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Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following table In your essay, you should ...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. 14
Bythemid-sixtiesbluejeanswereanessentialpartofthewardrobeofthosewithacommitmenttosocialstruggle.IntheAmericanDeepSouthblackfarmersandgrandchildrenofslavesstillsegregatedfromwhitescontinuedtowearjeansintheirmid-nineteenth-centurysense;butnowtheywerejoinedbycollegestudents-blackandwhite-inabattletooverturndeeplyembeddedracehatred.Theclothesoftheworkersbecameasacredbondbetweenthem.Theclothingoftoilcametosignifythedignityofstruggle.Inthestudentrebellionandtheantiwarmovementthatfollowedbluejeansandworkshirtsprovidedacontrasttotheuniformsofthedominantculture.Jeansweretheoppositeofhighfashiontheoppositeofthesuitormilitaryuniform.Withtheriseofthewomen’smovementinthelate1960sthepoliticalsignificanceofdressbecameincreasinglyexplicit;Rejectingorthodoxsexrolesbluejeanswereawoman’sweaponagainstuncomfortablepopularfashionsandtheviewthatwomenshouldbepassive.Thiswastheclothofaction;theclothoflaborbecamethebadgeoffreedom.Ifbluejeanswereforrebelsinthe1960sandearly1970sbythe1980stheyhadbecomeafoundationoffashion-availableinavarietyofcolorstexturesfabricsandfit.Thesesimplepantshavemadethelongjourneyfromworkers’clothestoculturalrevolttostatussymbol.Ontelevisioninmagazineadvertisingonthesidesofbuildingsandbusesjeanscallouttous.Theirhumblepastisobscured;practicalrootsarcincorporatedintoanewaesthetic.JeansarenowtheuniversalsymboloftheindividualandWesterndemocracy.Theyarethecostumeofliberatedwomenwithafittightenoughtorestrictliketheharnessofold-butwiththelookoffreedomandmotion.Inbluejeansfashionrevealsitselfasacomplexworldofhistoryandchange.Yetlookingatfashionsinandofthemselvesrevealssituationsthatoftendefyunderstanding.Ourabilitytounderstandaspecificfashion-thecurrentoneofjeansforexample-showsusthataswetrytomakesenseofitourconfusionintensifies.Itisafashionwhoseveryessenceiscontradictionandconfusion.Topursuethegoalofunderstandingistomovebeyondtheactualclothitselftowardthemoregeneralphenomenonoffashionandtheworldinwhichithasrisentoimportance.ExploringtheroleoffashionwithinthesocialandpoliticalhistoryofindustrialAmericahelpstorevealtheparametersandpossibilitiesofAmericansociety.Theultimatequestioniswhetherthedevelopmentofimagesofrebellionintomass-producedfashionshasactuallyresultedinsocialchange.Fromthelastparagraphwemayconclusionthat______.
The1920swasthedecadeofadvertising.Theadvertisingmenwentwild:everythingfromsalttohouseholdcoalwasbeingnationallyadvertised.Ofcourseadshadbeenaroundforalongtime.Butsomethingnewwashappeningintermsofbothscaleandstrategy.Forthefirsttimebusinessbegantouseadvertisingasapsychologicalweaponagainstconsumers.Withouttheirproducttheconsumerwouldbeleftunmarriedfallvictimtoaterriblediseaseorbepassedoverforapromotion.N/Isdevelopedanassociationbetweentheproductandone’sveryidentity.Eventuallytheycametopromiseeverythingandanything-fromself-esteemtostatusfriendshipandlove.Thispsychologicalapproachwasaresponsetotheeconomicdilemmabusinessfaced.Americansinthemiddleclassesandabovetowhomvirtuallyalladvertisingwastargetedwerenolongerbuyingtosatisfybasicneeds-suchasfoodclothingandshelter.Thesehadbeenmet.Advertisershadtopersuadeconsumerstoacquirethingstheymostcertainlydidnotneed.Inotherwordsproductionwouldhavetocreatethewantsitsoughttosatisfy.Thisisexactlywhatmanufacturerstriedtodo.Thenormallyconservativetelephonecompanyattemptedtotransformtheplaintelephoneintoaluxuryurgingfamiliestobuyallthetelephonesthattheycanconvenientlyuseratherthanthesmallestamounttheycangetalongwith.Oneadcampaigntargetedfifteenphonesasthestyleforawealthyhome.Businessclearlyunderstoodthenatureoftheproblem.Accordingtoonehistorian:Businesshadlearnedasneverbeforetheimportanceofthefinalconsumer.Unlessheorshecouldbepersuadedtobuyandbuyextravagantlythewholestreamofnewcarscigaretteswomen’smake-upandelectricrefrigeratorswouldbedammedupatitsoutlets.Butwouldtheconsumerbeequaltoher/histaskasthefoundationofprivateenterpriseAtopexecutiveofoneAmericancarmanufacturerstatedthematterbluntly:businessneedstocreateadissatisfiedconsumer;itsmissionistheorganizedcreationofdissatisfaction.Thisexecutiveledthewaybyintroducingannualmodelchangesforhiscompany’scarsdesignedtomaketheconsumerunhappywithwhatheorshealreadyhad.Othercompaniesfollowedhislead.Economicsuccessnowdependedonthepromotionofqualitieslikewasteandself-indulgence.Thecampaigntocreatenewandunlimitedwantsdidnotgounchallenged.Tradeunionsandthoseworkingforsocialreformunderstoodthelong-termconsequencesofmaterialismformostAmericans:itwouldkeepthemlockedincapitalism’strap.Theconsumptionofluxuriesrequiredlonghoursatwork.Businesswasexplicitinitsresistancetoincreasesinfreetimepreferringconsumptionasthealternativetotakingeconomicprogressintheformofleisure.Ineffectbusinessofferedupthecycleofwork-and-spend.The1920s’advertisingmenwentwild______.
