首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Directions: Your friend lives in another city and came to visit you last Sunday, but due to some re...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Directions:Youhavestayedwithyourfriend’sfamilyfora
Where__________yourfriend__________
does; lives
does; live
do; lives
is; live
Directions:YourfriendAnnecomplainedtoyouinanemaila
Where______yourfriend_____?
does; lives
does; live
is; live
do, live
Directions:JackBlackmanagoodfriendofyoursisleaving
PartA Directions:Youalreadyhaveadatewithyourfrien
PartA Directions:Youareplanningtoaskyourfriendtoj
Directions:YourfriendXiaoWenfailedthejobinterviewo
Directions: Yourfriendlivesinanothercityandcameto
Directions:YourcousinXiaoJianghasconfidedtoyouthat
Directions: JackBlackmanagoodfriendofyoursisleavi
Directions: Yourfriend’sgrandpaafamousscientistha
Directions: Yourfriend’sgrandpaafamousscientistha
Directions:Yourfriend’sdaughterLilywasadmittedbyaw
Directions: Writealettertoafriendofyoursto 1reco
Where______yourfriend_____?
does; lives
does; live
do; lives
is; live
Directions:Yourfriend’sgrandpaafamousscientisthasj
Directions: Yourfriendisinneedofasecretary.Writea
单项选择—Doesyourfriendlivein________town?—No.Helivesi
/；/
/；the
the；the
the；/
Directions: Youhaveplannedtoattendyourfriend’spar
热门试题
更多
Directions: ThedateisJanuary182005.Youareamemberofthestudentunionofauniversity.Writeamemorandumtotheheadofthestudentservicedepartmentandaskhimtohaveatelevisionfurnishedforeachdormitory.Yourmemorandumshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutline: 1givereasonsforyourrequest; 2expresshopeforpromptaction. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthememorandum.Use"MaHe"instead.
Modemtechnologymaynothaveimprovedtheworldallthatmuchbut.itcertainlyhasmadelifenoisier.Un-muffledmotorcyclesblaringcaralarmsandrovingboomboxescomefirstsecondandthirdonmylistofmostobnoxiousnoiseoffendersbuteveryonecouldcomeupwithhisownversionofauralhell--ifhecouldjustfindaquietspottoponderthematter.Yetwhattechnologyhasdoneothertechnologyisnowstartingtoundousingcomputerpowertozapthoseear-splittingnoisesintosilence.Previouslysilenceseekershadlittlerecourseexcepttostayinsideclosethewindowsandplugtheirears.Remedieslikethesearequaintlytermedpassivesystemsbecausetheyplacephysicalbarriersagainsttheunwantedsound.Nowcomputertechnologyisproducingafarmoreeffectiveactivesystemwhichdoesn’tjustcontaindeflectormaskthenoisebutannihilatesitelectronically.Thesystemworksbycounteringtheoffendingnoisewithanti-noiseasomewhatsinistersoundingtermthatcallstomindantimatterblackholesandotherPopularSciencemindbendersbutthatactuallyreferstosomethingquitesimple.Justasawaveonapondisflattenedwhenitmergeswithatroughthatisitsexactoppositeormirrorimagesocanasoundwavebymeetingitsopposite.Thisgeneraltheoryofsoundcancellationhasbeenaroundsincethe1930s.Inthefiftiesandsixtiesitmadeorakindofmagictrickamonglaboratoryacousticiansplayingaroundwiththefirstclunkymainframecomputers.Theadventoflow-costhigh-powermicroprocessorshasmadeactivenoise-cancellationsystemsacommercialpossibilityandahandfulofsmallelectronicsfirmsintheUnitedStatesandabroadarebringingthefirstonesontothesilencemarket.Silencebuffsmightbehopingthatthenoise-cancelingapparatuswilltaketheshapeofthe44MagnumwieldedbyDirtyHarrybutinfactactivesoundcontrolisnotquitethatactive.Thesystemmightmoreproperlyhedescribedasreactiveinthatitrespondstosoundwavesalreadyheadedtowardhumanears.Intheconfigurationthatisusualforsuchsystemsmicrophonesdetectthenoisesignalandsendittothesystem’smicroprocessorwhichalmostinstantlymodelsitandcreatesitsinverseforloudspeakerstofireattheoriginal.Becausethetwosoundsoccupy’thesamerangeoffrequenciesandtonestheinversesoundsexactlytikethenoiseitismeanttoeliminate:theanti-noisecancelingBeethoven’sFifthSymphonyisheardasBeethoven’sFifth.Theonlydifferenceisthateverypositivepressureproducedontheairbytheorchestraismatchedbyanegativepressureproducedbythecomputerandtherebysilencingthesound.Thesystemismosteffectiveasakindofmufflerinwhichmicrophonesmicroprocessorandloudspeakerareallinaunitencasingthedevicethatproducesthesoundstiflingitatitssource.Butitcanworkasaheadsettoonegatingthesoundatthelastmomentbeforeitdisturbsone’speaceofmind.Accordingtothepassageanactivenoise-cancellationsystem______.
Toimprovetheteachingskillswhatyouneedwilldependonwhatyouwanttodo.MostteachershavecomputersandmosthaveatleastsomeaccesstoemailandtheInternet.Inmanyschoolsanduniversitiesmoststudentsdotoo.Manyteachingopportunitiesarelikelytobeavailabletoyou;thereforeuseequipmentyouandyourstudentsalreadyhave.46Othertechniquesrequiremoreadvancedtechnologiesthatyoumayormaynotwishtopurchaseonyourownandthatyourinstitutionmayormaynotmakeavailabletoyou.Itshouldbeobviousthereforethatyoushouldmakenoplansforusingelectronictoolsbeforemakingsurethatbothyouandyourstudentswillhaveaccesstothenecessarytechnology. Butowningorhavingaccesstotechnologyisusuallyonlyafirststep.Evenmoreimportantislearninghowtouseit.Thisisoneofthebiggestchallengesfacinganyonewhowishestouseelectronictoolsbecausetheknowledgeisnotalwayseasytoacquire.Manypeopleofcoursearehighlyskilledincomputertechnologyandknowhowtoteachthemselvestodoalmostanything.47Butmanyotherpeoplewhohavelimitedcomputerskillsareeasilyintimidatedbynewandunfamiliartasksandtendtoavoiddoinganythingthat.requiresthemtolearnsomethingverydifferentfromthethingstowhichtheyareaccustomed.Ifyoufallinthelattergroupbutwishtoexpandyourabilitytouseelectronictoolsyouneedtofindhelp. Someinstitutionsofferextensiveassistancethroughtheircomputercentersortheirinformationtechnologyservices.Somedepartmentshavestaffmembersorgraduatestudentassistantswhoarehiredtohandlecomputer-relatedproblems.Therearealsomanyexcellentreferenceworkstohelpyoulearnaboutvariouselectronictools.48Justasyoumustbesurethatyouhavethenecessarytechnologyatyourdisposalbeforeyoudecidetouseelectronictoolsinyourteachingsoyoumustalsomakesurethatyouhaveaccesstothenecessaryhellinlearningtouseit. Keepinmind.finallythatthetechnologyassociatedwithcomputersandtheInternetchangeswithbreathtakingspeed.49Althoughcertainskillswillremainusefultoyouoverlongperiodsoftimetherewillbemanythingsthatwillhavetoberelearnedtimeandtimeagain.Therapidityofchangeinthisfieldcanbebewilderingandintimidating.Butitisalsothesourceofsomevaluableinnovationsthatcanbeofgreatusetoyou. Beforeintroducingnewteachingtechniquesthereforeitiswisetomakeaquickinventoryofyourownendyourschool’selectronicteachingresources.50Youwillnotwanttodiscoverhalfwaythroughaprojectthattherearemajorobstaclessuchasinsufficientequipmentinadequatesupportorinappropriateprofessionalincentives.Answeringafewsimplequestionscanhelpyoudeterminehowpracticalandpromisingyourplannedinnovationsinelectronicteachingarelikelytobe.Whilesomeanswersmaylieascloseasyourdepartmentalcolleaguesothersmightrequireconferringwithdepartmentaladministratorslibrariansorcomputersupportorganizations. Butmanyotherpeoplewhohavelimitedcomputerskillsareeasilyintimidatedbynewandunfamiliartasksandtendtoavoiddoinganythingthat.requiresthemtolearnsomethingverydifferentfromthethingstowhichtheyareaccustomed.
Imaginethatyouareinhospitalwaitingtohaveanoperation.Itistimetogotothetheatre;theanesthetistapproachesyouandspeaks.ButinsteadofthereassuringwordsI’mjustgoingtogiveyousomethingtosendyouofftosleepyouhear:Letmetakeyouonatriptowardsdeath.TerrifyingMaybebutthatiswhathavingageneralanestheticisallabout.Ifyougiveasmallamountofananestheticdrugitwon’thaveanyeffect.Ifyougivemoreitwillputthepatientofftosleepbutifyougivemorestillitcankillthepatient.Inamodemhospitalbeforeyouaregivenananestheticananesthetistasksyouanumberofquestionstodecidewhichdrugstouse.Mostimportantlytheycheckthestateofyourheartandlungsandaskifyouhaveasthmaanginaorhaveeverhadaheartattack.Theywanttoknowaboutanydrugsyouaretakingsothattheydonotgiveyouananestheticthatreactsbadlywiththemandtheywillalsofindoutifyouhaveanyallergies.Aswellasputtingyoutosleeptheanesthetistisalsoresponsibleforcontrollingyourpain.ThenhowcantheanesthetisttellthattheyhaveputtheirpatientsfarenoughunderMostlybyexperience.Thereisnosuchthingasanawarenessmonitorthoughallthepatient’sbodyfunctionssuchasheartrategasesgoinginandoutandoxygenlevelsinthebloodaremonitored.Iftheanestheticisnotdeepenoughandthepatientbecomeslight’themonitorsshouldtelltheanesthetistthatsomethingiswronglongbeforethepatientbecomesaware.Thisiswhytheanesthetistwatchesthepatientcarefullythroughouttheoperation.Attheendofyouroperationtheanestheticisminedoff.Itmightseemsurprisingthattheanesthetistisoftentheunsungherooftheoperatingthestre.Manypeopleincludingsomenursingstaffdonotrealizethattheanesthetistfirsthastoqualifyasadoctor.TheythentakethreefurtherexaminationstoqualifyasanesthetistsbecauseofthenumberofthingstheyhavetotakeintoaccountwhencarryingouttheirworkTheydonotsimplyneedtoknowaboutthedrugstheyuse;theymustalsoknowaboutalltheotherdrugsonthemarketsothattheycanavoiddangerousinteractions.Theyhavetokeepabreastofanynewsurgicaltechniquetomakesuretheygiveanappropriateanestheticforanyoperation.Thejourneytowardsdeathhascomealongway.Butonefascinatingfactremains:whetheritisetheroracomplexcocktailbeingusedtoputsomeonetosleep:nooneyetknowsexactlyhowanestheticswork.Ananesthetistshouldbepresentthroughouttheoperationincase______.
