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16．(2013天津，理16)(本小题满分13分)一个盒子里装有7张卡片，其中有红色卡片4张，编号分别为1,2,3,4；白色卡片3张，编号分别为2,3,4.从盒子中任取4张卡片(假设取到任何一张卡片的...
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高考生物《计算分析》真题及答案
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年终总结晚会上有这样一个节目桌子上有七个盒子盒子里可能装有现金钻石黄金支票中的一个或者多个每个盒子上
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--I’msorryImadeamistake!--Nobodyisperfect.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
D MarkTwainhasbeencalledtheinventoroftheAmericannovel.Andhesurelydeservesadditionalpraise:themanwhopopularizedthecleverliteraryattackonracism. Isaycleverbecauseanti-slaveryfictionhadbeentheimportantpartoftheliteratureintheyearsbeforetheCivilWar.H.B.Stowe’sUncleTom’sCabinisonlythemostfamousexample.Theseearlystoriesdealtdirectlywithslavery.WithminorexceptionsTwainplantedhisattacksonslaveryandprejudiceintotalesthatwereonthesurfaceaboutsomethingelseentirely.Hedrewhisreadersintotheargumentbydrawingthemintothestory. AgainandagaininthepostwaryearsTwainseemedforcedtodealwiththechallengeofrace.ConsiderthemostcontroversialatleasttodayofTwain’snovelsAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.OnlyafewbookshavebeenkickedofftheshelvesasoftenasHuckleberryFinnTwain’smostwidelyreadtale.Onceuponatimepeoplehatedthebookbecauseitstruckthemasrude.Twainhimselfwrotethatthosewhobannedthebookconsideredthenoveltrashandsuitableonlyfortheslums贫民窟.MorerecentlythebookhasbeenattackedbecauseofthecharacterJimtheescapedslaveandmanyoccurrencesofthewordnigger.ThetermNiggerJimforwhichthenovelisoftenseverelycriticizedneverappearsinit. Buttheattackswereandaresilly—andmissthepoint.Thenovelisstronglyanti-slavery.Jim’ssearchthroughtheslavestatesforthefamilyfromwhomhehasbeenforciblypartedisheroic.AsJ.ChadwickhaspointedoutthecharacterofJimwasafirstinAmericanfiction—arecognitionthattheslavehadtwopersonalitiesthevoiceofsurvivalwithinawhiteslavecultureandthevoiceoftheindividual:Jimthefatherandtheman. Thereismuchmore.Twain’smysterynovelPudd’nheadWilsonstoodasachallengetotheracialbeliefsofevenmanyoftheliberalsofhisday.WrittenatatimewhentheacceptedwisdomheldNegroestobeinferior低等的towhitesespeciallyinintelligenceTwain’stalecenteredinpartaroundtwobabiesswitchedatbirth.Aslavegavebirthtohermaster’sbabyandforfearthatthechildshouldbesoldSouthswitchedhimforthemaster’sbabybyhiswife.Theslave’slight-skinnedchildwastakentobewhiteandgrewupwithboththeattitudesandtheeducationoftheslave-holdingclass.Themaster’swife’sbabywastakenforblackandgrewupwiththeattitudesandintonationsoftheslave. Thepointwasdifficulttomiss:nurture养育notnaturewasthekeytosocialstatus.Thefeaturesoftheblackmanthatprovidedthestuffofprejudice—mannerofspeechforexample—weretoTwainindicativeofnothingotherthantheconditioningthatslaveryforcedonitsvictims. Twain’sracialtonewasnotperfect.Oneisleftuneasyforexamplebythelengthypassageinhisautobiography自传abouthowmuchhelovedwhatwerecalledniggershowsinhisyouth—mostlywithwhitemenperforminginblack-face—andhisdelightingettinghismothertolaughatthem.YetthereisnoreasontothinkTwainsawtheshowsasrepresentingreality.Hisfrequentattacksonslaveryandprejudicesuggesthiskeenawarenessthattheydidnot. WasTwainaracistAskingthequestioningthe21stcenturyisaswiseasaskingthesameofLincoln.Ifwereadthewordsandattitudesofthepastthroughthewisdomoftheconsideredmoraljudgmentsofthepresentwewillfindnothingbuterror.Lincolnwhobelievedtheblackmantheinferiorofthewhitefoughtandwonawartofreehim.AndTwainraisedinaslavestatebrieflyasoldierandinventorofJimmayhavedonemoretoangerthenationoverracialinjusticeandawakenitscollectiveconsciencethananyothernovelistinthepastcentury.Thestoryoftwobabiesswitchedmainlyindicatesthat________.
