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Part B Directions: A. Title: SMOKING B. Word limit: 160 - 200 words C. Time limit: 40 minutes D. Yo...
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Directions: A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofabout160--200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET220points. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:
Iamdelightedtoguestatthisfestiveoccasioncelebratingthe50thanniversaryofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenFinlandandthePeople’sRepublicofChina.IhavebeenaskedtogiveacommentontheoutlookforthecommonEuropeancurrencytheEuro.DuringthepastyearorsoalotofdifferentviewshavebeenpresentedabouttheEuro’sperformance.46ConsideringthefactthattheEuroisanewcurrencywithamajorinternationalroleintheforignexchangemarketsitisonlynaturalthatithasdrawnmuchattention. HoweverIwouldliketopointoutthatattemptstomeasurethesucoessoftheEconomicandMonetaryUnionbytheEuro’sexternalvaluearemisplaced.ThebenefitsoftheEurostemfromelsewhere.IndeedthebenefitsthattheEurocanandwillofferaredistinctlyofalong-termandstructuralnature.IntheendashorttermmisalignmentoftheEurohasverylittletodowiththesestructuraldevelopments. Onecancomeupwithanumberofexplanations’forthedepreciationoftheEuroorthestrengthoftheUSdollarwhichistheothersideofthecoin.47ThegrowthgapandassociatedinterestratedifferencebetweentheEuroareaandUnitedStateshavebeennodoubtamongthemostpopularexplanationsandthereissometruthtothis.MostimportantlythedynamicgrowthintheUShasbeenasourceofconstantsurprisetomostofus. 48HoweverinthemeantimetheeconomicoutlookfortheEuroareahasimprovedconsiderably.TheEuropeanCentralBankhassucceededverywellindeliveringpricestabilityfortheEuroarefiwhichisitsprimaryandthemostimportantobjective. MemberStatesoftheEuroareahaveagreedonandimplementedanumberofimportantinitiativesaimingatraisingthegrowthpotentialoftheEuroarea.IndeeddespiteofthesefactsitseemsthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeEuroareahavereceivedmoreattentionthanthoseaffectingtheUSEconomy.ThisasymmetryhasaffectedtheEuronegatively.49AccordingitiswidelyrecognisedthattheEuroissignificantlyundervaluedandthepresentleveldoesnotreflectthestrongfundamentalsoftheEuroareaeconomy. MostofthesechallengesreflectthefactthattheEuroisstillayoungcurrency.50InfactforthecitizensoftheEuroareathesinglecurrencywillnotbecomemoretangibleuntil’2002whentheactualnotesandcoinswillbeintroduced.ThisisjusttosaythatatthispointonlytentativeconclusionsofthefunctioningoftheEurocanbemade. 46
Thepersonwhocanseeashipwithoutsomefeelingofexcitementmusthaveverylittleimagination.Eventheideaofleavingthesolidland1mostofuswerebornandbrought2andgoingoutontotheever-movingwatersmustrouse3somefeelingsofstrangeness.Wemayrememberstoriesofterriblestormswithwaves4mountainsandofpeoplefromshipswhichhavesunk5weeksinsmallboatshundredsofmilesfromland.Butwehavealso6joyoftravellingoncalmseasunderblue7andofthe8excitementofcomingtoanewbeautifullandwhichwehaveseenonlyinpicturesbefore. 9shipsarenotofcoursemadechieflyforpleasure:theirbiggestuseisincarryinggoodsfromcountrytocountry.10shipscancarrymoregoodsthan11meansoftransportandcan12somorecheaply.Ifships13theBritishgovernmentwouldnotbeabletofeed14people. Shipshavealsomade15todiscovermoreandmoredistantpartsofourworld.16isknowntoallColumbususedashiptodiscoverAmericaabout450’yearsago.And17shipsareusedforexploringtheAntarctic.18wouldinfactnotbe19tosaythatshipshaveforthousandsofyears20oneofthemostimportantpartsinshapingsociety. 12
Text3 Afather’srelationshiptohischild’scurrentandfutureacademicsuccessandthelevelofhisorherdevelopmentinacademicpotentialandscholasticachievementarebothfactorswithsomeratherinterestingimplicationsthateducatorsarebeginningtostudyandappraise.Asamatteroffact"lifewithfather"hasbeendiscoveredtobeaveryimportantfactorindeterminingachild’sprogressorlackofprogressinschool. Arecentsurveyofover16000’childrenmadebytheNationalChildDevelopmentStudyinLondonEnglandrevealedthatchildrenwhosefatherscametoschoolconferencesandaccompaniedtheirchildrenonoutingsdidmeasurablybetterinschoolthandidthosechildrenxhosefatherswerenotinvolvedintheseactivities.ThestudywhichmonitoredchildrenbornduringaweekMarch1958fromthetimeoftheirbirththroughtheyearsoftheirearlyschoolingfurtherrevealedthatthechildrenofactivelyinvolvedfathersscoredasmuchassevenmonthshigherinreadingandmathsthandidthosechildrenwhoseonlyinvolvedparentwasthemother.Thepurposeofthestudywastoevaluatetheroleplayedbyfathersintheraisingofachild.Itindicatedamuchhigherlevelofparentalinvolvementbythefatherthanhadbeenanticipated.Over66%ofthefathersweresaidtohaveplayedamajorroleinparentalresponsibility. Thestudyalsosuggestedthatthegreatestlevelofparentalparentingtookplaceinthefamiliesofonlychildren.Asthenumberofchildrenandfinancialobligationsincreasedthefather’sapparentinterestandinvolvementwiththechildrendecreased.Hlowevernomatterwhatthesizeoffinancialconditionofthefamilyafather’sactiveparticipationinthechild’sdevelopmentmadegreatdifferenceinthechildren’sprogress. Thestudyfurtherrevealedthatwhilethefrequencyofovernightabsencesreflectedacorrespondingdeficiencyofthechild’slevelinmathsandreadingafather’semploymentonlateshiftsappearedtohavelittleeffectonthechild’sacademicprogress.Thedatafromthestudywasobtainedprimarilythroughinterviewswithparentsteachersandphysicians.Theinformationevaluatingthelevelofthefather’sparentingperformancewaselicitedprimarilyfromtheadmittedlysubjectiveobservationsoftheirwives. Thetelevisionseriesmentionedishealthyinthat
