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WiththeMetOfficepredictingasummerheatwaveMacmillanCancerReliefthisweek 1itscustomarywarningaboutthesun’sultravioletrays:2itsaysforthehugeriseinskincancersaffecting70000peopleayear.3ahatandlong-sleevedshirtitadviseskeepinthe4inthemiddleofthedayandslap5suncreamwithaprotectionfactorof15orabove. Weallknowit6it’sthemessagethat’sbeendrummedintousforthepast20years.Toomuchsun7Butnowthere’saflyinthesuntanlotioncomplicatingthemessage’sclarity.Itcomes8athinquietly-spokenandofficiallyretiredNasascientistProfessorWilliamGrantwhosaysthatsundoesn’tkill;infactitdoesustheworldof9.What’skillingushesaysisour10withprotectingourselvesfromskincancer. Grantistryingtoturnthescientificworld11down.TalkingtomeonatriptoBritainthisweekhe12hisstartling—andatfirstappearanceoff-the-wall—newcalculationthat13excessiveexposuretothesuniscosting1600deathsayearintheUKfrommelanomaskincancers14exposuretothesunisthecauseof25000deathsayearfromcancergenerally.Inotherwordsonesixthofallcancerdeathscouldbeprevented15wesunnedourselvesalittlemore;incomparisonthemelanoma16isinsignificant. ThereasonisvitaminD.GrantthedirectoroftheSunlightNutritionandHealthResearchCentreSUNARChe17inCaliforniaayearagosaysthatheandotherscientistshave18vitaminDdeficiencyasakeycause1917differenttypesofcancerincludingmelanomaosteoporosisdiabetesmultiplesclerosisandotherneurological20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.7
WiththeMetOfficepredictingasummerheatwaveMacmillanCancerReliefthisweek 1itscustomarywarningaboutthesun’sultravioletrays:2itsaysforthehugeriseinskincancersaffecting70000peopleayear.3ahatandlong-sleevedshirtitadviseskeepinthe4inthemiddleofthedayandslap5suncreamwithaprotectionfactorof15orabove. Weallknowit6it’sthemessagethat’sbeendrummedintousforthepast20years.Toomuchsun7Butnowthere’saflyinthesuntanlotioncomplicatingthemessage’sclarity.Itcomes8athinquietly-spokenandofficiallyretiredNasascientistProfessorWilliamGrantwhosaysthatsundoesn’tkill;infactitdoesustheworldof9.What’skillingushesaysisour10withprotectingourselvesfromskincancer. Grantistryingtoturnthescientificworld11down.TalkingtomeonatriptoBritainthisweekhe12hisstartling—andatfirstappearanceoff-the-wall—newcalculationthat13excessiveexposuretothesuniscosting1600deathsayearintheUKfrommelanomaskincancers14exposuretothesunisthecauseof25000deathsayearfromcancergenerally.Inotherwordsonesixthofallcancerdeathscouldbeprevented15wesunnedourselvesalittlemore;incomparisonthemelanoma16isinsignificant. ThereasonisvitaminD.GrantthedirectoroftheSunlightNutritionandHealthResearchCentreSUNARChe17inCaliforniaayearagosaysthatheandotherscientistshave18vitaminDdeficiencyasakeycause1917differenttypesofcancerincludingmelanomaosteoporosisdiabetesmultiplesclerosisandotherneurological20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.11
A.Revelationofthenatureofcomets B.Aperfectrepresentativeofthecomets C.Hopingforthebest D.RighttimeandrightplacefortheImpact E.WhattoexpectofthisDeepImpact F.Mysteryintheheavens OnMondayat1:52a.m.ETaprobedeployedbyaNASAspacecraft83millionmilesfromhomewillsmashat23000mphintoanancientcometthesizeofManhattanblastingaholeperhaps14storiesdeep. 41. LaunchedinJanuaryNASA’s$333millionDeepImpactmissionisdesignedtoanswerquestionsthatscientistshavelonghadaboutcometstheominousicebergsofspace.Thisisthefirsttimeanyspaceagencyhasstagedsuchadeliberatecrash.ScientistshopeimagestransmittedbytheprobeanditsmothershipwilltellthemaboutconditionsintheearlysolarsystemwhencometsandplanetsincludingEarthwereformed.Theteamhopestoreleasephotosoftheimpactassoonastheyarereceivedfromthecraft.NASAandobservatoriesacrossthenationwillbereleasingwebcasts. 42. AttheveryleastNASAsaysknowinghowdeeptheprobedivesintothecometcouldsettlethedebateoverwhethercometsarecompacticecubesorporoussnowcones."Weneedtodigasdeepaholeaspossible"saysmissionsciencechiefMichaelA’HearnoftheUniversityofMaryland.UntilnowtheclosestscientistshavecometoacometwaswhenNASA’sStardustmissionpassedwithin167milesofthecometWild2lastyearcollectingcometdustthatisboundforareturntoEarthinJanuary.ThemostfamousdatewithacometoccurredwhenaninternationalspacecraftflotillagreetedHalley’scometin1986.Butthesequicklooksexaminedonlythecomets’dustandsurface. 43. Totheancientscometswereharbingersofdoomcelestialintrudersontheperfectionoftheheavensthatpresageddisaster.ModernastronomershavelookedonthemmorefavorablyatleastsinceEdmondHalley’scelebrated1705predictionofthereturnofHalley’scometin1758andevery75 yearsthereafter.TodayscientistsbelieveTempel1namedforErnstWilhelmLeberechtTempelwhofirstspotteditin1867whilesearchingforcometsintheskyoverMarseillesFranceandothercometsarewindowstotheearliestdaysofthesolarsystem4.6billionyearsagowhenplanetsformedfromthedustdisksurroundingtheinfantsum 44. DeepImpact’scopper-plated"impactor"—a39-inchlong820-poundbeer-barrel-shapedprobe—willbe"runoverlikeapennyonatraintrack"whenitcrashesA’Hearnsays.Theimpactorisequippedwithanavigationsystemtomakesureitsmacksintothecometintherightlocationfortheflybycraft’scameras.OnSundaytheflybyspacecraftwillreleasetheprobe.Twelveminuteslateritwillbeatahastyretreatwithamaneuveraimedatallowingacloseflybyfrom5348milesawaywithcameraspointed.Fourteenminutesaftertheimpacttheflybyspacecraftwillscoottowithinamere310milesforaclose-upofthedamage 45. Ideallyeverythingwilllineupandtheflybyspacecraftwilltakeimagesofthecratercausedbytheimpact.Itwillgointoa"shielded"modeasiceanddustbatterthecraftthenemergetotakemorepictures."Therealisticworstcaseishittingthecometbutnothavingtheflybyintherightplace"A’Hearnsays."BasicallywehaveabullettryingtohitasecondbulletwithathirdbulletintherightplaceattherighttimetowatchI’dlovetohaveajoystick操纵杆tocontroltheimpactor." Planetaryscientistshave"noidea"whatsortofcraterwillresultMcFaddensays.Predictionsrangefromadeepbutskinnyshaftdrivenintoaporoussnowconetoafootball-stadium-sizedexcavationinahard-packediceball. Butastronomersshouldhavetheiranswershortlyafterimpactwhichshouldsettlesomequestionsaboutthecomet’scrustandinterior.Analysisofthechemistryofthatinteriorbasedonthelightspectragivenoffintheimpact’saftermathcouldtakemuchlonger. 45
