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Science develops through objective analysis, instead of through personal belief. Knowledge gained...
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Paragraphs2and3arewrittento______.
discuss the cause of the decline of science's power
show the author's sympathy with scientists
explain the way in which science develops
exemplify the division of science and the humanities
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AccordingtostudiescitedbytheNationalEatingDisordersAssociation42percentofgirlsinfirstthroughthirdgradewanttobethinner81percentof10-year-oldsareafraidofbeingfatand51percentof9-and10-year-oldgirlsfeelbetteraboutthemselvesiftheyareonadiet.Inmanywaysthisfixationonweightateverearlieragescomesataninopportunetimephysiologically.AtarecentHadassahmeetingattheWoodlandsCommunityTempleinWhitePlainsDr.MaxcieSchneiderthedirectorofadolescentmedicineatGreenwichHospitalandEricaLeonaregistereddietitianspokeaboutearlyadolescenceasatimewhenalittlebitofpudginessisnecessaryforpropergrowthandyoungsterswrestleconstantlywiththeirbodyimage.Ican’ttellyouhowmanykidsI’veseenwho’vebeenontheAtkinsdietorontheSouthBeachdietMs.Leonsaidaddingthatoverweightchildrenwhotrydietscanbeatriskofdevelopingeatingdisorders.AfterthepresentationthreemothersfromHartsdalewhowantedtohelptheirchildrenavoidsuchissuesspokeabouthowtheiryoungdaughtersarealreadybeginningtobecomeweight-conscious.Anorexiaisamentalillnessinwhichthevictimeatsbarelyenoughtosurvivebecauseherdistortedthinkingmakesherthinksheisfat.BulimiaamentalillnessinwhichsomeonebingesonlargeamountsoffoodthenpurgesitthroughvomitingortheabuseoflaxativesisontheriseandissurfacinginyoungerandyoungerpatientsmostlygirlssaidJudyScheelthedirectoroftheCenterforEatingDisorderRecoveryinMountKisco.About90percentofvictimsofeatingdisordersarefemaleandoftenthemalevictimsareonteamslikewrestlingandcrewwheretheymustkeeptheirweightlowforcompetitivereasons.Dr.Scheelbelievesthatwheregirlsclaimtheeatingdisorderenablesthemtobethinboystypicallystatetheirgoalistoachieveormaintainamuscularbutthinphysique.Theaverageonsetforbulimiausedtobe17buttoseeteenagersage14and15withbulimiaiscommonthesedaysDr.Scheelsaid.Otherpeoplebelievethedisordershavegeneticorchemicalcomponentsandmanypeoplewitheatingdisordersrespondwelltoanti-depressantsforexample.Acertainamountofeducationisnecessarytohelpyoungpeopleavoidbecomingobsessedwiththeirbodyimage.TeachersneedtostayoutsideoftalkingaboutdietsDr.Scheelsaid.It’slikeaparentalwaystalkingabouttheirnextdiet.Youhavetohelpachildunderstandthatifyoucathealthilyandexerciseyourbodyisgoingtotakecareofitself.AndinrelativelyhomogenouspopulationslikeinsomeWestchesterschoolscompetitionrunshigh.Sotheyoungpeopledon’treallyseehowbeautifuldiversityisshesaidandtheytendtoallbecompetingforkindofthesamegoals./TheauthorcitessomeWestchesterschoolstoindicatethat______.
AccordingtostudiescitedbytheNationalEatingDisordersAssociation42percentofgirlsinfirstthroughthirdgradewanttobethinner81percentof10-year-oldsareafraidofbeingfatand51percentof9-and10-year-oldgirlsfeelbetteraboutthemselvesiftheyareonadiet.Inmanywaysthisfixationonweightateverearlieragescomesataninopportunetimephysiologically.AtarecentHadassahmeetingattheWoodlandsCommunityTempleinWhitePlainsDr.MaxcieSchneiderthedirectorofadolescentmedicineatGreenwichHospitalandEricaLeonaregistereddietitianspokeaboutearlyadolescenceasatimewhenalittlebitofpudginessisnecessaryforpropergrowthandyoungsterswrestleconstantlywiththeirbodyimage.Ican’ttellyouhowmanykidsI’veseenwho’vebeenontheAtkinsdietorontheSouthBeachdietMs.Leonsaidaddingthatoverweightchildrenwhotrydietscanbeatriskofdevelopingeatingdisorders.AfterthepresentationthreemothersfromHartsdalewhowantedtohelptheirchildrenavoidsuchissuesspokeabouthowtheiryoungdaughtersarealreadybeginningtobecomeweight-conscious.Anorexiaisamentalillnessinwhichthevictimeatsbarelyenoughtosurvivebecauseherdistortedthinkingmakesherthinksheisfat.BulimiaamentalillnessinwhichsomeonebingesonlargeamountsoffoodthenpurgesitthroughvomitingortheabuseoflaxativesisontheriseandissurfacinginyoungerandyoungerpatientsmostlygirlssaidJudyScheelthedirectoroftheCenterforEatingDisorderRecoveryinMountKisco.About90percentofvictimsofeatingdisordersarefemaleandoftenthemalevictimsareonteamslikewrestlingandcrewwheretheymustkeeptheirweightlowforcompetitivereasons.Dr.Scheelbelievesthatwheregirlsclaimtheeatingdisorderenablesthemtobethinboystypicallystatetheirgoalistoachieveormaintainamuscularbutthinphysique.Theaverageonsetforbulimiausedtobe17buttoseeteenagersage14and15withbulimiaiscommonthesedaysDr.Scheelsaid.Otherpeoplebelievethedisordershavegeneticorchemicalcomponentsandmanypeoplewitheatingdisordersrespondwelltoanti-depressantsforexample.Acertainamountofeducationisnecessarytohelpyoungpeopleavoidbecomingobsessedwiththeirbodyimage.TeachersneedtostayoutsideoftalkingaboutdietsDr.Scheelsaid.It’slikeaparentalwaystalkingabouttheirnextdiet.Youhavetohelpachildunderstandthatifyoucathealthilyandexerciseyourbodyisgoingtotakecareofitself.AndinrelativelyhomogenouspopulationslikeinsomeWestchesterschoolscompetitionrunshigh.Sotheyoungpeopledon’treallyseehowbeautifuldiversityisshesaidandtheytendtoallbecompetingforkindofthesamegoals./FromtheParagraph5wemayinferthatAnorexiaandBulimiaare______.