TheUnitedStateshashistoricallyhadhigherratesofmarriagethanthoseofotherindustrializedcountries.Thecurrentannualmarriage1intheUnitedStates-about9newmarriagesforevery1000people-is2higherthanitisinotherindustrializedcountries.Howevermarriageis3aswidespreadasitwasseveraldecadesago.4ofAmericanadultswhoaremarried5from72percentin1970to60percentin2002.Thisdoesnotmeanthatlargenumbersofpeoplewillremainunmarried6theirlives.Throughoutthe20thcenturyabout90percentofAmericansmarriedatsome7intheirlives.Experts8thataboutthesameproportionoftoday’syoungadultswilleventuallymarry. Thetimingofmarriagehasvaried9overthepastcentury.In1995theaverageageofwomenintheUnitedStatesatthe10oftheirfirstmarriagewas25.Theaverageageofmenwasabout27.MenandwomenintheUnitedStatesmarry11thefirsttimeatanaverageoffiveyearslaterthanpeople12inthe1950s.13youngadultsofthe1950smarriedyoungerthandidanyprevious14inU.S.history.Today’slaterageofmarriageis15theageofmarriagebetween1890and1940.16agreaterproportionofthepopulationwasmarried95percentduringthe1950sthanatanytimebefore17.Expertsdonotagreeon18the"marriagerush"ofthelate1940sand1950soccurredbutmostsocialscientistsbelieveitrepresenteda19tothereturnofpeacefullifeandprosperityafter15yearsofsevereeconomic20andwar. ReadthefollowingtextChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Electronicor"cyber"warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure. Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicor"cyber"warfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike. TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsucha"cyberwar"scenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped. DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks. JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships. Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses. ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly. Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment. Electronicor"cyber"warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure. Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicor"cyber"warfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike. TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsucha"cyberwar"scenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped. DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks. JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships. Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses. ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly. Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment. Beforeweimaginewhatsuchacyberwarscenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped.
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. 16
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. 2
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. 4
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. 6
BillGatesthebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegreeisbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBAMasterofBusinessAdministration. 46TheMBAa20th-centuryproductalwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreedonthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature. Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduatesabout79000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.47Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday. "Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone"saidDonaldMorrisonprofessorofmarketingandmanagementscience."Butinthelastfiveyearsorsowhensomeonesays’ShouldIattempttogetanMBA’Theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends." 48ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAssuchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInchashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskillscanbetaught. TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalivelyfictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders. 49ThearticlecalledMBAhires"extremelydisappointing"andsaid"MBAswanttomoveuptoofasttheydon’tunderstandpoliticsandpeopleandtheyaren’tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythenthereoutlookingforotherjobs". TheproblemmostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledgeisthattheMBAhasacquiredanauraoffuturefichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness. Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedtheassumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledby.abacklashagainsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewomen’smovement. 50BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaxthosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople."Theydon’tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness"saidJamesShaffervice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinManagementConsultingFinn. 50
Youmayfallpreytoanonviolentbutfrighteningandfast-growingcrime:identitytheft.Ithappenstoatleast500000newvictimseachyearaccordingtogovernmentfigures.AndithappensveryeasilybecauseeveryidentificationnumberyouhaveSocialSecuritycreditcarddriver’slicensetelephone-isakeythatunlockssomestorageofmoneyorgoodssaysafraudprogrammanageroftheUSPostalService.SoifyouthrowawayyourcreditcardreceiptandIgetitandusethenumberonitI’mnotbecomingyoubuttothecreditcardcompanyI’vebecomeyouraccount.OnemajorproblemexpertssayisthattheSocialSecurityNumberSSN—originallymeantonlyforretirementbenefitandtaxpurposes—hasbecometheuniversalwaytoidentifypeople.Itisusedasidentificationbythemilitarycollegesandinbillionsofcommercialtransactions.YetashrewdthiefcaneasilysnatchyourSSNnotonlybystealingyourwalletbutalsobytakingmailfromyourboxgoingthroughyourtrashfordiscardedreceiptsandbillsoraskingforitoverthephoneonsomepretext.UsingyourSSNthethiefappliesforacreditcardinyournameaskingthatitbesenttoadifferentaddressthanyoursandusesitformultiplepurchases.Acoupleofmonthslaterthecreditcardcompanyoritsdebtcollectionagencypressesyouforpayment.Youdon’thavetopaythedebtbutyoumustcleanupyourdamagedcreditrecord.Thatmeansgettingapolicereportandcopyoftheerroneouscontractandthenusingthemtoclearthefraudfromyourcreditreportwhichisheldbyacreditbureau.Eachstepcanrequireahugeamountofeffort.IntheCollins’casetheclearanceoftheerroneouschargesfromtheirrecordrequiredthreeyearsofporingoverrecordsand＄6000insolicitor’sfees.Inthemeantimetheyweredeniedaloantobuildavacationhomeforcedtopaycashforanewheatingandcoolingsystemhoundedbydebtcollectorsandembarrassedbythespectacleofhavingtheirhomewatchedbyinvestigatorslookingforthemissingcar.Ofcoursethousandsofpeoplearecaughtandprosecutedforidentitytheft.ButitwasonlylastyearthatCongressmadeidentitytheftitselfafederalcrime.Thatlawsetupaspecialgovernmentofficetohelpvictimsregaintheirlostcreditandtostreamlinepoliceeffortsbytrackingcasesonanationalscale.Consumeradvocatessaythismayhelpbutwillnotaddressthebasicproblemswhichtheybelievearecausingtheoutbreakinidentitytheft:industry’srushtoattractmorecustomersbyissuinginstantcreditinadequatecheckingofidentityandtoofewlegalprotectionsforconsumerspersonalinformation.Themostcommonlyusedtrickforashrewdthiefis______.
