首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Most plants can make their own food from sunlight, (1) some have discovered that stealing is an...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单选集》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
阅读理解阅读下面的短文然后根据短文内容在A.B.C.D.四个选项中选择最佳答案Plantsareve
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
CPlantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgo
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
EPlantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgo
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
BPlantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgo
Plantsareveryimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgoo
热门试题
更多
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthatemploymentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside.TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend—forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd—afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployeewhodidnotreportdirectlytohim.Inevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.TheotherpartywasreportedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfall.LewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany.Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWallStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet.AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.ButmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchassexandCEO.Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux.Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial.MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland.Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhalfofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
WHAT’SthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllisonasksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.Narcissusmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestsellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheself-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.ForthefirsttimeanewstudyIt’sAllAboutMetobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambrickofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperlevelsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries.Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhisWho’sWhoentry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive.Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmoretransientthanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad.AlthoughoddlytheauthorsarekeepingtheirnarcissismrankingsecrettheyhaverevealedthatMrEilisondidnotcometop.Alasforhimthatmaybebecausethestudylimiteditselftopeoplewhobecamethebossafter1991—wellafterhetookthehelm.IneveryrespectMrEllisonseemstobetheclassicnarcissisticbossclaimsMrChatterjee.Thereislifeintheoldjokeyet.Theoldsoftwareindustryjokeisusedinthetextto
ThehumanYchromosome—theDNAchunkthatmakesamanaman—haslostsomanygenesoverevolutionarytimethatsomescientistshavesuspecteditmightdisappearin10millionyears.Butanewstudysaysit’llstickaround.Researchersfoundnosignofgenelossoverthepast6millionyearssuggestingthechromosomeisdoingaprettygoodjobofmaintainingitselfsaidresearcherDavidPageoftheWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearchinCambridgeMass.ThatagreeswithpriormathematicalcalculationsthatsuggestedtherateofgenelosswouldslowasthechromosomeevolvedPageandstudyco-authorsnoteinThursday’sissueofthejournalNature.AndtheysayitclasheswithwhatPagecalledtheimminentdemiseideathatsaystheYchromosomeisdoomedtoextinction.TheYappeared300millionyearsagoandhassinceerodedintoadinkychromosomebecauseitlacksthemechanismotherchromosomeshavetogetridofdamagedDNA.Somutationshavedisabledhundredsofitsoriginalgenescausingthemtobeshedasuseless.TheYnowcontainsonly27genesorfamiliesofvirtuallyidenticalgenes.In2003Pagereportedthatthemodern-dayYhasanunusualmechanismtofixabouthalfofitsgenesandprotectthemfromdisappearing.Buthesaidsomescientistsdisagreedwithhisconclusion.ThenewpaperfocusesonaregionoftheYchromosomewheregenescan’tbefixedthatway.Researcherscomparedthehumanandchimpanzeeversionsofthisregion.Humansandchimpshavebeenevolvingseparatelyforabout6millionyearssoscientistsreasonedthatthecomparisonswouldrevealgenesthathavebecomedisabledinonespeciesortheotherduringthattime.TheyfoundfivesuchgenesonthechimpchromosomebutnoneonthehumanchromosomeanimbalancePagecalledsurprising.Itlooksliketherehasbeenlittleifanygenelossinourownspecieslineageinthelast6millionyearsPagesaid.ThatcontradictstheideathatthehumanYchromosomehascontinuedtolosegenessofastit’lldisappearin10millionyearshesaid.Ithinkwecanwithconfidencedismissthe’imminentdemise’theoryPagesaid.JenniferA.MarshallGravesoftheAustralianNationalUniversityinCanberraageneresearcherwhoarguesforeventualextinctionoftheYchromosomecalledPage’sworkbeautifulbutsaiditdidn’tshakeherconvictionthattheYisdoomed.TheonlyrealquestioniswhennotiftheYchromosomedisappearsshesaid.Itcouldbealotshorterthan10millionyearsbutitcouldbealotlongershesaid.TheYchromosomehasalreadydisappearedinsomeotheranimalsandthere’snoreasontoexpectitcan’thappentohumansshesaid.Ifithappenedinpeoplesomeotherchromosomewouldprobablytakeoverthesex-determiningroleoftheYshesaid.Jenniferseemstobelievethat
WHAT’SthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllisonasksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.Narcissusmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestsellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheself-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.ForthefirsttimeanewstudyIt’sAllAboutMetobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambrickofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperlevelsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries.Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhisWho’sWhoentry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive.Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmoretransientthanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad.AlthoughoddlytheauthorsarekeepingtheirnarcissismrankingsecrettheyhaverevealedthatMrEilisondidnotcometop.Alasforhimthatmaybebecausethestudylimiteditselftopeoplewhobecamethebossafter1991—wellafterhetookthehelm.IneveryrespectMrEllisonseemstobetheclassicnarcissisticbossclaimsMrChatterjee.Thereislifeintheoldjokeyet.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5＄300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.19
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5＄300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.2
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 8
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5＄300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.14
WHAT’SthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllisonasksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.Narcissusmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestsellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheself-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.ForthefirsttimeanewstudyIt’sAllAboutMetobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambrickofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperlevelsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries.Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhisWho’sWhoentry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive.Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmoretransientthanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad.AlthoughoddlytheauthorsarekeepingtheirnarcissismrankingsecrettheyhaverevealedthatMrEilisondidnotcometop.Alasforhimthatmaybebecausethestudylimiteditselftopeoplewhobecamethebossafter1991—wellafterhetookthehelm.IneveryrespectMrEllisonseemstobetheclassicnarcissisticbossclaimsMrChatterjee.Thereislifeintheoldjokeyet.ApracticalproblemwiththeIt’sallaboutmestudyisthat
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthatemploymentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside.TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend—forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd—afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployeewhodidnotreportdirectlytohim.Inevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.TheotherpartywasreportedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfall.LewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany.Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWallStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet.AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.ButmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchassexandCEO.Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux.Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial.MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland.Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhalfofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried.Mr.Stonecipherhadtoleavehisjobbecause