WhatcanbesaidofthenormalprocessofagingfromalinguisticpointofviewIngeneral1thereisaclearand2relationship:no-onewouldhavemuchdifficulty3ababyayoungchildateenageramiddle-agedpersonoraveryoldpersonfromataperecording.Withchildren4ispossibleforspecialistsinlanguagedevelopmentandpeopleexperienced5childcaretomakeverydetailed6abouthowlanguagecorrelateswithageintheearlyyears.7isknownaboutthepatternsoflinguisticchangethataffectolderpeople.Itisplainthatourvoicequalityvocabularyandstylealter8wegrowolderbutresearch9thenatureofthesechangesisinitsearlieststages.However.acertainamountof10isavailableabouttheproductionand11ofspokenlanguagebyveryoldpeopleespeciallyregardingthephoneticchangesthattakeplace. Speechis12tobeaffectedbyreductionsinthe13ofthevocalorgans.Themusclesofthechest14thelungsbecomelesselastictheribs15mobile:asaresultrespiratoryefficiencyatage75isonlyabouthalf16atage30andthishas17fortheabilitytospeakloudlyrhythmicallyandwithgoodtoneInadditionspeechisaffectedbypoorermovementofthesoftpalateandchangesinthefacialskeletonespeciallyaroundthemouthandjaw.Thereareothermoregeneralsignsofage.Speechrateslowsandfluencymaybemoreerratic.Hearing18especiallyaftertheearlyfifties.Weakening19ofmemoryandattentionmayaffecttheabilitytocomprehendcomplexspeechpatterns.Butitis20allhadnews:vocabularyawarenessmaycontinuetogrowasmaystylisticability—skillsinnarrationforexample.Andgrammaticalabilityseemstobelittleaffected. 7
WhatcanbesaidofthenormalprocessofagingfromalinguisticpointofviewIngeneral1thereisaclearand2relationship:no-onewouldhavemuchdifficulty3ababyayoungchildateenageramiddle-agedpersonoraveryoldpersonfromataperecording.Withchildren4ispossibleforspecialistsinlanguagedevelopmentandpeopleexperienced5childcaretomakeverydetailed6abouthowlanguagecorrelateswithageintheearlyyears.7isknownaboutthepatternsoflinguisticchangethataffectolderpeople.Itisplainthatourvoicequalityvocabularyandstylealter8wegrowolderbutresearch9thenatureofthesechangesisinitsearlieststages.However.acertainamountof10isavailableabouttheproductionand11ofspokenlanguagebyveryoldpeopleespeciallyregardingthephoneticchangesthattakeplace. Speechis12tobeaffectedbyreductionsinthe13ofthevocalorgans.Themusclesofthechest14thelungsbecomelesselastictheribs15mobile:asaresultrespiratoryefficiencyatage75isonlyabouthalf16atage30andthishas17fortheabilitytospeakloudlyrhythmicallyandwithgoodtoneInadditionspeechisaffectedbypoorermovementofthesoftpalateandchangesinthefacialskeletonespeciallyaroundthemouthandjaw.Thereareothermoregeneralsignsofage.Speechrateslowsandfluencymaybemoreerratic.Hearing18especiallyaftertheearlyfifties.Weakening19ofmemoryandattentionmayaffecttheabilitytocomprehendcomplexspeechpatterns.Butitis20allhadnews:vocabularyawarenessmaycontinuetogrowasmaystylisticability—skillsinnarrationforexample.Andgrammaticalabilityseemstobelittleaffected. 15
WhatcanbesaidofthenormalprocessofagingfromalinguisticpointofviewIngeneral1thereisaclearand2relationship:no-onewouldhavemuchdifficulty3ababyayoungchildateenageramiddle-agedpersonoraveryoldpersonfromataperecording.Withchildren4ispossibleforspecialistsinlanguagedevelopmentandpeopleexperienced5childcaretomakeverydetailed6abouthowlanguagecorrelateswithageintheearlyyears.7isknownaboutthepatternsoflinguisticchangethataffectolderpeople.Itisplainthatourvoicequalityvocabularyandstylealter8wegrowolderbutresearch9thenatureofthesechangesisinitsearlieststages.However.acertainamountof10isavailableabouttheproductionand11ofspokenlanguagebyveryoldpeopleespeciallyregardingthephoneticchangesthattakeplace. Speechis12tobeaffectedbyreductionsinthe13ofthevocalorgans.Themusclesofthechest14thelungsbecomelesselastictheribs15mobile:asaresultrespiratoryefficiencyatage75isonlyabouthalf16atage30andthishas17fortheabilitytospeakloudlyrhythmicallyandwithgoodtoneInadditionspeechisaffectedbypoorermovementofthesoftpalateandchangesinthefacialskeletonespeciallyaroundthemouthandjaw.Thereareothermoregeneralsignsofage.Speechrateslowsandfluencymaybemoreerratic.Hearing18especiallyaftertheearlyfifties.Weakening19ofmemoryandattentionmayaffecttheabilitytocomprehendcomplexspeechpatterns.Butitis20allhadnews:vocabularyawarenessmaycontinuetogrowasmaystylisticability—skillsinnarrationforexample.Andgrammaticalabilityseemstobelittleaffected. 5
Overthelast20yearsenergysystemsandserviceshaveexpanded.Californianowmeetsitsenergyneedsusingavarietyofsourcesfromtraditionalfossilfuelsandnucleartechnologiestorenewableenergyresourcessuchaswindsolargeothermalandbiomass.Technologicaladvancesandgovernmentstandardsandprogramshaveresultedinincreasedenergyefficiencymoreproductandserviceoptionsandacleanerenvironment.Deregulationhaspromotedcompetitioninenergycommoditiessuchasoilnaturalgasandnowelectricity.Intheneartermthemostdramaticchangesintheenergysectoraretakingplaceintheelectricityindustry.AsaresultofAssemblyBill1890Chapter854Statutesof1996manyCalifornianswillhavetheopportunitytochoosetheirelectricityproviderasofApril11998.ByJanuary11999theywillalsobeabletoshopforotherelectricservicessuchasmeteringoptions.46BecauseofthesechangesthisCaliforniaEnergyPlanemphasizesthenewcompetitioninelectricitygenerationincontrasttothediscussionofissuesinthepetroleumandnatural.gassectors.Howeverfuturestateenergypolicymayemphasizeothersectors.CompetitiveEnergyMarkets.California’senergyoversightagenciesmustfacilitatecompetitiontoensurethatthepromiseoflowerpricesandmorevalue-addedservicesarerealized.47Thiscanbeachievedthroughadoptionandenforcementoffairclearandeffectivemarketrulesandbyensuringthatconsumersareprovidedwithsufficientinformationtomakeinformedenergy-relateddecisionsGovernmentmustalsoreduceunnecessarybarrierstomarketentryandstreamlinethelicensingprocessforelectricgenerationfacilities.EconomicExpansion.Californiahasoneofthelargesteconomiesintheworld.48ConsequentlyCalifornia’seconomymustberobustinthefaceofuncertaintyprovidingforeconomicgrowthinconjunctionwithenvironmentalprotectionfortodayandforfuturegenerations.Maintainingtheenergyneedsoftoday’seconomyrequiresvastquantitiesofreliableenergyatreasonableprices.TomaintainorexpandCalifornia’sexcellenceasaworldclasseconomyrequirestechnologicaladvancementsthatenhanceproductivityandimprovetheenvironment.IntheenergyindustrytechnologicaladvancementmustfocusonincreasingdemandandsupplysideefficienciesimprovingtheenvironmentbycreatingcleanerenergyconversiontechnologiesatalllevelsofenergyproductionandenduseandsatisfyingCalifornia’smobilityrequirementsthroughdiversetransportationtechnologiesthatincreasefueleconomytakeadvantageofcleanerfuelsandexpandtransportationoptions.49Advancementsin-theseareasamongotherswillmakeCaliforniaagloballeaderintheworldmarketplaceforenergytechnologieswhilebenefitingallCalifornians.PublicInterest.CompetitiondoesnotprovidealltheanswerstoCalifornia’sneeds.UnlikecertaincommoditiesenergyisessentialforthehealthandsafetyofallCalifornians.Thusthestatemustensurethattheenergyinfrastructureissafecleanandreliable.Thepublicinterestalsodemandsthatenergybeavailableforhomeworkrecreationandtransportation.50Communitiescanhelpmeetthesepublicinterestdemandsthroughefficientlandusedesignsthatreducetotalenergydemandandtheadverseenvironmentalimpactsofenergyuse.California’senergyoversightagenciesmustcontinuetoworktogethertoavoidwherepossibledisruptionstothestate’senergysuppliesandtominimizeanyadverseimpacts.