WiththeMetOfficepredictingasummerheatwaveMacmillanCancerReliefthisweek 1itscustomarywarningaboutthesun’sultravioletrays:2itsaysforthehugeriseinskincancersaffecting70000peopleayear.3ahatandlong-sleevedshirtitadviseskeepinthe4inthemiddleofthedayandslap5suncreamwithaprotectionfactorof15orabove. Weallknowit6it’sthemessagethat’sbeendrummedintousforthepast20years.Toomuchsun7Butnowthere’saflyinthesuntanlotioncomplicatingthemessage’sclarity.Itcomes8athinquietly-spokenandofficiallyretiredNasascientistProfessorWilliamGrantwhosaysthatsundoesn’tkill;infactitdoesustheworldof9.What’skillingushesaysisour10withprotectingourselvesfromskincancer. Grantistryingtoturnthescientificworld11down.TalkingtomeonatriptoBritainthisweekhe12hisstartling—andatfirstappearanceoff-the-wall—newcalculationthat13excessiveexposuretothesuniscosting1600deathsayearintheUKfrommelanomaskincancers14exposuretothesunisthecauseof25000deathsayearfromcancergenerally.Inotherwordsonesixthofallcancerdeathscouldbeprevented15wesunnedourselvesalittlemore;incomparisonthemelanoma16isinsignificant. ThereasonisvitaminD.GrantthedirectoroftheSunlightNutritionandHealthResearchCentreSUNARChe17inCaliforniaayearagosaysthatheandotherscientistshave18vitaminDdeficiencyasakeycause1917differenttypesofcancerincludingmelanomaosteoporosisdiabetesmultiplesclerosisandotherneurological20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.1
BaghdadIraq—Ifintimetheattempttoimplantapro-WesterndemocraticpoliticalSysteminIraqendsupburiedinthedesertsandshistorianswillhavenoshortageofthingsthatwentwrong.46Equallyiftheproblemshereultimatelyrecedesupportersoftheenterprisewillfindvindication证明’"正确intheBushadministration’sdecisiontoholdcourseasotherslostfaith. 47EitherwayanyreckoningwillexaminethenumbersofAmericantroopscommittedhere:whethertheyweresothinlystretchedthattheirmissionwasdoomedfromthestartorasSecretaryofDefenseDonaldRumsfeldsaidlastweekAmericancommandersweregiven"exactlywhatthey’verecommended"intermsoftroops. Mr.Rumsfeldhaslongtakena"lessismore"approachtocombattrooplevelsandinaBBCinterviewMondaybeseemedtomovetowardthosenowpressingtoreducetrooplevelssoon.48"Thereasonforfewer"hesaid"isbecauseultimatelyit’sgoingtobetheIraqipeoplewhoaregoingtoprevailinthisinsurgency起义"inotherwordsIraqinotAmericantroopsaretheoneswhowillwinthewarifitcanbewon. Thewordsseemedatleasttonodtopolitics.49Lastweekevenasopinionpollsshowedcontinuingerosioninsupportforthewaraconservativefromastateheavywithmilitarybaseswhohasbeenastaunch坚定的supporterofthewarRepresentativeWalterB.JonesofNorthCarolinajoinedwithanotherRepublicanandtwoDemocratsincallingonPresidentBushtobegindrawingdownthetroopsinIraqbyOct.12006. EarlierthisyearthePentagonofferedanevenearlierdateforaninitialreduction.ButinrecentweeksAmericangeneralsherehavebeentellingCongressionalvisitorsthatthedisappointingperformanceofmanyIraqicombatunitshasmadeearlydeparturesimpractical.TheysayitwillbetwoyearsormorebeforeIraqiscanbeexpectedtobeginreplacingAmericanunitsasthemainguarantorsofsecurity. Commandersconcernedfortheircareershavenotthoughtitprudenttogofurtherandtosaypubliclywhatmanysayprivately:thatwithrecentAmericantrooplevels—139000nowtheyhavebeenforcedtoplayaninfernalboardgameconstantlyshuttlingcombatunitsfromonewarzonetoanotherleavinginsurgentbuildupsunmetinsomeplaceswhiletheydealwithmoreurgentproblemselsewhere. Generalsarenotfamousforwantingsmallerarmies.50ButAmericancommandersherehavebeencautionedbytherealitythatthePentagon五角大楼inatimeofall-volunteerforcesandplungingrecruitinglevelshasfewifanyextratroopstodeploy部署andthattherearelimitstowhatAmericanpublicopinionwouldbear.Sothegeneralshavekeptquietabouttrooplevels. Lastweekevenasopinionpollsshowedcontinuingerosioninsupportforthewaraconservativefromastateheavywithmilitarybaseswhohasbeenastaunch坚定的supporterofthewarRepresentativeWalterB.JonesofNorthCarolinajoinedwithanotherRepublicanandtwoDemocratsincallingonPresidentBushtobegindrawingdownthetroopsinIraqbyOct.12006.
WiththeMetOfficepredictingasummerheatwaveMacmillanCancerReliefthisweek 1itscustomarywarningaboutthesun’sultravioletrays:2itsaysforthehugeriseinskincancersaffecting70000peopleayear.3ahatandlong-sleevedshirtitadviseskeepinthe4inthemiddleofthedayandslap5suncreamwithaprotectionfactorof15orabove. Weallknowit6it’sthemessagethat’sbeendrummedintousforthepast20years.Toomuchsun7Butnowthere’saflyinthesuntanlotioncomplicatingthemessage’sclarity.Itcomes8athinquietly-spokenandofficiallyretiredNasascientistProfessorWilliamGrantwhosaysthatsundoesn’tkill;infactitdoesustheworldof9.What’skillingushesaysisour10withprotectingourselvesfromskincancer. Grantistryingtoturnthescientificworld11down.TalkingtomeonatriptoBritainthisweekhe12hisstartling—andatfirstappearanceoff-the-wall—newcalculationthat13excessiveexposuretothesuniscosting1600deathsayearintheUKfrommelanomaskincancers14exposuretothesunisthecauseof25000deathsayearfromcancergenerally.Inotherwordsonesixthofallcancerdeathscouldbeprevented15wesunnedourselvesalittlemore;incomparisonthemelanoma16isinsignificant. ThereasonisvitaminD.GrantthedirectoroftheSunlightNutritionandHealthResearchCentreSUNARChe17inCaliforniaayearagosaysthatheandotherscientistshave18vitaminDdeficiencyasakeycause1917differenttypesofcancerincludingmelanomaosteoporosisdiabetesmultiplesclerosisandotherneurological20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.9