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5＄300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.4
Thehistoryofthecomputerinthetwentiethcenturyisoneofdramaticadaptationandexpansion.Thecomputerhadmodestbeginningsinareaswhereitwasusedasaspecialisttool.Thefirstelectroniccomputerwasbuiltinthe1930sandwassolelyfortheuseofundergraduatestudentsinIowaStateUniversitytohandlemathematicalcomputationsinnuclearphysics.Inthe1960sanearlyversionoftheInternetARPPANETwasusedincomputerscienceandengineeringprojects.Howeveronly10yearslatercomputerswerestartingtochangeourlifestylethewaywedobusinessandmanyotherthingsandbythelate1980s’networkswereexpandingtoembracesectionsofthegeneralpublic.ComputerizationhaschangedUShighschooleducationinmanyways.Threedifferentchangesthatconsiderbeingimportant.Thefirstistheuseofthecomputerasteachingaidforteachers.Thenextisthemassivedatastorageandfastdataretrievalfacilitatedbycomputer.Thencomesthechangesbroughtaboutbytheintroductionofsimulationsoftware.Howprevalentistheuseofcomputersinschools!Asrecentlyastheearly1980sonly20%ofsecondaryscienceteachersintheUSAwereusingmicrocomputers.HoweversincethenhighschoolsintheUShavecomputerizedrapidly.By1987schoolshadacquiredabout1.5millioncomputerswith95%ofpublicschoolshavingatleastonecomputer.Computerscanbeusedasteachingaidsbothinschoolsandinhomes.Inschoolsforexampleteacherscanplugacomputerintoanespeciallyequippedoverheadprojectortobringtextsgraphicssoundandvideosintoaclassroom.Bythesemultimediacomputeranimationsteacherscanmorereadilyattractandretainstudents’attention.Annconcludesthatcomputeraidedteachingcanattractandmotivatestudentswhoweredroppingoutwhenmoretraditionalmethodswerebeingused.LetusnowturntotheInternet.Thisisaglobalnetworkconnectingmanylocalnetworks.OvertheInternethighschoolstudentscanretrieveinformationanddatabasesfromeverynetworkedlibraryaroundtheworldinseconds.TheWorldWideWebprovidesaneasywaytoaccesshard-to-findinformation.Studentscannowreachanylibrarythroughtheglobalnetworkandfindwhattheywant.Thefinalstepistodownloadthescannedimage.Thoughtheslowtransmissionofsignalthroughthenetworkisamajorlimitingfactoritcanstillsaveusmuchtimeinfindingusefulinformationandthusitisaninvaluabletooltobothhighschoolteachersandstudents.Thewordfacilitatedline3paragraph2isclosestinmeaningto
ThehumanYchromosome—theDNAchunkthatmakesamanaman—haslostsomanygenesoverevolutionarytimethatsomescientistshavesuspecteditmightdisappearin10millionyears.Butanewstudysaysit’llstickaround.Researchersfoundnosignofgenelossoverthepast6millionyearssuggestingthechromosomeisdoingaprettygoodjobofmaintainingitselfsaidresearcherDavidPageoftheWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearchinCambridgeMass.ThatagreeswithpriormathematicalcalculationsthatsuggestedtherateofgenelosswouldslowasthechromosomeevolvedPageandstudyco-authorsnoteinThursday’sissueofthejournalNature.AndtheysayitclasheswithwhatPagecalledtheimminentdemiseideathatsaystheYchromosomeisdoomedtoextinction.TheYappeared300millionyearsagoandhassinceerodedintoadinkychromosomebecauseitlacksthemechanismotherchromosomeshavetogetridofdamagedDNA.Somutationshavedisabledhundredsofitsoriginalgenescausingthemtobeshedasuseless.TheYnowcontainsonly27genesorfamiliesofvirtuallyidenticalgenes.In2003Pagereportedthatthemodern-dayYhasanunusualmechanismtofixabouthalfofitsgenesandprotectthemfromdisappearing.Buthesaidsomescientistsdisagreedwithhisconclusion.ThenewpaperfocusesonaregionoftheYchromosomewheregenescan’tbefixedthatway.Researcherscomparedthehumanandchimpanzeeversionsofthisregion.Humansandchimpshavebeenevolvingseparatelyforabout6millionyearssoscientistsreasonedthatthecomparisonswouldrevealgenesthathavebecomedisabledinonespeciesortheotherduringthattime.TheyfoundfivesuchgenesonthechimpchromosomebutnoneonthehumanchromosomeanimbalancePagecalledsurprising.Itlooksliketherehasbeenlittleifanygenelossinourownspecieslineageinthelast6millionyearsPagesaid.ThatcontradictstheideathatthehumanYchromosomehascontinuedtolosegenessofastit’lldisappearin10millionyearshesaid.Ithinkwecanwithconfidencedismissthe’imminentdemise’theoryPagesaid.JenniferA.MarshallGravesoftheAustralianNationalUniversityinCanberraageneresearcherwhoarguesforeventualextinctionoftheYchromosomecalledPage’sworkbeautifulbutsaiditdidn’tshakeherconvictionthattheYisdoomed.TheonlyrealquestioniswhennotiftheYchromosomedisappearsshesaid.Itcouldbealotshorterthan10millionyearsbutitcouldbealotlongershesaid.TheYchromosomehasalreadydisappearedinsomeotheranimalsandthere’snoreasontoexpectitcan’thappentohumansshesaid.Ifithappenedinpeoplesomeotherchromosomewouldprobablytakeoverthesex-determiningroleoftheYshesaid.Pageseemstobelievethat