Readingandwritinghavelongbeenthoughtofascomplementaryskills:toreadistorecognizeandinterpretlanguagethathasbeenwritten;towriteistoplanandproducelanguage1itcanberead.Itisthereforewidely2thatbeingabletoreadimpliesbeingabletowriteratleastbeingabletospell.Oftenchildrenaretaughttoreadbut3noformaltuitioninspelling;itisfeltthatspellingwillbe4up.Theattitudehasits5inthemethodsof200yearsagowhenteacherscarefullytaughtspellingandassumedthatreadingwould6automatically.Recentresearchintospellingerrorsandslipsofthepenhasbeguntoshowthatmattersare7sosimple.Thereisnonecessarylinkbetweenreadingandwriting:goodreadersdonotalways8goodwriters.Noristhereanynecessarylinkbetweenreadingandspelling:therearemanypeoplewhohaveno9inreadingbutwhohaveamajorpersistent10inspelling—someresearchershaveestimatedthatthismaybeas11as2%ofthepopulation.Withchildrentoothereis12thatknowledgeofreadingdoesnotautomatically16tospelling.Ifthere14acloserelationshipchildrenshouldbeabletoreadandspellthe15words:butthisisnotso.Itis16tofindchildrenwhocanread17betterthantheycanspell.Moresurprisinglythe18happenswithsomechildrenintheearlystagesofreading.Onestudy19.childrenthesamelistofwordstoreadandspell:several20spelledmorewordscorrectlythantheywereabletoreadcorrectly.
EqualJusticeUnderLaw’readsthemottoatoptheU.S.SupremeCourtbuilding.Thewordsamloftybutforthethousandsofpeoplewhotrudgethroughthecriminal-justicesystemdailyandwhospeaknoEnglishthephrasemeanslegallynothing.Formanyofthesedefendantsthewordsarealsolegallyempty.AmericanjusticeforthosewhodonotcomprehendEnglishisanythingbutuniformletaloneunderstandable.Therearenonationwidestandardsforcourtinterpreterslittletrainingandvirtuallynomonitoring.EverybodygetsapieceofdueprocesssaysDavidFellmethaseniorcourtinterpreterinNewYorkcity.Buthowbigapiecedependsontheinterpreter.Horrorstoriesregularlyfillcourtdockets.InaNewYorkfederalcourtatranslatedundercoverwirequotesaCubandefendant:Idon’tevenhavethetenkilos.ThedefendantmeanskilosofcurrencyCubancentsbutthetranslatedstatementsuggestskilogramsofdrugs.InaNewJerseyhomicidetrialtheprosecutoraskswhetherthetestimonyofawitnessislengthierthanthetranslation.YesrespondsthePolishinterpreterbuteverythingelsewasnotimportant.CongresstriedtosurmountthelanguagebarriersinthefederalcourtsbypassinglegislationelevenyearsagoauthorizingGovernment-paidinterpretersforthosewhodonotspeakEnglish.Sofarthoughonly308peoplehavepassedtherigorousSpanish-onlyfederalcertificationprocess—acadrefartoosmalltohandlethe43000annualrequestsforinterpretersin60languages.Thesituationinthestatesisbreaker.LastyearCookCountyIHprocessed40000requestsandtheNewYorkcourtssoughtoutinterpreters250timesaday.AsinthefederalsystemSpanishisthelanguagemostindemand.Onlyahandfulofstatestesttheirinterpretersforlanguageskills.Thusinmanylocalcourtstranslationmaybeafree-lanceprojectforthesecretarywhospeaksalittleFrenchorafavorrequestedfromarelativeofthedefendant.AfamilymemberistheworstpersonyoucanusesaysMaureenDunnaninterpreterforthedeaf.Theyhavetheirownsideofthestoryandtheyaddandomitthings.Besidesinterpretationisasophisticatedart.Itdemandsnotonlyabroadvocabularyandinstantrecallbutalsotheabilitytoreproducetoneandnuanceandagoodworkingknowledgeofstreetslang.MostpeoplebelievethatifyouarebilingualyoucaninterpretsaysJackLeethoftheAdministrativeOfficeoftheU.S.Courts.That’saboutastrueassayingthatifyouhavetwohandsyoucanautomaticallybeaconcertpianist.Professionalinterpretersareamongthefirsttoadmitthesadstateoftranslationinthecourts.Theyareoftenrelegatedtoclericalstatuswithlowpayandaskedtoworkwithouttimetoprepare.SaysNewYorkinterpreterGabrielFelix:Wecoulduseacentraladministratordictionariesandinsomecourtsaplacetohangourcoatsachairandadesk.Somejurisdictionsaretryingtomakeimprovements.NewYorkandNewJerseyarebroadeningtheirtestingandsendingtheirinterpreterstoschoolforfurthertraining.TheFederalGovernmentisworkingonnewrequirementsforNavajoandHaitian-Creoleinterpreters.AndinLosAngelesafederallawsuitisdemandingcertifiedinterpretersinimmigrationproceedings.Fornowhoweverthequalityofcourtinterpretingaroundthecountrydependsontheluckofthedraw.Whichofthefollowingstatementistrueaccordingtothepassage
WhatcanbesaidofthenormalprocessofagingfromalinguisticpointofviewIngeneral1thereisaclearand2relationship:no-onewouldhavemuchdifficulty3ababyayoungchildateenageramiddle-agedpersonoraveryoldpersonfromataperecording.Withchildren4ispossibleforspecialistsinlanguagedevelopmentandpeopleexperienced5childcaretomakeverydetailed6abouthowlanguagecorrelateswithageintheearlyyears.7isknownaboutthepatternsoflinguisticchangethataffectolderpeople.Itisplainthatourvoicequalityvocabularyandstylealter8wegrowolderbutresearch9thenatureofthesechangesisinitsearlieststages.However.acertainamountof10isavailableabouttheproductionand11ofspokenlanguagebyveryoldpeopleespeciallyregardingthephoneticchangesthattakeplace. Speechis12tobeaffectedbyreductionsinthe13ofthevocalorgans.Themusclesofthechest14thelungsbecomelesselastictheribs15mobile:asaresultrespiratoryefficiencyatage75isonlyabouthalf16atage30andthishas17fortheabilitytospeakloudlyrhythmicallyandwithgoodtoneInadditionspeechisaffectedbypoorermovementofthesoftpalateandchangesinthefacialskeletonespeciallyaroundthemouthandjaw.Thereareothermoregeneralsignsofage.Speechrateslowsandfluencymaybemoreerratic.Hearing18especiallyaftertheearlyfifties.Weakening19ofmemoryandattentionmayaffecttheabilitytocomprehendcomplexspeechpatterns.Butitis20allhadnews:vocabularyawarenessmaycontinuetogrowasmaystylisticability—skillsinnarrationforexample.Andgrammaticalabilityseemstobelittleaffected. 11
Toimprovetheteachingskillswhatyouneedwilldependonwhatyouwanttodo.MostteachershavecomputersandmosthaveatleastsomeaccesstoemailandtheInternet.Inmanyschoolsanduniversitiesmoststudentsdotoo.Manyteachingopportunitiesarelikelytobeavailabletoyou;thereforeuseequipmentyouandyourstudentsalreadyhave.46Othertechniquesrequiremoreadvancedtechnologiesthatyoumayormaynotwishtopurchaseonyourownandthatyourinstitutionmayormaynotmakeavailabletoyou.Itshouldbeobviousthereforethatyoushouldmakenoplansforusingelectronictoolsbeforemakingsurethatbothyouandyourstudentswillhaveaccesstothenecessarytechnology. Butowningorhavingaccesstotechnologyisusuallyonlyafirststep.Evenmoreimportantislearninghowtouseit.Thisisoneofthebiggestchallengesfacinganyonewhowishestouseelectronictoolsbecausetheknowledgeisnotalwayseasytoacquire.Manypeopleofcoursearehighlyskilledincomputertechnologyandknowhowtoteachthemselvestodoalmostanything.47Butmanyotherpeoplewhohavelimitedcomputerskillsareeasilyintimidatedbynewandunfamiliartasksandtendtoavoiddoinganythingthat.requiresthemtolearnsomethingverydifferentfromthethingstowhichtheyareaccustomed.Ifyoufallinthelattergroupbutwishtoexpandyourabilitytouseelectronictoolsyouneedtofindhelp. Someinstitutionsofferextensiveassistancethroughtheircomputercentersortheirinformationtechnologyservices.Somedepartmentshavestaffmembersorgraduatestudentassistantswhoarehiredtohandlecomputer-relatedproblems.Therearealsomanyexcellentreferenceworkstohelpyoulearnaboutvariouselectronictools.48Justasyoumustbesurethatyouhavethenecessarytechnologyatyourdisposalbeforeyoudecidetouseelectronictoolsinyourteachingsoyoumustalsomakesurethatyouhaveaccesstothenecessaryhellinlearningtouseit. Keepinmind.finallythatthetechnologyassociatedwithcomputersandtheInternetchangeswithbreathtakingspeed.49Althoughcertainskillswillremainusefultoyouoverlongperiodsoftimetherewillbemanythingsthatwillhavetoberelearnedtimeandtimeagain.Therapidityofchangeinthisfieldcanbebewilderingandintimidating.Butitisalsothesourceofsomevaluableinnovationsthatcanbeofgreatusetoyou. Beforeintroducingnewteachingtechniquesthereforeitiswisetomakeaquickinventoryofyourownendyourschool’selectronicteachingresources.50Youwillnotwanttodiscoverhalfwaythroughaprojectthattherearemajorobstaclessuchasinsufficientequipmentinadequatesupportorinappropriateprofessionalincentives.Answeringafewsimplequestionscanhelpyoudeterminehowpracticalandpromisingyourplannedinnovationsinelectronicteachingarelikelytobe.Whilesomeanswersmaylieascloseasyourdepartmentalcolleaguesothersmightrequireconferringwithdepartmentaladministratorslibrariansorcomputersupportorganizations. Althoughcertainskillswillremainusefultoyouoverlongperiodsoftimetherewillbemanythingsthatwillhavetoberelearnedtimeandtimeagain.
