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{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} Across the English Channel? ?To swim across the English Channel takes at...
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ModernDrugs Doctorssixtyyearsagocoulddolittletohelpvictimsofpolio.Seriouscasesusuallyendedindeath.In1955avaccinewasdevelopedthatpreventedthedisease.Todaypolioisnolongeramajorhealthproblem. Manyofthemostimportantdrugsthatdoctorsprescribetodayhavebeendevelopedinthelast30years.Moderndrugsarecomplexspecificandpowerful.Peopleneedtoknowmoreaboutdrugsinordertousethemsafely. Earlypeoplediscoveredbyaccidentthatsomeoftheplantsgrowingaroundthemseemedusefultohealsoresrelievepainorevencurediseases.Theseplantswerethefirstdrugs.Nowplantsarestillthesourceofsomedrugs.Quinineforexampleisabitter-tastingdrugusedtotreatthechillsandfeverofmalariaandtoreduceattacksofthedisease.ItismadefromthebarkofthecinchonatreewhichgrowsintheAndesMountains.TheIndiansofthatregionwerethefirsttousethebarkasamedicine.TheSpanishpeopleprobablybroughtittoEuropeintheearly1600s.Chemistslearnedhowtogetthepuredrugfromthebarkandin1944;itwasmadeartificiallyinthelaboratory. Otherimportantdrugssuchashormonesandvaccinesareobtainedfromanimals.Butmostofthemoderndrugscomefromchemicalcombinationsworkedoutbyresearchscientists.Mostpeopleneverseedrugsintheirsimpleformaschemicals.Insteadtheyareseenastabletscapsulesorliquidsthatcontainthedrugandotheringredients. Peopleusedrugstogetdifferentresults.Somedrugsattacktheorganismthatcausesadisease.Theycurebykillingtheorganism.Otherdrugsrelievewhatwecallthesymptomsofthedisease:theheadachepainfeverorchillsandmakethepatientmorecomfortable.Theseconstitutemostover-the-counterdrugs.Peoplecangetthemindrugstores. Itseemstotheauthorthatthemedicineusedbyearlypeople______.
Vegetarianism Astrictvegetarianisapersonwhoneverinhislifeeatsanythingderivedfromanimals.Themainobjectiontovegetarianismonalong-termbasisisthedifficultytogettingenoughproteinthebodybuildingelementsinfood.Ifyouhaveeverbeenwithoutmeatoranimalfoodsforsomedaysofweekssayreligiousreasonsyouwillhavenoticedthatyoutendtogetphysicallyratherweak.Youaregladwhenthefastisoverandyougetyourrewardofasucculentmeatmeal.Proteinsarebuiltupfromapproximatelytwentyfoodelementscalledamino-acidswhicharefoundmoreabundantlyinanimalproteinthaninvegetableprotein.Thismeansyouhavetoeatagreatdealmorevegetablethananimalfoodinordertogetenoughoftheseamino-acids.Agreatofthevegetablefoodgoestowasteinthisprocessandfromthephysiologicalpointofviewthereisnotmuchtobesaidinfavoroflife-longvegetarianism. Theeconomicsideofthequestionthoughmustbeconsidered.Vegetablefoodismuchcheaperthananimalfood.Howeversinceonlyasmallproportionofthevegetableproteinisusefulforbody-buildingpurposesaconsistentvegetarianifheistogainthenecessary70gramsofproteinadayhastoconsumeagreaterbulkoffoodthanhisdigestiveorganscancomfortablydealwith.Infairnessthoughitmustbepointedoutthatvegetariansclaimtheyneedfarlessthan70gramsofproteinaday. Whetherornotvegetarianismshouldbeadvocatedforadultsitisdefinitelyunsatisfactoryforgrowingchildrenwhoneedmoreproteinthantheycangetfromvegetablesource’’s.Alacto-vegetariandietwhichincludesmilkandmilkproductssuchascheesecanhoweverbesatisfactoryaslongasenoughmilkandmilkproductsareconsumed. Meatandcheesearethebestsourcesofusabledigestibleandnextcomemilkfishandeggs.Slowandcarefulcookingofmeatmakesitmoredigestibleandassistsinthebreakingdownoftheproteincontentbythebody.Whencookingvegetableshoweverthevitaminsandinparticularthewater-solubevitaminCshouldbelostthroughovercooking. Theunderlinedwordlacto-vegetarianinPara.4means______.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??Hospitalvisitscanbeunsettlingfor all{{U}}?51?