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5＄300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.8
46ThatLouiseNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecausethegreatestresistancetowomenartistshasbeenuntilrecentlyinthefieldofsculpture.SinceNeolithictimessculpturehasbeenconsideredtheprerogativeofmenpartlyperhapsforpurelyphysicalreasons:itwaserroneouslyassumedthatwomenwerenotsuitedforthehardmanuallaborrequiredinsculptingstonecarvingwoodorworkinginmetal.47IthasbeenonlyduringthetwentiethcenturythatwomensculptorshavebeenrecognizedasmajorartistsandithasbeenintheUnitedStatesespeciallysincethedecadesofthefiftiesandsixtiesthatwomensculptorshaveshownthegreatestoriginalityandcreativepower.TheirrisetoprominenceparallelsthedevelopmentofsculptureitselfintheUnitedStates:48whiletherehadbeenafewtalentedsculptorsintheUnitedStatesbeforethe1940’sitwasonlyafter1945—whenNewYorkwasrapidlybecomingtheartcapitaloftheworld—thatmajorsculpturewasproducedintheUnitedStates.Someofthebestwastheworkofwomen. ByfarthemostoutstandingofthesewomenisLouiseNevelsonwhointheeyesofmanycriticsisthemostoriginalfemaleartistalivetoday.OnefamousandinfluentialcriticHiltonKramersaidofherwork"FormyselfIthinkMs.Nevelsonsucceedswherethepaintersoftenfail." HerworkshavebeencomparedtotheCubistconstructionsofPicassotheSurrealisticobjectsofMiroandtheMerzbauofSchwitters.49NevelsonwouldbethefirsttoadmitthatshehasbeeninfluencedbyalloftheseaswellasbyAfricansculptureandbyNativeAmericanandpre-Columbianartbutshehasabsorbedalltheseinfluencesandstillcreatedadistinctiveartthatexpressestheurbanlandscapeandtheaestheticsensibilityofthetwentiethcentury.Nevelsonsays"Ihavealwayswantedtoshowtheworldthatartiseverywhereexceptthatithastopassthroughacreativemind." 50Usingmostlydiscardedwoodenobjectslikebrokenpiecesoffurnitureandabandonedarchitecturalornamentsallofwhichshehashoardedforyearssheassemblesarchitecturalconstructionsofgreatbeautyandpower.Creatingveryfreelywithnosketchesshegluesandnailsobjectstogetherpaintsthemblackormorerarelywhiteorgoldandplacestheminboxes.Theseassemblageswallsevenentireenvironmentscreateamysteriousalmostawe-inspiringatmosphere.Althoughshehasdeniedanysymbolicorreligiousintentinherworkstheirthree-dimensionalgrandeurandeventheirtitlessuchasSkyCathedralandNightCathedralsuggestsuchconnotations.InsomewayshermostambitiousworksareclosertoarchitecturethantotraditionalsculpturebutthenneitherLouiseNevelsonnorherartfitsintoanyneatcategory. Usingmostlydiscardedwoodenobjectslikebrokenpiecesoffurnitureandabandonedarchitecturalornamentsallofwhichshehashoardedforyearssheassemblesarchitecturalconstructionsofgreatbeautyandpower.
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5＄300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.12
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 2
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 6
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 4
Thehistoryofthecomputerinthetwentiethcenturyisoneofdramaticadaptationandexpansion.Thecomputerhadmodestbeginningsinareaswhereitwasusedasaspecialisttool.Thefirstelectroniccomputerwasbuiltinthe1930sandwassolelyfortheuseofundergraduatestudentsinIowaStateUniversitytohandlemathematicalcomputationsinnuclearphysics.Inthe1960sanearlyversionoftheInternetARPPANETwasusedincomputerscienceandengineeringprojects.Howeveronly10yearslatercomputerswerestartingtochangeourlifestylethewaywedobusinessandmanyotherthingsandbythelate1980s’networkswereexpandingtoembracesectionsofthegeneralpublic.ComputerizationhaschangedUShighschooleducationinmanyways.Threedifferentchangesthatconsiderbeingimportant.Thefirstistheuseofthecomputerasteachingaidforteachers.Thenextisthemassivedatastorageandfastdataretrievalfacilitatedbycomputer.Thencomesthechangesbroughtaboutbytheintroductionofsimulationsoftware.Howprevalentistheuseofcomputersinschools!Asrecentlyastheearly1980sonly20%ofsecondaryscienceteachersintheUSAwereusingmicrocomputers.HoweversincethenhighschoolsintheUShavecomputerizedrapidly.By1987schoolshadacquiredabout1.5millioncomputerswith95%ofpublicschoolshavingatleastonecomputer