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Part B Directions: A. Title: MONEY B. Word limit: 160 - 200 words C. Time limit: 40 minutes D. You ...
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IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 18
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags——theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups——droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby330/00.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Itcanlearnedfromthetextthat
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 10
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 2
ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontierthatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.46Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfarmingthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedStatesupuntilthattime.47Itistruethatagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands. TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.48Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.49Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericanparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.50Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerethosewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanhadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. 46Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.
PartB Directions. Willtherebeanair-conditioner"pricebattle"thisyear Thereisadiscussioninanewspaperontheissue. Writeanessaytothenewspaper "AnAir-conditionerPriceBattle"
Text1 ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBushesfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned——orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstayingpower.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly20%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. TheexampleofaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionisusedtoshow
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 16
ThelongandprogressivereignofQueenVictoriacametoaclimaxatatimeofpeaceandplentywhentheBritishEmpireseemedtobeatthesummitofitspowerandsecurity.OfthediscordthatsoonfollowedweshallherenoteonlytwofactorswhichhadlargeinfluenceoncontemporaryEnglishliterature. ThefirstdisturbingfactorwasimperialismthereawakeningofadominatingspiritwhichhadseeminglybeenputtosleepbytheproclamationofanImperialFederation.46ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill.Othernationspromptlymadesuchhopeavainwhistlinginthewind.JapaneseWarLordsbeganacareerofconquestwhichaimedtomakeJapanmasterofAsiaandEastIndies.Pacificislandsthathadforagessleptpeacefullywereturnedintofrowningnavalstations.47EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytakingcontrolofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan. Onlyanationthatentersonadangerouscoursewitheyeswideopenhasanychanceofasafewayoutandtheimperialisticnationswereallalikeblind.48AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell. Anotherfactorthatinfluencedliteraturefortheworsewasawidespreaddemandforsocialreformofeverykind;notslowandorderlyreformwhichisprogressbutimmediateanduncontrolledreformwhichbreedsaspiritofrebellionanddespair.BeforetheVictorianagehadcometoanendEnglishliteratureappearedtohavelosttouchwithhealthyEnglishlife.ManywritersechoedthesorrowfulcryofJamesThomsoninhisCityofDreadfulNightorbabbledof"artforart’ssake"withOscarWilde.49GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasrelicsfrom"thedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs."50SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw. AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell.
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags——theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups——droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby330/00.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Whenmentioningdouble-digitgrowthParagraph4theauthoristalkingabout
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 4
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags——theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups——droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby330/00.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." ByMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernailsParagraph1theauthormeans
ThelongandprogressivereignofQueenVictoriacametoaclimaxatatimeofpeaceandplentywhentheBritishEmpireseemedtobeatthesummitofitspowerandsecurity.OfthediscordthatsoonfollowedweshallherenoteonlytwofactorswhichhadlargeinfluenceoncontemporaryEnglishliterature. ThefirstdisturbingfactorwasimperialismthereawakeningofadominatingspiritwhichhadseeminglybeenputtosleepbytheproclamationofanImperialFederation.46ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill.Othernationspromptlymadesuchhopeavainwhistlinginthewind.JapaneseWarLordsbeganacareerofconquestwhichaimedtomakeJapanmasterofAsiaandEastIndies.Pacificislandsthathadforagessleptpeacefullywereturnedintofrowningnavalstations.47EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytakingcontrolofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan. Onlyanationthatentersonadangerouscoursewitheyeswideopenhasanychanceofasafewayoutandtheimperialisticnationswereallalikeblind.48AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell. Anotherfactorthatinfluencedliteraturefortheworsewasawidespreaddemandforsocialreformofeverykind;notslowandorderlyreformwhichisprogressbutimmediateanduncontrolledreformwhichbreedsaspiritofrebellionanddespair.BeforetheVictorianagehadcometoanendEnglishliteratureappearedtohavelosttouchwithhealthyEnglishlife.ManywritersechoedthesorrowfulcryofJamesThomsoninhisCityofDreadfulNightorbabbledof"artforart’ssake"withOscarWilde.49GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasrelicsfrom"thedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs."50SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw. SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw.
ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontierthatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.46Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfarmingthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedStatesupuntilthattime.47Itistruethatagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands. TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.48Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.49Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericanparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.50Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerethosewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanhadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. 48Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis
Text3 WhenandhowmuchThosearethequestionsonthelipsofinvestorsbondholdersandotherFederalReservewatchers.TheFedkeptinterestratesonholdatitsMar.19meeting.ButtheaccompanyingstatementinwhichtheFedabandoneditsviewthateconomicweaknesswasthegreatestriskintheoutlookmakesitclearthatpolicymakersarethinkingaboutthetimingofratehikesinordertobringmonetarypolicybacktoaneutralstance. Evensothereareotherfactorsthatargueforsomeriseinshort-termrates——perhapsasearlyasJuneasWallStreetexpects.WhiletheFed’swordslessenthechancesofaratehikeattheMaymeetingtheydonotsetthecriteriaforapossiblehikeattheJune25-26meeting. Thelatestdataseemtocomedownonthe"evenlymixed"scenario.Businessesarebackingofffromlastyear’sfeverishpaceofstock-cuttingbutdomesticdemandisholdingup.Factoriesarebusierinresponsetorisingorders.Inparticularthemakersoftechequipmentareboostingoutputatarapidclip.AtthesametimethewidertradegapinJanuarysuggeststhatsomeoftheinventoryswingisbenefitingforeignproducers.KeepinmindthatabiggertradegapsubtractsfromeconomicgrowthbutariseinU.S.importsisnecessarytogiverisetoaglobalrebound.Thatwilleventuallyboostexportsaswellandhelptobetteralignmonetarypolicyaroundtheworld. TheFed’sdecisiontoshifttoaneutralstancewasprobablymadeeasierbythelatestgoodnewsonindustrialproduction.Outputatfactoriesutilitiesandminesincreased0.40%inFebruaryontopofa0.2%Januarygainwhichwasfirstreportedasa0.1%loss.Manufacturingoutputrose0.3%ineachmonththebestshowingsincemid-2000. Surprisinglythelong-ailingtechsectorisleadingthecharge.Techproductionisgrowingatadouble-digitannualrateinthefirstquartervs.almostnogainintherestofmanufacturing.Buteventhatsmallriseinnontechmanufacturingisavastimprovementfromthesteepdeclinesoftheprevioussixquarters.JustastechisfuelingthereboundinU.S.factoryactivitytechimportsareleadingtheimportrise.Incomingshipmentsoftechgoodsjumped14.6%inJanuarysuggestingstrongercapitalspending. AsdemandpicksuptheFedwillwanttoremoveitselffromtheequationofeconomicplusesandminuses.StepOnewastheshiftinitsviewoftheoutlook.StepTwowillbeaseriesofratehikesthatwillbringpolicymoreinlinewithsustainableeconomicgrowth. ThepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassageistourgetheFed
[A]Themarketingofthenovel [B]Thevalueofthenovel [C]Thesuccessfuldistributionchannelisahelper [D]Thespecialwritingstyleattractsthereadersuccessfully [E]Feedbackfromtheseller [F]Chainreactionofthenovel TwoyearsagothismonthDoubledaypublishedahistoricalthrillerwithanannouncedfirstprintingof85000andhighhopesthatalittle-knownwriternamedDanBrownwouldcatchonwiththegeneralpublic."WesurelyexpectedtohaveahugesuccessbutIdon’tthinkanyonedreameditwouldbecomeahistoricpublication"saysStephenRubinpresidentandpublisheroftheDoubledayBroadwayPublishingGroup. 41.______ Ifthe"HarryPotter"booksstandastheessentialpopularreadforyoungpeoplethen"TheDaVinciCode"hascapturedthecrownforgrown-ups.Aword-of-mouthsensationfromthemomentitcameoutBrown’scontroversialmixofstorytellingandspeculationremainshighonbest-sellerlistsevenasitbeginsitsthirdyearsincepublication. 42.