{{/U}}andvisitorsareoftenunsureofhowtobehaveat thebedsideofsickfriendor{{U}}?52?{{/U}}.??Thismay explainwhysomanypeopleshyawayfromahospitalvisit--notforfearof infection{{U}}?53{{/U}}ratherofsayingthewrongthing.Byfollowingafew simpleguidelinesthoughembarrassmentcaneasilybeavoided.? ?Avisitisimportantforasickpersonbecauseitallowsthemto{{U}} ?54?{{/U}}socialcontactsaysKarlKoehleprofessoratthe InstituteforPsychosomaticsandClinicalPsychologyatCologneUniversity. Visiting{{U}}?55?{{/U}}hesayscanactuallystrengthen interpersonalrelationships.Unfortunatelymanypeopleonlythinkofthis aspectduringthefirstfewweeks.??Thenagainnot{{U}} ?56?{{/U}}patientmaywanttoreceivevisitors.Soit’salways advisabletoarrangeavisit{{U}}?57?{{/U}}withthesickpersonora closefriendorrelative.Thatappliesparticularlytovisitstoahomeeven morethaninhospitalsaysIngeWolffheadoftheinternationalWorkingGroup onEtiquetteinBielefeld.??Butmoderationis{{U}}?58 ?{{/U}}.Therearefrequentcasesof{{U}}?59?{{/U}}illpeople ?becomingworn{{U}}?60?{{/U}}byanendlessstreamsofvisitors. That’swhenthedoctorsmightcallahalttoitsaysKoehlefromexperience. Andtheotherpatientsinthewardneedtobetakeninto{{U}}?61 ?{{/U}}toosaysetiquetteexpertIngeWolff.Theycanoftenfeelpestered byaneighbour’sfrequentvisits.??Mobilephonesshouldalwaysbe turnedoffandkeptoutof{{U}}?62?{{/U}}duringavisit.Otherwise thesickpersoncouldgettheimpressionthatthevisitorreallyhasnotimeand wouldliketobeoffassoonasanopportunemoment{{U}}?63?{{/U}} saysWolff.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}hospitalsforbidtheuseofcellphonesin thevicinityofhospitalequipment.??Visitorsshouldtakeasmall giftsuchasanewspaperormagazine{{U}}?65?{{/U}}abook.Sweetsare trickysaysIngeWolffbecausethepatientmaybeunderinstructionstokeepto aspecialdiet.Alsothepresentshouldn’tbetoolargeoroverthetop-- suchasahugebasketoffruit.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??Hospitalvisitscanbeunsettlingfor all{{U}}?51?{{/U}}andvisitorsareoftenunsureofhowtobehaveat thebedsideofsickfriendor{{U}}?52?{{/U}}.??Thismay explainwhysomanypeopleshyawayfromahospitalvisit--notforfearof infection{{U}}?53{{/U}}ratherofsayingthewrongthing.Byfollowingafew simpleguidelinesthoughembarrassmentcaneasilybeavoided.? ?Avisitisimportantforasickpersonbecauseitallowsthemto{{U}} ?54?{{/U}}socialcontactsaysKarlKoehleprofessoratthe InstituteforPsychosomaticsandClinicalPsychologyatCologneUniversity. Visiting{{U}}?55?{{/U}}hesayscanactuallystrengthen interpersonalrelationships.Unfortunatelymanypeopleonlythinkofthis aspectduringthefirstfewweeks.??Thenagainnot{{U}} ?56?{{/U}}patientmaywanttoreceivevisitors.Soit’salways advisabletoarrangeavisit{{U}}?57?{{/U}}withthesickpersonora closefriendorrelative.Thatappliesparticularlytovisitstoahomeeven morethaninhospitalsaysIngeWolffheadoftheinternationalWorkingGroup onEtiquetteinBielefeld.??Butmoderationis{{U}}?58 ?{{/U}}.Therearefrequentcasesof{{U}}?59?{{/U}}illpeople ?becomingworn{{U}}?60?{{/U}}byanendlessstreamsofvisitors. That’swhenthedoctorsmightcallahalttoitsaysKoehlefromexperience. Andtheotherpatientsinthewardneedtobetakeninto{{U}}?61 ?{{/U}}toosaysetiquetteexpertIngeWolff.Theycanoftenfeelpestered byaneighbour’sfrequentvisits.??Mobilephonesshouldalwaysbe turnedoffandkeptoutof{{U}}?62?{{/U}}duringavisit.Otherwise thesickpersoncouldgettheimpressionthatthevisitorreallyhasnotimeand wouldliketobeoffassoonasanopportunemoment{{U}}?63?{{/U}} saysWolff.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}hospitalsforbidtheuseofcellphonesin thevicinityofhospitalequipment.??Visitorsshouldtakeasmall giftsuchasanewspaperormagazine{{U}}?65?{{/U}}abook.Sweetsare trickysaysIngeWolffbecausethepatientmaybeunderinstructionstokeepto aspecialdiet.Alsothepresentshouldn’tbetoolargeoroverthetop-- suchasahugebasketoffruit.