Thepersonwhocanseeashipwithoutsomefeelingofexcitementmusthaveverylittleimagination.Eventheideaofleavingthesolidland1mostofuswerebornandbrought2andgoingoutontotheever-movingwatersmustrouse3somefeelingsofstrangeness.Wemayrememberstoriesofterriblestormswithwaves4mountainsandofpeoplefromshipswhichhavesunk5weeksinsmallboatshundredsofmilesfromland.Butwehavealso6joyoftravellingoncalmseasunderblue7andofthe8excitementofcomingtoanewbeautifullandwhichwehaveseenonlyinpicturesbefore. 9shipsarenotofcoursemadechieflyforpleasure:theirbiggestuseisincarryinggoodsfromcountrytocountry.10shipscancarrymoregoodsthan11meansoftransportandcan12somorecheaply.Ifships13theBritishgovernmentwouldnotbeabletofeed14people. Shipshavealsomade15todiscovermoreandmoredistantpartsofourworld.16isknowntoallColumbususedashiptodiscoverAmericaabout450’yearsago.And17shipsareusedforexploringtheAntarctic.18wouldinfactnotbe19tosaythatshipshaveforthousandsofyears20oneofthemostimportantpartsinshapingsociety. 6
Text3 Afather’srelationshiptohischild’scurrentandfutureacademicsuccessandthelevelofhisorherdevelopmentinacademicpotentialandscholasticachievementarebothfactorswithsomeratherinterestingimplicationsthateducatorsarebeginningtostudyandappraise.Asamatteroffact"lifewithfather"hasbeendiscoveredtobeaveryimportantfactorindeterminingachild’sprogressorlackofprogressinschool. Arecentsurveyofover16000’childrenmadebytheNationalChildDevelopmentStudyinLondonEnglandrevealedthatchildrenwhosefatherscametoschoolconferencesandaccompaniedtheirchildrenonoutingsdidmeasurablybetterinschoolthandidthosechildrenxhosefatherswerenotinvolvedintheseactivities.ThestudywhichmonitoredchildrenbornduringaweekMarch1958fromthetimeoftheirbirththroughtheyearsoftheirearlyschoolingfurtherrevealedthatthechildrenofactivelyinvolvedfathersscoredasmuchassevenmonthshigherinreadingandmathsthandidthosechildrenwhoseonlyinvolvedparentwasthemother.Thepurposeofthestudywastoevaluatetheroleplayedbyfathersintheraisingofachild.Itindicatedamuchhigherlevelofparentalinvolvementbythefatherthanhadbeenanticipated.Over66%ofthefathersweresaidtohaveplayedamajorroleinparentalresponsibility. Thestudyalsosuggestedthatthegreatestlevelofparentalparentingtookplaceinthefamiliesofonlychildren.Asthenumberofchildrenandfinancialobligationsincreasedthefather’sapparentinterestandinvolvementwiththechildrendecreased.Hlowevernomatterwhatthesizeoffinancialconditionofthefamilyafather’sactiveparticipationinthechild’sdevelopmentmadegreatdifferenceinthechildren’sprogress. Thestudyfurtherrevealedthatwhilethefrequencyofovernightabsencesreflectedacorrespondingdeficiencyofthechild’slevelinmathsandreadingafather’semploymentonlateshiftsappearedtohavelittleeffectonthechild’sacademicprogress.Thedatafromthestudywasobtainedprimarilythroughinterviewswithparentsteachersandphysicians.Theinformationevaluatingthelevelofthefather’sparentingperformancewaselicitedprimarilyfromtheadmittedlysubjectiveobservationsoftheirwives. Childrenwhogenerallytendedtoprogressacademicallywere
Thepersonwhocanseeashipwithoutsomefeelingofexcitementmusthaveverylittleimagination.Eventheideaofleavingthesolidland1mostofuswerebornandbrought2andgoingoutontotheever-movingwatersmustrouse3somefeelingsofstrangeness.Wemayrememberstoriesofterriblestormswithwaves4mountainsandofpeoplefromshipswhichhavesunk5weeksinsmallboatshundredsofmilesfromland.Butwehavealso6joyoftravellingoncalmseasunderblue7andofthe8excitementofcomingtoanewbeautifullandwhichwehaveseenonlyinpicturesbefore. 9shipsarenotofcoursemadechieflyforpleasure:theirbiggestuseisincarryinggoodsfromcountrytocountry.10shipscancarrymoregoodsthan11meansoftransportandcan12somorecheaply.Ifships13theBritishgovernmentwouldnotbeabletofeed14people. Shipshavealsomade15todiscovermoreandmoredistantpartsofourworld.16isknowntoallColumbususedashiptodiscoverAmericaabout450’yearsago.And17shipsareusedforexploringtheAntarctic.18wouldinfactnotbe19tosaythatshipshaveforthousandsofyears20oneofthemostimportantpartsinshapingsociety. 16
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminhoneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. 50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned.
Text2 AnEnglishschoolboywouldonlyaskhisfriend:"Wassatimethen"Tohisteacherhewouldbemuchmorelikelytospeakinamorestandardisedaccentandask:"ExcusemesirmayIhavethecorrecttimeplease"Peoplearegenerallyawarethatthephrasesandexpressionstheyusearedifferentfromthoseofearliergenerations;buttheyconcedelessthattheirownbehaviouralsovariesaccordingtothesituationinwhichtheyfindthemselves;Peoplehavecharacteristicwaysoftalkingwhicharerelativelystableacrossvaryingsituations.Neverthelessdistinctcontextsanddifferentlistenersdemanddifferentpatternsofspeechfromoneandthesamespeaker. Notonlythisbutinmanycasesthewaysomeonespeaksaffectstheresponseofthepersontowhomheisspeakinginsuchawaythat"modelling"isseentooccur.ThisiswhatMichaelArgylehascalled"responsematching".Severalstudieshaveshownthatthemoreonerevealsaboutoneselfinordinaryconversationandthemoreintimatethesedetailsarethemorepersonalsecretstheotherpersonwilldivulge. Responsematchinghasinfactbeennotedbetweentwospeakersinanumberofwaysincludinghowlongsomeonespeaksthelengthofpausesspeechrateandvoiceloudness.ThecorrespondencebetweenthelengthofreportersquestionswheninterviewingPresidentKennedyandthelengthofhisreplieshasbeenshowntohaveincreasedoverthedurationofhis1961--1963newsonferences.Argylesaysthisprocessmaybeoneof"imitation".TwoAmericanresearchersJaffeandFeldsteinprefertothinkofitasthespeaker’sneedforequilibrium.Neitheroftheseexplanationsseemsparticularlyconvincing.Itmaybethatresponsematchingcanbemoreprofitablyconsideredasanunconsciousreflectionofspeakers’needsforsocialintegrationwithoneanother. Thisprocessofmodellingtheotherperson’sspeechinaconversationcouldalsobetermedspeechconvergence.Itmayonlybeoneaspectofamuchwiderspeechchange.Inothersituationsspeechdivergencemayoccurwhencertainfactorsencourageapersontomodifyhisspeechawayfromtheindividualheis’dealingwith.Forexamplearetiredbrigadier’swiferenownedforherincessantsnobbishnessmayreturnhervehicletothelocalgaragebecauseofinadequateservicingvoicinghercomplaintinelaboratelyphrasedyetmechanicallyunsophisticated不老练的languagewithahighsoft-pitchedvoice.Thesesuperiorairsandgracesmaysimplymakethemechanicreplywithaflourishofalmostincomprehensibletechnicalitiesandinaloudermoredeeply-pitchedvoicethanhewouldhaveusedwithalessirritatingcustomer. InParagraph2severalstudieshaveshownthatthemorethemorepersonal‘secrets’onepersonwilldivulge.