Text2 ThebiggestdangerfacingtheglobalairlineindustryisnottheeffectsofterrorismwarSARSandeconomicdownturn.ItisthattheseblowswhichhavehelpedgroundthreenationalflagcarriersandforcetwoAmericanairlinesintobankruptcywilldivertattentionfromtheinherentweaknessesofaviationwhichtheyhaveexacerbated.AsinthecrisisthatattendedthefirstGulfWarmanyairlineshopethattrafficwillsoonbouncebackandafewcatastrophicyearswillbefollowedbyfullerplaneshappierpassengersandareturntoprofitability.Yettheindustry’sproblemsaredeeper—andolder—thanthetraumaofthepasttwoyearsimplies. AsthecentenaryofthefirstpoweredflightapproachesinDecembertheindustryitlaunchedisstillremarkablyprimitive.ThecarindustrycreatednotlongaftertheWrightBrothersmadehistoryisnowaglobalindustrydominatedbyadozenfirmsatleasthalfofwhichmakegoodprofits.Yetcommercialaviationconsistsof267internationalcarriersandanother500-plusdomesticones.Theworld’sbiggestcarrierAmericanAirlineshasbarely7%oftheglobalmarketwhereastheworld’sbiggestcarmakerGeneralMotorshaswithitsassociatedfirmsaboutaquarteroftheworld’sautomobilemarket. Aviationhasbeenincompletelyderegulatedandinonlytwomarkets:AmericaandEurope.Everywhereelsegovernmentsdictatewhofliesunderwhatrules.Theseaimtopreservestate-ownednationalflag-carriersrunforprestigeratherthanprofit.Andnumerousrestrictionsonforeignownershipimpedecross-borderairlinemergers. InAmericathebignetworkcarriersfacebarrierstoexitwhichhavekepttheirroutenetworkstoolarge.TradeunionsresistingjobcutsandCongressmenopposingrouteclosuresintheirterritoryconspiretoblockchange.InEuropeliberalizationislimitedbybilateraldealsthatpreventforinstanceBritishAirwaysBAflyingtoAmericafromFrankfurtorParisorLufthansaofferingtransatlanticflightsfromLondon’sHeathrow.TousethecarindustryanalogyitisasifonlyRenaultswereallowedtodriveonFrenchmotorways. Inairlinestheoptimistsarethosewhothinkthatthingsarenowsobadthattheindustryhasnooptionbuttoevolve.FrederickReidpresidentofDeltaAirLinessaidearlierthisyearthateventssincetheSeptemberllthattacksaretheequivalentofameteorstrikechangingtheclimatecreatingasortofnuclearwinterandleadingtoa"compressedevolutionarycycle".Sohowlookingonthebrightsidemighttheindustrylookafterfiveyearsofaccelerateddevelopment AccordingtoFredrickReidtheaviationindustry
Text1 Violentlyricsinsongsincreaseaggression-relatedthoughtsandemotionsandcouldindirectlycreateamorehostilesocialenvironmentastudyreleasedonSundaybyaU.S.psychologyassociationfound.TheWashingtonD.C.-basedAmericanPsychologicalAssociationAPAreleasedthestudyresultingfromfiveexperimentsinvolvingover500collegestudentsintheMayissueoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology. Theviolentsongsincreasedfeelingsofhostilitywithoutprovocationorthreataccordingtothestudy.Itsaidtheeffectwasnottheresultofdifferencesinmusicalstylespecificperformingartistorarousalpropertiesofthesongs.Eventhehumorousviolentsongsincreasedaggressivethoughtsthestudysaid. Thegroupsaidthestudycontradictsapopularnotionthatlisteningtoangryviolentmusicactuallyservesasapositivecatharsisforpeople. ThemusicindustrycameundercriticismfromlawmakersinOctoberforfailingtousemoredescriptiveparentaladvisorylabelsthatspecifywhetherthemusiccontainssexviolenceorstronglanguage. ButtheRecordingIndustryAssociationofAmericaRIAAhassaidthatcurrentCDlabelsgiveparentsenoughinformationwithoutviolatingtherighttofreeexpression.TheRIAAisthetradegroupfortheworld’sfivebiglabelsincludingAOLTimeWarnerInc.EMIGroupPie.BertelsmannAGVivendiUniversal’sUniversalMusicandSonyCorp.. ResultsoftheAPA’sexperimentsshowedthatviolentsongsledtomoreaggressiveinterpretationsofambiguouslyaggressivewordsandincreasedtherelativespeedwithwhichpeoplereadaggressiveversusnon-aggressivewords."Suchaggression-biasedinterpretationscaninturninstigateamoreaggressiveresponseverbalorphysicalthanwouldhavebeenemittedinanonbiasedstatethusprovokinganaggressiveescalatoryspiralofantisocialexchanges"saidresearcherCraigAndersoninastatement. Whileresearcherssaidrepeatedexposuretoviolentlyricscouldindirectlycreateamorehostilesocialenvironmenttheysaiditwaspossibletheeffectsofviolentsongsmaylastonlyafairlyshorttime. Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat
Forthefirsttimeindecadesdoctorshavebegunmakingmajorchangesinthetreatmentoflungcancerbasedonresearchprovingthatchemotherapycansignificantlylengthenlifeformanypatientsforwhomitwaspreviouslythoughttobeuseless. Theshiftincareappliestoabout50000peopleayearintheUnitedStateswhohaveearlycasesofthemostcommonformofthediseasenon-small-celllungcancerandwhosetumorsareremovedbysurgery.46Manyofthesepatientswhojustafewyearsagowouldhavebeentreatedwithsurgeryalonearenowbeinggivenchemotherapyaswelljustas.itisroutinelygivenaftersurgeryforbreastorcolon结肠cancer.Thenewapproachhasbrightenedapicturethatwasoftenbleak. "Thebenefitisatleastasgoodandmaybebetterthanintheothercancers"saidDr.JohnMinnaalungcancerexpertandresearchdirectorattheUniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedicalCenterinDallas.Hesaidnewdiscoverieswerehelpingtoeliminatedoctors’"nihilistic"attitudesaboutchemotherapyforlungcancer. "Thestandardofcarehaschanged"saidDr.ChristopherG.AzzolialungcancerspecialistatMemorialSloan-KetteringCancerCenterinNewYork. 47Amajorimpetusforthechangecameayearagowhentwostudiespresentedatacancerconferenceshowedmarkedincreasesinsurvivalinpatientswhoreceivedadjuvant辅助的chemotherapymeaningthedrugsweregivenaftersurgery.Inonestudyof482patientsinCanadaandtheUnitedStatesledbyDr.TimothyWintonasurgeonfromtheUniversityofAlberta69percentofpatientswhohadsurgeryandchemotherapywerestillalivefiveyearslaterascomparedwith54percentwhohadjustsurgery.Thepatientsweregivenacombinationoftwodrugscisplatinandvinorelbineonceaweekfor16weeks. Intheworldoflungcancerresearchasurvivaldifferenceof15percentagepointsisenormous.48Overallthepatientsgivenchemotherapylived94monthsversus73monthsinthosewhohadonlysurgery—alsoahugedifferenceinafieldinwhichatreatmentishailedasasuccessifitgivespatientseventhreeorfourextramonths. AsecondstudyalsoannouncedattheconferencelastyearhadsimilarfindingsandsodidathirdpresentedjustamonthagoattheannualmeetingofthesamecancergrouptheAmericanSocietyofClinicalOneology. Atmajormedicalcentersdoctorsquicklybegantoputtheresultsintopractice. 49"Thefindingsweresostunningfromthesestudiesayearagothattheybegantochangethestandardofcare"saidDr.PasiJannealungcancerspecialistattheDanaFarberCancerInstituteinBoston."Overthelastyearthenumberofpatientswe’vehadreferredhereforadjuvantchemotherapyhasgoneupsteadily." 50ButsomedoctorshesitatedtomakechangesDr.Wintonsaidwantingfirsttoseethestudiespublishedinamedicaljournalwhichwouldmeanthedatahadstooduptotheserutiny仔细的检查ofeditorsandexpertreviewers. Nowhisstudyhasbecomethefirstofthethreetopassthattest.ItisbeingpublishedtodayinTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinealongwithaneditorialbyDr.KatherineM.S.Pistersalungcancerspecialistatthem.D.AndersonCancerCenterinHouston. ThefindingsweresostunningfromthesestudiesayearagothattheybegantochangethestandardofcaresaidDr.PasiJannealungcancerspecialistattheDanaFarberCancerInstituteinBoston.