DefectiveGenesandHumanHealth Eachofuscarriesabouthalfadozendefective有缺点的genes.Weremainblissfully快乐地unawareofthisfactunlessweoroneofourcloserelativesareamongstthemanymillionswhosufferfromageneticdisease.Aboutoneintenpeoplehasorwilldevelopatsomelaterstageaninherited遗传的geneticdisorderandapproximately2800specificconditionsareknowntobecausedbydefectsmutationsinjustoneofthepatient’’sgenes.Somesinglegenedisordersarequitecommon-—cystic胞状的fibrosis纤维化isfoundinoneoutofevery2500babiesbornintheWesternWorld—andintotaldiseasesthatcanbetracedtosinglegenedefectsaccountforabout5%ofalladmissionstochildren’’shospitals. Mostofusdonotsufferanyharmfuleffectsfromourdefectivegenesbecausewecarrytwocopiesofnearlyallgenesonederivedfromourmotherandtheotherfromourfather.Theonlyexceptionstothisrulearethegenesfoundonthemalesexchromosomes染色体MaleshaveoneXandoneYchromosometheformerfromthemotherandthelatterfromthefathersoeachcellhasonlyonecopyofthegenesonthesechromosomes.Inthemajorityofcasesonenormalgeneissufficienttoavoidallthesymptomsofdisease.Ifthepotentiallyharmfulgeneisrecessive后退的thenitsnormalcounterpart配对的willcarryoutallthetasksassignedtoboth.Onlyifweinheritfromourparentstwocopiesofthesamerecessivegenewilladiseasedevelop. Ontheotherhandifthegeneisdominant显性的italonecanproducethediseaseevenifitscounterpartisnormal.Clearlyonlythechildrenofaparentwiththediseasecanbeaffectedandthenaverageonlyhalfthechildrenwillbeaffected.Huntington’’schorea舞蹈病aseverediseaseofthenervoussystemwhichbecomesapparentonlyinadulthoodisanexampleofadominantgeneticdisease. FinallytherearetheXchromosome-linkedgeneticdiseases.Asmaleshaveonlyonecopyofthegenesfromthischromosometherearenoothersavailabletofulfillthedefectivegene’’sfunction.ExamplesofsuchdiseasesareDuchennemusculardystrophy营养不良andperhapsmostwellknownofallhemophilia血友病. QueenVictoriawasacarrierofthedefectivegeneresponsibleforhemophiliaandthroughheritwastransmittedtotheroyalfamiliesofRussiaSpainandPrussia.MinorcutsandbruiseswhichwoulddolittleharmtomostpeoplecanprovefataltohemophiliacswholacktheproteinsFactorsVIIIandIV凝血因子VIII和IVinvolvedintheclotting血凝结ofbloodwhicharecodedforbythedefectivegenes.Sadlybeforetheseproteinsweremadeavailablethroughgeneticengineeringhemophiliacsweretreatedwithproteinsisolatedfromhumanblood.Someofthisbloodwascontaminated污损withtheAIDSvirusandhasresultedintragic悲惨的consequencesformanyhemophiliacs.Useofgeneticallyengineeredproteinsintherapeuticapplicationsratherthanbloodproductswillavoidtheseproblemsinthefuture. Notalldefectivegenesnecessarilyproducedetrimental有害的effectssincetheenvironmentinwhichthegeneoperatesisalsoofimportance.Aclassicexampleofageneticdiseasehavingabeneficialeffectonsurvivalisillustratedbytherelationshipbetweensickle-cell镶形血球anemia贫血症andmalaria疟病.Onlyindividualshavingtwocopiesofthesickle-cellgeneandonenormalgeneareunaffectedandmoreimportantlyareabletoresistinfection传染bymalarialparasites寄生虫.Theclearadvantageinthiscaseofhavingonedefectivegeneexplainswhythisgeneiscommoninpopulationsinthoseareasoftheworldwheremalariaisendemic特有的. WhichofthefollowingroyalfamilieswasnotaffectedbyhemophiliathroughQueenVictoria?