Bythemid-sixtiesbluejeanswereanessentialpartofthewardrobeofthosewithacommitmenttosocialstruggle.IntheAmericanDeepSouthblackfarmersandgrandchildrenofslavesstillsegregatedfromwhitescontinuedtowearjeansintheirmid-nineteenth-centurysense;butnowtheywerejoinedbycollegestudents-blackandwhite-inabattletooverturndeeplyembeddedracehatred.Theclothesoftheworkersbecameasacredbondbetweenthem.Theclothingoftoilcametosignifythedignityofstruggle.Inthestudentrebellionandtheantiwarmovementthatfollowedbluejeansandworkshirtsprovidedacontrasttotheuniformsofthedominantculture.Jeansweretheoppositeofhighfashiontheoppositeofthesuitormilitaryuniform.Withtheriseofthewomen’smovementinthelate1960sthepoliticalsignificanceofdressbecameincreasinglyexplicit;Rejectingorthodoxsexrolesbluejeanswereawoman’sweaponagainstuncomfortablepopularfashionsandtheviewthatwomenshouldbepassive.Thiswastheclothofaction;theclothoflaborbecamethebadgeoffreedom.Ifbluejeanswereforrebelsinthe1960sandearly1970sbythe1980stheyhadbecomeafoundationoffashion-availableinavarietyofcolorstexturesfabricsandfit.Thesesimplepantshavemadethelongjourneyfromworkers’clothestoculturalrevolttostatussymbol.Ontelevisioninmagazineadvertisingonthesidesofbuildingsandbusesjeanscallouttous.Theirhumblepastisobscured;practicalrootsarcincorporatedintoanewaesthetic.JeansarenowtheuniversalsymboloftheindividualandWesterndemocracy.Theyarethecostumeofliberatedwomenwithafittightenoughtorestrictliketheharnessofold-butwiththelookoffreedomandmotion.Inbluejeansfashionrevealsitselfasacomplexworldofhistoryandchange.Yetlookingatfashionsinandofthemselvesrevealssituationsthatoftendefyunderstanding.Ourabilitytounderstandaspecificfashion-thecurrentoneofjeansforexample-showsusthataswetrytomakesenseofitourconfusionintensifies.Itisafashionwhoseveryessenceiscontradictionandconfusion.Topursuethegoalofunderstandingistomovebeyondtheactualclothitselftowardthemoregeneralphenomenonoffashionandtheworldinwhichithasrisentoimportance.ExploringtheroleoffashionwithinthesocialandpoliticalhistoryofindustrialAmericahelpstorevealtheparametersandpossibilitiesofAmericansociety.Theultimatequestioniswhetherthedevelopmentofimagesofrebellionintomass-producedfashionshasactuallyresultedinsocialchange.BysayingjeanscallouttousLines1-2Par
The1920swasthedecadeofadvertising.Theadvertisingmenwentwild:everythingfromsalttohouseholdcoalwasbeingnationallyadvertised.Ofcourseadshadbeenaroundforalongtime.Butsomethingnewwashappeningintermsofbothscaleandstrategy.Forthefirsttimebusinessbegantouseadvertisingasapsychologicalweaponagainstconsumers.Withouttheirproducttheconsumerwouldbeleftunmarriedfallvictimtoaterriblediseaseorbepassedoverforapromotion.N/Isdevelopedanassociationbetweentheproductandone’sveryidentity.Eventuallytheycametopromiseeverythingandanything-fromself-esteemtostatusfriendshipandlove.Thispsychologicalapproachwasaresponsetotheeconomicdilemmabusinessfaced.Americansinthemiddleclassesandabovetowhomvirtuallyalladvertisingwastargetedwerenolongerbuyingtosatisfybasicneeds-suchasfoodclothingandshelter.Thesehadbeenmet.Advertisershadtopersuadeconsumerstoacquirethingstheymostcertainlydidnotneed.Inotherwordsproductionwouldhavetocreatethewantsitsoughttosatisfy.Thisisexactlywhatmanufacturerstriedtodo.Thenormallyconservativetelephonecompanyattemptedtotransformtheplaintelephoneintoaluxuryurgingfamiliestobuyallthetelephonesthattheycanconvenientlyuseratherthanthesmallestamounttheycangetalongwith.Oneadcampaigntargetedfifteenphonesasthestyleforawealthyhome.Businessclearlyunderstoodthenatureoftheproblem.Accordingtoonehistorian:Businesshadlearnedasneverbeforetheimportanceofthefinalconsumer.Unlessheorshecouldbepersuadedtobuyandbuyextravagantlythewholestreamofnewcarscigaretteswomen’smake-upandelectricrefrigeratorswouldbedammedupatitsoutlets.Butwouldtheconsumerbeequaltoher/histaskasthefoundationofprivateenterpriseAtopexecutiveofoneAmericancarmanufacturerstatedthematterbluntly:businessneedstocreateadissatisfiedconsumer;itsmissionistheorganizedcreationofdissatisfaction.Thisexecutiveledthewaybyintroducingannualmodelchangesforhiscompany’scarsdesignedtomaketheconsumerunhappywithwhatheorshealreadyhad.Othercompaniesfollowedhislead.Economicsuccessnowdependedonthepromotionofqualitieslikewasteandself-indulgence.Thecampaigntocreatenewandunlimitedwantsdidnotgounchallenged.Tradeunionsandthoseworkingforsocialreformunderstoodthelong-termconsequencesofmaterialismformostAmericans:itwouldkeepthemlockedincapitalism’strap.Theconsumptionofluxuriesrequiredlonghoursatwork.Businesswasexplicitinitsresistancetoincreasesinfreetimepreferringconsumptionasthealternativetotakingeconomicprogressintheformofleisure.Ineffectbusinessofferedupthecycleofwork-and-spend.Accordingtothepassagethetermmaterialismrefersto______.