QuietVirtue:TheConscientiousTheeverydaysignsofconscientiousness认真尽责—beingpunctualcarefulindoingworkself-disciplinedandscrupulous一丝不苟的inattendingtoresponsibilities—aretypicalcharacteristicsofthemodelorganizationalcitizenthepeoplewhokeepthingsrunningastheyshould.Theyfollowtheruleshelpoutandareconcernedaboutthepeopletheyworkwith.It’stheconscientiousworkerwhohelpsnewcomersorupdatespeoplewhoreturnafteranabsencewhogetstoworkontimeandneverabusessickleaveswhoalwaysgetsthingsdoneondeadline.Conscientiousnessisakeytosuccessinanyfield.Instudiesofjobperformanceoutstandingeffectivenessforalmostalljobsfromsemi鄄skilledlabortosalesandmanagementdependsonconscientiousness.Itisparticularlyimportantforoutstandingperformanceinjobsatthelowerlevelsofanorganization:thesecretarywhosemessagetakingisperfectthedeliverytruckdriverwhoisalwaysontime.AmongsalesrepresentativesforalargeAmericancarmanufacturerthosewhoweremostconscientioushadthelargestvolumeofsales.Conscientiousnessalsooffersabuffer缓冲againstthethreatofjoblossintoday’sconstantlychangingmarketbecauseemployeeswiththisqualityareamongthemostvalued.Forthesalesrepresentativestheirlevelofconscientiousnessmatteredalmostasmuchastheirsalesindeterminingwhostayedon.Thereisanairaroundhighlyconscientiouspeoplethatmakesthemseemevenbetterthantheyactuallyare.Theirreputationfordependabilityinfluencesmanagers爷evaluationsoftheirworkgivingthemhigherevaluationsthanobjectivemeasuresoftheirperformancewouldpredict.Butconscientiousnessintheabsenceofsocialskillscanleadtoproblems.Sinceconscientiouspeopledemandsomuchofthemselvestheycanholdotherpeopletotheirownstandardsandsobeoverlyjudgmentalwhenothersdon爷tshowthesamehighlevelsofmodelbehavior.FactoryworkersinGreatBritainandtheUnitedStateswhowereextremelyconscientiousforexampletendedtocriticizeco-workersevenaboutfailuresthatseemedunimportanttothosetheycriticizedwhichdamagedtheirrelationships.Whenconscientiousnesstakestheformoflivinguptoexpectationsitcandiscouragecreativity.Increativeprofessionslikeartoradvertisingopennesstowildideasandspontaneity自发性arescarceandindemand.Successinsuchoccupationscallsforabalancehowever;withoutenoughconscientiousnesstofollowthroughpeoplebecomemeredreamerswithnothingtoshowfortheirimaginativeness. 76
B We’veconsideredseveralwaysofpayingtocutinline:hiringlinestandersbuyingticketsfromscalpers票贩子orpurchasinglinecuttingprivilegesdirectlyfromsayanairlineoranamusementpark.Eachofthesedealsreplacesthemoralsofthequeuewaitingyourturnwiththemoralsofthemarketpayingapriceforfasterservice. Marketsandqueues—payingandwaiting—aretwodifferentwaysofallocatingthingsandeachisappropriatetodifferentactivities.ThemoralsofthequeueFirstcomefirstservedhaveanegalitarian平等主义的appeal.Theytellustoignoreprivilegepoweranddeeppockets. Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.Butthemoralsofthequeuedonotgovernalloccasions.IfIputmyhouseupforsaleIhavenodutytoacceptthefirstofferthatcomesalongsimplybecauseit’sthefirst.Sellingmyhouseandwaitingforabusaredifferentactivitiesproperlygovernedbydifferentstandards. Sometimesstandardschangeanditisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.Thinkoftherecordedmessageyouhearplayedoverandoverasyouwaitonholdwhencallingyourbank:Yourcallwillbeansweredintheorderinwhichitwasreceived.Thisisessentialforthemoralsofthequeue.It’sasifthecompanyistryingtoeaseourimpatiencewithfairness. Butdon’ttaketherecordedmessagetooseriously.Todaysomepeople’scallsareansweredfasterthanothers.Callcentertechnologyenablescompaniestoscoreincomingcallsandtogivefasterservicetothosethatcomefromrichplaces.Youmightcallthistelephonicqueuejumping. Ofcoursemarketsandqueuesarenottheonlywaysofallocatingthings.Somegoodswedistributebymeritothersbyneedstillothersbychance.Howeverthetendencyofmarketstoreplacequeuesandothernon-marketwaysofallocatinggoodsissocommoninmodernlifethatwescarcelynoticeitanymore.Itisstrikingthatmostofthepaidqueue-jumpingschemeswe’veconsidered—atairportsandamusementparksincallcentersdoctors’officesandnationalparks—arerecentdevelopmentsscarcelyimaginablethreedecadesago.Thedisappearanceofthequeuesintheseplacesmayseemanunusualconcernbutthesearenottheonlyplacesthatmarketshaveentered.Thepassageismeantto.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
QuietVirtue:TheConscientiousTheeverydaysignsofconscientiousness认真尽责—beingpunctualcarefulindoingworkself-disciplinedandscrupulous一丝不苟的inattendingtoresponsibilities—aretypicalcharacteristicsofthemodelorganizationalcitizenthepeoplewhokeepthingsrunningastheyshould.Theyfollowtheruleshelpoutandareconcernedaboutthepeopletheyworkwith.It’stheconscientiousworkerwhohelpsnewcomersorupdatespeoplewhoreturnafteranabsencewhogetstoworkontimeandneverabusessickleaveswhoalwaysgetsthingsdoneondeadline.Conscientiousnessisakeytosuccessinanyfield.Instudiesofjobperformanceoutstandingeffectivenessforalmostalljobsfromsemi鄄skilledlabortosalesandmanagementdependsonconscientiousness.Itisparticularlyimportantforoutstandingperformanceinjobsatthelowerlevelsofanorganization:thesecretarywhosemessagetakingisperfectthedeliverytruckdriverwhoisalwaysontime.AmongsalesrepresentativesforalargeAmericancarmanufacturerthosewhoweremostconscientioushadthelargestvolumeofsales.Conscientiousnessalsooffersabuffer缓冲againstthethreatofjoblossintoday’sconstantlychangingmarketbecauseemployeeswiththisqualityareamongthemostvalued.Forthesalesrepresentativestheirlevelofconscientiousnessmatteredalmostasmuchastheirsalesindeterminingwhostayedon.Thereisanairaroundhighlyconscientiouspeoplethatmakesthemseemevenbetterthantheyactuallyare.Theirreputationfordependabilityinfluencesmanagers爷evaluationsoftheirworkgivingthemhigherevaluationsthanobjectivemeasuresoftheirperformancewouldpredict.Butconscientiousnessintheabsenceofsocialskillscanleadtoproblems.Sinceconscientiouspeopledemandsomuchofthemselvestheycanholdotherpeopletotheirownstandardsandsobeoverlyjudgmentalwhenothersdon爷tshowthesamehighlevelsofmodelbehavior.FactoryworkersinGreatBritainandtheUnitedStateswhowereextremelyconscientiousforexampletendedtocriticizeco-workersevenaboutfailuresthatseemedunimportanttothosetheycriticizedwhichdamagedtheirrelationships.Whenconscientiousnesstakestheformoflivinguptoexpectationsitcandiscouragecreativity.Increativeprofessionslikeartoradvertisingopennesstowildideasandspontaneity自发性arescarceandindemand.Successinsuchoccupationscallsforabalancehowever;withoutenoughconscientiousnesstofollowthroughpeoplebecomemeredreamerswithnothingtoshowfortheirimaginativeness. 78
Weveryearlysowepackedthenightbefore.
IshouldnothavelaughedifI________youwereserious.