WhatcanbesaidofthenormalprocessofagingfromalinguisticpointofviewIngeneral1thereisaclearand2relationship:no-onewouldhavemuchdifficulty3ababyayoungchildateenageramiddle-agedpersonoraveryoldpersonfromataperecording.Withchildren4ispossibleforspecialistsinlanguagedevelopmentandpeopleexperienced5childcaretomakeverydetailed6abouthowlanguagecorrelateswithageintheearlyyears.7isknownaboutthepatternsoflinguisticchangethataffectolderpeople.Itisplainthatourvoicequalityvocabularyandstylealter8wegrowolderbutresearch9thenatureofthesechangesisinitsearlieststages.However.acertainamountof10isavailableabouttheproductionand11ofspokenlanguagebyveryoldpeopleespeciallyregardingthephoneticchangesthattakeplace. Speechis12tobeaffectedbyreductionsinthe13ofthevocalorgans.Themusclesofthechest14thelungsbecomelesselastictheribs15mobile:asaresultrespiratoryefficiencyatage75isonlyabouthalf16atage30andthishas17fortheabilitytospeakloudlyrhythmicallyandwithgoodtoneInadditionspeechisaffectedbypoorermovementofthesoftpalateandchangesinthefacialskeletonespeciallyaroundthemouthandjaw.Thereareothermoregeneralsignsofage.Speechrateslowsandfluencymaybemoreerratic.Hearing18especiallyaftertheearlyfifties.Weakening19ofmemoryandattentionmayaffecttheabilitytocomprehendcomplexspeechpatterns.Butitis20allhadnews:vocabularyawarenessmaycontinuetogrowasmaystylisticability—skillsinnarrationforexample.Andgrammaticalabilityseemstobelittleaffected. 17
Overthelast20yearsenergysystemsandserviceshaveexpanded.Californianowmeetsitsenergyneedsusingavarietyofsourcesfromtraditionalfossilfuelsandnucleartechnologiestorenewableenergyresourcessuchaswindsolargeothermalandbiomass.Technologicaladvancesandgovernmentstandardsandprogramshaveresultedinincreasedenergyefficiencymoreproductandserviceoptionsandacleanerenvironment.Deregulationhaspromotedcompetitioninenergycommoditiessuchasoilnaturalgasandnowelectricity.Intheneartermthemostdramaticchangesintheenergysectoraretakingplaceintheelectricityindustry.AsaresultofAssemblyBill1890Chapter854Statutesof1996manyCalifornianswillhavetheopportunitytochoosetheirelectricityproviderasofApril11998.ByJanuary11999theywillalsobeabletoshopforotherelectricservicessuchasmeteringoptions.46BecauseofthesechangesthisCaliforniaEnergyPlanemphasizesthenewcompetitioninelectricitygenerationincontrasttothediscussionofissuesinthepetroleumandnatural.gassectors.Howeverfuturestateenergypolicymayemphasizeothersectors.CompetitiveEnergyMarkets.California’senergyoversightagenciesmustfacilitatecompetitiontoensurethatthepromiseoflowerpricesandmorevalue-addedservicesarerealized.47Thiscanbeachievedthroughadoptionandenforcementoffairclearandeffectivemarketrulesandbyensuringthatconsumersareprovidedwithsufficientinformationtomakeinformedenergy-relateddecisionsGovernmentmustalsoreduceunnecessarybarrierstomarketentryandstreamlinethelicensingprocessforelectricgenerationfacilities.EconomicExpansion.Californiahasoneofthelargesteconomiesintheworld.48ConsequentlyCalifornia’seconomymustberobustinthefaceofuncertaintyprovidingforeconomicgrowthinconjunctionwithenvironmentalprotectionfortodayandforfuturegenerations.Maintainingtheenergyneedsoftoday’seconomyrequiresvastquantitiesofreliableenergyatreasonableprices.TomaintainorexpandCalifornia’sexcellenceasaworldclasseconomyrequirestechnologicaladvancementsthatenhanceproductivityandimprovetheenvironment.IntheenergyindustrytechnologicaladvancementmustfocusonincreasingdemandandsupplysideefficienciesimprovingtheenvironmentbycreatingcleanerenergyconversiontechnologiesatalllevelsofenergyproductionandenduseandsatisfyingCalifornia’smobilityrequirementsthroughdiversetransportationtechnologiesthatincreasefueleconomytakeadvantageofcleanerfuelsandexpandtransportationoptions.49Advancementsin-theseareasamongotherswillmakeCaliforniaagloballeaderintheworldmarketplaceforenergytechnologieswhilebenefitingallCalifornians.PublicInterest.CompetitiondoesnotprovidealltheanswerstoCalifornia’sneeds.UnlikecertaincommoditiesenergyisessentialforthehealthandsafetyofallCalifornians.Thusthestatemustensurethattheenergyinfrastructureissafecleanandreliable.Thepublicinterestalsodemandsthatenergybeavailableforhomeworkrecreationandtransportation.50Communitiescanhelpmeetthesepublicinterestdemandsthroughefficientlandusedesignsthatreducetotalenergydemandandtheadverseenvironmentalimpactsofenergyuse.California’senergyoversightagenciesmustcontinuetoworktogethertoavoidwherepossibledisruptionstothestate’senergysuppliesandtominimizeanyadverseimpacts.
EqualJusticeUnderLaw’readsthemottoatoptheU.S.SupremeCourtbuilding.Thewordsamloftybutforthethousandsofpeoplewhotrudgethroughthecriminal-justicesystemdailyandwhospeaknoEnglishthephrasemeanslegallynothing.Formanyofthesedefendantsthewordsarealsolegallyempty.AmericanjusticeforthosewhodonotcomprehendEnglishisanythingbutuniformletaloneunderstandable.Therearenonationwidestandardsforcourtinterpreterslittletrainingandvirtuallynomonitoring.EverybodygetsapieceofdueprocesssaysDavidFellmethaseniorcourtinterpreterinNewYorkcity.Buthowbigapiecedependsontheinterpreter.Horrorstoriesregularlyfillcourtdockets.InaNewYorkfederalcourtatranslatedundercoverwirequotesaCubandefendant:Idon’tevenhavethetenkilos.ThedefendantmeanskilosofcurrencyCubancentsbutthetranslatedstatementsuggestskilogramsofdrugs.InaNewJerseyhomicidetrialtheprosecutoraskswhetherthetestimonyofawitnessislengthierthanthetranslation.YesrespondsthePolishinterpreterbuteverythingelsewasnotimportant.CongresstriedtosurmountthelanguagebarriersinthefederalcourtsbypassinglegislationelevenyearsagoauthorizingGovernment-paidinterpretersforthosewhodonotspeakEnglish.Sofarthoughonly308peoplehavepassedtherigorousSpanish-onlyfederalcertificationprocess—acadrefartoosmalltohandlethe43000annualrequestsforinterpretersin60languages.Thesituationinthestatesisbreaker.LastyearCookCountyIHprocessed40000requestsandtheNewYorkcourtssoughtoutinterpreters250timesaday.AsinthefederalsystemSpanishisthelanguagemostindemand.Onlyahandfulofstatestesttheirinterpretersforlanguageskills.Thusinmanylocalcourtstranslationmaybeafree-lanceprojectforthesecretarywhospeaksalittleFrenchorafavorrequestedfromarelativeofthedefendant.AfamilymemberistheworstpersonyoucanusesaysMaureenDunnaninterpreterforthedeaf.Theyhavetheirownsideofthestoryandtheyaddandomitthings.Besidesinterpretationisasophisticatedart.Itdemandsnotonlyabroadvocabularyandinstantrecallbutalsotheabilitytoreproducetoneandnuanceandagoodworkingknowledgeofstreetslang.MostpeoplebelievethatifyouarebilingualyoucaninterpretsaysJackLeethoftheAdministrativeOfficeoftheU.S.Courts.That’saboutastrueassayingthatifyouhavetwohandsyoucanautomaticallybeaconcertpianist.Professionalinterpretersareamongthefirsttoadmitthesadstateoftranslationinthecourts.Theyareoftenrelegatedtoclericalstatuswithlowpayandaskedtoworkwithouttimetoprepare.SaysNewYorkinterpreterGabrielFelix:Wecoulduseacentraladministratordictionariesandinsomecourtsaplacetohangourcoatsachairandadesk.Somejurisdictionsaretryingtomakeimprovements.NewYorkandNewJerseyarebroadeningtheirtestingandsendingtheirinterpreterstoschoolforfurthertraining.TheFederalGovernmentisworkingonnewrequirementsforNavajoandHaitian-Creoleinterpreters.AndinLosAngelesafederallawsuitisdemandingcertifiedinterpretersinimmigrationproceedings.Fornowhoweverthequalityofcourtinterpretingaroundthecountrydependsontheluckofthedraw.ThetwoexamplesinParagraph2arecitedtoprove______.