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. 8
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. 10
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawingInyouressayyoushould.firstdescribethedrawingtheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Bythemid-sixtiesbluejeanswereanessentialpartofthewardrobeofthosewithacommitmenttosocialstruggle.IntheAmericanDeepSouthblackfarmersandgrandchildrenofslavesstillsegregatedfromwhitescontinuedtowearjeansintheirmid-nineteenth-centurysense;butnowtheywerejoinedbycollegestudents-blackandwhite-inabattletooverturndeeplyembeddedracehatred.Theclothesoftheworkersbecameasacredbondbetweenthem.Theclothingoftoilcametosignifythedignityofstruggle.Inthestudentrebellionandtheantiwarmovementthatfollowedbluejeansandworkshirtsprovidedacontrasttotheuniformsofthedominantculture.Jeansweretheoppositeofhighfashiontheoppositeofthesuitormilitaryuniform.Withtheriseofthewomen’smovementinthelate1960sthepoliticalsignificanceofdressbecameincreasinglyexplicit;Rejectingorthodoxsexrolesbluejeanswereawoman’sweaponagainstuncomfortablepopularfashionsandtheviewthatwomenshouldbepassive.Thiswastheclothofaction;theclothoflaborbecamethebadgeoffreedom.Ifbluejeanswereforrebelsinthe1960sandearly1970sbythe1980stheyhadbecomeafoundationoffashion-availableinavarietyofcolorstexturesfabricsandfit.Thesesimplepantshavemadethelongjourneyfromworkers’clothestoculturalrevolttostatussymbol.Ontelevisioninmagazineadvertisingonthesidesofbuildingsandbusesjeanscallouttous.Theirhumblepastisobscured;practicalrootsarcincorporatedintoanewaesthetic.JeansarenowtheuniversalsymboloftheindividualandWesterndemocracy.Theyarethecostumeofliberatedwomenwithafittightenoughtorestrictliketheharnessofold-butwiththelookoffreedomandmotion.Inbluejeansfashionrevealsitselfasacomplexworldofhistoryandchange.Yetlookingatfashionsinandofthemselvesrevealssituationsthatoftendefyunderstanding.Ourabilitytounderstandaspecificfashion-thecurrentoneofjeansforexample-showsusthataswetrytomakesenseofitourconfusionintensifies.Itisafashionwhoseveryessenceiscontradictionandconfusion.Topursuethegoalofunderstandingistomovebeyondtheactualclothitselftowardthemoregeneralphenomenonoffashionandtheworldinwhichithasrisentoimportance.ExploringtheroleoffashionwithinthesocialandpoliticalhistoryofindustrialAmericahelpstorevealtheparametersandpossibilitiesofAmericansociety.Theultimatequestioniswhetherthedevelopmentofimagesofrebellionintomass-producedfashionshasactuallyresultedinsocialchange.Intheeyesofcollegestudentsinthemid-nineteenth-centurybluejeanssymbolized______.