{{*HTML*}}? ?阅读下面的短文文章中有5处空白文章后有6组文字请根据文章的内容选择5组文字将其分别放回文章原有位置以恢复文章原貌 ??PriscillaOuchida’senergy-efficienthouseturnedouttobe ahorribledream.Whensheandherengineerhusbandmarriedafewyearsago theybuilta＄100000three-bedroomhomeinCalifornia.Tightlysealedto preventairleaksthehousewasequippedwithsmalldouble-parted双层玻璃的 windowsandseveralotherenergy-savingfeatures{{U}}?46?{{/U}}. Priscilla’seyesburned.Herthroatwasconstantlydry.Shesufferedfrom headachesandcouldhardlysleep.{{U}}?47?{{/U}}.??{{U}} ?48?{{/U}}.Thelevelofformaldehyde甲醛gasinherkitchenwastwice themaximumallowedbyfederalstandardsforchemicalworkers.Thesourceofthe gas?Hernewkitchencabinetsandwall-to-wallcarpeting.??The Ouchidasarevictimsofindoorairpollutionwhichisnotgivensufficient attentionpartlybecauseofthenation’sdrivetosaveenergy.{{U}}?49 ?{{/U}}.Theindoorenvironmentwasdirtylongbeforeenergyconservation camealongsaysMoschandreasapollutionscientistatGeometTechnologiesin Maryland.Energyconservationhastended?toaccentuatethesituationin somecases.??Theproblemappearstobemoretroublesomeinnewly constructedhomesratherthanoldones.Backinthedayswhenenergywascheap homebuildersdidn’tworrymuchaboutunsealedcracks.{{U}}?50?{{/U}}. Asaresultthepollutantsgeneratedinmosthouseholdsseldombuiltupto dangerouslevels.??A.Theproblemitselfisn’tnew.? ?B.Expertsfinallytracedthecauseofherillness.??C. Problemsbeganassoonasthecouplemovedinhowever.??D.They spentalotofmoneyondecoratingthehouse.??E.Becauseofsuch leakstheairinanaveragehomewasreplacedbyfreshoutdooraboutoncean hour.??F.Itwasastoughshehadsuddenlydevelopedastrange illness.
Heenduredallkindsofhardshipsinhissolosailingaroundtheworld.
Food ManyAmericansharbouragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.FergusClydesdaleheadofthedepartmentoffoodscienceandnutritionattheuniversityofMassachusettsAmherstsaysbluntlythatifthedangersfrombacteriallycontaminatedchickenwereasgreatassomepeoplebelieve.Thestreetswouldbelitteredwithpeoplelyinghereandthere. Thoughthepublicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfoodthereisnosuchthing.BruceAmeschairmanofthebiochemistrydepartmentattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleypointsoutthatupto10%ofaplant’’sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides杀虫剂.Sayshe;Sinceplantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselvestheyemploychemicalwarfare.Andmanynaturallyproducedchemicalsthoughoccurringintinyamountsproveinlaboratoryteststobestrongcarcinogens—asubstancewhichcancausecancer.Mushrooms蘑菇mightbebannediftheywerejudgedbythesamestandardsthatapplytofoodadditives添加剂.DeclaresChristinaStarkanutritionistatCornellUniversity:We’’vegotfarworstnaturalchemicalsinthefoodsupplythananythingman-made. Yettheissuesarenotthatsimple.WhileAmericanshavenoreasontotheterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertabletheyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.Theyunconsciouslyandunwillinglytakeintoomuchoftoomanydangerouschemicals.Iffoodalreadycontainsnaturalcarcinogensitdoesnotmakemuchsensetoadddozensofnewman-madeones.Thoughmostpeoplewillwithstandthesmallamountsofcontaminantsgenerallyfoundinfoodandwateratleastafewindividualswillprobablygetcanceronedaybecauseofwhattheyeatanddrink. TomakegoodfoodandwatersuppliesevenbettertheGovernmentneedstotightenitsregulatorystandardsstiffenitsinspectionprogramandstrengthenitsenforcementpolicies.Thefoodindustryshouldmodifysomelong-acceptedpracticesorturntolesshazardousalternatives.Perhapsmostimportantconsumerswillhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandleandcookfoodproperly.Theproblemsthatneedtobetackledexistallalongthefood-supplychainfromfieldstoprocessingplantstokitchens. BysayingtheyemploychemicalwarfareLine4Para.2BruseAmesmeansplantsproducecertainchemicalstocombatpestsanddisease.