Universitiestheworldoverlovesymbolsfrommedievalscholasticgarbatdegreeceremoniestotheowlsandscrollsofscholasticbadge.ButformanyuniversitiesespeciallyinBritainandelsewhereinEuropeamoreaccurateemblemwouldincludeslummybuildingsdogearedbooksanddemoralizeddons.That’swhyBritain’sgovernmentisnextweekriskingdefeatintheHouseofCommonstobringmoreprivatemoneyintothecountry’suniversities’--andwhyEuropeananddevelopingcountriesnowbusyexpandinghighereducationneedtothinkhardabouthowmuchgovernmentinvolvementisgoodforuniversities. 41__________.America’sflourishinguniversitiesexemplifytheformerEurope’sthelatter.Britain’sgovernmentwantstomovetowardstheAmericanmodal.Thesubjectofnextweek’srebellionisabillthatwouldallowEnglishuniversitiesScotlandandWalesaredifferenttochargeupto3000pounds5460dollarsintuitionfeesinsteadofthecurrentflatrate1125.Studentswillborrowthemoneythroughastaterunloanschemeandpayitbackoncetheyareearningenough. 42__________.Butitreflectsanimportantshiftinthinking. Firstthatthenewmoneyuniversitiesneedshouldcomefromgraduatesratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Secondandmostcruciallyitabandonstheegalitarianassumptionthatalluniversitiesareequallydeserving. Thatiscommendablejustbecauseacourseischeapdoesnotmeanitisworthlessandtheexistenceofcostlyonesisnotinitselfasignofiniquitoussocialdivision.Yetoldthinkinghasdeeproots.Bandyingphrasessuchas"excellenceforall"and"educationforthemanynotthefew"politiciansespeciallyleftwingoneswanttodaptheuniversityeducatedlabelonevermorepeopleregardlessofmeritcostorpracticality. 43__________.Ithumiliatesthetalentedbutdisadvantagedwhosesuccessisthendevaluedanditinfuriatesthetalentedwhoarenotdeemedunderprivilegedenoughandwhofeeltheirmeritsignoredanditmakesuniversitiesdoajobtheyareboundtobebadat. Publicfundingisaddictiveandthewithdrawalsymptomsarepainful.44__________.Inflatedtuitionfeesareabigworryandalumnipreferencelooksunfair.ButoverallAmerica’ssystemlookssustainableinawaythattheOldWorld’sdoesnot. Inshortthemodeltostriveforisvariedinstitutionschargingvariedfees.Notallcoursesneedlastthreeyearsorbringafullhonorsdegree.45__________. Itisbettertodosomethingswellratherthaneverythingindifferently.Itisbecausepoliticianshaveforgottenthatsomeoftheworld’soldestuniversitiesriskafuturethatisalotlessgloriousthantheirpast. A.Somewillbelongeranddeeper;othersshorterandshallower.SomeuniversitiesmayspecializeasteachingonlyinstitutionslikeAmerica’sliberalartscolleges.Othersmaywanttoconcentratemainlyonresearch.Allmusthavetherighttoselecttheirintake. B.Universitiescanindeedgivethedisadvantagedalegup—buttheywilldoitmuchbetterifthestatestandshack.MicromanaginguniversityadmissionsastheBritishgovernmenthasbeentryingtodoongroundsofclasswithtargetsquotasfinesandstricturesrisksthesameconsequencesassimilarAmericanexperimentsbasedonracialpreference. C.AlisonWolfaBritisheconomisttermsthisthe"twoaspiringoodfiveaspirinbetter"approachtouniversityfinance.Itisdeeplyflawed.Inrealitythereisnoprovenconnectionbetweenspendingonuniversitiesandprosperitynorcantherebe. D.ButasBritishdonsandpoliticiansstragglewiththeseissuesandtheirEuropeancounterpartsponderwhetheronedaytheymightjusthavetodosomethingsimilarthemessageforemergingeconomieslikeChinaandIndiawhoareinvestingheavilyintheirownsystemsofhighereducationisclear—avoidanationalizedanduniformsystemandgoforonethatisdiverseandindependentAmerica’suniversitieshavetheirproblems. E.Itisaverylimitedstartfacedwithsweetenersforstudentsfrompoorbackgrounds.Thebestuniversitiesworrythatthemaximumfeeshouldbemanytimeshigher. F.IndeedfacedwithagingpopulationsBritainandmostEuropeancountriesarguablyshouldbeencouragingtheiryoungpeopletostartearningearlierintheirlivesratherthanlater. G.Therearebroadlytwomodelsforrunninguniversities.Theycanbeautonomousinstitutionsmainlydependentonprivateincomesuchasfeesdonationsandinvestmentsortheycanbestatefinancedandasaresultstaterun. 43
WhatcanbesaidofthenormalprocessofagingfromalinguisticpointofviewIngeneral1thereisaclearand2relationship:no-onewouldhavemuchdifficulty3ababyayoungchildateenageramiddle-agedpersonoraveryoldpersonfromataperecording.Withchildren4ispossibleforspecialistsinlanguagedevelopmentandpeopleexperienced5childcaretomakeverydetailed6abouthowlanguagecorrelateswithageintheearlyyears.7isknownaboutthepatternsoflinguisticchangethataffectolderpeople.Itisplainthatourvoicequalityvocabularyandstylealter8wegrowolderbutresearch9thenatureofthesechangesisinitsearlieststages.However.acertainamountof10isavailableabouttheproductionand11ofspokenlanguagebyveryoldpeopleespeciallyregardingthephoneticchangesthattakeplace. Speechis12tobeaffectedbyreductionsinthe13ofthevocalorgans.Themusclesofthechest14thelungsbecomelesselastictheribs15mobile:asaresultrespiratoryefficiencyatage75isonlyabouthalf16atage30andthishas17fortheabilitytospeakloudlyrhythmicallyandwithgoodtoneInadditionspeechisaffectedbypoorermovementofthesoftpalateandchangesinthefacialskeletonespeciallyaroundthemouthandjaw.Thereareothermoregeneralsignsofage.Speechrateslowsandfluencymaybemoreerratic.Hearing18especiallyaftertheearlyfifties.Weakening19ofmemoryandattentionmayaffecttheabilitytocomprehendcomplexspeechpatterns.Butitis20allhadnews:vocabularyawarenessmaycontinuetogrowasmaystylisticability—skillsinnarrationforexample.Andgrammaticalabilityseemstobelittleaffected. 19
Universitiestheworldoverlovesymbolsfrommedievalscholasticgarbatdegreeceremoniestotheowlsandscrollsofscholasticbadge.ButformanyuniversitiesespeciallyinBritainandelsewhereinEuropeamoreaccurateemblemwouldincludeslummybuildingsdogearedbooksanddemoralizeddons.That’swhyBritain’sgovernmentisnextweekriskingdefeatintheHouseofCommonstobringmoreprivatemoneyintothecountry’suniversities’--andwhyEuropeananddevelopingcountriesnowbusyexpandinghighereducationneedtothinkhardabouthowmuchgovernmentinvolvementisgoodforuniversities. 41__________.America’sflourishinguniversitiesexemplifytheformerEurope’sthelatter.Britain’sgovernmentwantstomovetowardstheAmericanmodal.Thesubjectofnextweek’srebellionisabillthatwouldallowEnglishuniversitiesScotlandandWalesaredifferenttochargeupto3000pounds5460dollarsintuitionfeesinsteadofthecurrentflatrate1125.Studentswillborrowthemoneythroughastaterunloanschemeandpayitbackoncetheyareearningenough. 42__________.Butitreflectsanimportantshiftinthinking. Firstthatthenewmoneyuniversitiesneedshouldcomefromgraduatesratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Secondandmostcruciallyitabandonstheegalitarianassumptionthatalluniversitiesareequallydeserving. Thatiscommendablejustbecauseacourseischeapdoesnotmeanitisworthlessandtheexistenceofcostlyonesisnotinitselfasignofiniquitoussocialdivision.Yetoldthinkinghasdeeproots.Bandyingphrasessuchas"excellenceforall"and"educationforthemanynotthefew"politiciansespeciallyleftwingoneswanttodaptheuniversityeducatedlabelonevermorepeopleregardlessofmeritcostorpracticality. 43__________.Ithumiliatesthetalentedbutdisadvantagedwhosesuccessisthendevaluedanditinfuriatesthetalentedwhoarenotdeemedunderprivilegedenoughandwhofeeltheirmeritsignoredanditmakesuniversitiesdoajobtheyareboundtobebadat. Publicfundingisaddictiveandthewithdrawalsymptomsarepainful.44__________.Inflatedtuitionfeesareabigworryandalumnipreferencelooksunfair.ButoverallAmerica’ssystemlookssustainableinawaythattheOldWorld’sdoesnot. Inshortthemodeltostriveforisvariedinstitutionschargingvariedfees.Notallcoursesneedlastthreeyearsorbringafullhonorsdegree.45__________. Itisbettertodosomethingswellratherthaneverythingindifferently.Itisbecausepoliticianshaveforgottenthatsomeoftheworld’soldestuniversitiesriskafuturethatisalotlessgloriousthantheirpast. A.Somewillbelongeranddeeper;othersshorterandshallower.SomeuniversitiesmayspecializeasteachingonlyinstitutionslikeAmerica’sliberalartscolleges.Othersmaywanttoconcentratemainlyonresearch.Allmusthavetherighttoselecttheirintake. B.Universitiescanindeedgivethedisadvantagedalegup—buttheywilldoitmuchbetterifthestatestandshack.MicromanaginguniversityadmissionsastheBritishgovernmenthasbeentryingtodoongroundsofclasswithtargetsquotasfinesandstricturesrisksthesameconsequencesassimilarAmericanexperimentsbasedonracialpreference. C.AlisonWolfaBritisheconomisttermsthisthe"twoaspiringoodfiveaspirinbetter"approachtouniversityfinance.Itisdeeplyflawed.Inrealitythereisnoprovenconnectionbetweenspendingonuniversitiesandprosperitynorcantherebe. D.ButasBritishdonsandpoliticiansstragglewiththeseissuesandtheirEuropeancounterpartsponderwhetheronedaytheymightjusthavetodosomethingsimilarthemessageforemergingeconomieslikeChinaandIndiawhoareinvestingheavilyintheirownsystemsofhighereducationisclear—avoidanationalizedanduniformsystemandgoforonethatisdiverseandindependentAmerica’suniversitieshavetheirproblems. E.Itisaverylimitedstartfacedwithsweetenersforstudentsfrompoorbackgrounds.Thebestuniversitiesworrythatthemaximumfeeshouldbemanytimeshigher. F.IndeedfacedwithagingpopulationsBritainandmostEuropeancountriesarguablyshouldbeencouragingtheiryoungpeopletostartearningearlierintheirlivesratherthanlater. G.Therearebroadlytwomodelsforrunninguniversities.Theycanbeautonomousinstitutionsmainlydependentonprivateincomesuchasfeesdonationsandinvestmentsortheycanbestatefinancedandasaresultstaterun. 41
