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StanfordUniversityattractsstudentsfrom______.
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
StanfordUniversity??1?StanfordUniversityfamousason
任务型阅读阅读下面短文根据短文内容完成下列各题Stanfordisaworldfamousunive
StanfordUniversity??1?StanfordUniversityfamousason
StanfordUniversity??1?StanfordUniversityfamousason
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
StanfordUniversity??1?StanfordUniversityfamousason
ThosehighschoolgraduateswhocanenterStanfordUnivers
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
GeraldHoltonisa______.
Cambridge University philosopher
Harvard University philosopher
Stanford University philosopher
philosopher of the University of Virginia
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
StanfordUniversity??1?StanfordUniversityfamousason
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
StanfordUniversity??1?StanfordUniversityfamousason
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
StanfordUniversity??1?StanfordUniversityfamousason
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
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ACountry’sStandardofLiving The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving51dependsonitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"52thissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney53onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportandentertainment Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertile肥沃的soilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.Nexttonaturalresources56theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell-off57theUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwarsand.58thisandotherreasonswas59todevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellfavouredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed.61itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.62Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon63grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplus过剩的manufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould.64belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuch65byitsmanufacturingcapacityprovided如果thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 61
ACountry’sStandardofLiving The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving51dependsonitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"52thissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney53onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportandentertainment Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertile肥沃的soilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.Nexttonaturalresources56theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell-off57theUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwarsand.58thisandotherreasonswas59todevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellfavouredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed.61itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.62Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon63grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplus过剩的manufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould.64belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuch65byitsmanufacturingcapacityprovided如果thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 57
ACountry’sStandardofLiving The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving51dependsonitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"52thissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney53onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportandentertainment Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertile肥沃的soilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.Nexttonaturalresources56theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell-off57theUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwarsand.58thisandotherreasonswas59todevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellfavouredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed.61itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.62Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon63grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplus过剩的manufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould.64belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuch65byitsmanufacturingcapacityprovided如果thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 65
ACountry’sStandardofLiving The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving51dependsonitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"52thissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney53onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportandentertainment Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertile肥沃的soilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.Nexttonaturalresources56theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell-off57theUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwarsand.58thisandotherreasonswas59todevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellfavouredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed.61itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.62Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon63grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplus过剩的manufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould.64belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuch65byitsmanufacturingcapacityprovided如果thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 55
TVGamesShows Oneofthemostfascinatingthingsabouttelevisionisthesizeoftheaudience.Anovelcanbeonthe"bestsellers"listwithasaleoffewerthan100000copiesbutapopularTVshowmighthave70millionTVviewers.TVcanmakeanythingoranyonewellknownovernight. Thisistheprinciplebehind"quiz"or"game"showswhichputordinarypeopleonTVtoplayagamefortheprizeandmoney.Aquizshowcanmakeanyoneastaranditcangiveawaythousandsofdollarsjustforfun.Butallofthismoneycancreateproblems.Forinstanceinthe1950squizshowswereverypopularintheUSandalmosteveryonewatchedthem.CharlesVanDorenanEnglishinstructorbecamerichandfamousafterwinningmoneyonseveralshows.Heevenhadacareerasatelevisionpersonality.ButoneofthelosersprovedthatCharlesVanDorenwascheating.Itturnedoutthattheshow’sproducerswhowerepullingthestringsgavetheanswerstothemostpopularcontestantsbeforehand.WhyBecauseiftheaudiencedidn’tlikethepersonwhowonthegametheyturnedtheshowoff.Basedonhisstoryamovieunderthetitle"QuizShow"ison40yearslater. CharlesVanDorenisnolongerinvolvedwithTV.Butgameshowsarestillherethoughtheyaren’ttakenasseriously.Infactsomeofthemtrytobeasridiculousaspossible.Thereareshowsthatsendstrangersonvacationtripstogetherorthattrytocausenewly-marriedcouplestofightonTVorthatpunishlosersbyhumiliatingthem.TheentertainmentnowistoseewhatpeoplewilldojusttobeonTV.Peoplestillwinmoneybuttherealprizeistobeinfrontofanaudienceofmillions. Winnersofpresent-dayTVshowsnolongergetmoneyfromtheshows.