A.Concernedcitizensandscientistshavebeguntotakeaction.Awiderangeofsolutionsisbeingproposedtostopthedestructionofbiodiversityattheregionalaswellasthegloballevel.Since1985theefforthasbecomemorepreciselychartedeconomicallyefficientandpoliticallysensitive. B.Thenewbiodiversitystudieswillleadlogicallytoanelectronicencyclopediaoflifedesignedtoorganizeandmakeimmediatelyavailableeverythingknownabouteachofthemillionsofspecies.Theindustrializedcountrieswillleadforatime.Howeverthebulkoftheworkmusteventuallybedoneinthedevelopingcountries.Thelattercontainsmostoftheworldspeciesandtheyaredestinedtobenefitsoonestfromtheresearch.Thetechnologyneededisrelativelyinexpensiveanditstransfercanbeaccomplishedquickly.Thediscoveriesgeneratedcanbeapplieddirectlytomeettheconcernsofgreatestimportancetothegeographicregioninwhichtheresearchisconductedbeingequallyrelevanttoagriculturemedicineandeconomicgrowth. C.Inthemidstofthisrichnessoflifeformshowevertherateofspeciesextinctionisrisingchieflythroughhabitatdestruction.Mostseriousofallistheconversionoftropicalrainforestswheremostspeciesofanimalsandplantslive.Theratehasbeenestimatedbytwoindependentmethodstofallbetween100and10000timesthepre-humanbackgroundratewith1000timesbeingthemostwidelyacceptedfigure.Thepriceultimatelytobepaidforthiscataclysmisbeyondmeasureinforegonescientificknowledge;newpharmaceuticalandotherproducts;ecosystemsservicessuchaswaterpurificationandsoilrenewal;andnotleastaestheticandspiritualbenefits. D.SincethecurrenthierarchicalbinomialclassificationwasintroducedbyCarolusLinnaeus250yearsago10percentataguessofthespeciesoforganismshavebeendescribed.Itisbelievedthatmostandperhapsnearlyalloftheremaining90percentcanbediscovereddiagnosedandnamedinaslittleasabout25years.Thatpotentialistheresultoftwodevelopmentsneededtoacceleratebiodiversitystudies. E.Theincreasingattentiongiventothebiodiversitycrisishighlightstheinadequacyofbiodiversityresearchitself.Earthremainsinthisrespectarelativelyunexploredplanet.Thetotalnumberofdescribedandformallynamedspeciesoforganismshasgrownbutnotbymuchandtodayisgenerallybelievedtoliesomewherebetween1.5millionand1.8millionThefullnumberincludingspeciesyettobediscoveredhasbeenestimatedinvariousaccountsthatdifferaccordingtoassumptionsandmethodsfromanimprobablylow3.5milliontoanimprobablyhigh100million.Byfarthegreatestfractionoftheunknownspecieswillbeinsectsandmicroorganisms. F.Thepastdecadehaswitnessedtheemergenceofamuchclearerpictureofthemagnitudeofthebiodiversityproblem.Putsimplythebiospherehasprovedtobemorediversethanwasearliersupposedespeciallyinthecaseofsmallmicroorganisms.AnentiredomainoflifetheArchaeahasbeendistinguishedfromthebacteriaandahugestillmostlyunknownandenergeticallyindependentenvironmenthasbeenfoundtoextendthreekilometersormorebelowthesurfaceofEarth. G.Thefirstisinformationtechnologywithwhichhigh-resolutiondigitizedimagesofspecimenscannowbeobtained.Moreovertypespecimensscatteredinmuseumsaroundtheworldcannowbephotographedandmadeinstantlyavailableeverywhereas"types"ontheInternet.ThesecondrevolutionabouttocatapultbiodiversitystudiesforwardisgenomicswhichwillsoonenablescientiststodescribebacterialandAchaeanspeciesbypartialDNAsequencesandtosubsequentlyidentifythembygeneticbarcoding. 44
Theideaofhumanoidrobotsisnotnewofcourse.TheyhavebeenpartoftheimaginativelandscapeeversinceKarlCapekaCzechwriterfirstdreamedthemupforhis1921playRossum’sUniversalRobots.ThewordrobotcomesfromtheCzechwordfordrudgeryrobota.SincethenHollywoodhasproducedcountlessvariationsonthethemefromthesultryFalseMariainFritzLang’ssilentmasterpieceMetropolistothewitteringC-3POinStarWarsandtheruthlessassassinofTerminator.Humanoidrobotshavewalkedintoourcollectivesubconsciouscolouringourviewsofthefuture.ButnowJapan’sindustrialgiantsarespendingbillionsofyentomakesuchrobotsareality.Theirnewhumanoidsrepresentimpressivefeatsofengineering:whenHondaintroducedAsimoafour-footrobotthathadbeenindevelopmentforsome15yearsitwalkedsofluidlythatitswhitearticulatedexteriorseemedtoconcealahuman.Hondacontinuestomakethemachinefasterfriendlierandmoreagile.LastOctoberwhenAsimowasinductedintotheRobotHallofFameinPittsburghitwalkedontothestageandaccepteditsownplaque.AttwoandahalffeettallSony’sQRIOissmallerandmoretoy-likethanAsimo.Itwalksunderstandsasmallnumberofvoicecommandsandcannavigateonitsown.Ifitfallsoveritgetsupandresumeswhereitleftoff.ItcanevenconnectwirelesslytotheInternetandbroadcastwhatitscameraeyescansee.In2003SonydemonstratedanupgradedQRIOthatcouldrun.HondarespondedlastDecemberwithaversionofAsimothatrunsattwicethespeed.In2004ToyotajoinedthefraywithitsownfamilyofrobotscalledPartneroneofwhichisafour-foothumanoidthatplaysthetrumpet.Itsfingersworktheinstrument’svalvesandithasmechanicallungsandartificiallips.Toyotahopestoofferacommercialversionoftherobotby2010.Thismonth50PartnerrobotswillactasguidesatExpo2005inAichiJapan.Despitetheirsuddenproliferationhoweverhumanoidsarestillamechanicalminority.Mostoftheworld’srobotsarefacelessfootlessandmute.Theyareboltedtothefloorsoffactoriesstampingoutcarpartsorweldingpiecesofmetalmachinesmakingmoremachines.AccordingtotheUnitedNationsbusinessordersforindustrialrobotsjumped18%inthefirsthalfof2004.Theymaysoonbeoutnumberedbydomesticrobotssuchasself-navigatingvacuumcleanerslawnmowersandwindowwasherswhicharesellingfast.Butneitherindustrialnordomesticrobotsarehumanoid.FromthepassagewemayinferthattheToyota’sPartner______.
WithAirbus’giantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbigger-andyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedallinnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthree-dimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11wayItstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit-andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Newspaperpublishersmakemoneymainlyfromsubscribersandadvertisers.It’sbeenthatwayforcenturies.ButinthelastfewyearsanimportantnewincomestreamhasopenedupfornewspapersAmongthepioneersisTheGazetteCompanyinCedarRapidsIowawhichsince1993hasbeenprovidinginformationtoitsreadersdeliveredbybothpaperandincreasinglytheWeb."IfanewspaperviewsitselfasinkonpaperIdon’tthinkitwillsurvive"saysSteveHannahvicepresidentofinformationtechnology. 46Onlinenewspapersarealookintothefutureandjustponderingitraisesthequestionofwhetheritisn’tnicergettingourdailynewscurledupinyourfavoritechairwithyourballpointpenhandytocircleitemsofinterestsorscissorsreadytosnipoutarticlesyouwanttosave.TheGazetteCompanyisbettingitssubscriberswantbothelectronicandpaperoptionsandsofaritseemstoberight. TherestoftheworldismovingintocyberspacemoreslowlythantheUnitedStatesandinthedevelopingworldtheInternethashardlypenetratedatall.47U.N.SecretaryGeneralKofiAnnanisdeterminedtochangethisthroughtheUnitedNationsInformationTechnologyServicewhichwilltrainlargenumbersofpeopletotapintotheincome-enhancingpoweroftheInternet.AnnanisalsoproposinganInternethealthnetworkthatwillprovidestate-of-the-artmedicalknowledgeto10000clinicsandhospitalsinpoorcountries. TheonrushingCyberAgehasgivennewfoundpowertousallasseeninJodyWilliams’sone-womanorganizationusinge-mailtopromoteaglobalbanonlandmines.Yetthisisbutaglimpseofwhat’saheadinthemindsofthoseimmersedinthisgreatandacceleratingtransformation. 48AtMicrosoftBillGatespredictsthatby2018majornewspaperswill"publishtheirlastpapereditionsandmovesolelytoelectronicdistribution"andthatby2020dictionarieswillredefinebooksas"e-Booktitlesreadonscreen". 49ComputershavemetamorphosedfromtheUniversityofPennsylvania’s1946ENIAC--whosemorethan17000vacuumtubeshadlessnumber-crunchingpowerthantoday’slaptop--intothumbnail-sizedcomputerchipscontaining42milliontransistors.WilliamVanDusenWishardpresidentofWorldTrendsResearchisconcerned.50InaspeechtotheIssueManagementCouncilinWashingtonD.Chenotedthat"researchersatCarnegieMellonUniversityciteatwo-yearstud!showingdepressionandlonelinessappearingatgreaterlevelsinep.e.2pleusingtheInternetthaninothersnotusingitornotusingitasmuch.ExtensiveexposuretothewiderworldviatheNetappearstomakepeoplelesssatisfiedwiththeirpersonallives./ AtMicrosoftBillGatespredictsthatby2018majornewspaperswillpublishtheirlastpapereditionsandmovesolelytoelectronicdistributionandthatby2020dictionarieswillredefinebooksase-Booktitlesreadonscreen.