Shelongedtobeenviedandsoughtafter.
Thedevelopmentofthetransistorandintegratedcircuitsrevolutionizedtheelectronicsindustrybyallowingcomponentstobepackagedmoredensely.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??Hospitalvisitscanbeunsettlingfor all{{U}}?51?{{/U}}andvisitorsareoftenunsureofhowtobehaveat thebedsideofsickfriendor{{U}}?52?{{/U}}.??Thismay explainwhysomanypeopleshyawayfromahospitalvisit--notforfearof infection{{U}}?53{{/U}}ratherofsayingthewrongthing.Byfollowingafew simpleguidelinesthoughembarrassmentcaneasilybeavoided.? ?Avisitisimportantforasickpersonbecauseitallowsthemto{{U}} ?54?{{/U}}socialcontactsaysKarlKoehleprofessoratthe InstituteforPsychosomaticsandClinicalPsychologyatCologneUniversity. Visiting{{U}}?55?{{/U}}hesayscanactuallystrengthen interpersonalrelationships.Unfortunatelymanypeopleonlythinkofthis aspectduringthefirstfewweeks.??Thenagainnot{{U}} ?56?{{/U}}patientmaywanttoreceivevisitors.Soit’salways advisabletoarrangeavisit{{U}}?57?{{/U}}withthesickpersonora closefriendorrelative.Thatappliesparticularlytovisitstoahomeeven morethaninhospitalsaysIngeWolffheadoftheinternationalWorkingGroup onEtiquetteinBielefeld.??Butmoderationis{{U}}?58 ?{{/U}}.Therearefrequentcasesof{{U}}?59?{{/U}}illpeople ?becomingworn{{U}}?60?{{/U}}byanendlessstreamsofvisitors. That’swhenthedoctorsmightcallahalttoitsaysKoehlefromexperience. Andtheotherpatientsinthewardneedtobetakeninto{{U}}?61 ?{{/U}}toosaysetiquetteexpertIngeWolff.Theycanoftenfeelpestered byaneighbour’sfrequentvisits.??Mobilephonesshouldalwaysbe turnedoffandkeptoutof{{U}}?62?{{/U}}duringavisit.Otherwise thesickpersoncouldgettheimpressionthatthevisitorreallyhasnotimeand wouldliketobeoffassoonasanopportunemoment{{U}}?63?{{/U}} saysWolff.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}hospitalsforbidtheuseofcellphonesin thevicinityofhospitalequipment.??Visitorsshouldtakeasmall giftsuchasanewspaperormagazine{{U}}?65?{{/U}}abook.Sweetsare trickysaysIngeWolffbecausethepatientmaybeunderinstructionstokeepto aspecialdiet.Alsothepresentshouldn’tbetoolargeoroverthetop-- suchasahugebasketoffruit.
{{*HTML*}}? ?阅读下面的短文文章中有5处空白文章后有6组文字请根据文章的内容选择5组文字将其分别放回文章原有位置以恢复文章原貌 ??PriscillaOuchida’senergy-efficienthouseturnedouttobe ahorribledream.Whensheandherengineerhusbandmarriedafewyearsago theybuilta＄100000three-bedroomhomeinCalifornia.Tightlysealedto preventairleaksthehousewasequippedwithsmalldouble-parted双层玻璃的 windowsandseveralotherenergy-savingfeatures{{U}}?46?{{/U}}. Priscilla’seyesburned.Herthroatwasconstantlydry.Shesufferedfrom headachesandcouldhardlysleep.{{U}}?47?{{/U}}.??{{U}} ?48?{{/U}}.Thelevelofformaldehyde甲醛gasinherkitchenwastwice themaximumallowedbyfederalstandardsforchemicalworkers.Thesourceofthe gas?Hernewkitchencabinetsandwall-to-wallcarpeting.??The Ouchidasarevictimsofindoorairpollutionwhichisnotgivensufficient attentionpartlybecauseofthenation’sdrivetosaveenergy.{{U}}?49 ?{{/U}}.Theindoorenvironmentwasdirtylongbeforeenergyconservation camealongsaysMoschandreasapollutionscientistatGeometTechnologiesin Maryland.Energyconservationhastended?toaccentuatethesituationin somecases.??Theproblemappearstobemoretroublesomeinnewly constructedhomesratherthanoldones.Backinthedayswhenenergywascheap homebuildersdidn’tworrymuchaboutunsealedcracks.{{U}}?50?{{/U}}. Asaresultthepollutantsgeneratedinmosthouseholdsseldombuiltupto dangerouslevels.??A.Theproblemitselfisn’tnew.? ?B.Expertsfinallytracedthecauseofherillness.??C. Problemsbeganassoonasthecouplemovedinhowever.??D.They spentalotofmoneyondecoratingthehouse.??E.Becauseofsuch leakstheairinanaveragehomewasreplacedbyfreshoutdooraboutoncean hour.??F.Itwasastoughshehadsuddenlydevelopedastrange illness.