{{*HTML*}}TheFirstFourMinutes??Whendopeopledecidewhetherornottheywanttobecomefriends?DuringtheirfirstfourminutestogetheraccordingtoabookbyDr.LeonardZunin.InhisbookContact:Thefirstfourminutesheoffersthisadvicetoanyoneinterestedinstartingnewfriendships:?1?Alotofpeople’swholeliveswouldchangeiftheydidjustthat.??Youmayhavenoticedthataveragepersondoesnotgivehisundividedattentiontosomeoneheasjustmet.?2?Ifanyonehaseverdonethistoyouyouprobablydidnotlikehimverymuch.??Whenweareintroducedtonewpeopletheauthorsuggestsweshouldtrytoappearfriendlyandself-confident.IngeneralhesaysPeoplelikepeoplewholikethemselves.??Ontheotherhandweshouldnotmaketheotherpersonthinkwearetoosureofourselves.Itisimportanttoappearinterestedandsympatheticrealizingthattheotherpersonhashisownneedsfearsandhopes.??HearingsuchadviceonemightsayButI’mnotafriendlyself-confidentperson.That’snotmynature.Itwouldbedishonestformetodointhatway.???3?Wecanbecomeaccustomedtoanychangeswechoosetomakeinourpersonality.Itislikegettingusedtoanewcar.Itmaybeunfamiliaratfirstbutitgoesmuchbetterthantheoldone.??Butisn’titdishonesttogivetheappearanceoffriendlyself-confidencewhenwedon’tactuallyfeelthatway?PerhapsbutaccordingtoDr.Zunintotalhonestisnotalwaysgoodforsocialrelationshipsespeciallyduringthefirstfewminutesofcontact.Thereisatimeforeverythingandacertainamountofplay-actingmaybebestforthefirstfewminutesofcontactwithastranger.Thatisnotthetimetocomplainaboutone’shealthortomentionfaultsonefindsinotherpeople.Itisnotthetimetotellthewholetruthaboutone’sopinionsandimpressions.???4?Forahusbandandwifeoraparentandchildproblemsoftenariseduringtheirfirstfourminutestogetheraftertheyhavebeenapart.Dr.Zuninsuggeststhatthesefirstfewminutestogetherbetreatedwithcare.Ifthereareunpleasantmatterstobediscussedtheyshouldbedealtwithlater.??Theauthorsaysthatinterpersonalrelationsshouldbetaughtasarequiredcourseineveryschoolalongwithreadingwritingandmathematics.?5?thatisatleastasimportantashowmuchweknow.??A.InreplyDr.Zuninwouldclaimthatalittlepracticecanhelpusfeelcomfortableaboutchangingoursocialhabits.??B.Muchofwhathasbeensaidaboutstrangersalsoappliestorelationshipswithfamilymembersandfriends.??C.Inhisopinionsuccessinlifedependsmainlyonhowwegetalongwithotherpeople.??D.Everytimeyoumeetsomeoneinasocialsituationgivehimyourundividedattentionforfourminutes.??E.Hekeepslookingovertheotherperson’sshoulderasifhopingtofindsomeonemoreinterestinginanotherpartoftheroom.??F.Heiseagertomakefriendswitheveryone.Thefirstfourminutes.
EgyptfelledbyFamineEvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround2180BC．NowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimatelytoblame-andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday.TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavebeendiminishedthesefloods.DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfailitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile.TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalyzingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver.KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom.TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians.Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocietiessaysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork.SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C.anythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./AccordingtoKromEgypt’sOldKingdomfell______.
Don’tCountonDung粪Conservationists自然保护主义者maybemiscalculatingthenumbersofthethreatenedanimalssuchaselephantssayAfricanandAmericanresearchers.Theerroroccursbecauseofaflawinthewaytheyestimateanimalnumbersfromthepilesofdungthecreaturesleavebehind.ThemistakecouldleadresearcherstothinkthattherearetwiceasmanyelephantsastherereallyareinsomeregionsaccordingtoAndrewPlumptreoftheWildlifeConservationSocietyWCSinNewYork.BiologistKatyPayneofComellUniversityinIthacaNewYorkagreesWereallyneedtoknowelephantnumbersandtheevidencethatwehaveisquiteindirectsaysPaynewhoelectronicallytrackselephants.CountingelephantsfromplanesisimpossibleinthevastrainforestsofCentralAfrica.Soresearchersoftenestimateelephantnumbersbycountingdungpilesinagivenarea.Theyalsoneedtoknowtherateatwhichdungdecaysbecauseit’sextremelydifficulttodeterminetheserates.Howeverresearcherscountingelephantsinoneregiontendtorelyonstandarddecayratesestablishedelsewhere.ButresearchersattheWCShavefoundthatthisdecayratevariesfromregiontoregiondependingontheclimateandenvironment.Usingthewrongvaluescanleadthecensusastray离开正道saysPlumptre.HeandhiscolleagueAnthonyChifuNchanjistudieddecayingelephantdungintheforestsofCameroon.Theyfoundthatthedungdecayedbetween55and65percentmoreslowlythanthedungintherainforestsofneighboringGabon.IfresearchersusedecayratesfromGabontocountelephantsinCameroontheywouldprobablyfindmoreelephantsthanareactuallyaround.ThiscouldmeanestimatesinCameroonareatleasttwiceashighasthosederivedfromdecayratescalculatedlocallyPlumptresaysHoweveraccurateyourdungdensityestimatemightbethedecayratecanseverelyaffecttheresult.Plumptrealsosaysthatthedung-pilecensusshouldbecarriedoutoveraregionsimilarinsizetoanelephant’snaturalrange.TheusualtechniqueofmonitoringonlysmallprotectedareasdistortsnumbersbecauseelephantsmoveinandoutoftheseregionshesaysIftheelephantpopulationincreaseswithintheprotectedareayoucannotdeterminewhether.Itisarealincreaseorwhetheritisduetoelephantsmovinginbecausetheyarebeingpoached入侵偷猎outside.Plumptresaysthatsimilarproblemsmayalsoaffectotheranimalcensusstudiesthatrelyonindirectevidencesuchasneststracksorburrows地洞.Thewordthreatenedinthefirstsentenceofthefirstparagraphcouldbebestreplacedby______.