Ifyouarewhatyoueatthenyouarealsowhatyoubuytoeat.Andmostlywhatpeoplebuyisscrawledontoagrocerylistthoseetherealscrapsofpaperthatrecordtheshorthandofwhereweshopandhowwefeedourselves.Mostgrocerylistsendupinthegarbage.ButifyouliveinSt.Louistheymighthaveahalf-lifeyouneverimagined:asaculturaldocumentpostedontheInternet.ForthepastdecadeBillKeaggy33thefeaturesphotoeditoratTheSt.LouisPost-Dispatchhasbeencollectinggrocerylistsandsince1999hasbeenpostingthemonlineatwww.grocerylistsorg.Thecollectionwhichnownumbersmorethan500listsisstrangelyaddictive.Thelistselicittwofoldcuriosity-aboutthekindofmealthepersonwasplanningandthekindofpersonwhowouldmakesuchameal.WhatwastheshopperwithvodkalightersmilkandicecreamonhislistplanningtodowiththemInwhatorderwouldtheybeconsumedWasitaheorasheWhohadwrittenTootiefoodkittenchowbirdfoodsticktoasterscramblescoffeedrinksSomeshoppersorganizetheirlistsbyaisle;othersstartwithdairygotocleaningsuppliesandthenbacktodairybeforeveeringofftoHomeDepot.Afewmeticulousonesnotethepriceofeveryitem.OneshopperhadwritteninlargelettersonanenvelopesimplyMilk.Thethinlinesofinkandpenciljuttingandloopingacrosscrinkledandtornpiecesofpaperhaveapurelygraphicbeauty.Oneoflife’smostbanaldutiesviewedthroughthecuratoriallenscansomehowseempregnantwithpossibility.Itcanevenappearpoeticasinthelistthatreadsmeatcigsbunstreats.OnethingKeaggydiscoveredisthatDanQuayleisnotalone-fewpeoplecanspellbananasandbagelsletalonepotato.Onelistcallsforsuchiandstrimp.SomepeoplepassjudgmentonthethingstheybuyKeaggysays.AttheendofonelisttheshopperwroteBudLightandthengoodbeer.Anotherscribbledgoodloafofwhitebread.SomepassjudgmentonthemselvesliketheshopperwhowrotereadstayhomeorgosomewhereIactlikemymomgotoKentuckyunderwearlemon.Peoplesendmessagestooneanothertoo.Buriedinonelististhisstatement:IfyoubuymorericeI’llpunchyou.Andplentyofshoppersliketheonewithbothicecreamanddietpillsonthelistrevealtheirvices.Whatwouldpeopleusuallydowiththeirgrocerylistaftershopping
WithAirbus’giantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbigger-andyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedallinnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthree-dimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11wayItstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit-andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Asignificantportionofindustryandtransportationburnsfossilfuelssuchasgasoline.Whenthesefuelsburnchemicalsandparticulatematterarereleasedintotheatmosphere.Althoughavastnumberofsubstancescontributetoairpollutionthemostcommonairpollutantscontaincarbonsulfurandnitrogen. 41__________. AcidrainformswhensulfurdioxideandnitrousoxidetransformintosulfuricacidandnitricacidintheatmosphereandcomebacktoEarthinprecipitation.Acidrainhasmadenumerouslakessoacidicthattheynolongersupportfishpopulations. 42__________. Estimatessuggestthatnearly1.5billionpeopleworldwidelacksafedrinkingwaterandthatatleast5milliondeathsperyearcanbeattributedtowaterbornediseases.Waterpollutionmaycomefrompointsourcesornonpointsources.Pointsourcesdischargepollutantsfromspecificlocationssuchasfactoriessewagetreatmentplantsandoiltankers.Thetechnologyexiststomonitorandregulatepointsourcesofpollutionalthoughinsomeareasthisoccursonlysporadically.Pollutionfromnonpointsourcesoccurswhenrainfallorsnowmeltmovesoverandthroughtheground. 43__________. Withalmost80percentoftheplanetcoveredbyoceanspeoplehavelongactedasifthosebodiesofwatercouldserveasalimitlessdumpinggroundforwastes.Howeverrawsewagegarbageandoilspillshavebeguntooverwhelmthedilutingcapabilitiesoftileoceansandmostcoastalwatersarenowpollutedthreateningmarinewildlife. 44__________. Waterthatcollectsbeneaththegroundiscalledgroundwater.Worldwidegroundwateris40timesmoreabundantthanfreshwaterinstreamsandlakes.IntheUnitedStatesapproximatelyhalfthedrinkingwatercomesfromgroundwater.Althoughgroundwaterisarenewableresourcereservesreplenishrelativelyslowly.PresentlygroundwaterintheUnitedStatesiswithdrawnapproximately4timesfasterthanitisnaturallyreplaced.45__________. A.Beachesaroundtheworldcloseregularlyoftenbecausethesurroundingwaterscontainhighlevelsofbacteriafromsewagedisposal. B.Thesechemicalsinteractwithoneanotherandwithultravioletradiationinsunlightindangerousways.Smogusuallyfoundinurbanareaswithlargenumbersofautomobilesformswhennitrogenoxidesreactwithhydrocarbonsintheairtoproducealdehydesandketones.Smogcancauseserioushealthproblems. C.AcidrainisalsoresponsibleforthedeclineofmanyforestecosystemsworldwideincludingGermany’sBlackForestandforeststhroughouttheeasternUnitedStates. D.Inadditiontogroundwaterdepletionscientistsworryaboutgroundwatercontaminationwhicharisesfromleakingundergroundstoragetankspoorlydesignedindustrialwastepondsandseepagefromthedeep-wellinjectionofhazardouswastesintoundergroundgeologicformations. E.TheOgallalaAquiferahugeundergroundreservoirstretchingundereightstatesoftheGreatPlainsisdrawndownatratesexceeding100timesthereplacementrate.Agriculturalpracticesdependingonthissourceofwaterneedtochangewithinagenerationinordertosavethisgroundwatersource. F.Astherunoffmovesitpicksupandcarriesawaypollutantssuchaspesticidesandfertilizersdepositingthepollutantsintolakesriverswetlandscoastalwatersandevenundergroundsourcesofdrinkingwater.Pollutionarisingfromnonpointsourcesaccountsforamajorityofthecontaminantsinstreamsandlakes. G.Bysomeestimatesonaverage25percentofusablegroundwateriscontaminatedandinsomeareasasmuchas75percentiscontaminate 44