Food ManyAmericansharbouragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.FergusClydesdaleheadofthedepartmentoffoodscienceandnutritionattheuniversityofMassachusettsAmherstsaysbluntlythatifthedangersfrombacteriallycontaminatedchickenwereasgreatassomepeoplebelieve.Thestreetswouldbelitteredwithpeoplelyinghereandthere. Thoughthepublicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfoodthereisnosuchthing.BruceAmeschairmanofthebiochemistrydepartmentattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleypointsoutthatupto10%ofaplant’’sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides杀虫剂.Sayshe;Sinceplantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselvestheyemploychemicalwarfare.Andmanynaturallyproducedchemicalsthoughoccurringintinyamountsproveinlaboratoryteststobestrongcarcinogens—asubstancewhichcancausecancer.Mushrooms蘑菇mightbebannediftheywerejudgedbythesamestandardsthatapplytofoodadditives添加剂.DeclaresChristinaStarkanutritionistatCornellUniversity:We’’vegotfarworstnaturalchemicalsinthefoodsupplythananythingman-made. Yettheissuesarenotthatsimple.WhileAmericanshavenoreasontotheterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertabletheyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.Theyunconsciouslyandunwillinglytakeintoomuchoftoomanydangerouschemicals.Iffoodalreadycontainsnaturalcarcinogensitdoesnotmakemuchsensetoadddozensofnewman-madeones.Thoughmostpeoplewillwithstandthesmallamountsofcontaminantsgenerallyfoundinfoodandwateratleastafewindividualswillprobablygetcanceronedaybecauseofwhattheyeatanddrink. TomakegoodfoodandwatersuppliesevenbettertheGovernmentneedstotightenitsregulatorystandardsstiffenitsinspectionprogramandstrengthenitsenforcementpolicies.Thefoodindustryshouldmodifysomelong-acceptedpracticesorturntolesshazardousalternatives.Perhapsmostimportantconsumerswillhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandleandcookfoodproperly.Theproblemsthatneedtobetackledexistallalongthefood-supplychainfromfieldstoprocessingplantstokitchens. TheauthorthinksthattheAmericanoverestimatethehazardsoftheirfood.
ThepriceissomewhathigherthanIexpected.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ??Sportisnotonlyphysically challengingbutitcanalsobementallychallenging.Criticismfromcoaches parentsandotherteammatesaswellaspressuretowincancreateanexcessive amountofanxietyorstressforyoungathletes运动员.Stresscanbephysical emotionalorpsychologicalandresearchhasindicatedthatitcanleadto burnout.Burnouthasbeendescribedasdroppingorquittingofanactivitythat wasatonetimeenjoyable.??Theearlyyearsofdevelopmentare criticalyearsforlearningaboutoneself.Thesportsettingisonewhere valuableexperiencescantakeplace.Youngathletescanforexamplelearnhow tocooperatewithothersmakefriendsandgainothersocialskillsthatwill beusedthroughouttheirlives.Coachesandparentsshouldbeawareatall timesthattheirfeedbacktoyoungsterscangreatlyaffecttheirchildren. Youngstersmaytaketheirparents’andcoaches’criticismstoheartandfinda flaw缺陷inthemselves.??Coachesandparentsshouldalsobe cautiousthatyouthsportparticipationdoesnotbecomeworkforchildren.The outcomeofthegameshouldnotbemoreimportantthattheprocessoflearning thesportandotherlifelessons.Intoday’syouthsportsettingyoungathletes maybeworryingmoreaboutwhowillwininsteadofenjoyingthemselvesandthe sport.Followingagamemanyparentsandcoachesfocusontheoutcomeandfind faultwithyoungsters’performances.Positivereinforcementshouldbeprovided regardlessoftheoutcome.Researchindicatedthatpositivereinforcement motivatesandhasagreatereffectonlearningthancriticism.Againcriticism cancreatehighlevelsofstresswhichcanleadto burnout.Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassageis______.