Heenduredagoniesbeforehefinallyexpired.
{{*HTML*}}TransportandTrade??1.Transportisoneoftheaidstotrade.Bymovinggoodsfromplaceswheretheyareplentifultoplaceswheretheyarescarcetransportaddstotheirvalue.Themoreeasilygoodscanbebroughtoverthedistancethatseparatesproducerandconsumerthebetterfortrade.Whentherewerenorailwaysnogoodroadsnocanalsandonlysmallsailingshipstradewasonasmallscale.??2.Thegreatadvancesmadeintransportduringthelasttwohundredyearswereaccompaniedbyabigincreaseintrade.BiggerandfastershipsenabledatradeinmeattodevelopbetweenBritainandNewZealandforinstance.Quickertransportmakespossiblemass-productionandbigbusinessdrawingsuppliesfromandsellinggoodstoallpartsoftheglobal.Bigfactoriescouldnotexistwithouttransporttocarrythelargenumberofworkerstheyneedtoandfromtheirhomes.Bigcitystorescouldnothavedevelopedunlesscustomerscouldtraveleasilyfromthesuburbsandgoodsdeliveredtotheirhomes.Bigcitiescouldnotsurviveunlessfoodcouldbebroughtfromadistance.??3.Transportalsopreventswaste.Muchofthefishlandedattheportswouldbewastedifitcouldnotbetakenquicklytoinlandtowns.TransporthasgivenusamuchgreatervarietyoffoodsandgoodssincewenolongerhavetoliveonwhatisproducedlocallyFoodswhichatonetimecouldbeobtained获得onlyduringapartoftheyearcannowbeobtainedallthroughtheyear.Transporthasraisedthestandardofliving.??4.Bymovingfuelrawmaterialsandevenpowerasforexamplethroughelectriccablestransporthasledtotheestablishmentofindustriesandtradeinareaswheretheywouldhavebeenimpossiblebefore.Districtsandcountriescanconcentrateonmakingthingswhichtheycandobetterandmorecheaplythanothersandcanthenexchangethemwithoneanother.Thecheaperandquickertransportbecomesthelongerthedistanceoverwhichgoodscanprofitablybecarried.Countrieswithpoortransporthavealowerstandardofliving.??5.Commercerequiresnotonlythemovingofgoodsandpeoplebutalsothecarryingofmessagesandinformation.Meansofcommunicationliketelephonescablesandradiosendinformationaboutpricessuppliesandchangingconditionsindifferentpartsoftheworld.Inthiswayadvancedcommunicationsystemsalsohelptodeveloptrade.??A.HigherLivingStandard??B.ImportanceofTransportinTrade??C.VariousMeansofTransport??D.BirthofTransport-relatedIndustriesandTrade??E.RoleofInformationinTrade??F.publicTransportationInthetradeofmodernsocietythetransmissionofinformationplaysasimportantaroleas______.
TVGamesShows Oneofthemostfascinatingthingsabouttelevisionisthesizeoftheaudience.Anovelcanbeonthe"bestsellers"listwithasaleoffewerthan100000copiesbutapopularTVshowmighthave70millionTVviewers.TVcanmakeanythingoranyonewellknownovernight. Thisistheprinciplebehind"quiz"or"game"showswhichputordinarypeopleonTVtoplayagamefortheprizeandmoney.Aquizshowcanmakeanyoneastaranditcangiveawaythousandsofdollarsjustforfun.Butallofthismoneycancreateproblems.Forinstanceinthe1950squizshowswereverypopularintheUSandalmosteveryonewatchedthem.CharlesVanDorenanEnglishinstructorbecamerichandfamousafterwinningmoneyonseveralshows.Heevenhadacareerasatelevisionpersonality.ButoneofthelosersprovedthatCharlesVanDorenwascheating.Itturnedoutthattheshow’sproducerswhowerepullingthestringsgavetheanswerstothemostpopularcontestantsbeforehand.WhyBecauseiftheaudiencedidn’tlikethepersonwhowonthegametheyturnedtheshowoff.Basedonhisstoryamovieunderthetitle"QuizShow"ison40yearslater. CharlesVanDorenisnolongerinvolvedwithTV.Butgameshowsarestillherethoughtheyaren’ttakenasseriously.Infactsomeofthemtrytobeasridiculousaspossible.Thereareshowsthatsendstrangersonvacationtripstogetherorthattrytocausenewly-marriedcouplestofightonTVorthatpunishlosersbyhumiliatingthem.TheentertainmentnowistoseewhatpeoplewilldojusttobeonTV.Peoplestillwinmoneybuttherealprizeistobeinfrontofanaudienceofmillions. OneoftheTVpersonalitiesCharlesVanDorenwasprovedtobecheatingbypersuadingtheshow’sproducerstogivehimtheanswersbeforehand.