Thepersonwhocanseeashipwithoutsomefeelingofexcitementmusthaveverylittleimagination.Eventheideaofleavingthesolidland1mostofuswerebornandbrought2andgoingoutontotheever-movingwatersmustrouse3somefeelingsofstrangeness.Wemayrememberstoriesofterriblestormswithwaves4mountainsandofpeoplefromshipswhichhavesunk5weeksinsmallboatshundredsofmilesfromland.Butwehavealso6joyoftravellingoncalmseasunderblue7andofthe8excitementofcomingtoanewbeautifullandwhichwehaveseenonlyinpicturesbefore. 9shipsarenotofcoursemadechieflyforpleasure:theirbiggestuseisincarryinggoodsfromcountrytocountry.10shipscancarrymoregoodsthan11meansoftransportandcan12somorecheaply.Ifships13theBritishgovernmentwouldnotbeabletofeed14people. Shipshavealsomade15todiscovermoreandmoredistantpartsofourworld.16isknowntoallColumbususedashiptodiscoverAmericaabout450’yearsago.And17shipsareusedforexploringtheAntarctic.18wouldinfactnotbe19tosaythatshipshaveforthousandsofyears20oneofthemostimportantpartsinshapingsociety. 2
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 2
Thepersonwhocanseeashipwithoutsomefeelingofexcitementmusthaveverylittleimagination.Eventheideaofleavingthesolidland1mostofuswerebornandbrought2andgoingoutontotheever-movingwatersmustrouse3somefeelingsofstrangeness.Wemayrememberstoriesofterriblestormswithwaves4mountainsandofpeoplefromshipswhichhavesunk5weeksinsmallboatshundredsofmilesfromland.Butwehavealso6joyoftravellingoncalmseasunderblue7andofthe8excitementofcomingtoanewbeautifullandwhichwehaveseenonlyinpicturesbefore. 9shipsarenotofcoursemadechieflyforpleasure:theirbiggestuseisincarryinggoodsfromcountrytocountry.10shipscancarrymoregoodsthan11meansoftransportandcan12somorecheaply.Ifships13theBritishgovernmentwouldnotbeabletofeed14people. Shipshavealsomade15todiscovermoreandmoredistantpartsofourworld.16isknowntoallColumbususedashiptodiscoverAmericaabout450’yearsago.And17shipsareusedforexploringtheAntarctic.18wouldinfactnotbe19tosaythatshipshaveforthousandsofyears20oneofthemostimportantpartsinshapingsociety. 14
Thepersonwhocanseeashipwithoutsomefeelingofexcitementmusthaveverylittleimagination.Eventheideaofleavingthesolidland1mostofuswerebornandbrought2andgoingoutontotheever-movingwatersmustrouse3somefeelingsofstrangeness.Wemayrememberstoriesofterriblestormswithwaves4mountainsandofpeoplefromshipswhichhavesunk5weeksinsmallboatshundredsofmilesfromland.Butwehavealso6joyoftravellingoncalmseasunderblue7andofthe8excitementofcomingtoanewbeautifullandwhichwehaveseenonlyinpicturesbefore. 9shipsarenotofcoursemadechieflyforpleasure:theirbiggestuseisincarryinggoodsfromcountrytocountry.10shipscancarrymoregoodsthan11meansoftransportandcan12somorecheaply.Ifships13theBritishgovernmentwouldnotbeabletofeed14people. Shipshavealsomade15todiscovermoreandmoredistantpartsofourworld.16isknowntoallColumbususedashiptodiscoverAmericaabout450’yearsago.And17shipsareusedforexploringtheAntarctic.18wouldinfactnotbe19tosaythatshipshaveforthousandsofyears20oneofthemostimportantpartsinshapingsociety. 18
PartB Directions: A.Title:MONEY B.Wordlimit:160-200words C.Timelimit:40minutes D.Youarerequiredtodevelopyouressayaccordingtothegiventopicsentenceofeachparagraph. 3.Likeeverythingelsemoneyhastwosidespositiveandnegative.