A.Revelationofthenatureofcomets B.Aperfectrepresentativeofthecomets C.Hopingforthebest D.RighttimeandrightplacefortheImpact E.WhattoexpectofthisDeepImpact F.Mysteryintheheavens OnMondayat1:52a.m.ETaprobedeployedbyaNASAspacecraft83millionmilesfromhomewillsmashat23000mphintoanancientcometthesizeofManhattanblastingaholeperhaps14storiesdeep. 41. LaunchedinJanuaryNASA’s$333millionDeepImpactmissionisdesignedtoanswerquestionsthatscientistshavelonghadaboutcometstheominousicebergsofspace.Thisisthefirsttimeanyspaceagencyhasstagedsuchadeliberatecrash.ScientistshopeimagestransmittedbytheprobeanditsmothershipwilltellthemaboutconditionsintheearlysolarsystemwhencometsandplanetsincludingEarthwereformed.Theteamhopestoreleasephotosoftheimpactassoonastheyarereceivedfromthecraft.NASAandobservatoriesacrossthenationwillbereleasingwebcasts. 42. AttheveryleastNASAsaysknowinghowdeeptheprobedivesintothecometcouldsettlethedebateoverwhethercometsarecompacticecubesorporoussnowcones."Weneedtodigasdeepaholeaspossible"saysmissionsciencechiefMichaelA’HearnoftheUniversityofMaryland.UntilnowtheclosestscientistshavecometoacometwaswhenNASA’sStardustmissionpassedwithin167milesofthecometWild2lastyearcollectingcometdustthatisboundforareturntoEarthinJanuary.ThemostfamousdatewithacometoccurredwhenaninternationalspacecraftflotillagreetedHalley’scometin1986.Butthesequicklooksexaminedonlythecomets’dustandsurface. 43. Totheancientscometswereharbingersofdoomcelestialintrudersontheperfectionoftheheavensthatpresageddisaster.ModernastronomershavelookedonthemmorefavorablyatleastsinceEdmondHalley’scelebrated1705predictionofthereturnofHalley’scometin1758andevery75 yearsthereafter.TodayscientistsbelieveTempel1namedforErnstWilhelmLeberechtTempelwhofirstspotteditin1867whilesearchingforcometsintheskyoverMarseillesFranceandothercometsarewindowstotheearliestdaysofthesolarsystem4.6billionyearsagowhenplanetsformedfromthedustdisksurroundingtheinfantsum 44. DeepImpact’scopper-plated"impactor"—a39-inchlong820-poundbeer-barrel-shapedprobe—willbe"runoverlikeapennyonatraintrack"whenitcrashesA’Hearnsays.Theimpactorisequippedwithanavigationsystemtomakesureitsmacksintothecometintherightlocationfortheflybycraft’scameras.OnSundaytheflybyspacecraftwillreleasetheprobe.Twelveminuteslateritwillbeatahastyretreatwithamaneuveraimedatallowingacloseflybyfrom5348milesawaywithcameraspointed.Fourteenminutesaftertheimpacttheflybyspacecraftwillscoottowithinamere310milesforaclose-upofthedamage 45. Ideallyeverythingwilllineupandtheflybyspacecraftwilltakeimagesofthecratercausedbytheimpact.Itwillgointoa"shielded"modeasiceanddustbatterthecraftthenemergetotakemorepictures."Therealisticworstcaseishittingthecometbutnothavingtheflybyintherightplace"A’Hearnsays."BasicallywehaveabullettryingtohitasecondbulletwithathirdbulletintherightplaceattherighttimetowatchI’dlovetohaveajoystick操纵杆tocontroltheimpactor." Planetaryscientistshave"noidea"whatsortofcraterwillresultMcFaddensays.Predictionsrangefromadeepbutskinnyshaftdrivenintoaporoussnowconetoafootball-stadium-sizedexcavationinahard-packediceball. Butastronomersshouldhavetheiranswershortlyafterimpactwhichshouldsettlesomequestionsaboutthecomet’scrustandinterior.Analysisofthechemistryofthatinteriorbasedonthelightspectragivenoffintheimpact’saftermathcouldtakemuchlonger. 41
WiththeMetOfficepredictingasummerheatwaveMacmillanCancerReliefthisweek 1itscustomarywarningaboutthesun’sultravioletrays:2itsaysforthehugeriseinskincancersaffecting70000peopleayear.3ahatandlong-sleevedshirtitadviseskeepinthe4inthemiddleofthedayandslap5suncreamwithaprotectionfactorof15orabove. Weallknowit6it’sthemessagethat’sbeendrummedintousforthepast20years.Toomuchsun7Butnowthere’saflyinthesuntanlotioncomplicatingthemessage’sclarity.Itcomes8athinquietly-spokenandofficiallyretiredNasascientistProfessorWilliamGrantwhosaysthatsundoesn’tkill;infactitdoesustheworldof9.What’skillingushesaysisour10withprotectingourselvesfromskincancer. Grantistryingtoturnthescientificworld11down.TalkingtomeonatriptoBritainthisweekhe12hisstartling—andatfirstappearanceoff-the-wall—newcalculationthat13excessiveexposuretothesuniscosting1600deathsayearintheUKfrommelanomaskincancers14exposuretothesunisthecauseof25000deathsayearfromcancergenerally.Inotherwordsonesixthofallcancerdeathscouldbeprevented15wesunnedourselvesalittlemore;incomparisonthemelanoma16isinsignificant. ThereasonisvitaminD.GrantthedirectoroftheSunlightNutritionandHealthResearchCentreSUNARChe17inCaliforniaayearagosaysthatheandotherscientistshave18vitaminDdeficiencyasakeycause1917differenttypesofcancerincludingmelanomaosteoporosisdiabetesmultiplesclerosisandotherneurological20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.19
Text3 MediamogulTedTurneryesterdaysoldmorethanhalfofhisAOLTimeWarnerInc.holdingsforabout$780millionamovethatreflectshiseffortstoslashhisfinancialstakeinthemediagiant. AfterthecloseofregulartradingyesterdayTurnersoldablockof60millionsharestoGoldmanSachs&Co.for$13.07pershareor31centsbelowthestock’sclosingpriceyesterday.GoldmanwassaidbyWallStreetsourcestobeofferingthestocktomajorinvestorsfor$13.15. AnoutspokencriticofthecorporationTurnerremainsAOLTimeWarner’slargestindividualshareholderwith45millionsharesandamemberofitsboardofdirectors.AspokeswomanforTurnerreferredquestionstoAOLTimeWarner. AthispeakTurnerownedabout130millionsharesbuthelostbillionsofdollarsinwealthandgrewbitterafterthestockplungedfollowingthemergerofAmericaOnlineandTimeWarnerinJanuary2001. TurnerwhoinitiallysupportedthemergerlaterexpressedoutrageoverrevelationsthatAmericaOnlinehadmanipulateditsfinancialresults.TheSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionisinvestigatingAOLandthecorporationhasacknowledgeddiscoveringtensofmillionsofdollarsofoverstatedrevenue. TurnerresignedasvicechairmanearlierthisyearandhasbeenspendinglessofhistimeonAOLTimeWarnermatters.HesteppeddownafterachievinghisgoalofpressuringAmericaOnlinefounderSteveCasetoresignasthecorporation’schairman.Casesaidhewasgivinguptheposttoavoidabruisingpublichattleforreelectionatnextweek’sannualmeeting. IntheefforttooustCaseTurnerteamedupwithGordonCrawfordtheseniormediaportfoliomanageratCapitalResearch&ManagementthelargestinstitutionalshareholderinAOLTimeWarner.CapitalResearchhasindicateditwillvoteagainstCase’selectiontoremainontheboardofdirectorsnextweek—apositionthatanalystssaidshouldnotaffecttheoutcome.TurnermeanwhilehassaidhewillsupportthemanagementslatethatincludesCaseandwillmakeRichardD.Parsonsthecompany’schairmanandchiefexecutive. TurneravisionarywhostartedCableNewsNetworkisinthemidstofrollingoutanewchainofrestaurantsTed’sMontanaGrillfeaturingbisonburgers.HerecentlymovedhisresidencefromGeorgiatoFloridaforestate-planningpurposesandisspendingtimeandmoneyonhisindependentfilmcompanywhichlostmillionsofdollarsonalengthymovieabouttheCivilWar. Turnerbecameextremelyangrybecause
Text4 TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInternetcaseslegalexpertssaid. Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence. ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.basedHealthgrades.com.TheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.compostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealtheareshomehealthservicesontheInternet.Healthgrades.cornarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado. ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators. GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheir9fferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions. OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes&AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation. "ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates"Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.-basedWallStreetJournalWebsite. AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitwon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries’besaid. UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw. Theauthorwritesthispassagemainlytoshowthat
WiththeMetOfficepredictingasummerheatwaveMacmillanCancerReliefthisweek 1itscustomarywarningaboutthesun’sultravioletrays:2itsaysforthehugeriseinskincancersaffecting70000peopleayear.3ahatandlong-sleevedshirtitadviseskeepinthe4inthemiddleofthedayandslap5suncreamwithaprotectionfactorof15orabove. Weallknowit6it’sthemessagethat’sbeendrummedintousforthepast20years.Toomuchsun7Butnowthere’saflyinthesuntanlotioncomplicatingthemessage’sclarity.Itcomes8athinquietly-spokenandofficiallyretiredNasascientistProfessorWilliamGrantwhosaysthatsundoesn’tkill;infactitdoesustheworldof9.What’skillingushesaysisour10withprotectingourselvesfromskincancer. Grantistryingtoturnthescientificworld11down.TalkingtomeonatriptoBritainthisweekhe12hisstartling—andatfirstappearanceoff-the-wall—newcalculationthat13excessiveexposuretothesuniscosting1600deathsayearintheUKfrommelanomaskincancers14exposuretothesunisthecauseof25000deathsayearfromcancergenerally.Inotherwordsonesixthofallcancerdeathscouldbeprevented15wesunnedourselvesalittlemore;incomparisonthemelanoma16isinsignificant. ThereasonisvitaminD.GrantthedirectoroftheSunlightNutritionandHealthResearchCentreSUNARChe17inCaliforniaayearagosaysthatheandotherscientistshave18vitaminDdeficiencyasakeycause1917differenttypesofcancerincludingmelanomaosteoporosisdiabetesmultiplesclerosisandotherneurological20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.17
Directions:Youaregoingtogiveasend-offspeechatafarewellpartygiveninhonorofProf.KerryStubbs.Inyourspeechyouwould1indicatethepurposeoftheparty2acknowledgewhatMr.Stubbshasdone3inviteMr.StubbstospeakYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonAnswerSheet2.