{{*HTML*}}TransportandTrade??1.Transportisoneoftheaidstotrade.Bymovinggoodsfromplaceswheretheyareplentifultoplaceswheretheyarescarcetransportaddstotheirvalue.Themoreeasilygoodscanbebroughtoverthedistancethatseparatesproducerandconsumerthebetterfortrade.Whentherewerenorailwaysnogoodroadsnocanalsandonlysmallsailingshipstradewasonasmallscale.??2.Thegreatadvancesmadeintransportduringthelasttwohundredyearswereaccompaniedbyabigincreaseintrade.BiggerandfastershipsenabledatradeinmeattodevelopbetweenBritainandNewZealandforinstance.Quickertransportmakespossiblemass-productionandbigbusinessdrawingsuppliesfromandsellinggoodstoallpartsoftheglobal.Bigfactoriescouldnotexistwithouttransporttocarrythelargenumberofworkerstheyneedtoandfromtheirhomes.Bigcitystorescouldnothavedevelopedunlesscustomerscouldtraveleasilyfromthesuburbsandgoodsdeliveredtotheirhomes.Bigcitiescouldnotsurviveunlessfoodcouldbebroughtfromadistance.??3.Transportalsopreventswaste.Muchofthefishlandedattheportswouldbewastedifitcouldnotbetakenquicklytoinlandtowns.TransporthasgivenusamuchgreatervarietyoffoodsandgoodssincewenolongerhavetoliveonwhatisproducedlocallyFoodswhichatonetimecouldbeobtained获得onlyduringapartoftheyearcannowbeobtainedallthroughtheyear.Transporthasraisedthestandardofliving.??4.Bymovingfuelrawmaterialsandevenpowerasforexamplethroughelectriccablestransporthasledtotheestablishmentofindustriesandtradeinareaswheretheywouldhavebeenimpossiblebefore.Districtsandcountriescanconcentrateonmakingthingswhichtheycandobetterandmorecheaplythanothersandcanthenexchangethemwithoneanother.Thecheaperandquickertransportbecomesthelongerthedistanceoverwhichgoodscanprofitablybecarried.Countrieswithpoortransporthavealowerstandardofliving.??5.Commercerequiresnotonlythemovingofgoodsandpeoplebutalsothecarryingofmessagesandinformation.Meansofcommunicationliketelephonescablesandradiosendinformationaboutpricessuppliesandchangingconditionsindifferentpartsoftheworld.Inthiswayadvancedcommunicationsystemsalsohelptodeveloptrade.??A.HigherLivingStandard??B.ImportanceofTransportinTrade??C.VariousMeansofTransport??D.BirthofTransport-relatedIndustriesandTrade??E.RoleofInformationinTrade??F.publicTransportationParagraph3______
TVGamesShows Oneofthemostfascinatingthingsabouttelevisionisthesizeoftheaudience.Anovelcanbeonthe"bestsellers"listwithasaleoffewerthan100000copiesbutapopularTVshowmighthave70millionTVviewers.TVcanmakeanythingoranyonewellknownovernight. Thisistheprinciplebehind"quiz"or"game"showswhichputordinarypeopleonTVtoplayagamefortheprizeandmoney.Aquizshowcanmakeanyoneastaranditcangiveawaythousandsofdollarsjustforfun.Butallofthismoneycancreateproblems.Forinstanceinthe1950squizshowswereverypopularintheUSandalmosteveryonewatchedthem.CharlesVanDorenanEnglishinstructorbecamerichandfamousafterwinningmoneyonseveralshows.Heevenhadacareerasatelevisionpersonality.ButoneofthelosersprovedthatCharlesVanDorenwascheating.Itturnedoutthattheshow’sproducerswhowerepullingthestringsgavetheanswerstothemostpopularcontestantsbeforehand.WhyBecauseiftheaudiencedidn’tlikethepersonwhowonthegametheyturnedtheshowoff.Basedonhisstoryamovieunderthetitle"QuizShow"ison40yearslater. CharlesVanDorenisnolongerinvolvedwithTV.Butgameshowsarestillherethoughtheyaren’ttakenasseriously.Infactsomeofthemtrytobeasridiculousaspossible.Thereareshowsthatsendstrangersonvacationtripstogetherorthattrytocausenewly-marriedcouplestofightonTVorthatpunishlosersbyhumiliatingthem.TheentertainmentnowistoseewhatpeoplewilldojusttobeonTV.Peoplestillwinmoneybuttherealprizeistobeinfrontofanaudienceofmillions. Nowadaysgameshowsarenottreatedasseriouslyastheyusedtobe.
EgyptfelledbyFamineEvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround2180BC．NowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimatelytoblame-andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday.TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavebeendiminishedthesefloods.DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfailitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile.TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalyzingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver.KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom.TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians.Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocietiessaysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork.SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C.anythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./WhichofthefollowingfactorswasultimatelyresponsibleforthefallofthecivilizationofancientEgypt
Marylookedpaleandweary.
ACountry’sStandardofLiving The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving51dependsonitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"52thissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney53onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportandentertainment Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertile肥沃的soilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.Nexttonaturalresources56theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell-off57theUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwarsand.58thisandotherreasonswas59todevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellfavouredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed.61itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.62Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon63grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplus过剩的manufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould.64belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuch65byitsmanufacturingcapacityprovided如果thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 59
Jimhasgainedsomuchweightthatalotofhisclothesdon'tfithimanymore.
ACountry’sStandardofLiving The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving51dependsonitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"52thissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney53onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportandentertainment Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertile肥沃的soilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.Nexttonaturalresources56theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell-off57theUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwarsand.58thisandotherreasonswas59todevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellfavouredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed.61itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.62Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon63grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplus过剩的manufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould.64belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuch65byitsmanufacturingcapacityprovided如果thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 53
{{*HTML*}}TransportandTrade??1.Transportisoneoftheaidstotrade.Bymovinggoodsfromplaceswheretheyareplentifultoplaceswheretheyarescarcetransportaddstotheirvalue.Themoreeasilygoodscanbebroughtoverthedistancethatseparatesproducerandconsumerthebetterfortrade.Whentherewerenorailwaysnogoodroadsnocanalsandonlysmallsailingshipstradewasonasmallscale.??2.Thegreatadvancesmadeintransportduringthelasttwohundredyearswereaccompaniedbyabigincreaseintrade.BiggerandfastershipsenabledatradeinmeattodevelopbetweenBritainandNewZealandforinstance.Quickertransportmakespossiblemass-productionandbigbusinessdrawingsuppliesfromandsellinggoodstoallpartsoftheglobal.Bigfactoriescouldnotexistwithouttransporttocarrythelargenumberofworkerstheyneedtoandfromtheirhomes.Bigcitystorescouldnothavedevelopedunlesscustomerscouldtraveleasilyfromthesuburbsandgoodsdeliveredtotheirhomes.Bigcitiescouldnotsurviveunlessfoodcouldbebroughtfromadistance.??3.Transportalsopreventswaste.Muchofthefishlandedattheportswouldbewastedifitcouldnotbetakenquicklytoinlandtowns.TransporthasgivenusamuchgreatervarietyoffoodsandgoodssincewenolongerhavetoliveonwhatisproducedlocallyFoodswhichatonetimecouldbeobtained获得onlyduringapartoftheyearcannowbeobtainedallthroughtheyear.Transporthasraisedthestandardofliving.??4.Bymovingfuelrawmaterialsandevenpowerasforexamplethroughelectriccablestransporthasledtotheestablishmentofindustriesandtradeinareaswheretheywouldhavebeenimpossiblebefore.Districtsandcountriescanconcentrateonmakingthingswhichtheycandobetterandmorecheaplythanothersandcanthenexchangethemwithoneanother.Thecheaperandquickertransportbecomesthelongerthedistanceoverwhichgoodscanprofitablybecarried.Countrieswithpoortransporthavealowerstandardofliving.??5.Commercerequiresnotonlythemovingofgoodsandpeoplebutalsothecarryingofmessagesandinformation.Meansofcommunicationliketelephonescablesandradiosendinformationaboutpricessuppliesandchangingconditionsindifferentpartsoftheworld.Inthiswayadvancedcommunicationsystemsalsohelptodeveloptrade.??A.HigherLivingStandard??B.ImportanceofTransportinTrade??C.VariousMeansofTransport??D.BirthofTransport-relatedIndustriesandTrade??E.RoleofInformationinTrade??F.publicTransportationOnlywhengoodscanbecarriedtoallpartsoftheworldquickly______.
