TheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationestimateshoweverthatevenwithincreasedarreststhereareabout700violationsforeveryarrest.Atthislevelthereislittleevidencethatlawsareeffectivewaystoreducedrunkdriving.InBritainmotorvehicleaccidentsfell25percentimmediatelyfollowingimplementationofheRoadSafetyActin1967.AsBritishersincreasinglyrecognizedthattheycoulddrinkandnotbestoppedtheeffectivenessdeclinedalthoughinthefollowingthreeyearsthedeath-rateseldomreachedthatobservedinthesevenyearspriortotheAct. WhetherpenaltiesfordrivingwithahighBACorexcessivetaxationonconsumptionofalcoholicdrinkwilldetertheexcessivedrinkerresponsibleformostaccidentsisunclear.Onethingisclearhoweverunlesswedealwithautomobileandhighwaysafetyandreduceaccidentsinwhichalcoholicdrinkingplaysarolemanywillcontinuetodie. Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith
Text1 Aneweraisuponus.Callitwhatyouwill:theserviceeconomytheinformationagetheknowledgesociety.Itisalltranslatedtoafundamentalchangeinthewaywework.Alreadywe’vepartlybeenthere.ThepercentageofpeoplewhoearntheirlivingbymakingthingshasfallendramaticallyintheWesteniWorld.TodaythemajorityofjobsinAmericaEuropeandJapantwothirdsormoreinmanyofthesecountriesareintheserviceindustryandthenumberisontherise.Morewomenareintheworkforcethaneverbefore.Therearemoreparttimejobs.Morepeopleareself-employed.Butthebreadthoftheeconomictransformationcan’tbemeasuredbynumbersalonebecauseitisalsogivingrisetoaradicalnewwayofthinkingaboutthenatureofworkitself.Long-heldnotionsaboutjobsandcareerstheskillsneededtosucceedeventherelationbetweenindividualsandemployers--allthesearebeingchanged. WehaveonlytolookbehindustogetsomesenseofwhatmaylieaheadNoonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhaveforeseenthewaysinwhichdsingleinventionthechip蕊片wouldtransformourworldthankstoitsapplicationsinpersonalcomputersdigitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.Tomorrow’sachievementsinbiotechnologyartificialIntelligenceorevensomestillunimaginedtechnologycouldproduceasimilarwaveofdramaticchanges.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevitalandthepeoplewhopossessitwhethertheyworkinmanufacturingorserviceswillhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.Computerknowledgewillbecomeasbasicarequirementastheabilitytoreadandwrite.Theabilitytosolveproblemsbyapplyinginformationinsteadofperformingroutinetaskswillbeaboveallelse.Ifyoucastyourmindahead10yearsinformationserviceswillbepredominant.Itwillbethewayyoudoyourjob. Acharacteristicoftheinformationageisthat
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Text3 Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"flowto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempiricalaspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterviewwhichseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.’FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodemWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthananyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview. Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaders’listenersandviewers.Evensotheunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Westernersarefamiliarwiththejournalisticinterview
Hewlett-PackardhasregardeditsproposedacquisitionofCompaqComputerasaboldmovetobuildaportfolioofcomputingsystemsandservicestotakeonIBMandDellComputer.Ithasarguedthatthe$24billiondealwouldstrengthenthecompany’ssalesofpersonalcomputersdata-servingcomputersandtechnologyconsulting. 46ButbehindthedealisanotherHewlett-Packardambition:toextendthereachofitsdominantprintingandimagingdivisionwhichregistered$20billioninsalesthisyear43percentofthecompany’srevenue. InthelasttwodecadesHewlett-Packardbuiltitselfintotheworld’slargestvendorofdesktopprinters.Ithaddonesounderth6commandofRichardA.HackbomnowaHewlett-Packardboardmemberandaleadingadvocateofthemerger.47Todaythecompanytestssomanyprintersinksandpapersthatifonecouldstackupallthetestsheetsprintedduringanaveragemonththepilewouldreach6000feet. 48Theprinterdivisioniswidelyregardedasthecompany’scrownjewelbuthowHewlettcarbestexploititisamatterofdispute.WalterHewletttheoldestsonofthecompany’sco-founderandothercriticsoftheCompaqacquisitionarguethatthedealwilldilutetheprintingbusinessbyburyingitinanevenlargerslower-movingcomputercompany.Thedivision’s$2billioninoperatingprofitsthisyearproppedupHewlett-Packard’ssaggingcomputerbusinesswhichlost$450million. 49SomeanalystshaveadvocatedthatinsteadofmergingtobecomealargercompanyHewlett-Packardshouldselloffitsotherbusinessesandfocusonsellingmoreprintersandimagingdeviceslikedigitalcamerasandscannerswhichincreasesalesofinkcartridgesandpaper. Thecompanyhoweversaysithasnointentionofnarrowingitsscope.InsteadproponentsofthemergersaytheacquisitionwillfixHewlett’scomputingbusinessfreeingupmoreresearchanddevelopmentmoneyfortheprintingdivisiontotacklenewmarketslikethe$400-billion-a-yearcommercialprintingbusiness. Hewlett-PackardwantstodrivethistransitiontodigitalpublishingmuchasIBMthroughacombinationofproductsandserviceshelpedbusinessespushintoonlinesalesinthelate-1990’s.50Ifthestrategyissuccessfulitwouldresultinasurgeindigitalfilesthatwouldstimulatesalesofthepowerfulcomputingsystemsneededtocreatestoreandmovethefiles.TodothatHewlett-Packardarguesitmustbecomelargerandstronger.Thebiggeritisthemoreinfluenceitwillhaveoncorporatetechnologymanagers. 47Todaythecompanytestssomanyprintersinksandpapersthatifonecouldstackupallthetestsheetsprintedduringanaveragemonththepilewouldreach6000feet.