ModernDrugs Doctorssixtyyearsagocoulddolittletohelpvictimsofpolio.Seriouscasesusuallyendedindeath.In1955avaccinewasdevelopedthatpreventedthedisease.Todaypolioisnolongeramajorhealthproblem. Manyofthemostimportantdrugsthatdoctorsprescribetodayhavebeendevelopedinthelast30years.Moderndrugsarecomplexspecificandpowerful.Peopleneedtoknowmoreaboutdrugsinordertousethemsafely. Earlypeoplediscoveredbyaccidentthatsomeoftheplantsgrowingaroundthemseemedusefultohealsoresrelievepainorevencurediseases.Theseplantswerethefirstdrugs.Nowplantsarestillthesourceofsomedrugs.Quinineforexampleisabitter-tastingdrugusedtotreatthechillsandfeverofmalariaandtoreduceattacksofthedisease.ItismadefromthebarkofthecinchonatreewhichgrowsintheAndesMountains.TheIndiansofthatregionwerethefirsttousethebarkasamedicine.TheSpanishpeopleprobablybroughtittoEuropeintheearly1600s.Chemistslearnedhowtogetthepuredrugfromthebarkandin1944;itwasmadeartificiallyinthelaboratory. Otherimportantdrugssuchashormonesandvaccinesareobtainedfromanimals.Butmostofthemoderndrugscomefromchemicalcombinationsworkedoutbyresearchscientists.Mostpeopleneverseedrugsintheirsimpleformaschemicals.Insteadtheyareseenastabletscapsulesorliquidsthatcontainthedrugandotheringredients. Peopleusedrugstogetdifferentresults.Somedrugsattacktheorganismthatcausesadisease.Theycurebykillingtheorganism.Otherdrugsrelievewhatwecallthesymptomsofthedisease:theheadachepainfeverorchillsandmakethepatientmorecomfortable.Theseconstitutemostover-the-counterdrugs.Peoplecangetthemindrugstores. Itisimpliedinthepassagethatmostdrugscanbe______.
Food ManyAmericansharbouragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.FergusClydesdaleheadofthedepartmentoffoodscienceandnutritionattheuniversityofMassachusettsAmherstsaysbluntlythatifthedangersfrombacteriallycontaminatedchickenwereasgreatassomepeoplebelieve.Thestreetswouldbelitteredwithpeoplelyinghereandthere. Thoughthepublicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfoodthereisnosuchthing.BruceAmeschairmanofthebiochemistrydepartmentattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleypointsoutthatupto10%ofaplant’’sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides杀虫剂.Sayshe;Sinceplantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselvestheyemploychemicalwarfare.Andmanynaturallyproducedchemicalsthoughoccurringintinyamountsproveinlaboratoryteststobestrongcarcinogens—asubstancewhichcancausecancer.Mushrooms蘑菇mightbebannediftheywerejudgedbythesamestandardsthatapplytofoodadditives添加剂.DeclaresChristinaStarkanutritionistatCornellUniversity:We’’vegotfarworstnaturalchemicalsinthefoodsupplythananythingman-made. Yettheissuesarenotthatsimple.WhileAmericanshavenoreasontotheterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertabletheyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.Theyunconsciouslyandunwillinglytakeintoomuchoftoomanydangerouschemicals.Iffoodalreadycontainsnaturalcarcinogensitdoesnotmakemuchsensetoadddozensofnewman-madeones.Thoughmostpeoplewillwithstandthesmallamountsofcontaminantsgenerallyfoundinfoodandwateratleastafewindividualswillprobablygetcanceronedaybecauseofwhattheyeatanddrink. TomakegoodfoodandwatersuppliesevenbettertheGovernmentneedstotightenitsregulatorystandardsstiffenitsinspectionprogramandstrengthenitsenforcementpolicies.Thefoodindustryshouldmodifysomelong-acceptedpracticesorturntolesshazardousalternatives.Perhapsmostimportantconsumerswillhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandleandcookfoodproperly.Theproblemsthatneedtobetackledexistallalongthefood-supplychainfromfieldstoprocessingplantstokitchens. ThereisreasonforcautionbutnocauseToralarmwithregardtofoodconsumption.
TheU.Swasin1850adividednationhalfslaveandhalffree.