Forthefirsttimeindecadesdoctorshavebegunmakingmajorchangesinthetreatmentoflungcancerbasedonresearchprovingthatchemotherapycansignificantlylengthenlifeformanypatientsforwhomitwaspreviouslythoughttobeuseless. Theshiftincareappliestoabout50000peopleayearintheUnitedStateswhohaveearlycasesofthemostcommonformofthediseasenon-small-celllungcancerandwhosetumorsareremovedbysurgery.46Manyofthesepatientswhojustafewyearsagowouldhavebeentreatedwithsurgeryalonearenowbeinggivenchemotherapyaswelljustas.itisroutinelygivenaftersurgeryforbreastorcolon结肠cancer.Thenewapproachhasbrightenedapicturethatwasoftenbleak. "Thebenefitisatleastasgoodandmaybebetterthanintheothercancers"saidDr.JohnMinnaalungcancerexpertandresearchdirectorattheUniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedicalCenterinDallas.Hesaidnewdiscoverieswerehelpingtoeliminatedoctors’"nihilistic"attitudesaboutchemotherapyforlungcancer. "Thestandardofcarehaschanged"saidDr.ChristopherG.AzzolialungcancerspecialistatMemorialSloan-KetteringCancerCenterinNewYork. 47Amajorimpetusforthechangecameayearagowhentwostudiespresentedatacancerconferenceshowedmarkedincreasesinsurvivalinpatientswhoreceivedadjuvant辅助的chemotherapymeaningthedrugsweregivenaftersurgery.Inonestudyof482patientsinCanadaandtheUnitedStatesledbyDr.TimothyWintonasurgeonfromtheUniversityofAlberta69percentofpatientswhohadsurgeryandchemotherapywerestillalivefiveyearslaterascomparedwith54percentwhohadjustsurgery.Thepatientsweregivenacombinationoftwodrugscisplatinandvinorelbineonceaweekfor16weeks. Intheworldoflungcancerresearchasurvivaldifferenceof15percentagepointsisenormous.48Overallthepatientsgivenchemotherapylived94monthsversus73monthsinthosewhohadonlysurgery—alsoahugedifferenceinafieldinwhichatreatmentishailedasasuccessifitgivespatientseventhreeorfourextramonths. AsecondstudyalsoannouncedattheconferencelastyearhadsimilarfindingsandsodidathirdpresentedjustamonthagoattheannualmeetingofthesamecancergrouptheAmericanSocietyofClinicalOneology. Atmajormedicalcentersdoctorsquicklybegantoputtheresultsintopractice. 49"Thefindingsweresostunningfromthesestudiesayearagothattheybegantochangethestandardofcare"saidDr.PasiJannealungcancerspecialistattheDanaFarberCancerInstituteinBoston."Overthelastyearthenumberofpatientswe’vehadreferredhereforadjuvantchemotherapyhasgoneupsteadily." 50ButsomedoctorshesitatedtomakechangesDr.Wintonsaidwantingfirsttoseethestudiespublishedinamedicaljournalwhichwouldmeanthedatahadstooduptotheserutiny仔细的检查ofeditorsandexpertreviewers. Nowhisstudyhasbecomethefirstofthethreetopassthattest.ItisbeingpublishedtodayinTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinealongwithaneditorialbyDr.KatherineM.S.Pistersalungcancerspecialistatthem.D.AndersonCancerCenterinHouston. Amajorimpetusforthechangecameayearagowhentwostudiespresentedatacancerconferenceshowedmarkedincreasesinsurvivalinpatientswhoreceivedadjuvant辅助的chemotherapymeaningthedrugsweregivenaftersurgery.
GregFockerplayedbyBenStillerrepresentsagenerationofAmericankids1inthe1980sonthephilosophythatanyachievementhoweverslight2aribbon.3replacedpunishment;criticismbecameadirtyword.InTexasteacherswereadvisedto4usingredinkthecolourof5.InCaliforniaataskforcewassetupto6theconceptofselfworthintotheeducationsystem.Swathingyoungstersina7shieldofself-esteemwentthephilosophywouldprotectthemfromthenastythingsinlifesuchasbadschoolgradesunderagesexdrugabusedead-endjobsandcriminality. 8thattheninth-placeribbonsareindangerofstranglingthe9childrentheywereSupposedtohelp.America’s10withself-esteem—likealldevelopmentsinpsychologyitgradually11itswaytoBritain—hasturnedchildrenwhowere12with13intoadultswho14ateventhemildestbrickbats.Manybelievethatthefeel-goodculturehasrisenatthe15oftraditionaleducationanopinionespousedinanewbookDumbingDownOurKids:WhyAmericanChildrenFeelGoodAboutThemselvesButCan’tReadWriteorAddbytheconservativecommentatorCharlesSykes. Notonlythatbutthefoundations16whichtheself-esteemindustryisbuiltarebeing17asdecidedlyshaky.RoyBaumeisterprofessorofpsychologyatFloridaStateUniversityandonceaself-esteementhusiastisnow18arevisionofthepopulistorthodoxy."AfteralltheseyearsI’msorrytosaymyrecommendationisthis:forgetaboutself-esteemand19moreonself-controlandself-discipline"hewroterecently."Recentworksuggeststhiswouldbegoodfortheindividualandgoodforsociety—andmightevenbeableto20someofthosepromisesthatself-esteemoncemadebutcouldnotkeep." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
A.Revelationofthenatureofcomets B.Aperfectrepresentativeofthecomets C.Hopingforthebest D.RighttimeandrightplacefortheImpact E.WhattoexpectofthisDeepImpact F.Mysteryintheheavens OnMondayat1:52a.m.ETaprobedeployedbyaNASAspacecraft83millionmilesfromhomewillsmashat23000mphintoanancientcometthesizeofManhattanblastingaholeperhaps14storiesdeep. 41. LaunchedinJanuaryNASA’s$333millionDeepImpactmissionisdesignedtoanswerquestionsthatscientistshavelonghadaboutcometstheominousicebergsofspace.Thisisthefirsttimeanyspaceagencyhasstagedsuchadeliberatecrash.ScientistshopeimagestransmittedbytheprobeanditsmothershipwilltellthemaboutconditionsintheearlysolarsystemwhencometsandplanetsincludingEarthwereformed.Theteamhopestoreleasephotosoftheimpactassoonastheyarereceivedfromthecraft.NASAandobservatoriesacrossthenationwillbereleasingwebcasts. 42. AttheveryleastNASAsaysknowinghowdeeptheprobedivesintothecometcouldsettlethedebateoverwhethercometsarecompacticecubesorporoussnowcones."Weneedtodigasdeepaholeaspossible"saysmissionsciencechiefMichaelA’HearnoftheUniversityofMaryland.UntilnowtheclosestscientistshavecometoacometwaswhenNASA’sStardustmissionpassedwithin167milesofthecometWild2lastyearcollectingcometdustthatisboundforareturntoEarthinJanuary.ThemostfamousdatewithacometoccurredwhenaninternationalspacecraftflotillagreetedHalley’scometin1986.Butthesequicklooksexaminedonlythecomets’dustandsurface. 43. Totheancientscometswereharbingersofdoomcelestialintrudersontheperfectionoftheheavensthatpresageddisaster.ModernastronomershavelookedonthemmorefavorablyatleastsinceEdmondHalley’scelebrated1705predictionofthereturnofHalley’scometin1758andevery75 yearsthereafter.TodayscientistsbelieveTempel1namedforErnstWilhelmLeberechtTempelwhofirstspotteditin1867whilesearchingforcometsintheskyoverMarseillesFranceandothercometsarewindowstotheearliestdaysofthesolarsystem4.6billionyearsagowhenplanetsformedfromthedustdisksurroundingtheinfantsum 44. DeepImpact’scopper-plated"impactor"—a39-inchlong820-poundbeer-barrel-shapedprobe—willbe"runoverlikeapennyonatraintrack"whenitcrashesA’Hearnsays.Theimpactorisequippedwithanavigationsystemtomakesureitsmacksintothecometintherightlocationfortheflybycraft’scameras.OnSundaytheflybyspacecraftwillreleasetheprobe.Twelveminuteslateritwillbeatahastyretreatwithamaneuveraimedatallowingacloseflybyfrom5348milesawaywithcameraspointed.Fourteenminutesaftertheimpacttheflybyspacecraftwillscoottowithinamere310milesforaclose-upofthedamage 45. Ideallyeverythingwilllineupandtheflybyspacecraftwilltakeimagesofthecratercausedbytheimpact.Itwillgointoa"shielded"modeasiceanddustbatterthecraftthenemergetotakemorepictures."Therealisticworstcaseishittingthecometbutnothavingtheflybyintherightplace"A’Hearnsays."BasicallywehaveabullettryingtohitasecondbulletwithathirdbulletintherightplaceattherighttimetowatchI’dlovetohaveajoystick操纵杆tocontroltheimpactor." Planetaryscientistshave"noidea"whatsortofcraterwillresultMcFaddensays.Predictionsrangefromadeepbutskinnyshaftdrivenintoaporoussnowconetoafootball-stadium-sizedexcavationinahard-packediceball. Butastronomersshouldhavetheiranswershortlyafterimpactwhichshouldsettlesomequestionsaboutthecomet’scrustandinterior.Analysisofthechemistryofthatinteriorbasedonthelightspectragivenoffintheimpact’saftermathcouldtakemuchlonger. 43