Wellhemadeitup.Allofitapparently.AccordingtoareportpublishedonDecember29thbySeoulNationalUniversityinSouthKoreaitserstwhileemployeeHwangWoo-sukwhohadtenderedhisresignationsixdaysearlierdeliberatelyfalsifiedhisdatainthepaperonhumanembryonicstemcellsthatheand24colleaguespublishedinScienceinMay2005.InparticularDrHwangclaimedhehadcreated11coloniesofhumanembryonicstemcellsgeneticallymatchedtospecificpatients.HehadalreadyadmittedthatnineofthesewerebogusbuthadsaidthatthiswastheresultofanhonestmistakeandthattheothertwowerestilltherealMcCoy.Apanelofexpertsappointedbytheuniversitytoinvestigatethematterhoweverdisagreed.TheyfoundthatDNAfingerprinttracesconductedonthestem-celllinesreportedinthepaperhadbeenmanipulatedtomakeitseemasifall11linesweretailoredtospecificpatients.Infactnoneofthemmatchedthevolunteerswithspinal-cordinjuriesanddiabeteswhohaddonatedskincellsforthework.ToobtainhispromisingresultsDrHwanghadsentfortestingtwosamplesfromeachdonorratherthanasamplefromthedonorandasampleofthecellsintowhichthedonor’sDNAhadsupposedlybeentransplanted.Thepanelalsofoundthatasecondclaiminthepaper-thatonly185eggswereusedtocreatethe11stem-celllines-wasfalse.Theinvestigatorssaidtheactualnumberofeggsusedwasfarlargerinthethousandsalthoughtheywereunabletodetermineanexactfigure.Thereasonthisdoublefraudissuchablowisthathumanembryonicstem-cellresearchhasgreatexpectations.StemcellswhichhavenotyetbeenprogrammedtospecialiseandcanthusinprinciplegrowintoanytissueororgancouldbeusedtotreatillnessesrangingfromdiabetestoParkinson’sdisease.Theymightevenbeabletofixspinal-cordinjuries.AndstemcellsclonedfromapatientwouldnotberejectedasforeignbyhisimmunesystemDrHwang’sreputationofcourseisintatters.Theuniversityisnowinvestigatingtwoothergroundbreakingexperimentsheclaimstohaveconducted-thecreationoftheworld’sfirstclonedhumanembryoandtheextractionofstemcellsfromitandthecreationoftheworld’sfirstcloneddog.Heisalsointroubleforbreachingethicalguidelinesbyusingeggsdonatedbymembersofhisresearchteam.Anditisevenpossiblethatthewholefarcemayhavebeenfornothing.Clonedembryosmightbetheidealsourceofstemcellsintendedtotreatdiseasebutifitprovestoodifficulttocreatethemarough-and-readyalternativemaysuffice.AccordingtothepanelofexpertsappointedbytheuniversityHwang’scaseis______.
WithAirbus’giantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbigger-andyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedallinnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthree-dimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11wayItstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit-andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingtableInyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethetabletheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. StudythefollowingtablecarefullyandwriteacompositiononChangesinPeople’sDiet.
WithAirbus’giantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbigger-andyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedallinnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthree-dimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11wayItstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit-andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
AccordingtostudiescitedbytheNationalEatingDisordersAssociation42percentofgirlsinfirstthroughthirdgradewanttobethinner81percentof10-year-oldsareafraidofbeingfatand51percentof9-and10-year-oldgirlsfeelbetteraboutthemselvesiftheyareonadiet.Inmanywaysthisfixationonweightateverearlieragescomesataninopportunetimephysiologically.AtarecentHadassahmeetingattheWoodlandsCommunityTempleinWhitePlainsDr.MaxcieSchneiderthedirectorofadolescentmedicineatGreenwichHospitalandEricaLeonaregistereddietitianspokeaboutearlyadolescenceasatimewhenalittlebitofpudginessisnecessaryforpropergrowthandyoungsterswrestleconstantlywiththeirbodyimage.Ican’ttellyouhowmanykidsI’veseenwho’vebeenontheAtkinsdietorontheSouthBeachdietMs.Leonsaidaddingthatoverweightchildrenwhotrydietscanbeatriskofdevelopingeatingdisorders.AfterthepresentationthreemothersfromHartsdalewhowantedtohelptheirchildrenavoidsuchissuesspokeabouthowtheiryoungdaughtersarealreadybeginningtobecomeweight-conscious.Anorexiaisamentalillnessinwhichthevictimeatsbarelyenoughtosurvivebecauseherdistortedthinkingmakesherthinksheisfat.BulimiaamentalillnessinwhichsomeonebingesonlargeamountsoffoodthenpurgesitthroughvomitingortheabuseoflaxativesisontheriseandissurfacinginyoungerandyoungerpatientsmostlygirlssaidJudyScheelthedirectoroftheCenterforEatingDisorderRecoveryinMountKisco.About90percentofvictimsofeatingdisordersarefemaleandoftenthemalevictimsareonteamslikewrestlingandcrewwheretheymustkeeptheirweightlowforcompetitivereasons.Dr.Scheelbelievesthatwheregirlsclaimtheeatingdisorderenablesthemtobethinboystypicallystatetheirgoalistoachieveormaintainamuscularbutthinphysique.Theaverageonsetforbulimiausedtobe17buttoseeteenagersage14and15withbulimiaiscommonthesedaysDr.Scheelsaid.Otherpeoplebelievethedisordershavegeneticorchemicalcomponentsandmanypeoplewitheatingdisordersrespondwelltoanti-depressantsforexample.Acertainamountofeducationisnecessarytohelpyoungpeopleavoidbecomingobsessedwiththeirbodyimage.TeachersneedtostayoutsideoftalkingaboutdietsDr.Scheelsaid.It’slikeaparentalwaystalkingabouttheirnextdiet.Youhavetohelpachildunderstandthatifyoucathealthilyandexerciseyourbodyisgoingtotakecareofitself.AndinrelativelyhomogenouspopulationslikeinsomeWestchesterschoolscompetitionrunshigh.Sotheyoungpeopledon’treallyseehowbeautifuldiversityisshesaidandtheytendtoallbecompetingforkindofthesamegoals./ThestudiescitedbytheNationalEatingDisordersAssociationisbasedon______.