IwasgladtomeetJennyagainIdidn’twanttospendalldaywithher.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
QuietVirtue:TheConscientiousTheeverydaysignsofconscientiousness认真尽责—beingpunctualcarefulindoingworkself-disciplinedandscrupulous一丝不苟的inattendingtoresponsibilities—aretypicalcharacteristicsofthemodelorganizationalcitizenthepeoplewhokeepthingsrunningastheyshould.Theyfollowtheruleshelpoutandareconcernedaboutthepeopletheyworkwith.It’stheconscientiousworkerwhohelpsnewcomersorupdatespeoplewhoreturnafteranabsencewhogetstoworkontimeandneverabusessickleaveswhoalwaysgetsthingsdoneondeadline.Conscientiousnessisakeytosuccessinanyfield.Instudiesofjobperformanceoutstandingeffectivenessforalmostalljobsfromsemi鄄skilledlabortosalesandmanagementdependsonconscientiousness.Itisparticularlyimportantforoutstandingperformanceinjobsatthelowerlevelsofanorganization:thesecretarywhosemessagetakingisperfectthedeliverytruckdriverwhoisalwaysontime.AmongsalesrepresentativesforalargeAmericancarmanufacturerthosewhoweremostconscientioushadthelargestvolumeofsales.Conscientiousnessalsooffersabuffer缓冲againstthethreatofjoblossintoday’sconstantlychangingmarketbecauseemployeeswiththisqualityareamongthemostvalued.Forthesalesrepresentativestheirlevelofconscientiousnessmatteredalmostasmuchastheirsalesindeterminingwhostayedon.Thereisanairaroundhighlyconscientiouspeoplethatmakesthemseemevenbetterthantheyactuallyare.Theirreputationfordependabilityinfluencesmanagers爷evaluationsoftheirworkgivingthemhigherevaluationsthanobjectivemeasuresoftheirperformancewouldpredict.Butconscientiousnessintheabsenceofsocialskillscanleadtoproblems.Sinceconscientiouspeopledemandsomuchofthemselvestheycanholdotherpeopletotheirownstandardsandsobeoverlyjudgmentalwhenothersdon爷tshowthesamehighlevelsofmodelbehavior.FactoryworkersinGreatBritainandtheUnitedStateswhowereextremelyconscientiousforexampletendedtocriticizeco-workersevenaboutfailuresthatseemedunimportanttothosetheycriticizedwhichdamagedtheirrelationships.Whenconscientiousnesstakestheformoflivinguptoexpectationsitcandiscouragecreativity.Increativeprofessionslikeartoradvertisingopennesstowildideasandspontaneity自发性arescarceandindemand.Successinsuchoccupationscallsforabalancehowever;withoutenoughconscientiousnesstofollowthroughpeoplebecomemeredreamerswithnothingtoshowfortheirimaginativeness. 72
—Whataboutyourselfdrivetripyesterday —Tiring!Theroadisbeingwidenedandwe________aroughride.
QuietVirtue:TheConscientiousTheeverydaysignsofconscientiousness认真尽责—beingpunctualcarefulindoingworkself-disciplinedandscrupulous一丝不苟的inattendingtoresponsibilities—aretypicalcharacteristicsofthemodelorganizationalcitizenthepeoplewhokeepthingsrunningastheyshould.Theyfollowtheruleshelpoutandareconcernedaboutthepeopletheyworkwith.It’stheconscientiousworkerwhohelpsnewcomersorupdatespeoplewhoreturnafteranabsencewhogetstoworkontimeandneverabusessickleaveswhoalwaysgetsthingsdoneondeadline.Conscientiousnessisakeytosuccessinanyfield.Instudiesofjobperformanceoutstandingeffectivenessforalmostalljobsfromsemi鄄skilledlabortosalesandmanagementdependsonconscientiousness.Itisparticularlyimportantforoutstandingperformanceinjobsatthelowerlevelsofanorganization:thesecretarywhosemessagetakingisperfectthedeliverytruckdriverwhoisalwaysontime.AmongsalesrepresentativesforalargeAmericancarmanufacturerthosewhoweremostconscientioushadthelargestvolumeofsales.Conscientiousnessalsooffersabuffer缓冲againstthethreatofjoblossintoday’sconstantlychangingmarketbecauseemployeeswiththisqualityareamongthemostvalued.Forthesalesrepresentativestheirlevelofconscientiousnessmatteredalmostasmuchastheirsalesindeterminingwhostayedon.Thereisanairaroundhighlyconscientiouspeoplethatmakesthemseemevenbetterthantheyactuallyare.Theirreputationfordependabilityinfluencesmanagers爷evaluationsoftheirworkgivingthemhigherevaluationsthanobjectivemeasuresoftheirperformancewouldpredict.Butconscientiousnessintheabsenceofsocialskillscanleadtoproblems.Sinceconscientiouspeopledemandsomuchofthemselvestheycanholdotherpeopletotheirownstandardsandsobeoverlyjudgmentalwhenothersdon爷tshowthesamehighlevelsofmodelbehavior.FactoryworkersinGreatBritainandtheUnitedStateswhowereextremelyconscientiousforexampletendedtocriticizeco-workersevenaboutfailuresthatseemedunimportanttothosetheycriticizedwhichdamagedtheirrelationships.Whenconscientiousnesstakestheformoflivinguptoexpectationsitcandiscouragecreativity.Increativeprofessionslikeartoradvertisingopennesstowildideasandspontaneity自发性arescarceandindemand.Successinsuchoccupationscallsforabalancehowever;withoutenoughconscientiousnesstofollowthroughpeoplebecomemeredreamerswithnothingtoshowfortheirimaginativeness. 74