Nikeisoneofthemostpowerfulmarketingcompaniesinthebusinessworldtodaybutithadverysmallbeginnings.Theglobalgiantcompanywithrevenuesin1996of$US6.4billionandprofitsof$553millionstartedinthe1960swiththecompany’sfounderssellingcheapJapanesesportsshoestoAmericanhighschoolathletesatschooltrackmeetingsusingasupplyofshoestheykeptintheircar. OneofNike’sfoundersPhillipHampsonKnighthadbeenatopathletewhenhewasattheUniversityofOregon.HemovedontobecomeastudentatStanfordBusinessSchoolbutretainedhisinterestinsport.41______ SubSequentlyKnightvisitedJapananddiscoveredamanufacturerwhofittedthemodeloftheidealfirm--OnituskaTigerCompanywhichmadeitsowninexpensivehigh-qualityrunningshoes. 42______Hesuggestedtohisoldcollegetrackcoach.BillBowermanthattheycouldworktogetherusingtheirskillsandinterestsinsportandbusinessandcapitaliseonthecheapercostofsportsshoesfromJapan.In1964theyeachcontributed$500toimportTigershoeswhichKnightbegansellingfromhiscarathigh-schooltrackmeets. 43______KnightandBowermandevelopedtheirownbrandnameNikenamedaftertheGreekwingedgoddessofvictory.TheypaidalocaldesignstudentatPortlandStateUniversity$35tocreatethefamous"Swoosh"logoandBowermancreatedtheinnovativepatterncalledthewaffle-soledesignbyusinghiswife’swaffleirontoimposethepatternonthesoleoftheshoe.By1972Nikebegan’designingitsownshoesandwascontractingproductionouttofactoriesinAsia.WithexcellenttimingandafairshareofgoodluckthefoundersofNikewereperfectlyplacedtocashinonAmerica’ssportsleisureboomduringthe1970swhenmillionsofAmericansbeganjoggingandrunningaspartoftheirpersonalcampaignstokeepfitandhealthy. 44______ButattheheartofitsconstantcampaignisthestarathleteaprinciplethatwasputinplaceearlyinthehugeAmericancompany’smarketingplans. 45______OtherendorsementscamesoonafterthatsuchasleadingAmericantennisplayerJimmyConnorswhowontheWimbledonandtheUSOpenGrandSlamtennistournamentsin1974wearingNiketennisshoes.In1985themanwhowouldbecomeoneofNike’sbiggestsuccessesChicagoBullsrookiebasketballplayerMichaelJordanendorsedhisfirstlineof"AirJordan"Shoes.TheendorsementsbystarplayersencouragingordinaryconsumerstobuythesportsgearofthestarsanddreamofbeingchampionsthemselvessawNikesellingcloseto$USIbillionworthofrunningbasketballandtennisshoesin1986whilecreatingtheirfirstsportsclothesundertheNikelabel. A.NowadaysNike’sproductsincludenotonlybasketballandtennisshoesbutalsosportsclothessportsbagssportscapsetc. B.BackintheUSKnightgottothinkthathecouldactuallyputhisknowledgeintopracticeandmakemoney. C.In1973thenewlyformedcompanyimplementeditsfirstandmostimportantmarketingstrategyendorsingitsfirststarathleterunningstarStevePrefontainewhointurnusedandpraisedNikefootwear. D.ToreinforceitsdominantworldwidepresenceNikespent$US642millionin1996onadvertisingandpromotion. E.ThenameofNikecomesfromthegoddessofvictoryinGreekmythology. F.AtStanfordhebroughthisenthusiasmfortracksportstohisstudieswritingapaperon howtocreateacheaperbetterrunningshoeusingJapaneselabourwhichwascheaperthanAmerican. G.WorriedthattheJapanesecompanymightfindamoreestablishedtlistributor. 43
Text2 Thetopicofthoughtisoneareaofpsychologyandmanyobservershaveconsideredthisaspectinconnecionwithrobotsandcomputers:someoftheoldworriesaboutAlartificialintelligencewerecloselylinkedtothequestionofwhether’computerscouldthink.Thefirstmassiveelectroniccomputerscapableofrapidifoftenunreliablecomputationandlittleornocreativeactivityweresoonnamed"electronicbrains".Areactiontothisterminologyquicklyfollowed.Toputthemintheirplacecomputerswerecalled"high-speedidiots"anefforttoprotecthumanvanity.Butnoteveryonerealizedtheimplicationsoftheexpression:"high-speedidiot".Ithasnotbeenpointedoutoftenenoughthateventhehumanidiotisoneofthemostintelligentlifeformsontheearth.Iftheearlycomputerswereeventhatintelligentitwasalreadyaremarkablestateofaffairs. Oneconsequencefromstudyingthepossibilityofcomputerthoughtwasthatwewereforcedtoexaminewithnewcaretheideaofthoughtingeneral.Itsoonbecameclearthatwewerenotsurewhatwemeantbysuchtermsasthoughtandthinking.Wetendtoassumethathumanbeingsthinksomemorethanothersthoughweoftencallpeoplethoughtlessorunthinking.Dreamscauseaproblempartlybecausetheyusuallyhappenoutsideourcontrol.TheyareobviouslysometypesofmentalexperiencebutaretheyatypeofthinkingAndthequestionofnonhumanlifeformsaddsfurtherproblems.Manyofuswouldmaintainthatsomeofthehigheranimals--dogscatsapesandsoon--arecapableofatleastbasicthoughtbutwhataboutfishandinsectsItiscertainlytruethatthehighermammalsshowcomplexbrainactivitywhentestedwiththeappropriateequipment.Ifthinkingisdemonstratedbyevidentelectricalactivityinthebrainthenmanyanimalspeciesarecapableofthought.’Oncewehaveformulatedclearideasonwhatthoughtisinbiologicalcreaturesitwillbeeasiertodiscussthequestionofthoughtinartificialmachines.OneofthegreatbenefitsofAIresearchisthatwearebeingforcedtoexaminemorecloselytheworkingofthehumanmind. Itisalreadyclearthatmachineshavesuperiormentalabilitiestomanylifeforms.Notreecanplaychessaswellaseventhesimplestcomputer;norcanfrogsrepaircarbodiesaswellasrobots.Itseemsthatviewedintermsofintellectthecomputershouldbesetwellaboveplantsandmostanimals.Onlythehigher’animalscancompetewithcomputerswithregardtointellect. ThewordidiotLine6ParA．1probablymeans
Text4 ThereisextraordinaryexposureintheUnitedStatestotherisksofinjuryanddeathfrommotorvehicleaccidents.Morethan80percentofallhouseholdsownpassengercars.orlighttrucksandeachoftheseisdrivenanaverageofmorethan11000mileseachyear.Almostone-halfoffatallyinjureddrivershaveabloodalcoholconcentrationBACof0.Ipercentorhigher.Fortheaverageadultoverfiveouncesof80proofspiritswouldhavetobeconsumedoverashortperiodoftimetoattaintheselevels.Onethirdofdriverswhohavebeendrinkingbutfewerthan4percentofalldriversdemonstratetheselevels.Althoughlessthan1percentofdriveswithBACsof0.1percentormoreareinvolvedinfatalcrashedtheprobabilityoftheirinvolvementsis27timeshigherthanforthosewithoutalcoholintheirblood.Thereareanumberofdifferentapproachestoreducinginjuriesinwhichdrinkingplaysarole.Basedontheobservationthatexcessiveconsumptioncorrelateswiththetotalalcoholconsumptionofthecountry’spopulationithasbeensuggestedthathighertaxesonalcoholwouldreduceboth.Whiletheheaviestdrinkerswouldbetaxedthemostanyonewhodrinksatallwouldbepunishedbythisapproach. Tomakedrinkinganddrivingacriminaloffenseisanapproachdirectedonlyatdrinkingdrivers.InsomestatesthelawempowerspolicetorequestbreathtestsofdriverscommittinganytrafficoffenseandhigherBACcanbebasisforarrest.TheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationestimateshoweverthatevenwithincreasedarreststhereareabout700violationsforeveryarrest.Atthislevelthereislittleevidencethatlawsareeffectivewaystoreducedrunkdriving.InBritainmotorvehicleaccidentsfell25percentimmediatelyfollowingimplementationofheRoadSafetyActin1967.AsBritishersincreasinglyrecognizedthattheycoulddrinkandnotbestoppedtheeffectivenessdeclinedalthoughinthefollowingthreeyearsthedeath-rateseldomreachedthatobservedinthesevenyearspriortotheAct. WhetherpenaltiesfordrivingwithahighBACorexcessivetaxationonconsumptionofalcoholicdrinkwilldetertheexcessivedrinkerresponsibleformostaccidentsisunclear.Onethingisclearhoweverunlesswedealwithautomobileandhighwaysafetyandreduceaccidentsinwhichalcoholicdrinkingplaysarolemanywillcontinuetodie. Theworddeterinthelastparagraphprobablymeans
Text4 BoththenumberandthepercentageofpeopleintheUnitedStatesinvolvedinnonagriculturalpursuitexpandedrapidlyduringthehalfcenturyfollowingtheCivilWarwithsomeofthemostdramaticincreasesoccurringinthedomainsoftransportationmanufacturingandtradeanddistribution.Thedevelopmentoftherailroadandtelegraphsystemsduringthemiddleofthenineteenthcenturyledtosignificantimprovementsinthespeedvolumeandregularityofshipmentsandcommunicationsmakingpossibleafundamentaltransformationintheproductionanddistributionofgoods. Inagriculturethetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthegrainelevatorsthecottonpressesthewarehousesandthecommodityexchangesthatseemedtosomanyofthenation’sfarmersthevisiblesignofavastconspiracyagainstthem.Inmanufacturingthetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofa"newfactorysystem"inwhichplantsbecamelargermorecomplexandmoresystematicallyorganizedandmanaged.Andindistributionthetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthejobber中间商thewholesalerand’themassretailer零售商.Thesechangesradicallyalteredthenatureofworkduringthehalfcenturybetween1870and1920. Tobesuretherewerestillsmallworkshopswhereskilledcraftspeoplemanufacturedproductsrangingfromnewspaperstocabinetstoplumbingfixtures.Therewerethesweatshopsincitytenementswheregroupsofmenandwomeninhouseholdsettingsmanufacturedclothingorcigarsonapieceworkbasis.Andtherewerefactoriesinoccupationssuchasmetalworkwhereindividualcontractorspresidedoverwhatwereessentiallyhandicraftproprietorshipsthatcoexisted