WithAirbus’giantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbigger-andyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedallinnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthree-dimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11wayItstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit-andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
WithAirbus’giantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbigger-andyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedallinnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthree-dimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11wayItstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit-andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
WithAirbus’giantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbigger-andyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedallinnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthree-dimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11wayItstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit-andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
WithAirbus’giantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbigger-andyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedallinnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthree-dimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11wayItstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit-andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
46Todaythere’sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn’tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternetnottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail."Iftheautomobileandaerospacetechnologyhadexplodedatthesamepaceascomputerandinformationtechnology"saysMicrosoft"anewcarwouldcostabout＄2andgo600milesonathimbleofgas.AndyoucouldbuyaBoeing747forthecostofapizza." ProbablythebiggestpayoffhoweveristhebillionsofdollarstheInternetissavingcompaniesinproducinggoodsandservingtheneedsoftheircustomers.47NothinglikeithasbeenseensincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionwhenpower-drivenmachinesbeganproducingmoreinadaythanmencouldturnoutinnearlyayear. Allthetimespentonlinehasleftmanyyounginfotechworkerswithoutmuchtimeforlife-orlove-offline.48TheU.S.freeenterprisesystemwhichreachesafrenzyinSiliconValleyhasrecognizedthatthelocalloveboatistakingonwaterandisrushingintosavetheday.Datingservicesareapproachingoverload.Seminarsandlovedoctorsareteachingtheserichbusyyoungsingleshowtofindandcapturetheirheart’sdesireinthisromanticwasteland.Anddot-comfacilitatorssuchasMatchmaker.comarestrugglingtobringthesexestogetheronline. Onerealitythatlosersinthislovebazaarmustfaceisthattheyweren’tpickedbecausetheywereoutofshape.ButnottoworrysincetheCyberAgehastheanswertothisonetoo.Computerizedfitnessprogramswithaudiovisualandcyberpersonaltrainersarereadytoturnyourhomeandtreadmillintoyourownpersonalhealthclub.Turnonit.comes"One-On-OneTraining"audioworkoutsandyoucanbendandstretchtoyourfavoritemusic.49Its"Adventure"seriesvideoworkoutswillautomaticallyadjustthespeedandinclineofyouriFit-compatibletreadmillasyougazeintoyourTVscreenandexperiencethe"beautifulrockformationsofUtah’sRedRock"or"thetropicalparadiseofHawaii". 50Americansspendmoreonentertainmentthanonclothingorhealthcare.andtheconvergenceofcomputersandtelecommunicationsisgeneratingnewwaystoamuseourselvesundreamedofuntilnow.TheInternetisalandofendlessamusementsandamongthewildestistheSims-simulations.Theseareaboutcreatingmanagingandcontrollingthelivesoftinycomputerizedpeopl Americansspendmoreonentertainmentthanonclothingorhealthcare.andtheconvergenceofcomputersandtelecommunicationsisgeneratingnewwaystoamuseourselvesundreamedofuntilnow.TheInternetisalandofendlessamusementsandamongthewildestistheSims-simulations.Theseareaboutcreatingmanagingandcontrollingthelivesoftinycomputerizedpeopl
46Todaythere’sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn’tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternetnottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail."Iftheautomobileandaerospacetechnologyhadexplodedatthesamepaceascomputerandinformationtechnology"saysMicrosoft"anewcarwouldcostabout＄2andgo600milesonathimbleofgas.AndyoucouldbuyaBoeing747forthecostofapizza." ProbablythebiggestpayoffhoweveristhebillionsofdollarstheInternetissavingcompaniesinproducinggoodsandservingtheneedsoftheircustomers.47NothinglikeithasbeenseensincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionwhenpower-drivenmachinesbeganproducingmoreinadaythanmencouldturnoutinnearlyayear. Allthetimespentonlinehasleftmanyyounginfotechworkerswithoutmuchtimeforlife-orlove-offline.48TheU.S.freeenterprisesystemwhichreachesafrenzyinSiliconValleyhasrecognizedthatthelocalloveboatistakingonwaterandisrushingintosavetheday.Datingservicesareapproachingoverload.Seminarsandlovedoctorsareteachingtheserichbusyyoungsingleshowtofindandcapturetheirheart’sdesireinthisromanticwasteland.Anddot-comfacilitatorssuchasMatchmaker.comarestrugglingtobringthesexestogetheronline. Onerealitythatlosersinthislovebazaarmustfaceisthattheyweren’tpickedbecausetheywereoutofshape.ButnottoworrysincetheCyberAgehastheanswertothisonetoo.Computerizedfitnessprogramswithaudiovisualandcyberpersonaltrainersarereadytoturnyourhomeandtreadmillintoyourownpersonalhealthclub.Turnonit.comes"One-On-OneTraining"audioworkoutsandyoucanbendandstretchtoyourfavoritemusic.49Its"Adventure"seriesvideoworkoutswillautomaticallyadjustthespeedandinclineofyouriFit-compatibletreadmillasyougazeintoyourTVscreenandexperiencethe"beautifulrockformationsofUtah’sRedRock"or"thetropicalparadiseofHawaii". 50Americansspendmoreonentertainmentthanonclothingorhealthcare.andtheconvergenceofcomputersandtelecommunicationsisgeneratingnewwaystoamuseourselvesundreamedofuntilnow.TheInternetisalandofendlessamusementsandamongthewildestistheSims-simulations.Theseareaboutcreatingmanagingandcontrollingthelivesoftinycomputerizedpeopl TheU.S.freeenterprisesystemwhichreachesafrenzyinSiliconValleyhasrecognizedthatthelocalloveboatistakingonwaterandisrushingintosavetheday
Theideaofhumanoidrobotsisnotnewofcourse.TheyhavebeenpartoftheimaginativelandscapeeversinceKarlCapekaCzechwriterfirstdreamedthemupforhis1921playRossum’sUniversalRobots.ThewordrobotcomesfromtheCzechwordfordrudgeryrobota.SincethenHollywoodhasproducedcountlessvariationsonthethemefromthesultryFalseMariainFritzLang’ssilentmasterpieceMetropolistothewitteringC-3POinStarWarsandtheruthlessassassinofTerminator.Humanoidrobotshavewalkedintoourcollectivesubconsciouscolouringourviewsofthefuture.ButnowJapan’sindustrialgiantsarespendingbillionsofyentomakesuchrobotsareality.Theirnewhumanoidsrepresentimpressivefeatsofengineering:whenHondaintroducedAsimoafour-footrobotthathadbeenindevelopmentforsome15yearsitwalkedsofluidlythatitswhitearticulatedexteriorseemedtoconcealahuman.Hondacontinuestomakethemachinefasterfriendlierandmoreagile.LastOctoberwhenAsimowasinductedintotheRobotHallofFameinPittsburghitwalkedontothestageandaccepteditsownplaque.AttwoandahalffeettallSony’sQRIOissmallerandmoretoy-likethanAsimo.Itwalksunderstandsasmallnumberofvoicecommandsandcannavigateonitsown.Ifitfallsoveritgetsupandresumeswhereitleftoff.ItcanevenconnectwirelesslytotheInternetandbroadcastwhatitscameraeyescansee.In2003SonydemonstratedanupgradedQRIOthatcouldrun.HondarespondedlastDecemberwithaversionofAsimothatrunsattwicethespeed.In2004ToyotajoinedthefraywithitsownfamilyofrobotscalledPartneroneofwhichisafour-foothumanoidthatplaysthetrumpet.Itsfingersworktheinstrument’svalvesandithasmechanicallungsandartificiallips.Toyotahopestoofferacommercialversionoftherobotby2010.Thismonth50PartnerrobotswillactasguidesatExpo2005inAichiJapan.Despitetheirsuddenproliferationhoweverhumanoidsarestillamechanicalminority.Mostoftheworld’srobotsarefacelessfootlessandmute.Theyareboltedtothefloorsoffactoriesstampingoutcarpartsorweldingpiecesofmetalmachinesmakingmoremachines.AccordingtotheUnitedNationsbusinessordersforindustrialrobotsjumped18%inthefirsthalfof2004.Theymaysoonbeoutnumberedbydomesticrobotssuchasself-navigatingvacuumcleanerslawnmowersandwindowwasherswhicharesellingfast.Butneitherindustrialnordomesticrobotsarehumanoid.Accordingtotheauthor’sdescriptionAsimo______.