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
QuietVirtue:TheConscientiousTheeverydaysignsofconscientiousness认真尽责—beingpunctualcarefulindoingworkself-disciplinedandscrupulous一丝不苟的inattendingtoresponsibilities—aretypicalcharacteristicsofthemodelorganizationalcitizenthepeoplewhokeepthingsrunningastheyshould.Theyfollowtheruleshelpoutandareconcernedaboutthepeopletheyworkwith.It’stheconscientiousworkerwhohelpsnewcomersorupdatespeoplewhoreturnafteranabsencewhogetstoworkontimeandneverabusessickleaveswhoalwaysgetsthingsdoneondeadline.Conscientiousnessisakeytosuccessinanyfield.Instudiesofjobperformanceoutstandingeffectivenessforalmostalljobsfromsemi鄄skilledlabortosalesandmanagementdependsonconscientiousness.Itisparticularlyimportantforoutstandingperformanceinjobsatthelowerlevelsofanorganization:thesecretarywhosemessagetakingisperfectthedeliverytruckdriverwhoisalwaysontime.AmongsalesrepresentativesforalargeAmericancarmanufacturerthosewhoweremostconscientioushadthelargestvolumeofsales.Conscientiousnessalsooffersabuffer缓冲againstthethreatofjoblossintoday’sconstantlychangingmarketbecauseemployeeswiththisqualityareamongthemostvalued.Forthesalesrepresentativestheirlevelofconscientiousnessmatteredalmostasmuchastheirsalesindeterminingwhostayedon.Thereisanairaroundhighlyconscientiouspeoplethatmakesthemseemevenbetterthantheyactuallyare.Theirreputationfordependabilityinfluencesmanagers爷evaluationsoftheirworkgivingthemhigherevaluationsthanobjectivemeasuresoftheirperformancewouldpredict.Butconscientiousnessintheabsenceofsocialskillscanleadtoproblems.Sinceconscientiouspeopledemandsomuchofthemselvestheycanholdotherpeopletotheirownstandardsandsobeoverlyjudgmentalwhenothersdon爷tshowthesamehighlevelsofmodelbehavior.FactoryworkersinGreatBritainandtheUnitedStateswhowereextremelyconscientiousforexampletendedtocriticizeco-workersevenaboutfailuresthatseemedunimportanttothosetheycriticizedwhichdamagedtheirrelationships.Whenconscientiousnesstakestheformoflivinguptoexpectationsitcandiscouragecreativity.Increativeprofessionslikeartoradvertisingopennesstowildideasandspontaneity自发性arescarceandindemand.Successinsuchoccupationscallsforabalancehowever;withoutenoughconscientiousnesstofollowthroughpeoplebecomemeredreamerswithnothingtoshowfortheirimaginativeness. 80
CIfadiversurfacestooquicklyhemaysufferthebends.Nitrogen氮dissolved溶解inhisbloodissuddenlyliberatedbythereductionofpressure.Theconsequenceifthebubbles气泡accumulateinajointissharppainandabentbody—thusthename.Ifthebubblesforminhislungsorhisbraintheconsequencecanbedeath.Otherair-breathinganimalsalsosufferthisdecompression减压sicknessiftheysurfacetoofast:whalesforexample.Andsolongagodidichthyosaurs.Thattheseancientseaanimalsgotthebendscanbeseenfromtheirbones.Ifbubblesofnitrogenforminsidethebonetheycancutoffitsbloodsupply.Thiskillsthecellsintheboneandconsequentlyweakensitsometimestothepointofcollapse.Fossil化石bonesthathavecavedinonthemselvesarethusasignthattheanimaloncehadthebends.BruceRothschildoftheUniversityofKansasknewallthiswhenhebeganastudyofichthyosaurbonestofindouthowwidespreadtheproblemwasinthepast.Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashowichthyosaursadaptedtotheproblemofdecompressionoverthe150millionyears.Tothisendheandhiscolleaguestraveledtheworld’snatural-historymuseumslookingathundredsofichthyosaursfromtheTriassicperiodandfromthelaterJurassicandCretaceousperiods.Whenhestartedheassumedthatsignsofthebendswouldberarerinyoungerfossilsreflectingtheirgradualevolutionofmeasurestodealwithdecompression.Insteadhewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.Morethan15%ofJurassicandCretaceousichthyosaurshadsufferedthebendsbeforetheydiedbutnotasingleTriassicspecimen标本showedevidenceofthatsortofinjury.Ifichthyosaursdidevolveananti-decompressionmeanstheyclearlydidsoquickly—andmoststrangelytheylostitafterwards.ButthatisnotwhatDrRothschildthinkshappened.Hesuspectsitwasevolutioninotheranimalsthatcausedthechange.Whalesthatsufferthebendsoftendosobecausetheyhavesurfacedtoescapeapredator捕食动物suchasalargeshark.OneofthefeaturesofJurassicoceanswasanabundanceoflargesharksandcrocodilesbothofwhichwerefondofichthyosaurlunches.Triassicoceansbycontrastweremercifullyshark-andcrocodile-free.IntheTriassicthenichthyosaursweretopofthefoodchain.IntheJurassicandCretaceoustheywereprey猎物aswellaspredator—andoftenhadtomakeaspeedyexitasaresult. ThepurposeofRothschild’sstudyistosee
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
D MarkTwainhasbeencalledtheinventoroftheAmericannovel.Andhesurelydeservesadditionalpraise:themanwhopopularizedthecleverliteraryattackonracism. Isaycleverbecauseanti-slaveryfictionhadbeentheimportantpartoftheliteratureintheyearsbeforetheCivilWar.H.B.Stowe’sUncleTom’sCabinisonlythemostfamousexample.Theseearlystoriesdealtdirectlywithslavery.WithminorexceptionsTwainplantedhisattacksonslaveryandprejudiceintotalesthatwereonthesurfaceaboutsomethingelseentirely.Hedrewhisreadersintotheargumentbydrawingthemintothestory. AgainandagaininthepostwaryearsTwainseemedforcedtodealwiththechallengeofrace.ConsiderthemostcontroversialatleasttodayofTwain’snovelsAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.OnlyafewbookshavebeenkickedofftheshelvesasoftenasHuckleberryFinnTwain’smostwidelyreadtale.Onceuponatimepeoplehatedthebookbecauseitstruckthemasrude.Twainhimselfwrotethatthosewhobannedthebookconsideredthenoveltrashandsuitableonlyfortheslums贫民窟.MorerecentlythebookhasbeenattackedbecauseofthecharacterJimtheescapedslaveandmanyoccurrencesofthewordnigger.ThetermNiggerJimforwhichthenovelisoftenseverelycriticizedneverappearsinit. Buttheattackswereandaresilly—andmissthepoint.Thenovelisstronglyanti-slavery.Jim’ssearchthroughtheslavestatesforthefamilyfromwhomhehasbeenforciblypartedisheroic.AsJ.ChadwickhaspointedoutthecharacterofJimwasafirstinAmericanfiction—arecognitionthattheslavehadtwopersonalitiesthevoiceofsurvivalwithinawhiteslavecultureandthevoiceoftheindividual:Jimthefatherandtheman. Thereismuchmore.Twain’smysterynovelPudd’nheadWilsonstoodasachallengetotheracialbeliefsofevenmanyoftheliberalsofhisday.WrittenatatimewhentheacceptedwisdomheldNegroestobeinferior低等的towhitesespeciallyinintelligenceTwain’stalecenteredinpartaroundtwobabiesswitchedatbirth.Aslavegavebirthtohermaster’sbabyandforfearthatthechildshouldbesoldSouthswitchedhimforthemaster’sbabybyhiswife.Theslave’slight-skinnedchildwastakentobewhiteandgrewupwithboththeattitudesandtheeducationoftheslave-holdingclass.Themaster’swife’sbabywastakenforblackandgrewupwiththeattitudesandintonationsoftheslave. Thepointwasdifficulttomiss:nurture养育notnaturewasthekeytosocialstatus.Thefeaturesoftheblackmanthatprovidedthestuffofprejudice—mannerofspeechforexample—weretoTwainindicativeofnothingotherthantheconditioningthatslaveryforcedonitsvictims. Twain’sracialtonewasnotperfect.Oneisleftuneasyforexamplebythelengthypassageinhisautobiography自传abouthowmuchhelovedwhatwerecalledniggershowsinhisyouth—mostlywithwhitemenperforminginblack-face—andhisdelightingettinghismothertolaughatthem.YetthereisnoreasontothinkTwainsawtheshowsasrepresentingreality.Hisfrequentattacksonslaveryandprejudicesuggesthiskeenawarenessthattheydidnot. WasTwainaracistAskingthequestioningthe21stcenturyisaswiseasaskingthesameofLincoln.Ifwereadthewordsandattitudesofthepastthroughthewisdomoftheconsideredmoraljudgmentsofthepresentwewillfindnothingbuterror.Lincolnwhobelievedtheblackmantheinferiorofthewhitefoughtandwonawartofreehim.AndTwainraisedinaslavestatebrieflyasoldierandinventorofJimmayhavedonemoretoangerthenationoverracialinjusticeandawakenitscollectiveconsciencethananyothernovelistinthepastcentury.Whatdoestheauthormainlyarguefor
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
Igottotheofficeearlierthatdaythe7:30trainfromPaddington.