Wateristhemostcommonsubstanceonearth.Itcovorsmorethan70percentoftheearth’s surface.Itfillstheoceansriversandlakesandisinthegroundandintheairwebreathe.Wateriseverywhere.Withoutwatertherecanbenolife.Infacteverylivingthingconsistsmostly0fwater.41______ 42______.Rainhammersatthelandandwashessoilintorivers.Theoceanspoundagainsttheshoreschiselingcliffsandcarryingawayland.Riversknifethroughrockcarvecanyonsandbuilduplandwheretheyemptyintothesea.Glaciersplowvalleysandcutdownmountains. 43______.Landabsorbsandreleasesheatfromthesunquickly.Buttheoceansabsorbandreleasethesun’sheatslowly.Sobreezesfromtheoceansbringwarmthtothelandinwinterandcoolnessinsummer. Throughouthistorywaterhasbeenpeople’sslaveandtheirmaster.Greatcivilizationshaverisenwherewatersupplieswereplentiful.Theyhavefallenwhenthesesuppliesfailed.Peoplehavekilledoneanotherforamuddywaterhole.Theyhaveworshipedraingodsandprayedforrain.Oftenwhenrainshavefailedtocomecropshavewitheredandstarvationhasspreadacrossaland.44______ Todaymorethaneverwaterisbothslaveandmastertopeople.Weusewaterinourhomesforcleaningcookingbathingandcarryingawaywastes.Weusewatertoirrigatedryfarmlandssowecangrowmorefood.Ourfactoriesusemorewaterthananyothermaterial.Weusethewaterinrushingriversandthunderingwaterfallstoproduceelectricity.Ourdemandforwaterisconstantlyincreasing. Everyyeartherearemorepeopleintheworld.Factoriesturnoutmoreandmoreproductsandneedmoreandmorewater.Weliveinaworldofwater.Butalmostallofitabout97percentisintheoceans.Thiswateristoosaltytobeusedfordrinkingfarmingandmanufacturing.Onlyabout3percentoftheworld’swaterisfreshunsalty.45______ A.Eversincetheworldbeganwaterhasbeenshapingtheearth. B.Whenwearerunningwefeelthirstyanddrinkalotofwater.Infactwhenweeatthefoodconsistsofplentyofwater. C.Waterhelpskeeptheearth’sclimatefromgettingtoohotortoocold. D.Sometimestherainshavefallentooheavilyandtoosuddenly.Thenrivershaveoverflowedtheirbanksdrowninglargenumbersofpeopleandcausingenormousdestructionofproperty. E.Yourbodyisabouttwo-thirdswater.Achickenisaboutthree-fourthswaterandapineappleisaboutfour-fifthswater.Mostscientistsbelievethatlifeitselfbeganinwater--inthesaltywaterofthesea. F.Nowadaysscientistsareconsideringmakinguseofoceanwater.Theapplicationofthe4technologytoturnsaltywaterintofreshwaterwillcomeintobeingverysoon. G.Mostofthiswaterisnoteasilyavailabletopeoplebecauseitislockedinicecapsandotherglaciers.Bytheyear2010theworlddemandforfreshwatermaybedoublewhatitwasinthe1980’s.Buttherewillstillbeenoughtomeetpeople’sneeds. 44
Wateristhemostcommonsubstanceonearth.Itcovorsmorethan70percentoftheearth’s surface.Itfillstheoceansriversandlakesandisinthegroundandintheairwebreathe.Wateriseverywhere.Withoutwatertherecanbenolife.Infacteverylivingthingconsistsmostly0fwater.41______ 42______.Rainhammersatthelandandwashessoilintorivers.Theoceanspoundagainsttheshoreschiselingcliffsandcarryingawayland.Riversknifethroughrockcarvecanyonsandbuilduplandwheretheyemptyintothesea.Glaciersplowvalleysandcutdownmountains. 43______.Landabsorbsandreleasesheatfromthesunquickly.Buttheoceansabsorbandreleasethesun’sheatslowly.Sobreezesfromtheoceansbringwarmthtothelandinwinterandcoolnessinsummer. Throughouthistorywaterhasbeenpeople’sslaveandtheirmaster.Greatcivilizationshaverisenwherewatersupplieswereplentiful.Theyhavefallenwhenthesesuppliesfailed.Peoplehavekilledoneanotherforamuddywaterhole.Theyhaveworshipedraingodsandprayedforrain.Oftenwhenrainshavefailedtocomecropshavewitheredandstarvationhasspreadacrossaland.44______ Todaymorethaneverwaterisbothslaveandmastertopeople.Weusewaterinourhomesforcleaningcookingbathingandcarryingawaywastes.Weusewatertoirrigatedryfarmlandssowecangrowmorefood.Ourfactoriesusemorewaterthananyothermaterial.Weusethewaterinrushingriversandthunderingwaterfallstoproduceelectricity.Ourdemandforwaterisconstantlyincreasing. Everyyeartherearemorepeopleintheworld.Factoriesturnoutmoreandmoreproductsandneedmoreandmorewater.Weliveinaworldofwater.Butalmostallofitabout97percentisintheoceans.Thiswateristoosaltytobeusedfordrinkingfarmingandmanufacturing.Onlyabout3percentoftheworld’swaterisfreshunsalty.45______ A.Eversincetheworldbeganwaterhasbeenshapingtheearth. B.Whenwearerunningwefeelthirstyanddrinkalotofwater.Infactwhenweeatthefoodconsistsofplentyofwater. C.Waterhelpskeeptheearth’sclimatefromgettingtoohotortoocold. D.Sometimestherainshavefallentooheavilyandtoosuddenly.Thenrivershaveoverflowedtheirbanksdrowninglargenumbersofpeopleandcausingenormousdestructionofproperty. E.Yourbodyisabouttwo-thirdswater.Achickenisaboutthree-fourthswaterandapineappleisaboutfour-fifthswater.Mostscientistsbelievethatlifeitselfbeganinwater--inthesaltywaterofthesea. F.Nowadaysscientistsareconsideringmakinguseofoceanwater.Theapplicationofthe4technologytoturnsaltywaterintofreshwaterwillcomeintobeingverysoon. G.Mostofthiswaterisnoteasilyavailabletopeoplebecauseitislockedinicecapsandotherglaciers.Bytheyear2010theworlddemandforfreshwatermaybedoublewhatitwasinthe1980’s.Buttherewillstillbeenoughtomeetpeople’sneeds. 42