A.Concernedcitizensandscientistshavebeguntotakeaction.Awiderangeofsolutionsisbeingproposedtostopthedestructionofbiodiversityattheregionalaswellasthegloballevel.Since1985theefforthasbecomemorepreciselychartedeconomicallyefficientandpoliticallysensitive. B.Thenewbiodiversitystudieswillleadlogicallytoanelectronicencyclopediaoflifedesignedtoorganizeandmakeimmediatelyavailableeverythingknownabouteachofthemillionsofspecies.Theindustrializedcountrieswillleadforatime.Howeverthebulkoftheworkmusteventuallybedoneinthedevelopingcountries.Thelattercontainsmostoftheworldspeciesandtheyaredestinedtobenefitsoonestfromtheresearch.Thetechnologyneededisrelativelyinexpensiveanditstransfercanbeaccomplishedquickly.Thediscoveriesgeneratedcanbeapplieddirectlytomeettheconcernsofgreatestimportancetothegeographicregioninwhichtheresearchisconductedbeingequallyrelevanttoagriculturemedicineandeconomicgrowth. C.Inthemidstofthisrichnessoflifeformshowevertherateofspeciesextinctionisrisingchieflythroughhabitatdestruction.Mostseriousofallistheconversionoftropicalrainforestswheremostspeciesofanimalsandplantslive.Theratehasbeenestimatedbytwoindependentmethodstofallbetween100and10000timesthepre-humanbackgroundratewith1000timesbeingthemostwidelyacceptedfigure.Thepriceultimatelytobepaidforthiscataclysmisbeyondmeasureinforegonescientificknowledge;newpharmaceuticalandotherproducts;ecosystemsservicessuchaswaterpurificationandsoilrenewal;andnotleastaestheticandspiritualbenefits. D.SincethecurrenthierarchicalbinomialclassificationwasintroducedbyCarolusLinnaeus250yearsago10percentataguessofthespeciesoforganismshavebeendescribed.Itisbelievedthatmostandperhapsnearlyalloftheremaining90percentcanbediscovereddiagnosedandnamedinaslittleasabout25years.Thatpotentialistheresultoftwodevelopmentsneededtoacceleratebiodiversitystudies. E.Theincreasingattentiongiventothebiodiversitycrisishighlightstheinadequacyofbiodiversityresearchitself.Earthremainsinthisrespectarelativelyunexploredplanet.Thetotalnumberofdescribedandformallynamedspeciesoforganismshasgrownbutnotbymuchandtodayisgenerallybelievedtoliesomewherebetween1.5millionand1.8millionThefullnumberincludingspeciesyettobediscoveredhasbeenestimatedinvariousaccountsthatdifferaccordingtoassumptionsandmethodsfromanimprobablylow3.5milliontoanimprobablyhigh100million.Byfarthegreatestfractionoftheunknownspecieswillbeinsectsandmicroorganisms. F.Thepastdecadehaswitnessedtheemergenceofamuchclearerpictureofthemagnitudeofthebiodiversityproblem.Putsimplythebiospherehasprovedtobemorediversethanwasearliersupposedespeciallyinthecaseofsmallmicroorganisms.AnentiredomainoflifetheArchaeahasbeendistinguishedfromthebacteriaandahugestillmostlyunknownandenergeticallyindependentenvironmenthasbeenfoundtoextendthreekilometersormorebelowthesurfaceofEarth. G.Thefirstisinformationtechnologywithwhichhigh-resolutiondigitizedimagesofspecimenscannowbeobtained.Moreovertypespecimensscatteredinmuseumsaroundtheworldcannowbephotographedandmadeinstantlyavailableeverywhereas"types"ontheInternet.ThesecondrevolutionabouttocatapultbiodiversitystudiesforwardisgenomicswhichwillsoonenablescientiststodescribebacterialandAchaeanspeciesbypartialDNAsequencesandtosubsequentlyidentifythembygeneticbarcoding. 42
46Todaythere’sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn’tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternetnottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail."Iftheautomobileandaerospacetechnologyhadexplodedatthesamepaceascomputerandinformationtechnology"saysMicrosoft"anewcarwouldcostabout＄2andgo600milesonathimbleofgas.AndyoucouldbuyaBoeing747forthecostofapizza." ProbablythebiggestpayoffhoweveristhebillionsofdollarstheInternetissavingcompaniesinproducinggoodsandservingtheneedsoftheircustomers.47NothinglikeithasbeenseensincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionwhenpower-drivenmachinesbeganproducingmoreinadaythanmencouldturnoutinnearlyayear. Allthetimespentonlinehasleftmanyyounginfotechworkerswithoutmuchtimeforlife-orlove-offline.48TheU.S.freeenterprisesystemwhichreachesafrenzyinSiliconValleyhasrecognizedthatthelocalloveboatistakingonwaterandisrushingintosavetheday.Datingservicesareapproachingoverload.Seminarsandlovedoctorsareteachingtheserichbusyyoungsingleshowtofindandcapturetheirheart’sdesireinthisromanticwasteland.Anddot-comfacilitatorssuchasMatchmaker.comarestrugglingtobringthesexestogetheronline. Onerealitythatlosersinthislovebazaarmustfaceisthattheyweren’tpickedbecausetheywereoutofshape.ButnottoworrysincetheCyberAgehastheanswertothisonetoo.Computerizedfitnessprogramswithaudiovisualandcyberpersonaltrainersarereadytoturnyourhomeandtreadmillintoyourownpersonalhealthclub.Turnonit.comes"One-On-OneTraining"audioworkoutsandyoucanbendandstretchtoyourfavoritemusic.49Its"Adventure"seriesvideoworkoutswillautomaticallyadjustthespeedandinclineofyouriFit-compatibletreadmillasyougazeintoyourTVscreenandexperiencethe"beautifulrockformationsofUtah’sRedRock"or"thetropicalparadiseofHawaii". 50Americansspendmoreonentertainmentthanonclothingorhealthcare.andtheconvergenceofcomputersandtelecommunicationsisgeneratingnewwaystoamuseourselvesundreamedofuntilnow.TheInternetisalandofendlessamusementsandamongthewildestistheSims-simulations.Theseareaboutcreatingmanagingandcontrollingthelivesoftinycomputerizedpeopl Todaythere’sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn’tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternetnottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail.