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. 18
BillGatesthebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegreeisbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBAMasterofBusinessAdministration. 46TheMBAa20th-centuryproductalwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreedonthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature. Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduatesabout79000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.47Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday. "Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone"saidDonaldMorrisonprofessorofmarketingandmanagementscience."Butinthelastfiveyearsorsowhensomeonesays’ShouldIattempttogetanMBA’Theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends." 48ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAssuchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInchashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskillscanbetaught. TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalivelyfictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders. 49ThearticlecalledMBAhires"extremelydisappointing"andsaid"MBAswanttomoveuptoofasttheydon’tunderstandpoliticsandpeopleandtheyaren’tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythenthereoutlookingforotherjobs". TheproblemmostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledgeisthattheMBAhasacquiredanauraoffuturefichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness. Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedtheassumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledby.abacklashagainsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewomen’smovement. 50BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaxthosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople."Theydon’tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness"saidJamesShaffervice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinManagementConsultingFinn. 46
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.InyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentoniLYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
BillGatesthebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegreeisbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBAMasterofBusinessAdministration. 46TheMBAa20th-centuryproductalwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreedonthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature. Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduatesabout79000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.47Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday. "Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone"saidDonaldMorrisonprofessorofmarketingandmanagementscience."Butinthelastfiveyearsorsowhensomeonesays’ShouldIattempttogetanMBA’Theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends." 48ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAssuchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInchashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskillscanbetaught. TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalivelyfictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders. 49ThearticlecalledMBAhires"extremelydisappointing"andsaid"MBAswanttomoveuptoofasttheydon’tunderstandpoliticsandpeopleandtheyaren’tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythenthereoutlookingforotherjobs". TheproblemmostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledgeisthattheMBAhasacquiredanauraoffuturefichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness. Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedtheassumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledby.abacklashagainsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewomen’smovement. 50BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaxthosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople."Theydon’tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness"saidJamesShaffervice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinManagementConsultingFinn. 48
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. 12
Electronicor"cyber"warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure. Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicor"cyber"warfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike. TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsucha"cyberwar"scenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped. DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks. JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships. Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses. ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly. Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment. Electronicor"cyber"warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure. Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicor"cyber"warfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike. TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsucha"cyberwar"scenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped. DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks. JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships. Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses. ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly. Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment. Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.
The1920swasthedecadeofadvertising.Theadvertisingmenwentwild:everythingfromsalttohouseholdcoalwasbeingnationallyadvertised.Ofcourseadshadbeenaroundforalongtime.Butsomethingnewwashappeningintermsofbothscaleandstrategy.Forthefirsttimebusinessbegantouseadvertisingasapsychologicalweaponagainstconsumers.Withouttheirproducttheconsumerwouldbeleftunmarriedfallvictimtoaterriblediseaseorbepassedoverforapromotion.N/Isdevelopedanassociationbetweentheproductandone’sveryidentity.Eventuallytheycametopromiseeverythingandanything-fromself-esteemtostatusfriendshipandlove.Thispsychologicalapproachwasaresponsetotheeconomicdilemmabusinessfaced.Americansinthemiddleclassesandabovetowhomvirtuallyalladvertisingwastargetedwerenolongerbuyingtosatisfybasicneeds-suchasfoodclothingandshelter.Thesehadbeenmet.Advertisershadtopersuadeconsumerstoacquirethingstheymostcertainlydidnotneed.Inotherwordsproductionwouldhavetocreatethewantsitsoughttosatisfy.Thisisexactlywhatmanufacturerstriedtodo.Thenormallyconservativetelephonecompanyattemptedtotransformtheplaintelephoneintoaluxuryurgingfamiliestobuyallthetelephonesthattheycanconvenientlyuseratherthanthesmallestamounttheycangetalongwith.Oneadcampaigntargetedfifteenphonesasthestyleforawealthyhome.Businessclearlyunderstoodthenatureoftheproblem.Accordingtoonehistorian:Businesshadlearnedasneverbeforetheimportanceofthefinalconsumer.Unlessheorshecouldbepersuadedtobuyandbuyextravagantlythewholestreamofnewcarscigaretteswomen’smake-upandelectricrefrigeratorswouldbedammedupatitsoutlets.Butwouldtheconsumerbeequaltoher/histaskasthefoundationofprivateenterpriseAtopexecutiveofoneAmericancarmanufacturerstatedthematterbluntly:businessneedstocreateadissatisfiedconsumer;itsmissionistheorganizedcreationofdissatisfaction.Thisexecutiveledthewaybyintroducingannualmodelchangesforhiscompany’scarsdesignedtomaketheconsumerunhappywithwhatheorshealreadyhad.Othercompaniesfollowedhislead.Economicsuccessnowdependedonthepromotionofqualitieslikewasteandself-indulgence.Thecampaigntocreatenewandunlimitedwantsdidnotgounchallenged.Tradeunionsandthoseworkingforsocialreformunderstoodthelong-termconsequencesofmaterialismformostAmericans:itwouldkeepthemlockedincapitalism’strap.Theconsumptionofluxuriesrequiredlonghoursatwork.Businesswasexplicitinitsresistancetoincreasesinfreetimepreferringconsumptionasthealternativetotakingeconomicprogressintheformofleisure.Ineffectbusinessofferedupthecycleofwork-and-spend.Theimportanceofthefinalconsumerliesin______.