ThepresidentoftheWorldBanksayshehasapassionforChina________heremembersstartingasearlyashischildhood.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
D MarkTwainhasbeencalledtheinventoroftheAmericannovel.Andhesurelydeservesadditionalpraise:themanwhopopularizedthecleverliteraryattackonracism. Isaycleverbecauseanti-slaveryfictionhadbeentheimportantpartoftheliteratureintheyearsbeforetheCivilWar.H.B.Stowe’sUncleTom’sCabinisonlythemostfamousexample.Theseearlystoriesdealtdirectlywithslavery.WithminorexceptionsTwainplantedhisattacksonslaveryandprejudiceintotalesthatwereonthesurfaceaboutsomethingelseentirely.Hedrewhisreadersintotheargumentbydrawingthemintothestory. AgainandagaininthepostwaryearsTwainseemedforcedtodealwiththechallengeofrace.ConsiderthemostcontroversialatleasttodayofTwain’snovelsAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.OnlyafewbookshavebeenkickedofftheshelvesasoftenasHuckleberryFinnTwain’smostwidelyreadtale.Onceuponatimepeoplehatedthebookbecauseitstruckthemasrude.Twainhimselfwrotethatthosewhobannedthebookconsideredthenoveltrashandsuitableonlyfortheslums贫民窟.MorerecentlythebookhasbeenattackedbecauseofthecharacterJimtheescapedslaveandmanyoccurrencesofthewordnigger.ThetermNiggerJimforwhichthenovelisoftenseverelycriticizedneverappearsinit. Buttheattackswereandaresilly—andmissthepoint.Thenovelisstronglyanti-slavery.Jim’ssearchthroughtheslavestatesforthefamilyfromwhomhehasbeenforciblypartedisheroic.AsJ.ChadwickhaspointedoutthecharacterofJimwasafirstinAmericanfiction—arecognitionthattheslavehadtwopersonalitiesthevoiceofsurvivalwithinawhiteslavecultureandthevoiceoftheindividual:Jimthefatherandtheman. Thereismuchmore.Twain’smysterynovelPudd’nheadWilsonstoodasachallengetotheracialbeliefsofevenmanyoftheliberalsofhisday.WrittenatatimewhentheacceptedwisdomheldNegroestobeinferior低等的towhitesespeciallyinintelligenceTwain’stalecenteredinpartaroundtwobabiesswitchedatbirth.Aslavegavebirthtohermaster’sbabyandforfearthatthechildshouldbesoldSouthswitchedhimforthemaster’sbabybyhiswife.Theslave’slight-skinnedchildwastakentobewhiteandgrewupwithboththeattitudesandtheeducationoftheslave-holdingclass.Themaster’swife’sbabywastakenforblackandgrewupwiththeattitudesandintonationsoftheslave. Thepointwasdifficulttomiss:nurture养育notnaturewasthekeytosocialstatus.Thefeaturesoftheblackmanthatprovidedthestuffofprejudice—mannerofspeechforexample—weretoTwainindicativeofnothingotherthantheconditioningthatslaveryforcedonitsvictims. Twain’sracialtonewasnotperfect.Oneisleftuneasyforexamplebythelengthypassageinhisautobiography自传abouthowmuchhelovedwhatwerecalledniggershowsinhisyouth—mostlywithwhitemenperforminginblack-face—andhisdelightingettinghismothertolaughatthem.YetthereisnoreasontothinkTwainsawtheshowsasrepresentingreality.Hisfrequentattacksonslaveryandprejudicesuggesthiskeenawarenessthattheydidnot. WasTwainaracistAskingthequestioningthe21stcenturyisaswiseasaskingthesameofLincoln.Ifwereadthewordsandattitudesofthepastthroughthewisdomoftheconsideredmoraljudgmentsofthepresentwewillfindnothingbuterror.Lincolnwhobelievedtheblackmantheinferiorofthewhitefoughtandwonawartofreehim.AndTwainraisedinaslavestatebrieflyasoldierandinventorofJimmayhavedonemoretoangerthenationoverracialinjusticeandawakenitscollectiveconsciencethananyothernovelistinthepastcentury.RecentcriticismofAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnarosepartlyfromits_____.