.Computerscanbeusedasteachingaidsbothinschoolsandinhomes.Inschoolsforexampleteacherscanplugacomputerintoanespeciallyequippedoverheadprojectortobringtextsgraphicssoundandvideosintoaclassroom.Bythesemultimediacomputeranimationsteacherscanmorereadilyattractandretainstudents’attention.Annconcludesthatcomputeraidedteachingcanattractandmotivatestudentswhoweredroppingoutwhenmoretraditionalmethodswerebeingused.LetusnowturntotheInternet.Thisisaglobalnetworkconnectingmanylocalnetworks.OvertheInternethighschoolstudentscanretrieveinformationanddatabasesfromeverynetworkedlibraryaroundtheworldinseconds.TheWorldWideWebprovidesaneasywaytoaccesshard-to-findinformation.Studentscannowreachanylibrarythroughtheglobalnetworkandfindwhattheywant.Thefinalstepistodownloadthescannedimage.Thoughtheslowtransmissionofsignalthroughthenetworkisamajorlimitingfactoritcanstillsaveusmuchtimeinfindingusefulinformationandthusitisaninvaluabletooltobothhighschoolteachersandstudents.AccordingtothepassagethemajoradvantageoftheInternetis
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5＄300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.6
[A]Advertisementsaddintereststolife [B]Advertisementshelptosavemoney [C]Criticismsonadvertisers [D]Usefulnessofsmalladvertisements [E]Trueaestheticvalueofadvertisement[ F]Informing:thechieffunctionofadvertising 41__________ Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryifwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoodsAfterallit’stheconsumerwhopay..." 42__________ Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. 43__________ Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaylawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwallornewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities. 44__________ Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! 45__________ Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads."whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! 42
46ThatLouiseNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecausethegreatestresistancetowomenartistshasbeenuntilrecentlyinthefieldofsculpture.SinceNeolithictimessculpturehasbeenconsideredtheprerogativeofmenpartlyperhapsforpurelyphysicalreasons:itwaserroneouslyassumedthatwomenwerenotsuitedforthehardmanuallaborrequiredinsculptingstonecarvingwoodorworkinginmetal.47IthasbeenonlyduringthetwentiethcenturythatwomensculptorshavebeenrecognizedasmajorartistsandithasbeenintheUnitedStatesespeciallysincethedecadesofthefiftiesandsixtiesthatwomensculptorshaveshownthegreatestoriginalityandcreativepower.TheirrisetoprominenceparallelsthedevelopmentofsculptureitselfintheUnitedStates:48whiletherehadbeenafewtalentedsculptorsintheUnitedStatesbeforethe1940’sitwasonlyafter1945—whenNewYorkwasrapidlybecomingtheartcapitaloftheworld—thatmajorsculpturewasproducedintheUnitedStates.Someofthebestwastheworkofwomen. ByfarthemostoutstandingofthesewomenisLouiseNevelsonwhointheeyesofmanycriticsisthemostoriginalfemaleartistalivetoday.OnefamousandinfluentialcriticHiltonKramersaidofherwork"FormyselfIthinkMs.Nevelsonsucceedswherethepaintersoftenfail." HerworkshavebeencomparedtotheCubistconstructionsofPicassotheSurrealisticobjectsofMiroandtheMerzbauofSchwitters.49NevelsonwouldbethefirsttoadmitthatshehasbeeninfluencedbyalloftheseaswellasbyAfricansculptureandbyNativeAmericanandpre-Columbianartbutshehasabsorbedalltheseinfluencesandstillcreatedadistinctiveartthatexpressestheurbanlandscapeandtheaestheticsensibilityofthetwentiethcentury.Nevelsonsays"Ihavealwayswantedtoshowtheworldthatartiseverywhereexceptthatithastopassthroughacreativemind." 50Usingmostlydiscardedwoodenobjectslikebrokenpiecesoffurnitureandabandonedarchitecturalornamentsallofwhichshehashoardedforyearssheassemblesarchitecturalconstructionsofgreatbeautyandpower.Creatingveryfreelywithnosketchesshegluesandnailsobjectstogetherpaintsthemblackormorerarelywhiteorgoldandplacestheminboxes.Theseassemblageswallsevenentireenvironmentscreateamysteriousalmostawe-inspiringatmosphere.Althoughshehasdeniedanysymbolicorreligiousintentinherworkstheirthree-dimensionalgrandeurandeventheirtitlessuchasSkyCathedralandNightCathedralsuggestsuchconnotations.InsomewayshermostambitiousworksareclosertoarchitecturethantotraditionalsculpturebutthenneitherLouiseNevelsonnorherartfitsintoanyneatcategory. ThatLouiseNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecausethegreatestresistancetowomenartistshasbeenuntilrecentlyinthefieldofsculpture.