SomeonehascalculatedthatbythetimeanAmericanreachestheageof40heorshehasbeenexposedtoonemillionads.Anotherestimateisthatwehaveencounteredmorethan600000adsbythetimewereachtheageofonly18.Nowofcoursewedon’trememberwhatexactlytheysaidorevenwhattheproductwasbutacompositemessagegetsthrough:thatyoudeservethebestthatyoushouldhaveitnowandthatit’sokaytoindulgeyourselfbecauseyoudeservethecomplimentssexappealoradventureyouaregoingtogetasaresultofbuyingthiscarorthosecigarettes.Ourconsumer-basedeconomymakestwoabsolutelyreciprocalpsychologicaldemandsonitsmembers.Ontheonehandyouneedthedisciplinevaluestoensurethatpeoplewillbegoodworkersandleadorderlylaw-abidinglives.Ontheotherhandyouneedtheenjoyyourselfmessagestogetpeopletobegoodconsumers.Oneauthorwasdisturbedabouttheenjoyyourselfsidebutacknowledgedthatwithoutameansofstimulatingmassconsumptiontheverystructureofourbusinessenterprisewouldcollapse.Theinterestingquestionhastodowiththepsychologicalconsequencesofthediscrepancybetweenthedualmessages.Thedisciplineortraditionalvaluesthemedemandsthatonecompartmentofthepersonalityhaveawillstrongenoughtokeeptheindividualdoingunpleasantworkatlowwagesortostayinanunhappymarriageandingeneraltodothingsforthegoodofthecommonwealth.Theenjoyyourselfmessageontheotherhandtendstoencourageaverydifferentkindofpersonality-onethatisself-centeredbasedonimpulseandisunwillingtodelayrewards.AsanillustrationIcan’t.resistrecitingoneofmyfavoriteadsofalltimeanadfromapsychologymagazine:Iloveme.I’mjustagoodfriendtomyself.AndIliketodowhatmakesmefeelgood.Iusedtositaroundputtingthingsofftilltomorrow.TomorrowI’lldrinkchampagneandbuyasetofpearlsandpickupthatnewstereo.ButnowIlivemydreamstodaynottomorrow.SowhathappenstousaswetakeintheseopposingmessagesasweareinfacttornbetweentheoppositepersonalitytypesthatoursocietyseemstorequireofusTileresultisanxietyfearandamysteriousdread.Thefearofbeingsuckedinanddraggeddownbyourconsumercultureisreal:thecreditcardcompanyisnotfriendlywhenyoudefaultonyourbills.Andweallknowthatthepathofpleasure-seekingandblindacquisitionisarecipeforfinancialruin-formostofusanyway-andthatinAmericansocietythereisn’tmuchofasafetynettocatchyouifyoufall.Accordingtothepassagethedisciplinevaluesandtheenjoyyourselfare______.
Youmayfallpreytoanonviolentbutfrighteningandfast-growingcrime:identitytheft.Ithappenstoatleast500000newvictimseachyearaccordingtogovernmentfigures.AndithappensveryeasilybecauseeveryidentificationnumberyouhaveSocialSecuritycreditcarddriver’slicensetelephone-isakeythatunlockssomestorageofmoneyorgoodssaysafraudprogrammanageroftheUSPostalService.SoifyouthrowawayyourcreditcardreceiptandIgetitandusethenumberonitI’mnotbecomingyoubuttothecreditcardcompanyI’vebecomeyouraccount.OnemajorproblemexpertssayisthattheSocialSecurityNumberSSN—originallymeantonlyforretirementbenefitandtaxpurposes—hasbecometheuniversalwaytoidentifypeople.Itisusedasidentificationbythemilitarycollegesandinbillionsofcommercialtransactions.YetashrewdthiefcaneasilysnatchyourSSNnotonlybystealingyourwalletbutalsobytakingmailfromyourboxgoingthroughyourtrashfordiscardedreceiptsandbillsoraskingforitoverthephoneonsomepretext.UsingyourSSNthethiefappliesforacreditcardinyournameaskingthatitbesenttoadifferentaddressthanyoursandusesitformultiplepurchases.Acoupleofmonthslaterthecreditcardcompanyoritsdebtcollectionagencypressesyouforpayment.Youdon’thavetopaythedebtbutyoumustcleanupyourdamagedcreditrecord.Thatmeansgettingapolicereportandcopyoftheerroneouscontractandthenusingthemtoclearthefraudfromyourcreditreportwhichisheldbyacreditbureau.Eachstepcanrequireahugeamountofeffort.IntheCollins’casetheclearanceoftheerroneouschargesfromtheirrecordrequiredthreeyearsofporingoverrecordsand＄6000insolicitor’sfees.Inthemeantimetheyweredeniedaloantobuildavacationhomeforcedtopaycashforanewheatingandcoolingsystemhoundedbydebtcollectorsandembarrassedbythespectacleofhavingtheirhomewatchedbyinvestigatorslookingforthemissingcar.Ofcoursethousandsofpeoplearecaughtandprosecutedforidentitytheft.ButitwasonlylastyearthatCongressmadeidentitytheftitselfafederalcrime.Thatlawsetupaspecialgovernmentofficetohelpvictimsregaintheirlostcreditandtostreamlinepoliceeffortsbytrackingcasesonanationalscale.Consumeradvocatessaythismayhelpbutwillnotaddressthebasicproblemswhichtheybelievearecausingtheoutbreakinidentitytheft:industry’srushtoattractmorecustomersbyissuinginstantcreditinadequatecheckingofidentityandtoofewlegalprotectionsforconsumerspersonalinformation.TheCollins’caseimpressthat______.