TVGamesShowsOneofthemostfascinatingthingsabouttelevisionisthesizeoftheaudience.Anovelcanbeonthebestsellerslistwithasaleoffewerthan100000copiesbutapopularTVshowmighthave70millionTVviewers.TVcanmakeanythingoranyonewellknownovernight.ThisistheprinciplebehindquizorgameshowswhichputordinarypeopleonTVtoplayagamefortheprizeandmoney.Aquizshowcanmakeanyoneastaranditcangiveawaythousandsofdollarsjustforfun.Butallofthismoneycancreateproblems.Forinstanceinthe1950squizshowswereverypopularintheUSandalmosteveryonewatchedthem.CharlesVanDorenanEnglishinstructorbecamerichandfamousafterwinningmoneyonseveralshows.Heevenhadacareerasatelevisionpersonality.ButoneofthelosersprovedthatCharlesVanDorenwascheating.Itturnedoutthattheshow’sproducerswhowerepullingthestringsgavetheanswerstothemostpopularcontestantsbeforehand.WhyBecauseiftheaudiencedidn’tlikethepersonwhowonthegametheyturnedtheshowoff.BasedonhisstoryamovieunderthetitleQuizShowison40yearslater.CharlesVanDorenisnolongerinvolvedwithTV.Butgameshowsarestillherethoughtheyaren’ttakenasseriously.Infactsomeofthemtrytobeasridiculousaspossible.Thereareshowsthatsendstrangersonvacationtripstogetherorthattrytocausenewly-marriedcouplestofightonTVorthatpunishlosersbyhumiliatingthem.TheentertainmentnowistoseewhatpeoplewilldojusttobeonTV.Peoplestillwinmoneybuttherealprizeistobeinfrontofanaudienceofmillions.TheprinciplebehindquizorgameshowsistoputordinarypeopleonTVtoplayagameforprizesandmoney.
ACountry’sStandardofLiving The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving51dependsonitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"52thissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney53onthingsthatmoneycanbuy:"goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportandentertainment Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertile肥沃的soilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem.Nexttonaturalresources56theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell-off57theUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwarsand.58thisandotherreasonswas59todevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellfavouredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed.61itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.62Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon63grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplus过剩的manufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould.64belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuch65byitsmanufacturingcapacityprovided如果thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 63
Don’tCountonDung粪Conservationists自然保护主义者maybemiscalculatingthenumbersofthethreatenedanimalssuchaselephantssayAfricanandAmericanresearchers.Theerroroccursbecauseofaflawinthewaytheyestimateanimalnumbersfromthepilesofdungthecreaturesleavebehind.ThemistakecouldleadresearcherstothinkthattherearetwiceasmanyelephantsastherereallyareinsomeregionsaccordingtoAndrewPlumptreoftheWildlifeConservationSocietyWCSinNewYork.BiologistKatyPayneofComellUniversityinIthacaNewYorkagreesWereallyneedtoknowelephantnumbersandtheevidencethatwehaveisquiteindirectsaysPaynewhoelectronicallytrackselephants.CountingelephantsfromplanesisimpossibleinthevastrainforestsofCentralAfrica.Soresearchersoftenestimateelephantnumbersbycountingdungpilesinagivenarea.Theyalsoneedtoknowtherateatwhichdungdecaysbecauseit’sextremelydifficulttodeterminetheserates.Howeverresearcherscountingelephantsinoneregiontendtorelyonstandarddecayratesestablishedelsewhere.ButresearchersattheWCShavefoundthatthisdecayratevariesfromregiontoregiondependingontheclimateandenvironment.Usingthewrongvaluescanleadthecensusastray离开正道saysPlumptre.HeandhiscolleagueAnthonyChifuNchanjistudieddecayingelephantdungintheforestsofCameroon.Theyfoundthatthedungdecayedbetween55and65percentmoreslowlythanthedungintherainforestsofneighboringGabon.IfresearchersusedecayratesfromGabontocountelephantsinCameroontheywouldprobablyfindmoreelephantsthanareactuallyaround.ThiscouldmeanestimatesinCameroonareatleasttwiceashighasthosederivedfromdecayratescalculatedlocallyPlumptresaysHoweveraccurateyourdungdensityestimatemightbethedecayratecanseverelyaffecttheresult.Plumptrealsosaysthatthedung-pilecensusshouldbecarriedoutoveraregionsimilarinsizetoanelephant’snaturalrange.TheusualtechniqueofmonitoringonlysmallprotectedareasdistortsnumbersbecauseelephantsmoveinandoutoftheseregionshesaysIftheelephantpopulationincreaseswithintheprotectedareayoucannotdeterminewhether.Itisarealincreaseorwhetheritisduetoelephantsmovinginbecausetheyarebeingpoached入侵偷猎outside.Plumptresaysthatsimilarproblemsmayalsoaffectotheranimalcensusstudiesthatrelyonindirectevidencesuchasneststracksorburrows地洞.ThefirstwordHeinparagraph6refersto______.