WhatcanbesaidofthenormalprocessofagingfromalinguisticpointofviewIngeneral1thereisaclearand2relationship:no-onewouldhavemuchdifficulty3ababyayoungchildateenageramiddle-agedpersonoraveryoldpersonfromataperecording.Withchildren4ispossibleforspecialistsinlanguagedevelopmentandpeopleexperienced5childcaretomakeverydetailed6abouthowlanguagecorrelateswithageintheearlyyears.7isknownaboutthepatternsoflinguisticchangethataffectolderpeople.Itisplainthatourvoicequalityvocabularyandstylealter8wegrowolderbutresearch9thenatureofthesechangesisinitsearlieststages.However.acertainamountof10isavailableabouttheproductionand11ofspokenlanguagebyveryoldpeopleespeciallyregardingthephoneticchangesthattakeplace. Speechis12tobeaffectedbyreductionsinthe13ofthevocalorgans.Themusclesofthechest14thelungsbecomelesselastictheribs15mobile:asaresultrespiratoryefficiencyatage75isonlyabouthalf16atage30andthishas17fortheabilitytospeakloudlyrhythmicallyandwithgoodtoneInadditionspeechisaffectedbypoorermovementofthesoftpalateandchangesinthefacialskeletonespeciallyaroundthemouthandjaw.Thereareothermoregeneralsignsofage.Speechrateslowsandfluencymaybemoreerratic.Hearing18especiallyaftertheearlyfifties.Weakening19ofmemoryandattentionmayaffecttheabilitytocomprehendcomplexspeechpatterns.Butitis20allhadnews:vocabularyawarenessmaycontinuetogrowasmaystylisticability—skillsinnarrationforexample.Andgrammaticalabilityseemstobelittleaffected. 1
EqualJusticeUnderLaw’readsthemottoatoptheU.S.SupremeCourtbuilding.Thewordsamloftybutforthethousandsofpeoplewhotrudgethroughthecriminal-justicesystemdailyandwhospeaknoEnglishthephrasemeanslegallynothing.Formanyofthesedefendantsthewordsarealsolegallyempty.AmericanjusticeforthosewhodonotcomprehendEnglishisanythingbutuniformletaloneunderstandable.Therearenonationwidestandardsforcourtinterpreterslittletrainingandvirtuallynomonitoring.EverybodygetsapieceofdueprocesssaysDavidFellmethaseniorcourtinterpreterinNewYorkcity.Buthowbigapiecedependsontheinterpreter.Horrorstoriesregularlyfillcourtdockets.InaNewYorkfederalcourtatranslatedundercoverwirequotesaCubandefendant:Idon’tevenhavethetenkilos.ThedefendantmeanskilosofcurrencyCubancentsbutthetranslatedstatementsuggestskilogramsofdrugs.InaNewJerseyhomicidetrialtheprosecutoraskswhetherthetestimonyofawitnessislengthierthanthetranslation.YesrespondsthePolishinterpreterbuteverythingelsewasnotimportant.CongresstriedtosurmountthelanguagebarriersinthefederalcourtsbypassinglegislationelevenyearsagoauthorizingGovernment-paidinterpretersforthosewhodonotspeakEnglish.Sofarthoughonly308peoplehavepassedtherigorousSpanish-onlyfederalcertificationprocess—acadrefartoosmalltohandlethe43000annualrequestsforinterpretersin60languages.Thesituationinthestatesisbreaker.LastyearCookCountyIHprocessed40000requestsandtheNewYorkcourtssoughtoutinterpreters250timesaday.AsinthefederalsystemSpanishisthelanguagemostindemand.Onlyahandfulofstatestesttheirinterpretersforlanguageskills.Thusinmanylocalcourtstranslationmaybeafree-lanceprojectforthesecretarywhospeaksalittleFrenchorafavorrequestedfromarelativeofthedefendant.AfamilymemberistheworstpersonyoucanusesaysMaureenDunnaninterpreterforthedeaf.Theyhavetheirownsideofthestoryandtheyaddandomitthings.Besidesinterpretationisasophisticatedart.Itdemandsnotonlyabroadvocabularyandinstantrecallbutalsotheabilitytoreproducetoneandnuanceandagoodworkingknowledgeofstreetslang.MostpeoplebelievethatifyouarebilingualyoucaninterpretsaysJackLeethoftheAdministrativeOfficeoftheU.S.Courts.That’saboutastrueassayingthatifyouhavetwohandsyoucanautomaticallybeaconcertpianist.Professionalinterpretersareamongthefirsttoadmitthesadstateoftranslationinthecourts.Theyareoftenrelegatedtoclericalstatuswithlowpayandaskedtoworkwithouttimetoprepare.SaysNewYorkinterpreterGabrielFelix:Wecoulduseacentraladministratordictionariesandinsomecourtsaplacetohangourcoatsachairandadesk.Somejurisdictionsaretryingtomakeimprovements.NewYorkandNewJerseyarebroadeningtheirtestingandsendingtheirinterpreterstoschoolforfurthertraining.TheFederalGovernmentisworkingonnewrequirementsforNavajoandHaitian-Creoleinterpreters.AndinLosAngelesafederallawsuitisdemandingcertifiedinterpretersinimmigrationproceedings.Fornowhoweverthequalityofcourtinterpretingaroundthecountrydependsontheluckofthedraw.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout
Imaginethatyouareinhospitalwaitingtohaveanoperation.Itistimetogotothetheatre;theanesthetistapproachesyouandspeaks.ButinsteadofthereassuringwordsI’mjustgoingtogiveyousomethingtosendyouofftosleepyouhear:Letmetakeyouonatriptowardsdeath.TerrifyingMaybebutthatiswhathavingageneralanestheticisallabout.Ifyougiveasmallamountofananestheticdrugitwon’thaveanyeffect.Ifyougivemoreitwillputthepatientofftosleepbutifyougivemorestillitcankillthepatient.Inamodemhospitalbeforeyouaregivenananestheticananesthetistasksyouanumberofquestionstodecidewhichdrugstouse.Mostimportantlytheycheckthestateofyourheartandlungsandaskifyouhaveasthmaanginaorhaveeverhadaheartattack.Theywanttoknowaboutanydrugsyouaretakingsothattheydonotgiveyouananestheticthatreactsbadlywiththemandtheywillalsofindoutifyouhaveanyallergies.Aswellasputtingyoutosleeptheanesthetistisalsoresponsibleforcontrollingyourpain.ThenhowcantheanesthetisttellthattheyhaveputtheirpatientsfarenoughunderMostlybyexperience.Thereisnosuchthingasanawarenessmonitorthoughallthepatient’sbodyfunctionssuchasheartrategasesgoinginandoutandoxygenlevelsinthebloodaremonitored.Iftheanestheticisnotdeepenoughandthepatientbecomeslight’themonitorsshouldtelltheanesthetistthatsomethingiswronglongbeforethepatientbecomesaware.Thisiswhytheanesthetistwatchesthepatientcarefullythroughouttheoperation.Attheendofyouroperationtheanestheticisminedoff.Itmightseemsurprisingthattheanesthetistisoftentheunsungherooftheoperatingthestre.Manypeopleincludingsomenursingstaffdonotrealizethattheanesthetistfirsthastoqualifyasadoctor.TheythentakethreefurtherexaminationstoqualifyasanesthetistsbecauseofthenumberofthingstheyhavetotakeintoaccountwhencarryingouttheirworkTheydonotsimplyneedtoknowaboutthedrugstheyuse;theymustalsoknowaboutalltheotherdrugsonthemarketsothattheycanavoiddangerousinteractions.Theyhavetokeepabreastofanynewsurgicaltechniquetomakesuretheygiveanappropriateanestheticforanyoperation.Thejourneytowardsdeathhascomealongway.Butonefascinatingfactremains:whetheritisetheroracomplexcocktailbeingusedtoputsomeonetosleep:nooneyetknowsexactlyhowanestheticswork.WhatdoesthewordtheatreSentence2Paragraph1probablymean’