SomeonehascalculatedthatbythetimeanAmericanreachestheageof40heorshehasbeenexposedtoonemillionads.Anotherestimateisthatwehaveencounteredmorethan600000adsbythetimewereachtheageofonly18.Nowofcoursewedon’trememberwhatexactlytheysaidorevenwhattheproductwasbutacompositemessagegetsthrough:thatyoudeservethebestthatyoushouldhaveitnowandthatit’sokaytoindulgeyourselfbecauseyoudeservethecomplimentssexappealoradventureyouaregoingtogetasaresultofbuyingthiscarorthosecigarettes.Ourconsumer-basedeconomymakestwoabsolutelyreciprocalpsychologicaldemandsonitsmembers.Ontheonehandyouneedthedisciplinevaluestoensurethatpeoplewillbegoodworkersandleadorderlylaw-abidinglives.Ontheotherhandyouneedtheenjoyyourselfmessagestogetpeopletobegoodconsumers.Oneauthorwasdisturbedabouttheenjoyyourselfsidebutacknowledgedthatwithoutameansofstimulatingmassconsumptiontheverystructureofourbusinessenterprisewouldcollapse.Theinterestingquestionhastodowiththepsychologicalconsequencesofthediscrepancybetweenthedualmessages.Thedisciplineortraditionalvaluesthemedemandsthatonecompartmentofthepersonalityhaveawillstrongenoughtokeeptheindividualdoingunpleasantworkatlowwagesortostayinanunhappymarriageandingeneraltodothingsforthegoodofthecommonwealth.Theenjoyyourselfmessageontheotherhandtendstoencourageaverydifferentkindofpersonality-onethatisself-centeredbasedonimpulseandisunwillingtodelayrewards.AsanillustrationIcan’t.resistrecitingoneofmyfavoriteadsofalltimeanadfromapsychologymagazine:Iloveme.I’mjustagoodfriendtomyself.AndIliketodowhatmakesmefeelgood.Iusedtositaroundputtingthingsofftilltomorrow.TomorrowI’lldrinkchampagneandbuyasetofpearlsandpickupthatnewstereo.ButnowIlivemydreamstodaynottomorrow.SowhathappenstousaswetakeintheseopposingmessagesasweareinfacttornbetweentheoppositepersonalitytypesthatoursocietyseemstorequireofusTileresultisanxietyfearandamysteriousdread.Thefearofbeingsuckedinanddraggeddownbyourconsumercultureisreal:thecreditcardcompanyisnotfriendlywhenyoudefaultonyourbills.Andweallknowthatthepathofpleasure-seekingandblindacquisitionisarecipeforfinancialruin-formostofusanyway-andthatinAmericansocietythereisn’tmuchofasafetynettocatchyouifyoufall.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtruewiththeenjoyyourselfmessage
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. 20
A.Theconsequenceoflosingbones B.Abetterlabinspacethanonearth C.Twodifferentcases D.Multipleeffectsformweightlessness E.Howtoovercomeweightlessness F.Factorsthatarenotsosure Duringweightlessnesstheforceswithinthebodyundergodramaticchange.Becausethespineisnolongercompressedpeoplegrowtaller.Thelungsheartandotherorganswithinthechesthavenoweightandasaresulttheribcageandchestrelaxandexpand.Similarlytheweightsoftheliverkidneysstomachandbowelsdisappear.Oneastronautsaidafterhisflight:"Youfeelyourgutsfloatingup.Ifoundmyselftighteningmybellysortofpushingthingsback." 41.______ Meanwhilemusclesandbonescometobeusedindifferentways.Ourmusclesaredesignedtosupportuswhenstandorsituptightan4tomovebodyparts.Butinspacemusclesusedforsupportonthegroundarenolongerneededforthatpurpose;moreoverthemusclesusedformovementaroundacapsuledifferfromthoseusedforwalkingdownahall.Consequentlysomemusclesrapidlyweaken.Thisdoesn’tpresentaproblemtospacetravelersaslongastheyperformonlylightwork.ButpreventingthelossofmuscletissuerequiredforheavyworkduringspacewalksandpreservingmuscleforsafereturntoEartharethesubjectofmanycurrentexperiments. Studieshaveshownthatastronautslosebonemassfromthelowerspinehipsandupperlegatarateofabout1percentpermonthfortheentiredurationoftheirtimeinspace.Somesitessuchastheheellosecalciumfasterthanothers.Studiesofanimalstakenintospacesuggestthatboneformationalsodeclines. 42.______ Needlesstosaythesedataareindeedcauseforconcern.Duringspaceflightthelossofboneelevatescalciumlevelsinthebodypotentiallycausingkidneystonesandcalciumcrystalstoforminothertissues.Backonthegroundthelossofbonecalciumstopswithinonemonthbutscientistsdonotyetknowwhetherthebonerecoverscompletely:toofewpeoplehaveflowninspaceforlongperiods.Somebonelossmaybepermanentinwhichcaseex-astronautswillalwaysbemorepronetobrokenbones. 43.______ ThesequestionsmirrorthoseinourunderstandingofhowthebodyworkshereonEarth.Forexampleelderlywomenarepronetoalossofbonemass.Scientistsunderstandthatmanydifferentfactorscanbeinvolvedinthislossbuttheydonotyetknowhowthefactorsactandinteract;thismakesitdifficulttodevelopanappropriatetreatment.Soitiswithbonelossinspacewheretherightprescriptionstillawaitsdiscovery. Manyotherbodysystemsareaffecteddirectlyandindirectly.Oneexampleisthelung.Scientistshavestudiedthelunginspaceandlearnedmuchtheycouldnothavelearnedinlaboratoriesonearth.Onthegroundthetopandbottompartsofthelunghavedifferentpatternsofairflowandbloodflow.ButarethesepatternstheresultonlyofgravityoralsoofthenatureofthelungitselfOnlyrecentlyhavestudiesinspaceprovidedclearevidenceforthelatter.Evenintheabsenceofgravitydifferentpartsofthelunghavedifferentlevelsofairflowandbloodflow. 