Text4 TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInternetcaseslegalexpertssaid. Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence. ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.basedHealthgrades.com.TheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.compostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealtheareshomehealthservicesontheInternet.Healthgrades.cornarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado. ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators. GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheir9fferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions. OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes&AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation. "ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates"Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.-basedWallStreetJournalWebsite. AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitwon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries’besaid. UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw. Healthgrades.comclaimedthatitshouldn'tbesuedinWashingtonbecause
Text1 Violentlyricsinsongsincreaseaggression-relatedthoughtsandemotionsandcouldindirectlycreateamorehostilesocialenvironmentastudyreleasedonSundaybyaU.S.psychologyassociationfound.TheWashingtonD.C.-basedAmericanPsychologicalAssociationAPAreleasedthestudyresultingfromfiveexperimentsinvolvingover500collegestudentsintheMayissueoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology. Theviolentsongsincreasedfeelingsofhostilitywithoutprovocationorthreataccordingtothestudy.Itsaidtheeffectwasnottheresultofdifferencesinmusicalstylespecificperformingartistorarousalpropertiesofthesongs.Eventhehumorousviolentsongsincreasedaggressivethoughtsthestudysaid. Thegroupsaidthestudycontradictsapopularnotionthatlisteningtoangryviolentmusicactuallyservesasapositivecatharsisforpeople. ThemusicindustrycameundercriticismfromlawmakersinOctoberforfailingtousemoredescriptiveparentaladvisorylabelsthatspecifywhetherthemusiccontainssexviolenceorstronglanguage. ButtheRecordingIndustryAssociationofAmericaRIAAhassaidthatcurrentCDlabelsgiveparentsenoughinformationwithoutviolatingtherighttofreeexpression.TheRIAAisthetradegroupfortheworld’sfivebiglabelsincludingAOLTimeWarnerInc.EMIGroupPie.BertelsmannAGVivendiUniversal’sUniversalMusicandSonyCorp.. ResultsoftheAPA’sexperimentsshowedthatviolentsongsledtomoreaggressiveinterpretationsofambiguouslyaggressivewordsandincreasedtherelativespeedwithwhichpeoplereadaggressiveversusnon-aggressivewords."Suchaggression-biasedinterpretationscaninturninstigateamoreaggressiveresponseverbalorphysicalthanwouldhavebeenemittedinanonbiasedstatethusprovokinganaggressiveescalatoryspiralofantisocialexchanges"saidresearcherCraigAndersoninastatement. Whileresearcherssaidrepeatedexposuretoviolentlyricscouldindirectlycreateamorehostilesocialenvironmenttheysaiditwaspossibletheeffectsofviolentsongsmaylastonlyafairlyshorttime. CraigAndersonwouldprobablyagreethat
WiththeMetOfficepredictingasummerheatwaveMacmillanCancerReliefthisweek 1itscustomarywarningaboutthesun’sultravioletrays:2itsaysforthehugeriseinskincancersaffecting70000peopleayear.3ahatandlong-sleevedshirtitadviseskeepinthe4inthemiddleofthedayandslap5suncreamwithaprotectionfactorof15orabove. Weallknowit6it’sthemessagethat’sbeendrummedintousforthepast20years.Toomuchsun7Butnowthere’saflyinthesuntanlotioncomplicatingthemessage’sclarity.Itcomes8athinquietly-spokenandofficiallyretiredNasascientistProfessorWilliamGrantwhosaysthatsundoesn’tkill;infactitdoesustheworldof9.What’skillingushesaysisour10withprotectingourselvesfromskincancer. Grantistryingtoturnthescientificworld11down.TalkingtomeonatriptoBritainthisweekhe12hisstartling—andatfirstappearanceoff-the-wall—newcalculationthat13excessiveexposuretothesuniscosting1600deathsayearintheUKfrommelanomaskincancers14exposuretothesunisthecauseof25000deathsayearfromcancergenerally.Inotherwordsonesixthofallcancerdeathscouldbeprevented15wesunnedourselvesalittlemore;incomparisonthemelanoma16isinsignificant. ThereasonisvitaminD.GrantthedirectoroftheSunlightNutritionandHealthResearchCentreSUNARChe17inCaliforniaayearagosaysthatheandotherscientistshave18vitaminDdeficiencyasakeycause1917differenttypesofcancerincludingmelanomaosteoporosisdiabetesmultiplesclerosisandotherneurological20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.13
Text1 Violentlyricsinsongsincreaseaggression-relatedthoughtsandemotionsandcouldindirectlycreateamorehostilesocialenvironmentastudyreleasedonSundaybyaU.S.psychologyassociationfound.TheWashingtonD.C.-basedAmericanPsychologicalAssociationAPAreleasedthestudyresultingfromfiveexperimentsinvolvingover500collegestudentsintheMayissueoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology. Theviolentsongsincreasedfeelingsofhostilitywithoutprovocationorthreataccordingtothestudy.Itsaidtheeffectwasnottheresultofdifferencesinmusicalstylespecificperformingartistorarousalpropertiesofthesongs.Eventhehumorousviolentsongsincreasedaggressivethoughtsthestudysaid. Thegroupsaidthestudycontradictsapopularnotionthatlisteningtoangryviolentmusicactuallyservesasapositivecatharsisforpeople. ThemusicindustrycameundercriticismfromlawmakersinOctoberforfailingtousemoredescriptiveparentaladvisorylabelsthatspecifywhetherthemusiccontainssexviolenceorstronglanguage. ButtheRecordingIndustryAssociationofAmericaRIAAhassaidthatcurrentCDlabelsgiveparentsenoughinformationwithoutviolatingtherighttofreeexpression.TheRIAAisthetradegroupfortheworld’sfivebiglabelsincludingAOLTimeWarnerInc.EMIGroupPie.BertelsmannAGVivendiUniversal’sUniversalMusicandSonyCorp.. ResultsoftheAPA’sexperimentsshowedthatviolentsongsledtomoreaggressiveinterpretationsofambiguouslyaggressivewordsandincreasedtherelativespeedwithwhichpeoplereadaggressiveversusnon-aggressivewords."Suchaggression-biasedinterpretationscaninturninstigateamoreaggressiveresponseverbalorphysicalthanwouldhavebeenemittedinanonbiasedstatethusprovokinganaggressiveescalatoryspiralofantisocialexchanges"saidresearcherCraigAndersoninastatement. Whileresearcherssaidrepeatedexposuretoviolentlyricscouldindirectlycreateamorehostilesocialenvironmenttheysaiditwaspossibletheeffectsofviolentsongsmaylastonlyafairlyshorttime. ThewordcatharsisinParA．3mostprobablymeans