Text3 Afather’srelationshiptohischild’scurrentandfutureacademicsuccessandthelevelofhisorherdevelopmentinacademicpotentialandscholasticachievementarebothfactorswithsomeratherinterestingimplicationsthateducatorsarebeginningtostudyandappraise.Asamatteroffact"lifewithfather"hasbeendiscoveredtobeaveryimportantfactorindeterminingachild’sprogressorlackofprogressinschool. Arecentsurveyofover16000’childrenmadebytheNationalChildDevelopmentStudyinLondonEnglandrevealedthatchildrenwhosefatherscametoschoolconferencesandaccompaniedtheirchildrenonoutingsdidmeasurablybetterinschoolthandidthosechildrenxhosefatherswerenotinvolvedintheseactivities.ThestudywhichmonitoredchildrenbornduringaweekMarch1958fromthetimeoftheirbirththroughtheyearsoftheirearlyschoolingfurtherrevealedthatthechildrenofactivelyinvolvedfathersscoredasmuchassevenmonthshigherinreadingandmathsthandidthosechildrenwhoseonlyinvolvedparentwasthemother.Thepurposeofthestudywastoevaluatetheroleplayedbyfathersintheraisingofachild.Itindicatedamuchhigherlevelofparentalinvolvementbythefatherthanhadbeenanticipated.Over66%ofthefathersweresaidtohaveplayedamajorroleinparentalresponsibility. Thestudyalsosuggestedthatthegreatestlevelofparentalparentingtookplaceinthefamiliesofonlychildren.Asthenumberofchildrenandfinancialobligationsincreasedthefather’sapparentinterestandinvolvementwiththechildrendecreased.Hlowevernomatterwhatthesizeoffinancialconditionofthefamilyafather’sactiveparticipationinthechild’sdevelopmentmadegreatdifferenceinthechildren’sprogress. Thestudyfurtherrevealedthatwhilethefrequencyofovernightabsencesreflectedacorrespondingdeficiencyofthechild’slevelinmathsandreadingafather’semploymentonlateshiftsappearedtohavelittleeffectonthechild’sacademicprogress.Thedatafromthestudywasobtainedprimarilythroughinterviewswithparentsteachersandphysicians.Theinformationevaluatingthelevelofthefather’sparentingperformancewaselicitedprimarilyfromtheadmittedlysubjectiveobservationsoftheirwives. Psychologists
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminhoneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk
Iamdelightedtoguestatthisfestiveoccasioncelebratingthe50thanniversaryofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenFinlandandthePeople’sRepublicofChina.IhavebeenaskedtogiveacommentontheoutlookforthecommonEuropeancurrencytheEuro.DuringthepastyearorsoalotofdifferentviewshavebeenpresentedabouttheEuro’sperformance.46ConsideringthefactthattheEuroisanewcurrencywithamajorinternationalroleintheforignexchangemarketsitisonlynaturalthatithasdrawnmuchattention. HoweverIwouldliketopointoutthatattemptstomeasurethesucoessoftheEconomicandMonetaryUnionbytheEuro’sexternalvaluearemisplaced.ThebenefitsoftheEurostemfromelsewhere.IndeedthebenefitsthattheEurocanandwillofferaredistinctlyofalong-termandstructuralnature.IntheendashorttermmisalignmentoftheEurohasverylittletodowiththesestructuraldevelopments. Onecancomeupwithanumberofexplanations’forthedepreciationoftheEuroorthestrengthoftheUSdollarwhichistheothersideofthecoin.47ThegrowthgapandassociatedinterestratedifferencebetweentheEuroareaandUnitedStateshavebeennodoubtamongthemostpopularexplanationsandthereissometruthtothis.MostimportantlythedynamicgrowthintheUShasbeenasourceofconstantsurprisetomostofus. 48HoweverinthemeantimetheeconomicoutlookfortheEuroareahasimprovedconsiderably.TheEuropeanCentralBankhassucceededverywellindeliveringpricestabilityfortheEuroarefiwhichisitsprimaryandthemostimportantobjective. MemberStatesoftheEuroareahaveagreedonandimplementedanumberofimportantinitiativesaimingatraisingthegrowthpotentialoftheEuroarea.IndeeddespiteofthesefactsitseemsthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeEuroareahavereceivedmoreattentionthanthoseaffectingtheUSEconomy.ThisasymmetryhasaffectedtheEuronegatively.49AccordingitiswidelyrecognisedthattheEuroissignificantlyundervaluedandthepresentleveldoesnotreflectthestrongfundamentalsoftheEuroareaeconomy. MostofthesechallengesreflectthefactthattheEuroisstillayoungcurrency.50InfactforthecitizensoftheEuroareathesinglecurrencywillnotbecomemoretangibleuntil’2002whentheactualnotesandcoinswillbeintroduced.ThisisjusttosaythatatthispointonlytentativeconclusionsofthefunctioningoftheEurocanbemade. 50
Text1 Thelongyearoffoodshortageinthiscountryhavesuddenlygivenwaytoapparentabundance.Storesandshopsarechokedwithfood.Rationing定量供应isvirtuallysuspendedandoverseassuppliershavebeenaskedtoholdbackdeliveries.Yetinsteadofjoythereiswidespreaduneasinessaridconfusion.WhydofoodpriceskeeponrisingwhenthereseemstobesomuchmorefoodaboutIstheabundanceonlytemporaryorhasitcometostayDoesitmeanthatweneedtothinklessnowaboutproducingmorefoodathomeNooneknowswhattoexpect. Therecentgrowthofexport-surplusesontheworldfoodmarkethascertainlybeenunexpectedlygreatpartlybecauseastrangesequenceoftwosuccessfulgrainharvestsinNorthAmericaisnowbeingfollowedbyathird.MostofBritain’soverseassuppliersofmeattooareofferingmorethisandhomeproductionhasalsorisen. Buttheeffectofallthisonthefoodsituationinthiscountryhasbeenmadeworsebyasimultaneousriseinfoodpricesduechieflytothegradualcuttingdownofgovernmentsupportforfood.Theshopareoverstockedwithfoodnotonlybecausethereismorefoodavailablebutalsobecausepeoplefrightenedbyhighpricesarebuyinglessofit. Moreovertheriseindomesticpriceshascomeatatimewhenworldpriceshavebeguntofallwiththeresultthatimportedfoodwiththeexceptionofgrainisoftencheaperthanthehome-producedvariety.Andnowgrainpricestooarefalling.Consumersarebeginningtoaskwhytheyshouldnotbeenabledtobenefitfromthistrend. Thesignificanceofthesedevelopmentsisnotlostonfarmers.Theoldergenerationhaveseenitallhappenbefore.Despitethepresentpriceandmarketguaranteesfarmersfeartheyareabouttobesqueezedbetweencheapfoodimportsandashrinkinghomemarket.Presentproductionisrunningat51percentabovepre-warlevelsandthegovernmenthascalledforanexpansionto60percentby1956;butrepeatedministerialadviceiscarryinglittleweightandtheexpansionprogramisnotworkingverywell. Whydoestheauthormentionthereiswide-spreaduneasinessandconfusionLine4ParA．1