CIfadiversurfacestooquicklyhemaysufferthebends.Nitrogen氮dissolved溶解inhisbloodissuddenlyliberatedbythereductionofpressure.Theconsequenceifthebubbles气泡accumulateinajointissharppainandabentbody—thusthename.Ifthebubblesforminhislungsorhisbraintheconsequencecanbedeath.Otherair-breathinganimalsalsosufferthisdecompression减压sicknessiftheysurfacetoofast:whalesforexample.Andsolongagodidichthyosaurs.Thattheseancientseaanimalsgotthebendscanbeseenfromtheirbones.Ifbubblesofnitrogenforminsidethebonetheycancutoffitsbloodsupply.Thiskillsthecellsintheboneandconsequentlyweakensitsometimestothepointofcollapse.Fossil化石bonesthathavecavedinonthemselvesarethusasignthattheanimaloncehadthebends.BruceRothschildoftheUniversityofKansasknewallthiswhenhebeganastudyofichthyosaurbonestofindouthowwidespreadtheproblemwasinthepast.Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashowichthyosaursadaptedtotheproblemofdecompressionoverthe150millionyears.Tothisendheandhiscolleaguestraveledtheworld’snatural-historymuseumslookingathundredsofichthyosaursfromtheTriassicperiodandfromthelaterJurassicandCretaceousperiods.Whenhestartedheassumedthatsignsofthebendswouldberarerinyoungerfossilsreflectingtheirgradualevolutionofmeasurestodealwithdecompression.Insteadhewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.Morethan15%ofJurassicandCretaceousichthyosaurshadsufferedthebendsbeforetheydiedbutnotasingleTriassicspecimen标本showedevidenceofthatsortofinjury.Ifichthyosaursdidevolveananti-decompressionmeanstheyclearlydidsoquickly—andmoststrangelytheylostitafterwards.ButthatisnotwhatDrRothschildthinkshappened.Hesuspectsitwasevolutioninotheranimalsthatcausedthechange.Whalesthatsufferthebendsoftendosobecausetheyhavesurfacedtoescapeapredator捕食动物suchasalargeshark.OneofthefeaturesofJurassicoceanswasanabundanceoflargesharksandcrocodilesbothofwhichwerefondofichthyosaurlunches.Triassicoceansbycontrastweremercifullyshark-andcrocodile-free.IntheTriassicthenichthyosaursweretopofthefoodchain.IntheJurassicandCretaceoustheywereprey猎物aswellaspredator—andoftenhadtomakeaspeedyexitasaresult. Rothschildmighthaveconcludedthatichthyosaurs
B We’veconsideredseveralwaysofpayingtocutinline:hiringlinestandersbuyingticketsfromscalpers票贩子orpurchasinglinecuttingprivilegesdirectlyfromsayanairlineoranamusementpark.Eachofthesedealsreplacesthemoralsofthequeuewaitingyourturnwiththemoralsofthemarketpayingapriceforfasterservice. Marketsandqueues—payingandwaiting—aretwodifferentwaysofallocatingthingsandeachisappropriatetodifferentactivities.ThemoralsofthequeueFirstcomefirstservedhaveanegalitarian平等主义的appeal.Theytellustoignoreprivilegepoweranddeeppockets. Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.Butthemoralsofthequeuedonotgovernalloccasions.IfIputmyhouseupforsaleIhavenodutytoacceptthefirstofferthatcomesalongsimplybecauseit’sthefirst.Sellingmyhouseandwaitingforabusaredifferentactivitiesproperlygovernedbydifferentstandards. Sometimesstandardschangeanditisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.Thinkoftherecordedmessageyouhearplayedoverandoverasyouwaitonholdwhencallingyourbank:Yourcallwillbeansweredintheorderinwhichitwasreceived.Thisisessentialforthemoralsofthequeue.It’sasifthecompanyistryingtoeaseourimpatiencewithfairness. Butdon’ttaketherecordedmessagetooseriously.Todaysomepeople’scallsareansweredfasterthanothers.Callcentertechnologyenablescompaniestoscoreincomingcallsandtogivefasterservicetothosethatcomefromrichplaces.Youmightcallthistelephonicqueuejumping. Ofcoursemarketsandqueuesarenottheonlywaysofallocatingthings.Somegoodswedistributebymeritothersbyneedstillothersbychance.Howeverthetendencyofmarketstoreplacequeuesandothernon-marketwaysofallocatinggoodsissocommoninmodernlifethatwescarcelynoticeitanymore.Itisstrikingthatmostofthepaidqueue-jumpingschemeswe’veconsidered—atairportsandamusementparksincallcentersdoctors’officesandnationalparks—arerecentdevelopmentsscarcelyimaginablethreedecadesago.Thedisappearanceofthequeuesintheseplacesmayseemanunusualconcernbutthesearenottheonlyplacesthatmarketshaveentered.AccordingtotheauthorwhichofthefollowingseemsgovernedbytheprincipleFirstcomefirstserved
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