withinasinglebuilding.Butasthenumberofwageearnersinmanufacturingrosefrom2.7millionin1888to4.5millionin1900to8.4millionin1920thenumberofhugeplantsliketheBaldwinLocomotiveWorksinPhiladelphiaburgeoned迅速成长asdidthesizeofaverageplant.TheBaldwinWorkshad600employeesin18553000in1875and8000in1900.By1920atleastinthenortheasternUnitedStateswheremostofthenation’smanufacturingwageearnerswereconcentratedthree-quartersofthoseworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100employeesand30percentworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100employees. Thewordfundamentalinline6Par1isclosestinmeaningto
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text3 Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"flowto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempiricalaspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterviewwhichseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.’FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodemWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthananyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview. Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaders’listenersandviewers.Evensotheunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Muchresearchhasbeendoneoninterviewsingeneral
Text4 BoththenumberandthepercentageofpeopleintheUnitedStatesinvolvedinnonagriculturalpursuitexpandedrapidlyduringthehalfcenturyfollowingtheCivilWarwithsomeofthemostdramaticincreasesoccurringinthedomainsoftransportationmanufacturingandtradeanddistribution.Thedevelopmentoftherailroadandtelegraphsystemsduringthemiddleofthenineteenthcenturyledtosignificantimprovementsinthespeedvolumeandregularityofshipmentsandcommunicationsmakingpossibleafundamentaltransformationintheproductionanddistributionofgoods. Inagriculturethetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthegrainelevatorsthecottonpressesthewarehousesandthecommodityexchangesthatseemedtosomanyofthenation’sfarmersthevisiblesignofavastconspiracyagainstthem.Inmanufacturingthetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofa"newfactorysystem"inwhichplantsbecamelargermorecomplexandmoresystematicallyorganizedandmanaged.Andindistributionthetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthejobber中间商thewholesalerand’themassretailer零售商.Thesechangesradicallyalteredthenatureofworkduringthehalfcenturybetween1870and1920. Tobesuretherewerestillsmallworkshopswhereskilledcraftspeoplemanufacturedproductsrangingfromnewspaperstocabinetstoplumbingfixtures.Therewerethesweatshopsincitytenementswheregroupsofmenandwomeninhouseholdsettingsmanufacturedclothingorcigarsonapieceworkbasis.Andtherewerefactoriesinoccupationssuchasmetalworkwhereindividualcontractorspresidedoverwhatwereessentiallyhandicraftproprietorshipsthatcoexisted withinasinglebuilding.Butasthenumberofwageearnersinmanufacturingrosefrom2.7millionin1888to4.5millionin1900to8.4millionin1920thenumberofhugeplantsliketheBaldwinLocomotiveWorksinPhiladelphiaburgeoned迅速成长asdidthesizeofaverageplant.TheBaldwinWorkshad600employeesin18553000in1875and8000in1900.By1920atleastinthenortheasternUnitedStateswheremostofthenation’smanufacturingwageearnerswereconcentratedthree-quartersofthoseworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100employeesand30percentworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100employees. WhichofthefollowingwasNOTmentionedaspartofthenewfactorysystem