Text1 Thelongyearoffoodshortageinthiscountryhavesuddenlygivenwaytoapparentabundance.Storesandshopsarechokedwithfood.Rationing定量供应isvirtuallysuspendedandoverseassuppliershavebeenaskedtoholdbackdeliveries.Yetinsteadofjoythereiswidespreaduneasinessaridconfusion.WhydofoodpriceskeeponrisingwhenthereseemstobesomuchmorefoodaboutIstheabundanceonlytemporaryorhasitcometostayDoesitmeanthatweneedtothinklessnowaboutproducingmorefoodathomeNooneknowswhattoexpect. Therecentgrowthofexport-surplusesontheworldfoodmarkethascertainlybeenunexpectedlygreatpartlybecauseastrangesequenceoftwosuccessfulgrainharvestsinNorthAmericaisnowbeingfollowedbyathird.MostofBritain’soverseassuppliersofmeattooareofferingmorethisandhomeproductionhasalsorisen. Buttheeffectofallthisonthefoodsituationinthiscountryhasbeenmadeworsebyasimultaneousriseinfoodpricesduechieflytothegradualcuttingdownofgovernmentsupportforfood.Theshopareoverstockedwithfoodnotonlybecausethereismorefoodavailablebutalsobecausepeoplefrightenedbyhighpricesarebuyinglessofit. Moreovertheriseindomesticpriceshascomeatatimewhenworldpriceshavebeguntofallwiththeresultthatimportedfoodwiththeexceptionofgrainisoftencheaperthanthehome-producedvariety.Andnowgrainpricestooarefalling.Consumersarebeginningtoaskwhytheyshouldnotbeenabledtobenefitfromthistrend. Thesignificanceofthesedevelopmentsisnotlostonfarmers.Theoldergenerationhaveseenitallhappenbefore.Despitethepresentpriceandmarketguaranteesfarmersfeartheyareabouttobesqueezedbetweencheapfoodimportsandashrinkinghomemarket.Presentproductionisrunningat51percentabovepre-warlevelsandthegovernmenthascalledforanexpansionto60percentby1956;butrepeatedministerialadviceiscarryinglittleweightandtheexpansionprogramisnotworkingverywell. ThefutureforBritain'sfoodproductionatthattimelookedlikethat
Iamdelightedtoguestatthisfestiveoccasioncelebratingthe50thanniversaryofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenFinlandandthePeople’sRepublicofChina.IhavebeenaskedtogiveacommentontheoutlookforthecommonEuropeancurrencytheEuro.DuringthepastyearorsoalotofdifferentviewshavebeenpresentedabouttheEuro’sperformance.46ConsideringthefactthattheEuroisanewcurrencywithamajorinternationalroleintheforignexchangemarketsitisonlynaturalthatithasdrawnmuchattention. HoweverIwouldliketopointoutthatattemptstomeasurethesucoessoftheEconomicandMonetaryUnionbytheEuro’sexternalvaluearemisplaced.ThebenefitsoftheEurostemfromelsewhere.IndeedthebenefitsthattheEurocanandwillofferaredistinctlyofalong-termandstructuralnature.IntheendashorttermmisalignmentoftheEurohasverylittletodowiththesestructuraldevelopments. Onecancomeupwithanumberofexplanations’forthedepreciationoftheEuroorthestrengthoftheUSdollarwhichistheothersideofthecoin.47ThegrowthgapandassociatedinterestratedifferencebetweentheEuroareaandUnitedStateshavebeennodoubtamongthemostpopularexplanationsandthereissometruthtothis.MostimportantlythedynamicgrowthintheUShasbeenasourceofconstantsurprisetomostofus. 48HoweverinthemeantimetheeconomicoutlookfortheEuroareahasimprovedconsiderably.TheEuropeanCentralBankhassucceededverywellindeliveringpricestabilityfortheEuroarefiwhichisitsprimaryandthemostimportantobjective. MemberStatesoftheEuroareahaveagreedonandimplementedanumberofimportantinitiativesaimingatraisingthegrowthpotentialoftheEuroarea.IndeeddespiteofthesefactsitseemsthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeEuroareahavereceivedmoreattentionthanthoseaffectingtheUSEconomy.ThisasymmetryhasaffectedtheEuronegatively.49AccordingitiswidelyrecognisedthattheEuroissignificantlyundervaluedandthepresentleveldoesnotreflectthestrongfundamentalsoftheEuroareaeconomy. MostofthesechallengesreflectthefactthattheEuroisstillayoungcurrency.50InfactforthecitizensoftheEuroareathesinglecurrencywillnotbecomemoretangibleuntil’2002whentheactualnotesandcoinswillbeintroduced.ThisisjusttosaythatatthispointonlytentativeconclusionsofthefunctioningoftheEurocanbemade. 48
Text3 Afather’srelationshiptohischild’scurrentandfutureacademicsuccessandthelevelofhisorherdevelopmentinacademicpotentialandscholasticachievementarebothfactorswithsomeratherinterestingimplicationsthateducatorsarebeginningtostudyandappraise.Asamatteroffact"lifewithfather"hasbeendiscoveredtobeaveryimportantfactorindeterminingachild’sprogressorlackofprogressinschool. Arecentsurveyofover16000’childrenmadebytheNationalChildDevelopmentStudyinLondonEnglandrevealedthatchildrenwhosefatherscametoschoolconferencesandaccompaniedtheirchildrenonoutingsdidmeasurablybetterinschoolthandidthosechildrenxhosefatherswerenotinvolvedintheseactivities.ThestudywhichmonitoredchildrenbornduringaweekMarch1958fromthetimeoftheirbirththroughtheyearsoftheirearlyschoolingfurtherrevealedthatthechildrenofactivelyinvolvedfathersscoredasmuchassevenmonthshigherinreadingandmathsthandidthosechildrenwhoseonlyinvolvedparentwasthemother.Thepurposeofthestudywastoevaluatetheroleplayedbyfathersintheraisingofachild.Itindicatedamuchhigherlevelofparentalinvolvementbythefatherthanhadbeenanticipated.Over66%ofthefathersweresaidtohaveplayedamajorroleinparentalresponsibility. Thestudyalsosuggestedthatthegreatestlevelofparentalparentingtookplaceinthefamiliesofonlychildren.Asthenumberofchildrenandfinancialobligationsincreasedthefather’sapparentinterestandinvolvementwiththechildrendecreased.Hlowevernomatterwhatthesizeoffinancialconditionofthefamilyafather’sactiveparticipationinthechild’sdevelopmentmadegreatdifferenceinthechildren’sprogress. Thestudyfurtherrevealedthatwhilethefrequencyofovernightabsencesreflectedacorrespondingdeficiencyofthechild’slevelinmathsandreadingafather’semploymentonlateshiftsappearedtohavelittleeffectonthechild’sacademicprogress.Thedatafromthestudywasobtainedprimarilythroughinterviewswithparentsteachersandphysicians.Theinformationevaluatingthelevelofthefather’sparentingperformancewaselicitedprimarilyfromtheadmittedlysubjectiveobservationsoftheirwives. Whichstatementistrue