IstheTieaNecessityTiesornecktieshavebeenasymbolofpolitenessandeleganceinBritainforcenturies.ButthecasualPrimeMinisterTonyBlairhasproblemswiththem.Reportssuggestthateventhecivilservantsmaystopwearingties.SoarethefamouslyformalBritishreallygoingtoabandonthenecktiesMaybe.LastweektheUK’sCabinetSecretaryAndrewTurnbullopenlywelcomedatielessera.Hehintedthatcivilservantswouldsoonbefreeofthecostliest12inchesoffabricthatmostmeneverbuyintheirlives.InfactBlairshowedthisattitudewhenhehadhisfirstgueststoacocktailparty.Manyofthemwerecelebrities知名人士withouttieswhichwouldhavebeenunimaginableevenintherecentpast.ForsomemoreconservativeBritishthetieisamustforproperappearance.EarlierLaborleaderJimCallaghansaidhewouldhavediedratherthanhavehischildrenseeninpublicwithoutatie.ForpeoplelikeCallaghanthetiewasasignofbeingcompleteofshowingrespect.Menweresupposedtowearatiewhengoingtochurchtoworkintheofficetoaparty-almosteverysocialoccasion.Buttodaypeoplehavebeguntoacceptacasualstyleevenforformaloccasions.Theoriginofthetieistricky.Itstartedassomethingcalledsimplyaband.Thetermcouldmeananythingaroundaman’sneck.Itappearedinfinerwaysinthe1630s.Frenchmenshowedaloveofthisparticularfashionstatement.Theirneckwear颈饰impressedCharlesIIthekingofEnglandwhowasexiled流放toFranceatthattime.WhenhereturnedtoEnglandin1660hebroughtthisnewfashionitemalongwithhim.Itwasn’thoweveruntilthelate18thcenturythatfancyyoungmenintroducedamorecolorfulflowingpieceofcloththateventuallybecameknownasthetie.Thenclubsmilitaryinstitutionsandschoolsbegantousecoloredandpatternedtiestoindicatethewearer’smembershipinthelate19thcentury.AfterthatthetiebecameanecessaryitemofclothingforBritishgentlemen.Butnowevengentlemenaregettingtiredofties.Anywaythedayfeelsabiteasierwhenyouwakeupwithouthavingtodecidewhichtiesuitsyouandyourmood.WhydoesBlairsometimesshowupinaformaleventwithoutatie
PleasedonethesitatetocallmeifIcanbeoffurtherassistance.
{{*HTML*}}TransportandTrade??1.Transportisoneoftheaidstotrade.Bymovinggoodsfromplaceswheretheyareplentifultoplaceswheretheyarescarcetransportaddstotheirvalue.Themoreeasilygoodscanbebroughtoverthedistancethatseparatesproducerandconsumerthebetterfortrade.Whentherewerenorailwaysnogoodroadsnocanalsandonlysmallsailingshipstradewasonasmallscale.??2.Thegreatadvancesmadeintransportduringthelasttwohundredyearswereaccompaniedbyabigincreaseintrade.BiggerandfastershipsenabledatradeinmeattodevelopbetweenBritainandNewZealandforinstance.Quickertransportmakespossiblemass-productionandbigbusinessdrawingsuppliesfromandsellinggoodstoallpartsoftheglobal.Bigfactoriescouldnotexistwithouttransporttocarrythelargenumberofworkerstheyneedtoandfromtheirhomes.Bigcitystorescouldnothavedevelopedunlesscustomerscouldtraveleasilyfromthesuburbsandgoodsdeliveredtotheirhomes.Bigcitiescouldnotsurviveunlessfoodcouldbebroughtfromadistance.??3.Transportalsopreventswaste.Muchofthefishlandedattheportswouldbewastedifitcouldnotbetakenquicklytoinlandtowns.TransporthasgivenusamuchgreatervarietyoffoodsandgoodssincewenolongerhavetoliveonwhatisproducedlocallyFoodswhichatonetimecouldbeobtained获得onlyduringapartoftheyearcannowbeobtainedallthroughtheyear.Transporthasraisedthestandardofliving.??4.Bymovingfuelrawmaterialsandevenpowerasforexamplethroughelectriccablestransporthasledtotheestablishmentofindustriesandtradeinareaswheretheywouldhavebeenimpossiblebefore.Districtsandcountriescanconcentrateonmakingthingswhichtheycandobetterandmorecheaplythanothersandcanthenexchangethemwithoneanother.Thecheaperandquickertransportbecomesthelongerthedistanceoverwhichgoodscanprofitablybecarried.Countrieswithpoortransporthavealowerstandardofliving.??5.Commercerequiresnotonlythemovingofgoodsandpeoplebutalsothecarryingofmessagesandinformation.Meansofcommunicationliketelephonescablesandradiosendinformationaboutpricessuppliesandchangingconditionsindifferentpartsoftheworld.Inthiswayadvancedcommunicationsystemsalsohelptodeveloptrade.??A.HigherLivingStandard??B.ImportanceofTransportinTrade??C.VariousMeansofTransport??D.BirthofTransport-relatedIndustriesandTrade??E.RoleofInformationinTrade??F.publicTransportationParagraph5______