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5＄300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.10
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5＄300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.16
[A]Advertisementsaddintereststolife [B]Advertisementshelptosavemoney [C]Criticismsonadvertisers [D]Usefulnessofsmalladvertisements [E]Trueaestheticvalueofadvertisement[ F]Informing:thechieffunctionofadvertising 41__________ Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryifwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoodsAfterallit’stheconsumerwhopay..." 42__________ Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. 43__________ Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaylawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwallornewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities. 44__________ Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! 45__________ Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads."whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! 44
Directions: Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessayyoushould: 1describethepicturebriefly 2interpretthemeaningand 3supportyourviewswithexamples.
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5＄300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.18
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthatemploymentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside.TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend—forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd—afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployeewhodidnotreportdirectlytohim.Inevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.TheotherpartywasreportedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfall.LewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany.Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWallStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet.AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.ButmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchassexandCEO.Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux.Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial.MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland.Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhalfofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried.Thewordwhistleblowerline1paragraph4mostprobablyreferstoapersonwho
46ThatLouiseNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecausethegreatestresistancetowomenartistshasbeenuntilrecentlyinthefieldofsculpture.SinceNeolithictimessculpturehasbeenconsideredtheprerogativeofmenpartlyperhapsforpurelyphysicalreasons:itwaserroneouslyassumedthatwomenwerenotsuitedforthehardmanuallaborrequiredinsculptingstonecarvingwoodorworkinginmetal.47IthasbeenonlyduringthetwentiethcenturythatwomensculptorshavebeenrecognizedasmajorartistsandithasbeenintheUnitedStatesespeciallysincethedecadesofthefiftiesandsixtiesthatwomensculptorshaveshownthegreatestoriginalityandcreativepower.TheirrisetoprominenceparallelsthedevelopmentofsculptureitselfintheUnitedStates:48whiletherehadbeenafewtalentedsculptorsintheUnitedStatesbeforethe1940’sitwasonlyafter1945—whenNewYorkwasrapidlybecomingtheartcapitaloftheworld—thatmajorsculpturewasproducedintheUnitedStates.Someofthebestwastheworkofwomen. ByfarthemostoutstandingofthesewomenisLouiseNevelsonwhointheeyesofmanycriticsisthemostoriginalfemaleartistalivetoday.OnefamousandinfluentialcriticHiltonKramersaidofherwork"FormyselfIthinkMs.Nevelsonsucceedswherethepaintersoftenfail." HerworkshavebeencomparedtotheCubistconstructionsofPicassotheSurrealisticobjectsofMiroandtheMerzbauofSchwitters.49NevelsonwouldbethefirsttoadmitthatshehasbeeninfluencedbyalloftheseaswellasbyAfricansculptureandbyNativeAmericanandpre-Columbianartbutshehasabsorbedalltheseinfluencesandstillcreatedadistinctiveartthatexpressestheurbanlandscapeandtheaestheticsensibilityofthetwentiethcentury.Nevelsonsays"Ihavealwayswantedtoshowtheworldthatartiseverywhereexceptthatithastopassthroughacreativemind." 50Usingmostlydiscardedwoodenobjectslikebrokenpiecesoffurnitureandabandonedarchitecturalornamentsallofwhichshehashoardedforyearssheassemblesarchitecturalconstructionsofgreatbeautyandpower.Creatingveryfreelywithnosketchesshegluesandnailsobjectstogetherpaintsthemblackormorerarelywhiteorgoldandplacestheminboxes.Theseassemblageswallsevenentireenvironmentscreateamysteriousalmostawe-inspiringatmosphere.Althoughshehasdeniedanysymbolicorreligiousintentinherworkstheirthree-dimensionalgrandeurandeventheirtitlessuchasSkyCathedralandNightCathedralsuggestsuchconnotations.InsomewayshermostambitiousworksareclosertoarchitecturethantotraditionalsculpturebutthenneitherLouiseNevelsonnorherartfitsintoanyneatcategory. whiletherehadbeenafewtalentedsculptorsintheUnitedStatesbeforethe1940’sitwasonlyafter1945—whenNewYorkwasrapidlybecomingtheartcapitaloftheworld—thatmajorsculpturewasproducedintheUnitedStates.
热门题库
更多
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
仲裁法学
湘公网安备 43130202000226号