______ Twenty-fivemillionbooksin44languagesareinprintworldwideandnoendisinsight.Booksellersexpect"TheDaVinciCode"toremainabest-sellerwellinto2005.AplannedfilmversionbyOscar-winningdirectorRonHowardshouldbringinevenmorereaders.Andatatimewhenconsumersaresupposedlymindingtheirbudgetssalesforthe$24.95hardcoverhavebeensogoodthatDoubledaystillhassetnodateforapaperback. 43.______ "It’sbeenourNo.1fictionbookfortwoyearsinarowandIcan’trememberanothertimethathappened"saidBobWietrakvicepresidentofmerchandisingforBarnesNobleInc."Peoplecomeintoourstoreallthetimeandaskforitoraskforbooksthatarelikeit." 44.______ Thanksto"TheDaVinciCode"abouttheonlybooksthatseemabletokeepupareBrown’spreviousnovels."DeceptionPoint"firstreleasedin2001nowhas3.7millioncopiesinprintaccordingtoSimon＆SchusterBrown’spreviouspublisher."Angelsanddemons"publishedin2000andfeaturing"DaVinci"protagonistRobertLangdonhasmorethan8millioncopiesinprint. 45._____ Theunprecedentedsuccessof"TheDaVinciCode"hasbeenhelpedbywideaccesswiththebookonsaleeverywherefromWal-Marttoairportstosupermarketsoftenprovingmorepopularthanthemassmarketpaperbacksavailableatthesameoutlets. "TheDaVinciCode"hasalsothrivedduringatimewhenbothliteraryandcommercialnovelsstruggledwhenatighteconomycompetitionfromothermediaandelection-yeartensionsdrovethepublictononfictionworksorawayfrombooksaltogether.PublishersandbooksellerssayBrown’snovelhasworkedbycombiningnarrativeexcitementandprovocative-anddisputed-historicaldetail. 42
[A]Themarketingofthenovel [B]Thevalueofthenovel [C]Thesuccessfuldistributionchannelisahelper [D]Thespecialwritingstyleattractsthereadersuccessfully [E]Feedbackfromtheseller [F]Chainreactionofthenovel TwoyearsagothismonthDoubledaypublishedahistoricalthrillerwithanannouncedfirstprintingof85000andhighhopesthatalittle-knownwriternamedDanBrownwouldcatchonwiththegeneralpublic."WesurelyexpectedtohaveahugesuccessbutIdon’tthinkanyonedreameditwouldbecomeahistoricpublication"saysStephenRubinpresidentandpublisheroftheDoubledayBroadwayPublishingGroup. 41.______ Ifthe"HarryPotter"booksstandastheessentialpopularreadforyoungpeoplethen"TheDaVinciCode"hascapturedthecrownforgrown-ups.Aword-of-mouthsensationfromthemomentitcameoutBrown’scontroversialmixofstorytellingandspeculationremainshighonbest-sellerlistsevenasitbeginsitsthirdyearsincepublication. 42.______ Twenty-fivemillionbooksin44languagesareinprintworldwideandnoendisinsight.Booksellersexpect"TheDaVinciCode"toremainabest-sellerwellinto2005.AplannedfilmversionbyOscar-winningdirectorRonHowardshouldbringinevenmorereaders.Andatatimewhenconsumersaresupposedlymindingtheirbudgetssalesforthe$24.95hardcoverhavebeensogoodthatDoubledaystillhassetnodateforapaperback. 43.______ "It’sbeenourNo.1fictionbookfortwoyearsinarowandIcan’trememberanothertimethathappened"saidBobWietrakvicepresidentofmerchandisingforBarnesNobleInc."Peoplecomeintoourstoreallthetimeandaskforitoraskforbooksthatarelikeit." 44.______ Thanksto"TheDaVinciCode"abouttheonlybooksthatseemabletokeepupareBrown’spreviousnovels."DeceptionPoint"firstreleasedin2001nowhas3.7millioncopiesinprintaccordingtoSimon＆SchusterBrown’spreviouspublisher."Angelsanddemons"publishedin2000andfeaturing"DaVinci"protagonistRobertLangdonhasmorethan8millioncopiesinprint. 45._____ Theunprecedentedsuccessof"TheDaVinciCode"hasbeenhelpedbywideaccesswiththebookonsaleeverywherefromWal-Marttoairportstosupermarketsoftenprovingmorepopularthanthemassmarketpaperbacksavailableatthesameoutlets. "TheDaVinciCode"hasalsothrivedduringatimewhenbothliteraryandcommercialnovelsstruggledwhenatighteconomycompetitionfromothermediaandelection-yeartensionsdrovethepublictononfictionworksorawayfrombooksaltogether.PublishersandbooksellerssayBrown’snovelhasworkedbycombiningnarrativeexcitementandprovocative-anddisputed-historicaldetail. 44
Direction: A.Writeanessaythatconveystheinformationinthefollowingchart/graphaccompaniedbyyourcomments. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points C.Wordlimit:160--200words.