Don’tCountonDung粪Conservationists自然保护主义者maybemiscalculatingthenumbersofthethreatenedanimalssuchaselephantssayAfricanandAmericanresearchers.Theerroroccursbecauseofaflawinthewaytheyestimateanimalnumbersfromthepilesofdungthecreaturesleavebehind.ThemistakecouldleadresearcherstothinkthattherearetwiceasmanyelephantsastherereallyareinsomeregionsaccordingtoAndrewPlumptreoftheWildlifeConservationSocietyWCSinNewYork.BiologistKatyPayneofComellUniversityinIthacaNewYorkagreesWereallyneedtoknowelephantnumbersandtheevidencethatwehaveisquiteindirectsaysPaynewhoelectronicallytrackselephants.CountingelephantsfromplanesisimpossibleinthevastrainforestsofCentralAfrica.Soresearchersoftenestimateelephantnumbersbycountingdungpilesinagivenarea.Theyalsoneedtoknowtherateatwhichdungdecaysbecauseit’sextremelydifficulttodeterminetheserates.Howeverresearcherscountingelephantsinoneregiontendtorelyonstandarddecayratesestablishedelsewhere.ButresearchersattheWCShavefoundthatthisdecayratevariesfromregiontoregiondependingontheclimateandenvironment.Usingthewrongvaluescanleadthecensusastray离开正道saysPlumptre.HeandhiscolleagueAnthonyChifuNchanjistudieddecayingelephantdungintheforestsofCameroon.Theyfoundthatthedungdecayedbetween55and65percentmoreslowlythanthedungintherainforestsofneighboringGabon.IfresearchersusedecayratesfromGabontocountelephantsinCameroontheywouldprobablyfindmoreelephantsthanareactuallyaround.ThiscouldmeanestimatesinCameroonareatleasttwiceashighasthosederivedfromdecayratescalculatedlocallyPlumptresaysHoweveraccurateyourdungdensityestimatemightbethedecayratecanseverelyaffecttheresult.Plumptrealsosaysthatthedung-pilecensusshouldbecarriedoutoveraregionsimilarinsizetoanelephant’snaturalrange.TheusualtechniqueofmonitoringonlysmallprotectedareasdistortsnumbersbecauseelephantsmoveinandoutoftheseregionshesaysIftheelephantpopulationincreaseswithintheprotectedareayoucannotdeterminewhether.Itisarealincreaseorwhetheritisduetoelephantsmovinginbecausetheyarebeingpoached入侵偷猎outside.Plumptresaysthatsimilarproblemsmayalsoaffectotheranimalcensusstudiesthatrelyonindirectevidencesuchasneststracksorburrows地洞.Pilesofdungcan’tberelieduponwhenitcomestoestimatingelephantnumbersbecause______.
FrancehaskeptintimatelinkswithitsformerAfricanterritories.
Itisvirtuallyimpossibletopersuadehimtoapplyforthejob.
Manyfactoryworkersfindtheirjobstiresome.
IstheTieaNecessityTiesornecktieshavebeenasymbolofpolitenessandeleganceinBritainforcenturies.ButthecasualPrimeMinisterTonyBlairhasproblemswiththem.Reportssuggestthateventhecivilservantsmaystopwearingties.SoarethefamouslyformalBritishreallygoingtoabandonthenecktiesMaybe.LastweektheUK’sCabinetSecretaryAndrewTurnbullopenlywelcomedatielessera.Hehintedthatcivilservantswouldsoonbefreeofthecostliest12inchesoffabricthatmostmeneverbuyintheirlives.InfactBlairshowedthisattitudewhenhehadhisfirstgueststoacocktailparty.Manyofthemwerecelebrities知名人士withouttieswhichwouldhavebeenunimaginableevenintherecentpast.ForsomemoreconservativeBritishthetieisamustforproperappearance.EarlierLaborleaderJimCallaghansaidhewouldhavediedratherthanhavehischildrenseeninpublicwithoutatie.ForpeoplelikeCallaghanthetiewasasignofbeingcompleteofshowingrespect.Menweresupposedtowearatiewhengoingtochurchtoworkintheofficetoaparty-almosteverysocialoccasion.Buttodaypeoplehavebeguntoacceptacasualstyleevenforformaloccasions.Theoriginofthetieistricky.Itstartedassomethingcalledsimplyaband.Thetermcouldmeananythingaroundaman’sneck.Itappearedinfinerwaysinthe1630s.Frenchmenshowedaloveofthisparticularfashionstatement.Theirneckwear颈饰impressedCharlesIIthekingofEnglandwhowasexiled流放toFranceatthattime.WhenhereturnedtoEnglandin1660hebroughtthisnewfashionitemalongwithhim.Itwasn’thoweveruntilthelate18thcenturythatfancyyoungmenintroducedamorecolorfulflowingpieceofcloththateventuallybecameknownasthetie.Thenclubsmilitaryinstitutionsandschoolsbegantousecoloredandpatternedtiestoindicatethewearer’smembershipinthelate19thcentury.AfterthatthetiebecameanecessaryitemofclothingforBritishgentlemen.Butnowevengentlemenaregettingtiredofties.Anywaythedayfeelsabiteasierwhenyouwakeupwithouthavingtodecidewhichtiesuitsyouandyourmood.WhobroughttheFrenchmen’sneckweartoBritain
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