WiththeMetOfficepredictingasummerheatwaveMacmillanCancerReliefthisweek 1itscustomarywarningaboutthesun’sultravioletrays:2itsaysforthehugeriseinskincancersaffecting70000peopleayear.3ahatandlong-sleevedshirtitadviseskeepinthe4inthemiddleofthedayandslap5suncreamwithaprotectionfactorof15orabove. Weallknowit6it’sthemessagethat’sbeendrummedintousforthepast20years.Toomuchsun7Butnowthere’saflyinthesuntanlotioncomplicatingthemessage’sclarity.Itcomes8athinquietly-spokenandofficiallyretiredNasascientistProfessorWilliamGrantwhosaysthatsundoesn’tkill;infactitdoesustheworldof9.What’skillingushesaysisour10withprotectingourselvesfromskincancer. Grantistryingtoturnthescientificworld11down.TalkingtomeonatriptoBritainthisweekhe12hisstartling—andatfirstappearanceoff-the-wall—newcalculationthat13excessiveexposuretothesuniscosting1600deathsayearintheUKfrommelanomaskincancers14exposuretothesunisthecauseof25000deathsayearfromcancergenerally.Inotherwordsonesixthofallcancerdeathscouldbeprevented15wesunnedourselvesalittlemore;incomparisonthemelanoma16isinsignificant. ThereasonisvitaminD.GrantthedirectoroftheSunlightNutritionandHealthResearchCentreSUNARChe17inCaliforniaayearagosaysthatheandotherscientistshave18vitaminDdeficiencyasakeycause1917differenttypesofcancerincludingmelanomaosteoporosisdiabetesmultiplesclerosisandotherneurological20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.5
Text3 MediamogulTedTurneryesterdaysoldmorethanhalfofhisAOLTimeWarnerInc.holdingsforabout$780millionamovethatreflectshiseffortstoslashhisfinancialstakeinthemediagiant. AfterthecloseofregulartradingyesterdayTurnersoldablockof60millionsharestoGoldmanSachs&Co.for$13.07pershareor31centsbelowthestock’sclosingpriceyesterday.GoldmanwassaidbyWallStreetsourcestobeofferingthestocktomajorinvestorsfor$13.15. AnoutspokencriticofthecorporationTurnerremainsAOLTimeWarner’slargestindividualshareholderwith45millionsharesandamemberofitsboardofdirectors.AspokeswomanforTurnerreferredquestionstoAOLTimeWarner. AthispeakTurnerownedabout130millionsharesbuthelostbillionsofdollarsinwealthandgrewbitterafterthestockplungedfollowingthemergerofAmericaOnlineandTimeWarnerinJanuary2001. TurnerwhoinitiallysupportedthemergerlaterexpressedoutrageoverrevelationsthatAmericaOnlinehadmanipulateditsfinancialresults.TheSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionisinvestigatingAOLandthecorporationhasacknowledgeddiscoveringtensofmillionsofdollarsofoverstatedrevenue. TurnerresignedasvicechairmanearlierthisyearandhasbeenspendinglessofhistimeonAOLTimeWarnermatters.HesteppeddownafterachievinghisgoalofpressuringAmericaOnlinefounderSteveCasetoresignasthecorporation’schairman.Casesaidhewasgivinguptheposttoavoidabruisingpublichattleforreelectionatnextweek’sannualmeeting. IntheefforttooustCaseTurnerteamedupwithGordonCrawfordtheseniormediaportfoliomanageratCapitalResearch&ManagementthelargestinstitutionalshareholderinAOLTimeWarner.CapitalResearchhasindicateditwillvoteagainstCase’selectiontoremainontheboardofdirectorsnextweek—apositionthatanalystssaidshouldnotaffecttheoutcome.TurnermeanwhilehassaidhewillsupportthemanagementslatethatincludesCaseandwillmakeRichardD.Parsonsthecompany’schairmanandchiefexecutive. TurneravisionarywhostartedCableNewsNetworkisinthemidstofrollingoutanewchainofrestaurantsTed’sMontanaGrillfeaturingbisonburgers.HerecentlymovedhisresidencefromGeorgiatoFloridaforestate-planningpurposesandisspendingtimeandmoneyonhisindependentfilmcompanywhichlostmillionsofdollarsonalengthymovieabouttheCivilWar. Fromthefirstthreeparagraphswelearnthat
Text3 MediamogulTedTurneryesterdaysoldmorethanhalfofhisAOLTimeWarnerInc.holdingsforabout$780millionamovethatreflectshiseffortstoslashhisfinancialstakeinthemediagiant. AfterthecloseofregulartradingyesterdayTurnersoldablockof60millionsharestoGoldmanSachs&Co.for$13.07pershareor31centsbelowthestock’sclosingpriceyesterday.GoldmanwassaidbyWallStreetsourcestobeofferingthestocktomajorinvestorsfor$13.15. AnoutspokencriticofthecorporationTurnerremainsAOLTimeWarner’slargestindividualshareholderwith45millionsharesandamemberofitsboardofdirectors.AspokeswomanforTurnerreferredquestionstoAOLTimeWarner. AthispeakTurnerownedabout130millionsharesbuthelostbillionsofdollarsinwealthandgrewbitterafterthestockplungedfollowingthemergerofAmericaOnlineandTimeWarnerinJanuary2001. TurnerwhoinitiallysupportedthemergerlaterexpressedoutrageoverrevelationsthatAmericaOnlinehadmanipulateditsfinancialresults.TheSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionisinvestigatingAOLandthecorporationhasacknowledgeddiscoveringtensofmillionsofdollarsofoverstatedrevenue. TurnerresignedasvicechairmanearlierthisyearandhasbeenspendinglessofhistimeonAOLTimeWarnermatters.HesteppeddownafterachievinghisgoalofpressuringAmericaOnlinefounderSteveCasetoresignasthecorporation’schairman.Casesaidhewasgivinguptheposttoavoidabruisingpublichattleforreelectionatnextweek’sannualmeeting. IntheefforttooustCaseTurnerteamedupwithGordonCrawfordtheseniormediaportfoliomanageratCapitalResearch&ManagementthelargestinstitutionalshareholderinAOLTimeWarner.CapitalResearchhasindicateditwillvoteagainstCase’selectiontoremainontheboardofdirectorsnextweek—apositionthatanalystssaidshouldnotaffecttheoutcome.TurnermeanwhilehassaidhewillsupportthemanagementslatethatincludesCaseandwillmakeRichardD.Parsonsthecompany’schairmanandchiefexecutive. TurneravisionarywhostartedCableNewsNetworkisinthemidstofrollingoutanewchainofrestaurantsTed’sMontanaGrillfeaturingbisonburgers.HerecentlymovedhisresidencefromGeorgiatoFloridaforestate-planningpurposesandisspendingtimeandmoneyonhisindependentfilmcompanywhichlostmillionsofdollarsonalengthymovieabouttheCivilWar. AllofthefollowingaboutCasearetrueEXCEPT