45.______ Noteverythingthataffectsthebodyduringspaceflightisrelatedsolelytoweightlessness.Alsoaffectedforexamplearetheimmunesystemandthemultiplesystemsresponsiblefortheamountandqualityofsleeplightlevelsandworkschedulesdisruptthebody’snormalrhythms.Lookingoutthespacecraftwindowjustbeforegoingtosleepanactiondifficulttoresistconsideringtheviewcanletenoughbrightlightintotheeyetotriggerjustthewrongbrainresponseleadingtopoorsleep.Astimegoesonthesleepdebtaccumulates. ForlongspacevoyagestravelersmustalsofacebeingconfinedinatightvolumeunabletoescapeisolatedfromthenormallifeofEarthlivingwithasmallfixedgroupofcompanionswhooftencomefromdifferentcultures.Thesechallengescanleadtoanxietydepressioncrewtensionandothersocialissueswhichaffectastronautsjustasmuchasweightlessness-perhapsevenmore.Becausethesefactorsoperateatthesametimethebodyisadaptingtootherenvironmentalchangesitmaynotbeclearwhichphysiologicalchangesresultfromwhichfactors.Muchworkremainstobedon 42
A.Theconsequenceoflosingbones B.Abetterlabinspacethanonearth C.Twodifferentcases D.Multipleeffectsformweightlessness E.Howtoovercomeweightlessness F.Factorsthatarenotsosure Duringweightlessnesstheforceswithinthebodyundergodramaticchange.Becausethespineisnolongercompressedpeoplegrowtaller.Thelungsheartandotherorganswithinthechesthavenoweightandasaresulttheribcageandchestrelaxandexpand.Similarlytheweightsoftheliverkidneysstomachandbowelsdisappear.Oneastronautsaidafterhisflight:"Youfeelyourgutsfloatingup.Ifoundmyselftighteningmybellysortofpushingthingsback." 41.______ Meanwhilemusclesandbonescometobeusedindifferentways.Ourmusclesaredesignedtosupportuswhenstandorsituptightan4tomovebodyparts.Butinspacemusclesusedforsupportonthegroundarenolongerneededforthatpurpose;moreoverthemusclesusedformovementaroundacapsuledifferfromthoseusedforwalkingdownahall.Consequentlysomemusclesrapidlyweaken.Thisdoesn’tpresentaproblemtospacetravelersaslongastheyperformonlylightwork.ButpreventingthelossofmuscletissuerequiredforheavyworkduringspacewalksandpreservingmuscleforsafereturntoEartharethesubjectofmanycurrentexperiments. Studieshaveshownthatastronautslosebonemassfromthelowerspinehipsandupperlegatarateofabout1percentpermonthfortheentiredurationoftheirtimeinspace.Somesitessuchastheheellosecalciumfasterthanothers.Studiesofanimalstakenintospacesuggestthatboneformationalsodeclines. 42.______ Needlesstosaythesedataareindeedcauseforconcern.Duringspaceflightthelossofboneelevatescalciumlevelsinthebodypotentiallycausingkidneystonesandcalciumcrystalstoforminothertissues.Backonthegroundthelossofbonecalciumstopswithinonemonthbutscientistsdonotyetknowwhetherthebonerecoverscompletely:toofewpeoplehaveflowninspaceforlongperiods.Somebonelossmaybepermanentinwhichcaseex-astronautswillalwaysbemorepronetobrokenbones. 43.______ ThesequestionsmirrorthoseinourunderstandingofhowthebodyworkshereonEarth.Forexampleelderlywomenarepronetoalossofbonemass.Scientistsunderstandthatmanydifferentfactorscanbeinvolvedinthislossbuttheydonotyetknowhowthefactorsactandinteract;thismakesitdifficulttodevelopanappropriatetreatment.Soitiswithbonelossinspacewheretherightprescriptionstillawaitsdiscovery. Manyotherbodysystemsareaffecteddirectlyandindirectly.Oneexampleisthelung.Scientistshavestudiedthelunginspaceandlearnedmuchtheycouldnothavelearnedinlaboratoriesonearth.Onthegroundthetopandbottompartsofthelunghavedifferentpatternsofairflowandbloodflow.ButarethesepatternstheresultonlyofgravityoralsoofthenatureofthelungitselfOnlyrecentlyhavestudiesinspaceprovidedclearevidenceforthelatter.Evenintheabsenceofgravitydifferentpartsofthelunghavedifferentlevelsofairflowandbloodflow. 45.______ Noteverythingthataffectsthebodyduringspaceflightisrelatedsolelytoweightlessness.Alsoaffectedforexamplearetheimmunesystemandthemultiplesystemsresponsiblefortheamountandqualityofsleeplightlevelsandworkschedulesdisruptthebody’snormalrhythms.Lookingoutthespacecraftwindowjustbeforegoingtosleepanactiondifficulttoresistconsideringtheviewcanletenoughbrightlightintotheeyetotriggerjustthewrongbrainresponseleadingtopoorsleep.Astimegoesonthesleepdebtaccumulates. ForlongspacevoyagestravelersmustalsofacebeingconfinedinatightvolumeunabletoescapeisolatedfromthenormallifeofEarthlivingwithasmallfixedgroupofcompanionswhooftencomefromdifferentcultures.Thesechallengescanleadtoanxietydepressioncrewtensionandothersocialissueswhichaffectastronautsjustasmuchasweightlessness-perhapsevenmore.Becausethesefactorsoperateatthesametimethebodyisadaptingtootherenvironmentalchangesitmaynotbeclearwhichphysiologicalchangesresultfromwhichfactors.Muchworkremainstobedon 44
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