Text3 Afather’srelationshiptohischild’scurrentandfutureacademicsuccessandthelevelofhisorherdevelopmentinacademicpotentialandscholasticachievementarebothfactorswithsomeratherinterestingimplicationsthateducatorsarebeginningtostudyandappraise.Asamatteroffact"lifewithfather"hasbeendiscoveredtobeaveryimportantfactorindeterminingachild’sprogressorlackofprogressinschool. Arecentsurveyofover16000’childrenmadebytheNationalChildDevelopmentStudyinLondonEnglandrevealedthatchildrenwhosefatherscametoschoolconferencesandaccompaniedtheirchildrenonoutingsdidmeasurablybetterinschoolthandidthosechildrenxhosefatherswerenotinvolvedintheseactivities.ThestudywhichmonitoredchildrenbornduringaweekMarch1958fromthetimeoftheirbirththroughtheyearsoftheirearlyschoolingfurtherrevealedthatthechildrenofactivelyinvolvedfathersscoredasmuchassevenmonthshigherinreadingandmathsthandidthosechildrenwhoseonlyinvolvedparentwasthemother.Thepurposeofthestudywastoevaluatetheroleplayedbyfathersintheraisingofachild.Itindicatedamuchhigherlevelofparentalinvolvementbythefatherthanhadbeenanticipated.Over66%ofthefathersweresaidtohaveplayedamajorroleinparentalresponsibility. Thestudyalsosuggestedthatthegreatestlevelofparentalparentingtookplaceinthefamiliesofonlychildren.Asthenumberofchildrenandfinancialobligationsincreasedthefather’sapparentinterestandinvolvementwiththechildrendecreased.Hlowevernomatterwhatthesizeoffinancialconditionofthefamilyafather’sactiveparticipationinthechild’sdevelopmentmadegreatdifferenceinthechildren’sprogress. Thestudyfurtherrevealedthatwhilethefrequencyofovernightabsencesreflectedacorrespondingdeficiencyofthechild’slevelinmathsandreadingafather’semploymentonlateshiftsappearedtohavelittleeffectonthechild’sacademicprogress.Thedatafromthestudywasobtainedprimarilythroughinterviewswithparentsteachersandphysicians.Theinformationevaluatingthelevelofthefather’sparentingperformancewaselicitedprimarilyfromtheadmittedlysubjectiveobservationsoftheirwives. Allofthechildrenstudied
Thepersonwhocanseeashipwithoutsomefeelingofexcitementmusthaveverylittleimagination.Eventheideaofleavingthesolidland1mostofuswerebornandbrought2andgoingoutontotheever-movingwatersmustrouse3somefeelingsofstrangeness.Wemayrememberstoriesofterriblestormswithwaves4mountainsandofpeoplefromshipswhichhavesunk5weeksinsmallboatshundredsofmilesfromland.Butwehavealso6joyoftravellingoncalmseasunderblue7andofthe8excitementofcomingtoanewbeautifullandwhichwehaveseenonlyinpicturesbefore. 9shipsarenotofcoursemadechieflyforpleasure:theirbiggestuseisincarryinggoodsfromcountrytocountry.10shipscancarrymoregoodsthan11meansoftransportandcan12somorecheaply.Ifships13theBritishgovernmentwouldnotbeabletofeed14people. Shipshavealsomade15todiscovermoreandmoredistantpartsofourworld.16isknowntoallColumbususedashiptodiscoverAmericaabout450’yearsago.And17shipsareusedforexploringtheAntarctic.18wouldinfactnotbe19tosaythatshipshaveforthousandsofyears20oneofthemostimportantpartsinshapingsociety. 10
Text2 AnEnglishschoolboywouldonlyaskhisfriend:"Wassatimethen"Tohisteacherhewouldbemuchmorelikelytospeakinamorestandardisedaccentandask:"ExcusemesirmayIhavethecorrecttimeplease"Peoplearegenerallyawarethatthephrasesandexpressionstheyusearedifferentfromthoseofearliergenerations;buttheyconcedelessthattheirownbehaviouralsovariesaccordingtothesituationinwhichtheyfindthemselves;Peoplehavecharacteristicwaysoftalkingwhicharerelativelystableacrossvaryingsituations.Neverthelessdistinctcontextsanddifferentlistenersdemanddifferentpatternsofspeechfromoneandthesamespeaker. Notonlythisbutinmanycasesthewaysomeonespeaksaffectstheresponseofthepersontowhomheisspeakinginsuchawaythat"modelling"isseentooccur.ThisiswhatMichaelArgylehascalled"responsematching".Severalstudieshaveshownthatthemoreonerevealsaboutoneselfinordinaryconversationandthemoreintimatethesedetailsarethemorepersonalsecretstheotherpersonwilldivulge. Responsematchinghasinfactbeennotedbetweentwospeakersinanumberofwaysincludinghowlongsomeonespeaksthelengthofpausesspeechrateandvoiceloudness.ThecorrespondencebetweenthelengthofreportersquestionswheninterviewingPresidentKennedyandthelengthofhisreplieshasbeenshowntohaveincreasedoverthedurationofhis1961--1963newsonferences.Argylesaysthisprocessmaybeoneof"imitation".TwoAmericanresearchersJaffeandFeldsteinprefertothinkofitasthespeaker’sneedforequilibrium.Neitheroftheseexplanationsseemsparticularlyconvincing.Itmaybethatresponsematchingcanbemoreprofitablyconsideredasanunconsciousreflectionofspeakers’needsforsocialintegrationwithoneanother. Thisprocessofmodellingtheotherperson’sspeechinaconversationcouldalsobetermedspeechconvergence.Itmayonlybeoneaspectofamuchwiderspeechchange.Inothersituationsspeechdivergencemayoccurwhencertainfactorsencourageapersontomodifyhisspeechawayfromtheindividualheis’dealingwith.Forexamplearetiredbrigadier’swiferenownedforherincessantsnobbishnessmayreturnhervehicletothelocalgaragebecauseofinadequateservicingvoicinghercomplaintinelaboratelyphrasedyetmechanicallyunsophisticated不老练的languagewithahighsoft-pitchedvoice.Thesesuperiorairsandgracesmaysimplymakethemechanicreplywithaflourishofalmostincomprehensibletechnicalitiesandinaloudermoredeeply-pitchedvoicethanhewouldhaveusedwithalessirritatingcustomer. WhatdoestheexampleoftheEnglishschoolboyinparagraph1indicate