Theuseofnuclearpowerhasalreadyspreadallovertheworld.1scientistsstillhavenotagreedwithwhatshouldbedonewiththelarge2ofwastematerialsthat3toincreaseeveryyear.Mostwastematerials4ofsimplybyplacingthemsomewhere.Butnuclearwastemustbe5withgreatcare.It6dangerousradiationanditwillcontinuetobe7forhundredsofthousnadsevenmillionsofyears. Howshouldweget8ofsuchwastematerialinsuchaway9itwillnotharmthe10Wherecanwe11distributeitOneideaistoputthisradioactivewasteinsideathickcontainerwhichis12droppedtothedeepbottomoftheocean.13somescientistsbelievethatthiswayof14nuclearwastecouldkillfishandotherlivingthingsintheoceansorinterfere15theirgrowth.Anotherwayto16nuclearwasteistosenditintospacetothesun17itwouldbeburned.Otherscientistssuggestthatthispollutingmaterialbe18thousandsofmetersundertheearth’ssurface.Suchundergroundareasmustbefree19possibleearthquakesandadvancesarebeingmade.Butitmaystillbemanyyears20thisproblemcouldbefinallysettled. 2
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 8
Text4 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewailsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofI.ondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel——andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. Thebesttitleforthispassagemaybe
Text3 WhenandhowmuchThosearethequestionsonthelipsofinvestorsbondholdersandotherFederalReservewatchers.TheFedkeptinterestratesonholdatitsMar.19meeting.ButtheaccompanyingstatementinwhichtheFedabandoneditsviewthateconomicweaknesswasthegreatestriskintheoutlookmakesitclearthatpolicymakersarethinkingaboutthetimingofratehikesinordertobringmonetarypolicybacktoaneutralstance. Evensothereareotherfactorsthatargueforsomeriseinshort-termrates——perhapsasearlyasJuneasWallStreetexpects.WhiletheFed’swordslessenthechancesofaratehikeattheMaymeetingtheydonotsetthecriteriaforapossiblehikeattheJune25-26meeting. Thelatestdataseemtocomedownonthe"evenlymixed"scenario.Businessesarebackingofffromlastyear’sfeverishpaceofstock-cuttingbutdomesticdemandisholdingup.Factoriesarebusierinresponsetorisingorders.Inparticularthemakersoftechequipmentareboostingoutputatarapidclip.AtthesametimethewidertradegapinJanuarysuggeststhatsomeoftheinventoryswingisbenefitingforeignproducers.KeepinmindthatabiggertradegapsubtractsfromeconomicgrowthbutariseinU.S.importsisnecessarytogiverisetoaglobalrebound.Thatwilleventuallyboostexportsaswellandhelptobetteralignmonetarypolicyaroundtheworld. TheFed’sdecisiontoshifttoaneutralstancewasprobablymadeeasierbythelatestgoodnewsonindustrialproduction.Outputatfactoriesutilitiesandminesincreased0.40%inFebruaryontopofa0.2%Januarygainwhichwasfirstreportedasa0.1%loss.Manufacturingoutputrose0.3%ineachmonththebestshowingsincemid-2000. Surprisinglythelong-ailingtechsectorisleadingthecharge.Techproductionisgrowingatadouble-digitannualrateinthefirstquartervs.almostnogainintherestofmanufacturing.Buteventhatsmallriseinnontechmanufacturingisavastimprovementfromthesteepdeclinesoftheprevioussixquarters.JustastechisfuelingthereboundinU.S.factoryactivitytechimportsareleadingtheimportrise.Incomingshipmentsoftechgoodsjumped14.6%inJanuarysuggestingstrongercapitalspending. AsdemandpicksuptheFedwillwanttoremoveitselffromtheequationofeconomicplusesandminuses.StepOnewastheshiftinitsviewoftheoutlook.StepTwowillbeaseriesofratehikesthatwillbringpolicymoreinlinewithsustainableeconomicgrowth. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage
Text4 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewailsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofI.ondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel——andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatinJapanskyscrapers
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 6
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 14
ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontierthatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.46Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfarmingthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedStatesupuntilthattime.47Itistruethatagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands. TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.48Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.49Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericanparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.50Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerethosewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanhadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. 50Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerethosewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 20
Text4 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewailsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofI.ondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel——andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. WhenthewritersaysthattheLondonBridgeTowerwouldnotstandinManhattanhemeans
Text1 ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBushesfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned——orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstayingpower.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly20%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. Theadvocatesofrealistinternationalrelationstendtothinkthat
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 12
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