Imaginethatyouareinhospitalwaitingtohaveanoperation.Itistimetogotothetheatre;theanesthetistapproachesyouandspeaks.ButinsteadofthereassuringwordsI’mjustgoingtogiveyousomethingtosendyouofftosleepyouhear:Letmetakeyouonatriptowardsdeath.TerrifyingMaybebutthatiswhathavingageneralanestheticisallabout.Ifyougiveasmallamountofananestheticdrugitwon’thaveanyeffect.Ifyougivemoreitwillputthepatientofftosleepbutifyougivemorestillitcankillthepatient.Inamodemhospitalbeforeyouaregivenananestheticananesthetistasksyouanumberofquestionstodecidewhichdrugstouse.Mostimportantlytheycheckthestateofyourheartandlungsandaskifyouhaveasthmaanginaorhaveeverhadaheartattack.Theywanttoknowaboutanydrugsyouaretakingsothattheydonotgiveyouananestheticthatreactsbadlywiththemandtheywillalsofindoutifyouhaveanyallergies.Aswellasputtingyoutosleeptheanesthetistisalsoresponsibleforcontrollingyourpain.ThenhowcantheanesthetisttellthattheyhaveputtheirpatientsfarenoughunderMostlybyexperience.Thereisnosuchthingasanawarenessmonitorthoughallthepatient’sbodyfunctionssuchasheartrategasesgoinginandoutandoxygenlevelsinthebloodaremonitored.Iftheanestheticisnotdeepenoughandthepatientbecomeslight’themonitorsshouldtelltheanesthetistthatsomethingiswronglongbeforethepatientbecomesaware.Thisiswhytheanesthetistwatchesthepatientcarefullythroughouttheoperation.Attheendofyouroperationtheanestheticisminedoff.Itmightseemsurprisingthattheanesthetistisoftentheunsungherooftheoperatingthestre.Manypeopleincludingsomenursingstaffdonotrealizethattheanesthetistfirsthastoqualifyasadoctor.TheythentakethreefurtherexaminationstoqualifyasanesthetistsbecauseofthenumberofthingstheyhavetotakeintoaccountwhencarryingouttheirworkTheydonotsimplyneedtoknowaboutthedrugstheyuse;theymustalsoknowaboutalltheotherdrugsonthemarketsothattheycanavoiddangerousinteractions.Theyhavetokeepabreastofanynewsurgicaltechniquetomakesuretheygiveanappropriateanestheticforanyoperation.Thejourneytowardsdeathhascomealongway.Butonefascinatingfactremains:whetheritisetheroracomplexcocktailbeingusedtoputsomeonetosleep:nooneyetknowsexactlyhowanestheticswork.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage
Universitiestheworldoverlovesymbolsfrommedievalscholasticgarbatdegreeceremoniestotheowlsandscrollsofscholasticbadge.ButformanyuniversitiesespeciallyinBritainandelsewhereinEuropeamoreaccurateemblemwouldincludeslummybuildingsdogearedbooksanddemoralizeddons.That’swhyBritain’sgovernmentisnextweekriskingdefeatintheHouseofCommonstobringmoreprivatemoneyintothecountry’suniversities’--andwhyEuropeananddevelopingcountriesnowbusyexpandinghighereducationneedtothinkhardabouthowmuchgovernmentinvolvementisgoodforuniversities. 41__________.America’sflourishinguniversitiesexemplifytheformerEurope’sthelatter.Britain’sgovernmentwantstomovetowardstheAmericanmodal.Thesubjectofnextweek’srebellionisabillthatwouldallowEnglishuniversitiesScotlandandWalesaredifferenttochargeupto3000pounds5460dollarsintuitionfeesinsteadofthecurrentflatrate1125.Studentswillborrowthemoneythroughastaterunloanschemeandpayitbackoncetheyareearningenough. 42__________.Butitreflectsanimportantshiftinthinking. Firstthatthenewmoneyuniversitiesneedshouldcomefromgraduatesratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Secondandmostcruciallyitabandonstheegalitarianassumptionthatalluniversitiesareequallydeserving. Thatiscommendablejustbecauseacourseischeapdoesnotmeanitisworthlessandtheexistenceofcostlyonesisnotinitselfasignofiniquitoussocialdivision.Yetoldthinkinghasdeeproots.Bandyingphrasessuchas"excellenceforall"and"educationforthemanynotthefew"politiciansespeciallyleftwingoneswanttodaptheuniversityeducatedlabelonevermorepeopleregardlessofmeritcostorpracticality. 43__________.Ithumiliatesthetalentedbutdisadvantagedwhosesuccessisthendevaluedanditinfuriatesthetalentedwhoarenotdeemedunderprivilegedenoughandwhofeeltheirmeritsignoredanditmakesuniversitiesdoajobtheyareboundtobebadat. Publicfundingisaddictiveandthewithdrawalsymptomsarepainful.44__________.Inflatedtuitionfeesareabigworryandalumnipreferencelooksunfair.ButoverallAmerica’ssystemlookssustainableinawaythattheOldWorld’sdoesnot. Inshortthemodeltostriveforisvariedinstitutionschargingvariedfees.Notallcoursesneedlastthreeyearsorbringafullhonorsdegree.45__________. Itisbettertodosomethingswellratherthaneverythingindifferently.Itisbecausepoliticianshaveforgottenthatsomeoftheworld’soldestuniversitiesriskafuturethatisalotlessgloriousthantheirpast. A.Somewillbelongeranddeeper;othersshorterandshallower.SomeuniversitiesmayspecializeasteachingonlyinstitutionslikeAmerica’sliberalartscolleges.Othersmaywanttoconcentratemainlyonresearch.Allmusthavetherighttoselecttheirintake. B.Universitiescanindeedgivethedisadvantagedalegup—buttheywilldoitmuchbetterifthestatestandshack.MicromanaginguniversityadmissionsastheBritishgovernmenthasbeentryingtodoongroundsofclasswithtargetsquotasfinesandstricturesrisksthesameconsequencesassimilarAmericanexperimentsbasedonracialpreference. C.AlisonWolfaBritisheconomisttermsthisthe"twoaspiringoodfiveaspirinbetter"approachtouniversityfinance.Itisdeeplyflawed.Inrealitythereisnoprovenconnectionbetweenspendingonuniversitiesandprosperitynorcantherebe. D.ButasBritishdonsandpoliticiansstragglewiththeseissuesandtheirEuropeancounterpartsponderwhetheronedaytheymightjusthavetodosomethingsimilarthemessageforemergingeconomieslikeChinaandIndiawhoareinvestingheavilyintheirownsystemsofhighereducationisclear—avoidanationalizedanduniformsystemandgoforonethatisdiverseandindependentAmerica’suniversitieshavetheirproblems. E.Itisaverylimitedstartfacedwithsweetenersforstudentsfrompoorbackgrounds.Thebestuniversitiesworrythatthemaximumfeeshouldbemanytimeshigher. F.IndeedfacedwithagingpopulationsBritainandmostEuropeancountriesarguablyshouldbeencouragingtheiryoungpeopletostartearningearlierintheirlivesratherthanlater. G.Therearebroadlytwomodelsforrunninguniversities.Theycanbeautonomousinstitutionsmainlydependentonprivateincomesuchasfeesdonationsandinvestmentsortheycanbestatefinancedandasaresultstaterun. 45
AfterdecadesofexilefromU.S.courtsthescienceofliedetectionisgainingnewacceptance.ButthefederalgovernmentwantstoputastoptoitandtheU.S.SupremeCourthasnowagreedtoconsiderarequestfromtheDepartmentofJusticetobarthetechnologyfrommilitarycourts.Uncertaintiessurroundthescienceofliedetectionwhichusesadevicecalledpolygraph.In1991PresidentGeorgeBushbannedliedetectorevidenceinmilitarycourts.ButthatbanhassincebeenoverturnedbytheU.S.CourtofMilitaryAppealswhichruledthatitrestrictsdefendants’rightstopresentevidenceoftheirinnocence.Inthepasttwoyearssomefederalcourtshavealsoruledthatpolygraphevidencecanbeheard.ThisfollowsadecisionbytheSupremeCourtin1993thatgavefederaljudgesmorediscretiontodecideontheadmissibilityofevidence.Apolygraphconsistsofmonitorsforpulseratesweatingandbreathingrate.Thedeviceissupposedtouncoverliesbyrecordingincreasesinthesemeasuresasthesubjectanswersquestions.Criticshavealwaysarguedthatcunningdefendantscancontroltheirphysiologicalresponsesandswaypolygraphresults.Butsupportersofthetechniquearguethatrecentresearchhasfoundittobereliable.ApsychologistnamedCharlesHontsatastateuniversityinIdahopointstolaboratorystudiessomeofthembeinghisowninwhichstudent-subjectswereofferedcashtoswaythetestresults.ThisargumentisrejectedbyLeonardSaxeapsychologistataBostonuniversity.Thereisahugedifferencebetweenstudentsinalabandadefendanthesays.Guiltydefendantshavetimeinwhichtorehearsetheirliesandcanevencometobelievethemtobetrue.Saxebelievesthattheentiretheoreticalbasisofliedetectionisinvalid.Itassumesyouwillbemorenervouslyingthantellingthetruth.Buthesaysthatforsomepeopleliesaretrivialwhilecertaintruthcanbehardtoswallow.DavidFaigrnanoftheUniversityofCaliforniasaysthatiftheSupremeCourtupholdsthemilitaryappealcourt’sdecisiontoallowpolygraphevidencepolygraphbans.wouldbeoverturnedinfederalcourtsacrossU.S.Thatwillputabigburdenonjudgestounderstandthescienceandleadtoalotmore’experttestimonyinthecourtshepredicts.Thejusticedepartmentfearsthatthiswillgreatlyincreasethecostoftrials.WhyhasPresidentBush’sbanonliedetectorevidenceinmilitarycourtsin1991beenover-turned
WhatcanbesaidofthenormalprocessofagingfromalinguisticpointofviewIngeneral1thereisaclearand2relationship:no-onewouldhavemuchdifficulty3ababyayoungchildateenageramiddle-agedpersonoraveryoldpersonfromataperecording.Withchildren4ispossibleforspecialistsinlanguagedevelopmentandpeopleexperienced5childcaretomakeverydetailed6abouthowlanguagecorrelateswithageintheearlyyears.7isknownaboutthepatternsoflinguisticchangethataffectolderpeople.Itisplainthatourvoicequalityvocabularyandstylealter8wegrowolderbutresearch9thenatureofthesechangesisinitsearlieststages.However.acertainamountof10isavailableabouttheproductionand11ofspokenlanguagebyveryoldpeopleespeciallyregardingthephoneticchangesthattakeplace. Speechis12tobeaffectedbyreductionsinthe13ofthevocalorgans.Themusclesofthechest14thelungsbecomelesselastictheribs15mobile:asaresultrespiratoryefficiencyatage75isonlyabouthalf16atage30andthishas17fortheabilitytospeakloudlyrhythmicallyandwithgoodtoneInadditionspeechisaffectedbypoorermovementofthesoftpalateandchangesinthefacialskeletonespeciallyaroundthemouthandjaw.Thereareothermoregeneralsignsofage.Speechrateslowsandfluencymaybemoreerratic.Hearing18especiallyaftertheearlyfifties.Weakening19ofmemoryandattentionmayaffecttheabilitytocomprehendcomplexspeechpatterns.Butitis20allhadnews:vocabularyawarenessmaycontinuetogrowasmaystylisticability—skillsinnarrationforexample.Andgrammaticalabilityseemstobelittleaffected. 13