Text2 ThebiggestdangerfacingtheglobalairlineindustryisnottheeffectsofterrorismwarSARSandeconomicdownturn.ItisthattheseblowswhichhavehelpedgroundthreenationalflagcarriersandforcetwoAmericanairlinesintobankruptcywilldivertattentionfromtheinherentweaknessesofaviationwhichtheyhaveexacerbated.AsinthecrisisthatattendedthefirstGulfWarmanyairlineshopethattrafficwillsoonbouncebackandafewcatastrophicyearswillbefollowedbyfullerplaneshappierpassengersandareturntoprofitability.Yettheindustry’sproblemsaredeeper—andolder—thanthetraumaofthepasttwoyearsimplies. AsthecentenaryofthefirstpoweredflightapproachesinDecembertheindustryitlaunchedisstillremarkablyprimitive.ThecarindustrycreatednotlongaftertheWrightBrothersmadehistoryisnowaglobalindustrydominatedbyadozenfirmsatleasthalfofwhichmakegoodprofits.Yetcommercialaviationconsistsof267internationalcarriersandanother500-plusdomesticones.Theworld’sbiggestcarrierAmericanAirlineshasbarely7%oftheglobalmarketwhereastheworld’sbiggestcarmakerGeneralMotorshaswithitsassociatedfirmsaboutaquarteroftheworld’sautomobilemarket. Aviationhasbeenincompletelyderegulatedandinonlytwomarkets:AmericaandEurope.Everywhereelsegovernmentsdictatewhofliesunderwhatrules.Theseaimtopreservestate-ownednationalflag-carriersrunforprestigeratherthanprofit.Andnumerousrestrictionsonforeignownershipimpedecross-borderairlinemergers. InAmericathebignetworkcarriersfacebarrierstoexitwhichhavekepttheirroutenetworkstoolarge.TradeunionsresistingjobcutsandCongressmenopposingrouteclosuresintheirterritoryconspiretoblockchange.InEuropeliberalizationislimitedbybilateraldealsthatpreventforinstanceBritishAirwaysBAflyingtoAmericafromFrankfurtorParisorLufthansaofferingtransatlanticflightsfromLondon’sHeathrow.TousethecarindustryanalogyitisasifonlyRenaultswereallowedtodriveonFrenchmotorways. Inairlinestheoptimistsarethosewhothinkthatthingsarenowsobadthattheindustryhasnooptionbuttoevolve.FrederickReidpresidentofDeltaAirLinessaidearlierthisyearthateventssincetheSeptemberllthattacksaretheequivalentofameteorstrikechangingtheclimatecreatingasortofnuclearwinterandleadingtoa"compressedevolutionarycycle".Sohowlookingonthebrightsidemighttheindustrylookafterfiveyearsofaccelerateddevelopment Accordingtotheauthorthedeeperproblemsofaviationindustry
WiththeMetOfficepredictingasummerheatwaveMacmillanCancerReliefthisweek 1itscustomarywarningaboutthesun’sultravioletrays:2itsaysforthehugeriseinskincancersaffecting70000peopleayear.3ahatandlong-sleevedshirtitadviseskeepinthe4inthemiddleofthedayandslap5suncreamwithaprotectionfactorof15orabove. Weallknowit6it’sthemessagethat’sbeendrummedintousforthepast20years.Toomuchsun7Butnowthere’saflyinthesuntanlotioncomplicatingthemessage’sclarity.Itcomes8athinquietly-spokenandofficiallyretiredNasascientistProfessorWilliamGrantwhosaysthatsundoesn’tkill;infactitdoesustheworldof9.What’skillingushesaysisour10withprotectingourselvesfromskincancer. Grantistryingtoturnthescientificworld11down.TalkingtomeonatriptoBritainthisweekhe12hisstartling—andatfirstappearanceoff-the-wall—newcalculationthat13excessiveexposuretothesuniscosting1600deathsayearintheUKfrommelanomaskincancers14exposuretothesunisthecauseof25000deathsayearfromcancergenerally.Inotherwordsonesixthofallcancerdeathscouldbeprevented15wesunnedourselvesalittlemore;incomparisonthemelanoma16isinsignificant. ThereasonisvitaminD.GrantthedirectoroftheSunlightNutritionandHealthResearchCentreSUNARChe17inCaliforniaayearagosaysthatheandotherscientistshave18vitaminDdeficiencyasakeycause1917differenttypesofcancerincludingmelanomaosteoporosisdiabetesmultiplesclerosisandotherneurological20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.3
Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseStudents’Unionattheendoftheannouncement.
WiththeMetOfficepredictingasummerheatwaveMacmillanCancerReliefthisweek 1itscustomarywarningaboutthesun’sultravioletrays:2itsaysforthehugeriseinskincancersaffecting70000peopleayear.3ahatandlong-sleevedshirtitadviseskeepinthe4inthemiddleofthedayandslap5suncreamwithaprotectionfactorof15orabove. Weallknowit6it’sthemessagethat’sbeendrummedintousforthepast20years.Toomuchsun7Butnowthere’saflyinthesuntanlotioncomplicatingthemessage’sclarity.Itcomes8athinquietly-spokenandofficiallyretiredNasascientistProfessorWilliamGrantwhosaysthatsundoesn’tkill;infactitdoesustheworldof9.What’skillingushesaysisour10withprotectingourselvesfromskincancer. Grantistryingtoturnthescientificworld11down.TalkingtomeonatriptoBritainthisweekhe12hisstartling—andatfirstappearanceoff-the-wall—newcalculationthat13excessiveexposuretothesuniscosting1600deathsayearintheUKfrommelanomaskincancers14exposuretothesunisthecauseof25000deathsayearfromcancergenerally.Inotherwordsonesixthofallcancerdeathscouldbeprevented15wesunnedourselvesalittlemore;incomparisonthemelanoma16isinsignificant. ThereasonisvitaminD.GrantthedirectoroftheSunlightNutritionandHealthResearchCentreSUNARChe17inCaliforniaayearagosaysthatheandotherscientistshave18vitaminDdeficiencyasakeycause1917differenttypesofcancerincludingmelanomaosteoporosisdiabetesmultiplesclerosisandotherneurological20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.15
BaghdadIraq—Ifintimetheattempttoimplantapro-WesterndemocraticpoliticalSysteminIraqendsupburiedinthedesertsandshistorianswillhavenoshortageofthingsthatwentwrong.46Equallyiftheproblemshereultimatelyrecedesupportersoftheenterprisewillfindvindication证明’"正确intheBushadministration’sdecisiontoholdcourseasotherslostfaith. 47EitherwayanyreckoningwillexaminethenumbersofAmericantroopscommittedhere:whethertheyweresothinlystretchedthattheirmissionwasdoomedfromthestartorasSecretaryofDefenseDonaldRumsfeldsaidlastweekAmericancommandersweregiven"exactlywhatthey’verecommended"intermsoftroops. Mr.Rumsfeldhaslongtakena"lessismore"approachtocombattrooplevelsandinaBBCinterviewMondaybeseemedtomovetowardthosenowpressingtoreducetrooplevelssoon.48"Thereasonforfewer"hesaid"isbecauseultimatelyit’sgoingtobetheIraqipeoplewhoaregoingtoprevailinthisinsurgency起义"inotherwordsIraqinotAmericantroopsaretheoneswhowillwinthewarifitcanbewon. Thewordsseemedatleasttonodtopolitics.49Lastweekevenasopinionpollsshowedcontinuingerosioninsupportforthewaraconservativefromastateheavywithmilitarybaseswhohasbeenastaunch坚定的supporterofthewarRepresentativeWalterB.JonesofNorthCarolinajoinedwithanotherRepublicanandtwoDemocratsincallingonPresidentBushtobegindrawingdownthetroopsinIraqbyOct.12006. EarlierthisyearthePentagonofferedanevenearlierdateforaninitialreduction.ButinrecentweeksAmericangeneralsherehavebeentellingCongressionalvisitorsthatthedisappointingperformanceofmanyIraqicombatunitshasmadeearlydeparturesimpractical.TheysayitwillbetwoyearsormorebeforeIraqiscanbeexpectedtobeginreplacingAmericanunitsasthemainguarantorsofsecurity. Commandersconcernedfortheircareershavenotthoughtitprudenttogofurtherandtosaypubliclywhatmanysayprivately:thatwithrecentAmericantrooplevels—139000nowtheyhavebeenforcedtoplayaninfernalboardgameconstantlyshuttlingcombatunitsfromonewarzonetoanotherleavinginsurgentbuildupsunmetinsomeplaceswhiletheydealwithmoreurgentproblemselsewhere. Generalsarenotfamousforwantingsmallerarmies.50ButAmericancommandersherehavebeencautionedbytherealitythatthePentagon五角大楼inatimeofall-volunteerforcesandplungingrecruitinglevelshasfewifanyextratroopstodeploy部署andthattherearelimitstowhatAmericanpublicopinionwouldbear.Sothegeneralshavekeptquietabouttrooplevels. EitherwayanyreckoningwillexaminethenumbersofAmericantroopscommittedhere:whethertheyweresothinlystretchedthattheirmissionwasdoomedfromthestartorasSecretaryofDefenseDonaldRumsfeldsaidlastweekAmericancommandersweregivenexactlywhatthey’verecommendedintermsoftroops.
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