WithAirbus’giantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbigger-andyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedallinnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthree-dimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11wayItstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit-andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Asignificantportionofindustryandtransportationburnsfossilfuelssuchasgasoline.Whenthesefuelsburnchemicalsandparticulatematterarereleasedintotheatmosphere.Althoughavastnumberofsubstancescontributetoairpollutionthemostcommonairpollutantscontaincarbonsulfurandnitrogen. 41__________. AcidrainformswhensulfurdioxideandnitrousoxidetransformintosulfuricacidandnitricacidintheatmosphereandcomebacktoEarthinprecipitation.Acidrainhasmadenumerouslakessoacidicthattheynolongersupportfishpopulations. 42__________. Estimatessuggestthatnearly1.5billionpeopleworldwidelacksafedrinkingwaterandthatatleast5milliondeathsperyearcanbeattributedtowaterbornediseases.Waterpollutionmaycomefrompointsourcesornonpointsources.Pointsourcesdischargepollutantsfromspecificlocationssuchasfactoriessewagetreatmentplantsandoiltankers.Thetechnologyexiststomonitorandregulatepointsourcesofpollutionalthoughinsomeareasthisoccursonlysporadically.Pollutionfromnonpointsourcesoccurswhenrainfallorsnowmeltmovesoverandthroughtheground. 43__________. Withalmost80percentoftheplanetcoveredbyoceanspeoplehavelongactedasifthosebodiesofwatercouldserveasalimitlessdumpinggroundforwastes.Howeverrawsewagegarbageandoilspillshavebeguntooverwhelmthedilutingcapabilitiesoftileoceansandmostcoastalwatersarenowpollutedthreateningmarinewildlife. 44__________. Waterthatcollectsbeneaththegroundiscalledgroundwater.Worldwidegroundwateris40timesmoreabundantthanfreshwaterinstreamsandlakes.IntheUnitedStatesapproximatelyhalfthedrinkingwatercomesfromgroundwater.Althoughgroundwaterisarenewableresourcereservesreplenishrelativelyslowly.PresentlygroundwaterintheUnitedStatesiswithdrawnapproximately4timesfasterthanitisnaturallyreplaced.45__________. A.Beachesaroundtheworldcloseregularlyoftenbecausethesurroundingwaterscontainhighlevelsofbacteriafromsewagedisposal. B.Thesechemicalsinteractwithoneanotherandwithultravioletradiationinsunlightindangerousways.Smogusuallyfoundinurbanareaswithlargenumbersofautomobilesformswhennitrogenoxidesreactwithhydrocarbonsintheairtoproducealdehydesandketones.Smogcancauseserioushealthproblems. C.AcidrainisalsoresponsibleforthedeclineofmanyforestecosystemsworldwideincludingGermany’sBlackForestandforeststhroughouttheeasternUnitedStates. D.Inadditiontogroundwaterdepletionscientistsworryaboutgroundwatercontaminationwhicharisesfromleakingundergroundstoragetankspoorlydesignedindustrialwastepondsandseepagefromthedeep-wellinjectionofhazardouswastesintoundergroundgeologicformations. E.TheOgallalaAquiferahugeundergroundreservoirstretchingundereightstatesoftheGreatPlainsisdrawndownatratesexceeding100timesthereplacementrate.Agriculturalpracticesdependingonthissourceofwaterneedtochangewithinagenerationinordertosavethisgroundwatersource. F.Astherunoffmovesitpicksupandcarriesawaypollutantssuchaspesticidesandfertilizersdepositingthepollutantsintolakesriverswetlandscoastalwatersandevenundergroundsourcesofdrinkingwater.Pollutionarisingfromnonpointsourcesaccountsforamajorityofthecontaminantsinstreamsandlakes. G.Bysomeestimatesonaverage25percentofusablegroundwateriscontaminatedandinsomeareasasmuchas75percentiscontaminate 42
Wellhemadeitup.Allofitapparently.AccordingtoareportpublishedonDecember29thbySeoulNationalUniversityinSouthKoreaitserstwhileemployeeHwangWoo-sukwhohadtenderedhisresignationsixdaysearlierdeliberatelyfalsifiedhisdatainthepaperonhumanembryonicstemcellsthatheand24colleaguespublishedinScienceinMay2005.InparticularDrHwangclaimedhehadcreated11coloniesofhumanembryonicstemcellsgeneticallymatchedtospecificpatients.HehadalreadyadmittedthatnineofthesewerebogusbuthadsaidthatthiswastheresultofanhonestmistakeandthattheothertwowerestilltherealMcCoy.Apanelofexpertsappointedbytheuniversitytoinvestigatethematterhoweverdisagreed.TheyfoundthatDNAfingerprinttracesconductedonthestem-celllinesreportedinthepaperhadbeenmanipulatedtomakeitseemasifall11linesweretailoredtospecificpatients.Infactnoneofthemmatchedthevolunteerswithspinal-cordinjuriesanddiabeteswhohaddonatedskincellsforthework.ToobtainhispromisingresultsDrHwanghadsentfortestingtwosamplesfromeachdonorratherthanasamplefromthedonorandasampleofthecellsintowhichthedonor’sDNAhadsupposedlybeentransplanted.Thepanelalsofoundthatasecondclaiminthepaper-thatonly185eggswereusedtocreatethe11stem-celllines-wasfalse.Theinvestigatorssaidtheactualnumberofeggsusedwasfarlargerinthethousandsalthoughtheywereunabletodetermineanexactfigure.Thereasonthisdoublefraudissuchablowisthathumanembryonicstem-cellresearchhasgreatexpectations.StemcellswhichhavenotyetbeenprogrammedtospecialiseandcanthusinprinciplegrowintoanytissueororgancouldbeusedtotreatillnessesrangingfromdiabetestoParkinson’sdisease.Theymightevenbeabletofixspinal-cordinjuries.AndstemcellsclonedfromapatientwouldnotberejectedasforeignbyhisimmunesystemDrHwang’sreputationofcourseisintatters.Theuniversityisnowinvestigatingtwoothergroundbreakingexperimentsheclaimstohaveconducted-thecreationoftheworld’sfirstclonedhumanembryoandtheextractionofstemcellsfromitandthecreationoftheworld’sfirstcloneddog.Heisalsointroubleforbreachingethicalguidelinesbyusingeggsdonatedbymembersofhisresearchteam.Anditisevenpossiblethatthewholefarcemayhavebeenfornothing.Clonedembryosmightbetheidealsourceofstemcellsintendedtotreatdiseasebutifitprovestoodifficulttocreatethemarough-and-readyalternativemaysuffice.ThephraseintattersLine1Par
Newspaperpublishersmakemoneymainlyfromsubscribersandadvertisers.It’sbeenthatwayforcenturies.ButinthelastfewyearsanimportantnewincomestreamhasopenedupfornewspapersAmongthepioneersisTheGazetteCompanyinCedarRapidsIowawhichsince1993hasbeenprovidinginformationtoitsreadersdeliveredbybothpaperandincreasinglytheWeb."IfanewspaperviewsitselfasinkonpaperIdon’tthinkitwillsurvive"saysSteveHannahvicepresidentofinformationtechnology. 46Onlinenewspapersarealookintothefutureandjustponderingitraisesthequestionofwhetheritisn’tnicergettingourdailynewscurledupinyourfavoritechairwithyourballpointpenhandytocircleitemsofinterestsorscissorsreadytosnipoutarticlesyouwanttosave.TheGazetteCompanyisbettingitssubscriberswantbothelectronicandpaperoptionsandsofaritseemstoberight. TherestoftheworldismovingintocyberspacemoreslowlythantheUnitedStatesandinthedevelopingworldtheInternethashardlypenetratedatall.47U.N.SecretaryGeneralKofiAnnanisdeterminedtochangethisthroughtheUnitedNationsInformationTechnologyServicewhichwilltrainlargenumbersofpeopletotapintotheincome-enhancingpoweroftheInternet.AnnanisalsoproposinganInternethealthnetworkthatwillprovidestate-of-the-artmedicalknowledgeto10000clinicsandhospitalsinpoorcountries. TheonrushingCyberAgehasgivennewfoundpowertousallasseeninJodyWilliams’sone-womanorganizationusinge-mailtopromoteaglobalbanonlandmines.Yetthisisbutaglimpseofwhat’saheadinthemindsofthoseimmersedinthisgreatandacceleratingtransformation. 48AtMicrosoftBillGatespredictsthatby2018majornewspaperswill"publishtheirlastpapereditionsandmovesolelytoelectronicdistribution"andthatby2020dictionarieswillredefinebooksas"e-Booktitlesreadonscreen". 49ComputershavemetamorphosedfromtheUniversityofPennsylvania’s1946ENIAC--whosemorethan17000vacuumtubeshadlessnumber-crunchingpowerthantoday’slaptop--intothumbnail-sizedcomputerchipscontaining42milliontransistors.WilliamVanDusenWishardpresidentofWorldTrendsResearchisconcerned.50InaspeechtotheIssueManagementCouncilinWashingtonD.Chenotedthat"researchersatCarnegieMellonUniversityciteatwo-yearstud!showingdepressionandlonelinessappearingatgreaterlevelsinep.e.2pleusingtheInternetthaninothersnotusingitornotusingitasmuch.ExtensiveexposuretothewiderworldviatheNetappearstomakepeoplelesssatisfiedwiththeirpersonallives./ Onlinenewspapersarealookintothefutureandjustponderingitraisesthequestionofwhetheritisn’tnicergettingourdailynewscurledupinyourfavoritechairwithyourballpointpenhandytocircleitemsofinterestsorscissorsreadytosnipoutarticlesyouwanttosave.