Text1 Aneweraisuponus.Callitwhatyouwill:theserviceeconomytheinformationagetheknowledgesociety.Itisalltranslatedtoafundamentalchangeinthewaywework.Alreadywe’vepartlybeenthere.ThepercentageofpeoplewhoearntheirlivingbymakingthingshasfallendramaticallyintheWesteniWorld.TodaythemajorityofjobsinAmericaEuropeandJapantwothirdsormoreinmanyofthesecountriesareintheserviceindustryandthenumberisontherise.Morewomenareintheworkforcethaneverbefore.Therearemoreparttimejobs.Morepeopleareself-employed.Butthebreadthoftheeconomictransformationcan’tbemeasuredbynumbersalonebecauseitisalsogivingrisetoaradicalnewwayofthinkingaboutthenatureofworkitself.Long-heldnotionsaboutjobsandcareerstheskillsneededtosucceedeventherelationbetweenindividualsandemployers--allthesearebeingchanged. WehaveonlytolookbehindustogetsomesenseofwhatmaylieaheadNoonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhaveforeseenthewaysinwhichdsingleinventionthechip蕊片wouldtransformourworldthankstoitsapplicationsinpersonalcomputersdigitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.Tomorrow’sachievementsinbiotechnologyartificialIntelligenceorevensomestillunimaginedtechnologycouldproduceasimilarwaveofdramaticchanges.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevitalandthepeoplewhopossessitwhethertheyworkinmanufacturingorserviceswillhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.Computerknowledgewillbecomeasbasicarequirementastheabilitytoreadandwrite.Theabilitytosolveproblemsbyapplyinginformationinsteadofperformingroutinetaskswillbeaboveallelse.Ifyoucastyourmindahead10yearsinformationserviceswillbepredominant.Itwillbethewayyoudoyourjob. Byreferringtocomputersandotherinventionstheauthormeanstosaythat
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Text3 Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"flowto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempiricalaspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterviewwhichseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.’FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodemWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthananyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview. Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaders’listenersandviewers.Evensotheunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Thearticleismostlikelyapartof
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Hewlett-PackardhasregardeditsproposedacquisitionofCompaqComputerasaboldmovetobuildaportfolioofcomputingsystemsandservicestotakeonIBMandDellComputer.Ithasarguedthatthe$24billiondealwouldstrengthenthecompany’ssalesofpersonalcomputersdata-servingcomputersandtechnologyconsulting. 46ButbehindthedealisanotherHewlett-Packardambition:toextendthereachofitsdominantprintingandimagingdivisionwhichregistered$20billioninsalesthisyear43percentofthecompany’srevenue. InthelasttwodecadesHewlett-Packardbuiltitselfintotheworld’slargestvendorofdesktopprinters.Ithaddonesounderth6commandofRichardA.HackbomnowaHewlett-Packardboardmemberandaleadingadvocateofthemerger.47Todaythecompanytestssomanyprintersinksandpapersthatifonecouldstackupallthetestsheetsprintedduringanaveragemonththepilewouldreach6000feet. 48Theprinterdivisioniswidelyregardedasthecompany’scrownjewelbuthowHewlettcarbestexploititisamatterofdispute.WalterHewletttheoldestsonofthecompany’sco-founderandothercriticsoftheCompaqacquisitionarguethatthedealwilldilutetheprintingbusinessbyburyingitinanevenlargerslower-movingcomputercompany.Thedivision’s$2billioninoperatingprofitsthisyearproppedupHewlett-Packard’ssaggingcomputerbusinesswhichlost$450million. 49SomeanalystshaveadvocatedthatinsteadofmergingtobecomealargercompanyHewlett-Packardshouldselloffitsotherbusinessesandfocusonsellingmoreprintersandimagingdeviceslikedigitalcamerasandscannerswhichincreasesalesofinkcartridgesandpaper. Thecompanyhoweversaysithasnointentionofnarrowingitsscope.InsteadproponentsofthemergersaytheacquisitionwillfixHewlett’scomputingbusinessfreeingupmoreresearchanddevelopmentmoneyfortheprintingdivisiontotacklenewmarketslikethe$400-billion-a-yearcommercialprintingbusiness. Hewlett-PackardwantstodrivethistransitiontodigitalpublishingmuchasIBMthroughacombinationofproductsandserviceshelpedbusinessespushintoonlinesalesinthelate-1990’s.50Ifthestrategyissuccessfulitwouldresultinasurgeindigitalfilesthatwouldstimulatesalesofthepowerfulcomputingsystemsneededtocreatestoreandmovethefiles.TodothatHewlett-Packardarguesitmustbecomelargerandstronger.Thebiggeritisthemoreinfluenceitwillhaveoncorporatetechnologymanagers. 49SomeanalystshaveadvocatedthatinsteadofmergingtobecomealargercompanyHewlett-Packardshouldselloffitsotherbusinessesandfocusonsellingmoreprintersandimagingdeviceslikedigitalcamerasandscannerswhichincreasesalesofinkcartridgesandpaper.