DirectionsYouhaveanappointmentnextFridaywithyoursupervisoraboutyourthesisbutyouareunabletokeepitbemusesomethingunexpectedhashappened:Writealettertohimaccordingtothefollowingoutline:1expressyourapologyforyourinabilitytokeepit;2giveyourreasonsforit;3suggestotherremedies.Youshouldwriteabouti00wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiXininstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
WhatcanbesaidofthenormalprocessofagingfromalinguisticpointofviewIngeneral1thereisaclearand2relationship:no-onewouldhavemuchdifficulty3ababyayoungchildateenageramiddle-agedpersonoraveryoldpersonfromataperecording.Withchildren4ispossibleforspecialistsinlanguagedevelopmentandpeopleexperienced5childcaretomakeverydetailed6abouthowlanguagecorrelateswithageintheearlyyears.7isknownaboutthepatternsoflinguisticchangethataffectolderpeople.Itisplainthatourvoicequalityvocabularyandstylealter8wegrowolderbutresearch9thenatureofthesechangesisinitsearlieststages.However.acertainamountof10isavailableabouttheproductionand11ofspokenlanguagebyveryoldpeopleespeciallyregardingthephoneticchangesthattakeplace. Speechis12tobeaffectedbyreductionsinthe13ofthevocalorgans.Themusclesofthechest14thelungsbecomelesselastictheribs15mobile:asaresultrespiratoryefficiencyatage75isonlyabouthalf16atage30andthishas17fortheabilitytospeakloudlyrhythmicallyandwithgoodtoneInadditionspeechisaffectedbypoorermovementofthesoftpalateandchangesinthefacialskeletonespeciallyaroundthemouthandjaw.Thereareothermoregeneralsignsofage.Speechrateslowsandfluencymaybemoreerratic.Hearing18especiallyaftertheearlyfifties.Weakening19ofmemoryandattentionmayaffecttheabilitytocomprehendcomplexspeechpatterns.Butitis20allhadnews:vocabularyawarenessmaycontinuetogrowasmaystylisticability—skillsinnarrationforexample.Andgrammaticalabilityseemstobelittleaffected. 9
AfterdecadesofexilefromU.S.courtsthescienceofliedetectionisgainingnewacceptance.ButthefederalgovernmentwantstoputastoptoitandtheU.S.SupremeCourthasnowagreedtoconsiderarequestfromtheDepartmentofJusticetobarthetechnologyfrommilitarycourts.Uncertaintiessurroundthescienceofliedetectionwhichusesadevicecalledpolygraph.In1991PresidentGeorgeBushbannedliedetectorevidenceinmilitarycourts.ButthatbanhassincebeenoverturnedbytheU.S.CourtofMilitaryAppealswhichruledthatitrestrictsdefendants’rightstopresentevidenceoftheirinnocence.Inthepasttwoyearssomefederalcourtshavealsoruledthatpolygraphevidencecanbeheard.ThisfollowsadecisionbytheSupremeCourtin1993thatgavefederaljudgesmorediscretiontodecideontheadmissibilityofevidence.Apolygraphconsistsofmonitorsforpulseratesweatingandbreathingrate.Thedeviceissupposedtouncoverliesbyrecordingincreasesinthesemeasuresasthesubjectanswersquestions.Criticshavealwaysarguedthatcunningdefendantscancontroltheirphysiologicalresponsesandswaypolygraphresults.Butsupportersofthetechniquearguethatrecentresearchhasfoundittobereliable.ApsychologistnamedCharlesHontsatastateuniversityinIdahopointstolaboratorystudiessomeofthembeinghisowninwhichstudent-subjectswereofferedcashtoswaythetestresults.ThisargumentisrejectedbyLeonardSaxeapsychologistataBostonuniversity.Thereisahugedifferencebetweenstudentsinalabandadefendanthesays.Guiltydefendantshavetimeinwhichtorehearsetheirliesandcanevencometobelievethemtobetrue.Saxebelievesthattheentiretheoreticalbasisofliedetectionisinvalid.Itassumesyouwillbemorenervouslyingthantellingthetruth.Buthesaysthatforsomepeopleliesaretrivialwhilecertaintruthcanbehardtoswallow.DavidFaigrnanoftheUniversityofCaliforniasaysthatiftheSupremeCourtupholdsthemilitaryappealcourt’sdecisiontoallowpolygraphevidencepolygraphbans.wouldbeoverturnedinfederalcourtsacrossU.S.Thatwillputabigburdenonjudgestounderstandthescienceandleadtoalotmore’experttestimonyinthecourtshepredicts.Thejusticedepartmentfearsthatthiswillgreatlyincreasethecostoftrials.WhatdoCharlesHonts’laboratorystudiessuggest
WhatcanbesaidofthenormalprocessofagingfromalinguisticpointofviewIngeneral1thereisaclearand2relationship:no-onewouldhavemuchdifficulty3ababyayoungchildateenageramiddle-agedpersonoraveryoldpersonfromataperecording.Withchildren4ispossibleforspecialistsinlanguagedevelopmentandpeopleexperienced5childcaretomakeverydetailed6abouthowlanguagecorrelateswithageintheearlyyears.7isknownaboutthepatternsoflinguisticchangethataffectolderpeople.Itisplainthatourvoicequalityvocabularyandstylealter8wegrowolderbutresearch9thenatureofthesechangesisinitsearlieststages.However.acertainamountof10isavailableabouttheproductionand11ofspokenlanguagebyveryoldpeopleespeciallyregardingthephoneticchangesthattakeplace. Speechis12tobeaffectedbyreductionsinthe13ofthevocalorgans.Themusclesofthechest14thelungsbecomelesselastictheribs15mobile:asaresultrespiratoryefficiencyatage75isonlyabouthalf16atage30andthishas17fortheabilitytospeakloudlyrhythmicallyandwithgoodtoneInadditionspeechisaffectedbypoorermovementofthesoftpalateandchangesinthefacialskeletonespeciallyaroundthemouthandjaw.Thereareothermoregeneralsignsofage.Speechrateslowsandfluencymaybemoreerratic.Hearing18especiallyaftertheearlyfifties.Weakening19ofmemoryandattentionmayaffecttheabilitytocomprehendcomplexspeechpatterns.Butitis20allhadnews:vocabularyawarenessmaycontinuetogrowasmaystylisticability—skillsinnarrationforexample.Andgrammaticalabilityseemstobelittleaffected. 3
Modemtechnologymaynothaveimprovedtheworldallthatmuchbut.itcertainlyhasmadelifenoisier.Un-muffledmotorcyclesblaringcaralarmsandrovingboomboxescomefirstsecondandthirdonmylistofmostobnoxiousnoiseoffendersbuteveryonecouldcomeupwithhisownversionofauralhell--ifhecouldjustfindaquietspottoponderthematter.Yetwhattechnologyhasdoneothertechnologyisnowstartingtoundousingcomputerpowertozapthoseear-splittingnoisesintosilence.Previouslysilenceseekershadlittlerecourseexcepttostayinsideclosethewindowsandplugtheirears.Remedieslikethesearequaintlytermedpassivesystemsbecausetheyplacephysicalbarriersagainsttheunwantedsound.Nowcomputertechnologyisproducingafarmoreeffectiveactivesystemwhichdoesn’tjustcontaindeflectormaskthenoisebutannihilatesitelectronically.Thesystemworksbycounteringtheoffendingnoisewithanti-noiseasomewhatsinistersoundingtermthatcallstomindantimatterblackholesandotherPopularSciencemindbendersbutthatactuallyreferstosomethingquitesimple.Justasawaveonapondisflattenedwhenitmergeswithatroughthatisitsexactoppositeormirrorimagesocanasoundwavebymeetingitsopposite.Thisgeneraltheoryofsoundcancellationhasbeenaroundsincethe1930s.Inthefiftiesandsixtiesitmadeorakindofmagictrickamonglaboratoryacousticiansplayingaroundwiththefirstclunkymainframecomputers.Theadventoflow-costhigh-powermicroprocessorshasmadeactivenoise-cancellationsystemsacommercialpossibilityandahandfulofsmallelectronicsfirmsintheUnitedStatesandabroadarebringingthefirstonesontothesilencemarket.Silencebuffsmightbehopingthatthenoise-cancelingapparatuswilltaketheshapeofthe44MagnumwieldedbyDirtyHarrybutinfactactivesoundcontrolisnotquitethatactive.Thesystemmightmoreproperlyhedescribedasreactiveinthatitrespondstosoundwavesalreadyheadedtowardhumanears.Intheconfigurationthatisusualforsuchsystemsmicrophonesdetectthenoisesignalandsendittothesystem’smicroprocessorwhichalmostinstantlymodelsitandcreatesitsinverseforloudspeakerstofireattheoriginal.Becausethetwosoundsoccupy’thesamerangeoffrequenciesandtonestheinversesoundsexactlytikethenoiseitismeanttoeliminate:theanti-noisecancelingBeethoven’sFifthSymphonyisheardasBeethoven’sFifth.Theonlydifferenceisthateverypositivepressureproducedontheairbytheorchestraismatchedbyanegativepressureproducedbythecomputerandtherebysilencingthesound.Thesystemismosteffectiveasakindofmufflerinwhichmicrophonesmicroprocessorandloudspeakerareallinaunitencasingthedevicethatproducesthesoundstiflingitatitssource.Butitcanworkasaheadsettoonegatingthesoundatthelastmomentbeforeitdisturbsone’speaceofmind.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage
热门题库
更多
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
湘公网安备 43130202000226号