Ifyouarewhatyoueatthenyouarealsowhatyoubuytoeat.Andmostlywhatpeoplebuyisscrawledontoagrocerylistthoseetherealscrapsofpaperthatrecordtheshorthandofwhereweshopandhowwefeedourselves.Mostgrocerylistsendupinthegarbage.ButifyouliveinSt.Louistheymighthaveahalf-lifeyouneverimagined:asaculturaldocumentpostedontheInternet.ForthepastdecadeBillKeaggy33thefeaturesphotoeditoratTheSt.LouisPost-Dispatchhasbeencollectinggrocerylistsandsince1999hasbeenpostingthemonlineatwww.grocerylistsorg.Thecollectionwhichnownumbersmorethan500listsisstrangelyaddictive.Thelistselicittwofoldcuriosity-aboutthekindofmealthepersonwasplanningandthekindofpersonwhowouldmakesuchameal.WhatwastheshopperwithvodkalightersmilkandicecreamonhislistplanningtodowiththemInwhatorderwouldtheybeconsumedWasitaheorasheWhohadwrittenTootiefoodkittenchowbirdfoodsticktoasterscramblescoffeedrinksSomeshoppersorganizetheirlistsbyaisle;othersstartwithdairygotocleaningsuppliesandthenbacktodairybeforeveeringofftoHomeDepot.Afewmeticulousonesnotethepriceofeveryitem.OneshopperhadwritteninlargelettersonanenvelopesimplyMilk.Thethinlinesofinkandpenciljuttingandloopingacrosscrinkledandtornpiecesofpaperhaveapurelygraphicbeauty.Oneoflife’smostbanaldutiesviewedthroughthecuratoriallenscansomehowseempregnantwithpossibility.Itcanevenappearpoeticasinthelistthatreadsmeatcigsbunstreats.OnethingKeaggydiscoveredisthatDanQuayleisnotalone-fewpeoplecanspellbananasandbagelsletalonepotato.Onelistcallsforsuchiandstrimp.SomepeoplepassjudgmentonthethingstheybuyKeaggysays.AttheendofonelisttheshopperwroteBudLightandthengoodbeer.Anotherscribbledgoodloafofwhitebread.SomepassjudgmentonthemselvesliketheshopperwhowrotereadstayhomeorgosomewhereIactlikemymomgotoKentuckyunderwearlemon.Peoplesendmessagestooneanothertoo.Buriedinonelististhisstatement:IfyoubuymorericeI’llpunchyou.Andplentyofshoppersliketheonewithbothicecreamanddietpillsonthelistrevealtheirvices.WasitaheorasheLine7Par
Ifyouarewhatyoueatthenyouarealsowhatyoubuytoeat.Andmostlywhatpeoplebuyisscrawledontoagrocerylistthoseetherealscrapsofpaperthatrecordtheshorthandofwhereweshopandhowwefeedourselves.Mostgrocerylistsendupinthegarbage.ButifyouliveinSt.Louistheymighthaveahalf-lifeyouneverimagined:asaculturaldocumentpostedontheInternet.ForthepastdecadeBillKeaggy33thefeaturesphotoeditoratTheSt.LouisPost-Dispatchhasbeencollectinggrocerylistsandsince1999hasbeenpostingthemonlineatwww.grocerylistsorg.Thecollectionwhichnownumbersmorethan500listsisstrangelyaddictive.Thelistselicittwofoldcuriosity-aboutthekindofmealthepersonwasplanningandthekindofpersonwhowouldmakesuchameal.WhatwastheshopperwithvodkalightersmilkandicecreamonhislistplanningtodowiththemInwhatorderwouldtheybeconsumedWasitaheorasheWhohadwrittenTootiefoodkittenchowbirdfoodsticktoasterscramblescoffeedrinksSomeshoppersorganizetheirlistsbyaisle;othersstartwithdairygotocleaningsuppliesandthenbacktodairybeforeveeringofftoHomeDepot.Afewmeticulousonesnotethepriceofeveryitem.OneshopperhadwritteninlargelettersonanenvelopesimplyMilk.Thethinlinesofinkandpenciljuttingandloopingacrosscrinkledandtornpiecesofpaperhaveapurelygraphicbeauty.Oneoflife’smostbanaldutiesviewedthroughthecuratoriallenscansomehowseempregnantwithpossibility.Itcanevenappearpoeticasinthelistthatreadsmeatcigsbunstreats.OnethingKeaggydiscoveredisthatDanQuayleisnotalone-fewpeoplecanspellbananasandbagelsletalonepotato.Onelistcallsforsuchiandstrimp.SomepeoplepassjudgmentonthethingstheybuyKeaggysays.AttheendofonelisttheshopperwroteBudLightandthengoodbeer.Anotherscribbledgoodloafofwhitebread.SomepassjudgmentonthemselvesliketheshopperwhowrotereadstayhomeorgosomewhereIactlikemymomgotoKentuckyunderwearlemon.Peoplesendmessagestooneanothertoo.Buriedinonelististhisstatement:IfyoubuymorericeI’llpunchyou.Andplentyofshoppersliketheonewithbothicecreamanddietpillsonthelistrevealtheirvices.Thelastsentenceofthepassageimpliesthat______.
WithAirbus’giantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbigger-andyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedallinnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthree-dimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11wayItstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit-andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
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