Directions: yougetthegoodnewsthatyourgoodfriendsgotmarriedrecently.Youwritetoshow: youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiuYu"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Text3 Aseveryoneknowswordsconstantlytakeonnewmeanings.Sincetheydonotnecessarilynorevenusuallytaketheplaceoftheoldonesweshouldpicturethisprocessastheanalogyofatreethrowingoutnewbrancheswhichthemselvesthrowoutsubordinatebranches.Thenewbranchessometimesovershadowandkilltheoldonebutbynomeansalways.Weshallagainandagainfindtheearliestsensesofawordflourishingforcenturiesdespiteavastovergrowthoflatersenseswhichmightbeexpectedtokillthem. Whenawordhasseveralmeaningshistoricalcircumstancesoftenmakeoneofthemdominantduringaparticularperiod.Thus"station"isnowmorelikelytomeanarailway-stationthananythingelse;"speculation"morelikelytobearitsfinancialsensethananyother.Untilthiscentury"plane"hadasitsdominantmeaning"aflatsurface"or"acarpenter’stooltomakeasurfacesmooth"butthemeaning"anaeroplane"isdominantnow.Thedominantsenseofawordliesuppermostinourminds.Wheneverwemeetthewordournaturalimpulseistogiveitthatsense.Weareoftendeceived.Inanoldauthorthewordmaymeansomethingdifferent. Oneofmyaimsistomakethereadingofoldbookseasyasfarascertainwordsareconcerned.Ifwereadanoldpoemwithinsufficientregardforthechangeofthedictionarymeaningsofwordswewontbeabletounderstandthepoemtheoldauthorintended.Andtoavoidthisknowledgeisnecessary. Weseegoodwordsorgood-sensesofwordslosingtheiredgeormorerarelygettinganewedgethatservessomedifferentpurposes.“Verbicide”themurderofawordhappensinmanyways.Inflationisthecommonest:thosewhotaughtustosay"awfully"for"very""tremendous"for"great"and"unthinkable"for"undesirable"wereverbicides. IshouldbegladifIsentanyreaderawaywithasenseofresponsibilitytothelanguage.Itisunnecessarytothinkwecandonothingaboutit.Ourconversationwillhavelittleeffectbutifwegetintoprint--perhapsespeciallyifweareleaderwritersorreporters--wecanhelptostrengthenorweakensomedisastrouswordscanencourageagoodandresistabadAmericanism.Formanythingsthepressprintstodaywillbetakenupbyagreatmassofpeopleinafewyears. Bymentioningthetreethrowingoutnewbranchestheauthorhopesto
Text1 Aneweraisuponus.Callitwhatyouwill:theserviceeconomytheinformationagetheknowledgesociety.Itisalltranslatedtoafundamentalchangeinthewaywework.Alreadywe’vepartlybeenthere.ThepercentageofpeoplewhoearntheirlivingbymakingthingshasfallendramaticallyintheWesteniWorld.TodaythemajorityofjobsinAmericaEuropeandJapantwothirdsormoreinmanyofthesecountriesareintheserviceindustryandthenumberisontherise.Morewomenareintheworkforcethaneverbefore.Therearemoreparttimejobs.Morepeopleareself-employed.Butthebreadthoftheeconomictransformationcan’tbemeasuredbynumbersalonebecauseitisalsogivingrisetoaradicalnewwayofthinkingaboutthenatureofworkitself.Long-heldnotionsaboutjobsandcareerstheskillsneededtosucceedeventherelationbetweenindividualsandemployers--allthesearebeingchanged. WehaveonlytolookbehindustogetsomesenseofwhatmaylieaheadNoonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhaveforeseenthewaysinwhichdsingleinventionthechip蕊片wouldtransformourworldthankstoitsapplicationsinpersonalcomputersdigitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.Tomorrow’sachievementsinbiotechnologyartificialIntelligenceorevensomestillunimaginedtechnologycouldproduceasimilarwaveofdramaticchanges.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevitalandthepeoplewhopossessitwhethertheyworkinmanufacturingorserviceswillhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.Computerknowledgewillbecomeasbasicarequirementastheabilitytoreadandwrite.Theabilitytosolveproblemsbyapplyinginformationinsteadofperformingroutinetaskswillbeaboveallelse.Ifyoucastyourmindahead10yearsinformationserviceswillbepredominant.Itwillbethewayyoudoyourjob. OneofthegreatchangesbroughtaboutbytheknowledgeSocietyisthat