Thepersonwhocanseeashipwithoutsomefeelingofexcitementmusthaveverylittleimagination.Eventheideaofleavingthesolidland1mostofuswerebornandbrought2andgoingoutontotheever-movingwatersmustrouse3somefeelingsofstrangeness.Wemayrememberstoriesofterriblestormswithwaves4mountainsandofpeoplefromshipswhichhavesunk5weeksinsmallboatshundredsofmilesfromland.Butwehavealso6joyoftravellingoncalmseasunderblue7andofthe8excitementofcomingtoanewbeautifullandwhichwehaveseenonlyinpicturesbefore. 9shipsarenotofcoursemadechieflyforpleasure:theirbiggestuseisincarryinggoodsfromcountrytocountry.10shipscancarrymoregoodsthan11meansoftransportandcan12somorecheaply.Ifships13theBritishgovernmentwouldnotbeabletofeed14people. Shipshavealsomade15todiscovermoreandmoredistantpartsofourworld.16isknowntoallColumbususedashiptodiscoverAmericaabout450’yearsago.And17shipsareusedforexploringtheAntarctic.18wouldinfactnotbe19tosaythatshipshaveforthousandsofyears20oneofthemostimportantpartsinshapingsociety. 8
Thepersonwhocanseeashipwithoutsomefeelingofexcitementmusthaveverylittleimagination.Eventheideaofleavingthesolidland1mostofuswerebornandbrought2andgoingoutontotheever-movingwatersmustrouse3somefeelingsofstrangeness.Wemayrememberstoriesofterriblestormswithwaves4mountainsandofpeoplefromshipswhichhavesunk5weeksinsmallboatshundredsofmilesfromland.Butwehavealso6joyoftravellingoncalmseasunderblue7andofthe8excitementofcomingtoanewbeautifullandwhichwehaveseenonlyinpicturesbefore. 9shipsarenotofcoursemadechieflyforpleasure:theirbiggestuseisincarryinggoodsfromcountrytocountry.10shipscancarrymoregoodsthan11meansoftransportandcan12somorecheaply.Ifships13theBritishgovernmentwouldnotbeabletofeed14people. Shipshavealsomade15todiscovermoreandmoredistantpartsofourworld.16isknowntoallColumbususedashiptodiscoverAmericaabout450’yearsago.And17shipsareusedforexploringtheAntarctic.18wouldinfactnotbe19tosaythatshipshaveforthousandsofyears20oneofthemostimportantpartsinshapingsociety. 4
Text2 AnEnglishschoolboywouldonlyaskhisfriend:"Wassatimethen"Tohisteacherhewouldbemuchmorelikelytospeakinamorestandardisedaccentandask:"ExcusemesirmayIhavethecorrecttimeplease"Peoplearegenerallyawarethatthephrasesandexpressionstheyusearedifferentfromthoseofearliergenerations;buttheyconcedelessthattheirownbehaviouralsovariesaccordingtothesituationinwhichtheyfindthemselves;Peoplehavecharacteristicwaysoftalkingwhicharerelativelystableacrossvaryingsituations.Neverthelessdistinctcontextsanddifferentlistenersdemanddifferentpatternsofspeechfromoneandthesamespeaker. Notonlythisbutinmanycasesthewaysomeonespeaksaffectstheresponseofthepersontowhomheisspeakinginsuchawaythat"modelling"isseentooccur.ThisiswhatMichaelArgylehascalled"responsematching".Severalstudieshaveshownthatthemoreonerevealsaboutoneselfinordinaryconversationandthemoreintimatethesedetailsarethemorepersonalsecretstheotherpersonwilldivulge. Responsematchinghasinfactbeennotedbetweentwospeakersinanumberofwaysincludinghowlongsomeonespeaksthelengthofpausesspeechrateandvoiceloudness.ThecorrespondencebetweenthelengthofreportersquestionswheninterviewingPresidentKennedyandthelengthofhisreplieshasbeenshowntohaveincreasedoverthedurationofhis1961--1963newsonferences.Argylesaysthisprocessmaybeoneof"imitation".TwoAmericanresearchersJaffeandFeldsteinprefertothinkofitasthespeaker’sneedforequilibrium.Neitheroftheseexplanationsseemsparticularlyconvincing.Itmaybethatresponsematchingcanbemoreprofitablyconsideredasanunconsciousreflectionofspeakers’needsforsocialintegrationwithoneanother. Thisprocessofmodellingtheotherperson’sspeechinaconversationcouldalsobetermedspeechconvergence.Itmayonlybeoneaspectofamuchwiderspeechchange.Inothersituationsspeechdivergencemayoccurwhencertainfactorsencourageapersontomodifyhisspeechawayfromtheindividualheis’dealingwith.Forexamplearetiredbrigadier’swiferenownedforherincessantsnobbishnessmayreturnhervehicletothelocalgaragebecauseofinadequateservicingvoicinghercomplaintinelaboratelyphrasedyetmechanicallyunsophisticated不老练的languagewithahighsoft-pitchedvoice.Thesesuperiorairsandgracesmaysimplymakethemechanicreplywithaflourishofalmostincomprehensibletechnicalitiesandinaloudermoredeeply-pitchedvoicethanhewouldhaveusedwithalessirritatingcustomer. Themechanicaddressfromtheretiredbrigadier'swifeisanexampleof
Thepersonwhocanseeashipwithoutsomefeelingofexcitementmusthaveverylittleimagination.Eventheideaofleavingthesolidland1mostofuswerebornandbrought2andgoingoutontotheever-movingwatersmustrouse3somefeelingsofstrangeness.Wemayrememberstoriesofterriblestormswithwaves4mountainsandofpeoplefromshipswhichhavesunk5weeksinsmallboatshundredsofmilesfromland.Butwehavealso6joyoftravellingoncalmseasunderblue7andofthe8excitementofcomingtoanewbeautifullandwhichwehaveseenonlyinpicturesbefore. 9shipsarenotofcoursemadechieflyforpleasure:theirbiggestuseisincarryinggoodsfromcountrytocountry.10shipscancarrymoregoodsthan11meansoftransportandcan12somorecheaply.Ifships13theBritishgovernmentwouldnotbeabletofeed14people. Shipshavealsomade15todiscovermoreandmoredistantpartsofourworld.16isknowntoallColumbususedashiptodiscoverAmericaabout450’yearsago.And17shipsareusedforexploringtheAntarctic.18wouldinfactnotbe19tosaythatshipshaveforthousandsofyears20oneofthemostimportantpartsinshapingsociety. 20
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