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text2 Thetopicofthoughtisoneareaofpsychologyandmanyobservershaveconsideredthisaspectinconnecionwithrobotsandcomputers:someoftheoldworriesaboutAlartificialintelligencewerecloselylinkedtothequestionofwhether’computerscouldthink.Thefirstmassiveelectroniccomputerscapableofrapidifoftenunreliablecomputationandlittleornocreativeactivityweresoonnamed"electronicbrains".Areactiontothisterminologyquicklyfollowed.Toputthemintheirplacecomputerswerecalled"high-speedidiots"anefforttoprotecthumanvanity.Butnoteveryonerealizedtheimplicationsoftheexpression:"high-speedidiot".Ithasnotbeenpointedoutoftenenoughthateventhehumanidiotisoneofthemostintelligentlifeformsontheearth.Iftheearlycomputerswereeventhatintelligentitwasalreadyaremarkablestateofaffairs. Oneconsequencefromstudyingthepossibilityofcomputerthoughtwasthatwewereforcedtoexaminewithnewcaretheideaofthoughtingeneral.Itsoonbecameclearthatwewerenotsurewhatwemeantbysuchtermsasthoughtandthinking.Wetendtoassumethathumanbeingsthinksomemorethanothersthoughweoftencallpeoplethoughtlessorunthinking.Dreamscauseaproblempartlybecausetheyusuallyhappenoutsideourcontrol.TheyareobviouslysometypesofmentalexperiencebutaretheyatypeofthinkingAndthequestionofnonhumanlifeformsaddsfurtherproblems.Manyofuswouldmaintainthatsomeofthehigheranimals--dogscatsapesandsoon--arecapableofatleastbasicthoughtbutwhataboutfishandinsectsItiscertainlytruethatthehighermammalsshowcomplexbrainactivitywhentestedwiththeappropriateequipment.Ifthinkingisdemonstratedbyevidentelectricalactivityinthebrainthenmanyanimalspeciesarecapableofthought.’Oncewehaveformulatedclearideasonwhatthoughtisinbiologicalcreaturesitwillbeeasiertodiscussthequestionofthoughtinartificialmachines.OneofthegreatbenefitsofAIresearchisthatwearebeingforcedtoexaminemorecloselytheworkingofthehumanmind. Itisalreadyclearthatmachineshavesuperiormentalabilitiestomanylifeforms.Notreecanplaychessaswellaseventhesimplestcomputer;norcanfrogsrepaircarbodiesaswellasrobots.Itseemsthatviewedintermsofintellectthecomputershouldbesetwellaboveplantsandmostanimals.Onlythehigher’animalscancompetewithcomputerswithregardtointellect. Thefirstmassiveelectroniccomputerswere
Nikeisoneofthemostpowerfulmarketingcompaniesinthebusinessworldtodaybutithadverysmallbeginnings.Theglobalgiantcompanywithrevenuesin1996of$US6.4billionandprofitsof$553millionstartedinthe1960swiththecompany’sfounderssellingcheapJapanesesportsshoestoAmericanhighschoolathletesatschooltrackmeetingsusingasupplyofshoestheykeptintheircar. OneofNike’sfoundersPhillipHampsonKnighthadbeenatopathletewhenhewasattheUniversityofOregon.HemovedontobecomeastudentatStanfordBusinessSchoolbutretainedhisinterestinsport.41______ SubSequentlyKnightvisitedJapananddiscoveredamanufacturerwhofittedthemodeloftheidealfirm--OnituskaTigerCompanywhichmadeitsowninexpensivehigh-qualityrunningshoes. 42______Hesuggestedtohisoldcollegetrackcoach.BillBowermanthattheycouldworktogetherusingtheirskillsandinterestsinsportandbusinessandcapitaliseonthecheapercostofsportsshoesfromJapan.In1964theyeachcontributed$500toimportTigershoeswhichKnightbegansellingfromhiscarathigh-schooltrackmeets. 43______KnightandBowermandevelopedtheirownbrandnameNikenamedaftertheGreekwingedgoddessofvictory.TheypaidalocaldesignstudentatPortlandStateUniversity$35tocreatethefamous"Swoosh"logoandBowermancreatedtheinnovativepatterncalledthewaffle-soledesignbyusinghiswife’swaffleirontoimposethepatternonthesoleoftheshoe.By1972Nikebegan’designingitsownshoesandwascontractingproductionouttofactoriesinAsia.WithexcellenttimingandafairshareofgoodluckthefoundersofNikewereperfectlyplacedtocashinonAmerica’ssportsleisureboomduringthe1970swhenmillionsofAmericansbeganjoggingandrunningaspartoftheirpersonalcampaignstokeepfitandhealthy. 44______ButattheheartofitsconstantcampaignisthestarathleteaprinciplethatwasputinplaceearlyinthehugeAmericancompany’smarketingplans. 45______OtherendorsementscamesoonafterthatsuchasleadingAmericantennisplayerJimmyConnorswhowontheWimbledonandtheUSOpenGrandSlamtennistournamentsin1974wearingNiketennisshoes.In1985themanwhowouldbecomeoneofNike’sbiggestsuccessesChicagoBullsrookiebasketballplayerMichaelJordanendorsedhisfirstlineof"AirJordan"Shoes.TheendorsementsbystarplayersencouragingordinaryconsumerstobuythesportsgearofthestarsanddreamofbeingchampionsthemselvessawNikesellingcloseto$USIbillionworthofrunningbasketballandtennisshoesin1986whilecreatingtheirfirstsportsclothesundertheNikelabel. A.NowadaysNike’sproductsincludenotonlybasketballandtennisshoesbutalsosportsclothessportsbagssportscapsetc. B.BackintheUSKnightgottothinkthathecouldactuallyputhisknowledgeintopracticeandmakemoney. C.In1973thenewlyformedcompanyimplementeditsfirstandmostimportantmarketingstrategyendorsingitsfirststarathleterunningstarStevePrefontainewhointurnusedandpraisedNikefootwear. D.ToreinforceitsdominantworldwidepresenceNikespent$US642millionin1996onadvertisingandpromotion. E.ThenameofNikecomesfromthegoddessofvictoryinGreekmythology. F.AtStanfordhebroughthisenthusiasmfortracksportstohisstudieswritingapaperon howtocreateacheaperbetterrunningshoeusingJapaneselabourwhichwascheaperthanAmerican. G.WorriedthattheJapanesecompanymightfindamoreestablishedtlistributor. 45
Text3 Aseveryoneknowswordsconstantlytakeonnewmeanings.Sincetheydonotnecessarilynorevenusuallytaketheplaceoftheoldonesweshouldpicturethisprocessastheanalogyofatreethrowingoutnewbrancheswhichthemselvesthrowoutsubordinatebranches.Thenewbranchessometimesovershadowandkilltheoldonebutbynomeansalways.Weshallagainandagainfindtheearliestsensesofawordflourishingforcenturiesdespiteavastovergrowthoflatersenseswhichmightbeexpectedtokillthem. Whenawordhasseveralmeaningshistoricalcircumstancesoftenmakeoneofthemdominantduringaparticularperiod.Thus"station"isnowmorelikelytomeanarailway-stationthananythingelse;"speculation"morelikelytobearitsfinancialsensethananyother.Untilthiscentury"plane"hadasitsdominantmeaning"aflatsurface"or"acarpenter’stooltomakeasurfacesmooth"butthemeaning"anaeroplane"isdominantnow.Thedominantsenseofawordliesuppermostinourminds.Wheneverwemeetthewordournaturalimpulseistogiveitthatsense.Weareoftendeceived.Inanoldauthorthewordmaymeansomethingdifferent. Oneofmyaimsistomakethereadingofoldbookseasyasfarascertainwordsareconcerned.Ifwereadanoldpoemwithinsufficientregardforthechangeofthedictionarymeaningsofwordswewontbeabletounderstandthepoemtheoldauthorintended.Andtoavoidthisknowledgeisnecessary. Weseegoodwordsorgood-sensesofwordslosingtheiredgeormorerarelygettinganewedgethatservessomedifferentpurposes.“Verbicide”themurderofawordhappensinmanyways.Inflationisthecommonest:thosewhotaughtustosay"awfully"for"very""tremendous"for"great"and"unthinkable"for"undesirable"wereverbicides. IshouldbegladifIsentanyreaderawaywithasenseofresponsibilitytothelanguage.Itisunnecessarytothinkwecandonothingaboutit.Ourconversationwillhavelittleeffectbutifwegetintoprint--perhapsespeciallyifweareleaderwritersorreporters--wecanhelptostrengthenorweakensomedisastrouswordscanencourageagoodandresistabadAmericanism.Formanythingsthepressprintstodaywillbetakenupbyagreatmassofpeopleinafewyears. Themainideaofthelastparagraphisthat
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
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