ThenumberoftheUnitesStatescitizenswhoareeligibletovotecontinuestoincrease.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??Hospitalvisitscanbeunsettlingfor all{{U}}?51?{{/U}}andvisitorsareoftenunsureofhowtobehaveat thebedsideofsickfriendor{{U}}?52?{{/U}}.??Thismay explainwhysomanypeopleshyawayfromahospitalvisit--notforfearof infection{{U}}?53{{/U}}ratherofsayingthewrongthing.Byfollowingafew simpleguidelinesthoughembarrassmentcaneasilybeavoided.? ?Avisitisimportantforasickpersonbecauseitallowsthemto{{U}} ?54?{{/U}}socialcontactsaysKarlKoehleprofessoratthe InstituteforPsychosomaticsandClinicalPsychologyatCologneUniversity. Visiting{{U}}?55?{{/U}}hesayscanactuallystrengthen interpersonalrelationships.Unfortunatelymanypeopleonlythinkofthis aspectduringthefirstfewweeks.??Thenagainnot{{U}} ?56?{{/U}}patientmaywanttoreceivevisitors.Soit’salways advisabletoarrangeavisit{{U}}?57?{{/U}}withthesickpersonora closefriendorrelative.Thatappliesparticularlytovisitstoahomeeven morethaninhospitalsaysIngeWolffheadoftheinternationalWorkingGroup onEtiquetteinBielefeld.??Butmoderationis{{U}}?58 ?{{/U}}.Therearefrequentcasesof{{U}}?59?{{/U}}illpeople ?becomingworn{{U}}?60?{{/U}}byanendlessstreamsofvisitors. That’swhenthedoctorsmightcallahalttoitsaysKoehlefromexperience. Andtheotherpatientsinthewardneedtobetakeninto{{U}}?61 ?{{/U}}toosaysetiquetteexpertIngeWolff.Theycanoftenfeelpestered byaneighbour’sfrequentvisits.??Mobilephonesshouldalwaysbe turnedoffandkeptoutof{{U}}?62?{{/U}}duringavisit.Otherwise thesickpersoncouldgettheimpressionthatthevisitorreallyhasnotimeand wouldliketobeoffassoonasanopportunemoment{{U}}?63?{{/U}} saysWolff.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}hospitalsforbidtheuseofcellphonesin thevicinityofhospitalequipment.??Visitorsshouldtakeasmall giftsuchasanewspaperormagazine{{U}}?65?{{/U}}abook.Sweetsare trickysaysIngeWolffbecausethepatientmaybeunderinstructionstokeepto aspecialdiet.Alsothepresentshouldn’tbetoolargeoroverthetop-- suchasahugebasketoffruit.
Vegetarianism Astrictvegetarianisapersonwhoneverinhislifeeatsanythingderivedfromanimals.Themainobjectiontovegetarianismonalong-termbasisisthedifficultytogettingenoughproteinthebodybuildingelementsinfood.Ifyouhaveeverbeenwithoutmeatoranimalfoodsforsomedaysofweekssayreligiousreasonsyouwillhavenoticedthatyoutendtogetphysicallyratherweak.Youaregladwhenthefastisoverandyougetyourrewardofasucculentmeatmeal.Proteinsarebuiltupfromapproximatelytwentyfoodelementscalledamino-acidswhicharefoundmoreabundantlyinanimalproteinthaninvegetableprotein.Thismeansyouhavetoeatagreatdealmorevegetablethananimalfoodinordertogetenoughoftheseamino-acids.Agreatofthevegetablefoodgoestowasteinthisprocessandfromthephysiologicalpointofviewthereisnotmuchtobesaidinfavoroflife-longvegetarianism. Theeconomicsideofthequestionthoughmustbeconsidered.Vegetablefoodismuchcheaperthananimalfood.Howeversinceonlyasmallproportionofthevegetableproteinisusefulforbody-buildingpurposesaconsistentvegetarianifheistogainthenecessary70gramsofproteinadayhastoconsumeagreaterbulkoffoodthanhisdigestiveorganscancomfortablydealwith.Infairnessthoughitmustbepointedoutthatvegetariansclaimtheyneedfarlessthan70gramsofproteinaday. Whetherornotvegetarianismshouldbeadvocatedforadultsitisdefinitelyunsatisfactoryforgrowingchildrenwhoneedmoreproteinthantheycangetfromvegetablesource’’s.Alacto-vegetariandietwhichincludesmilkandmilkproductssuchascheesecanhoweverbesatisfactoryaslongasenoughmilkandmilkproductsareconsumed. Meatandcheesearethebestsourcesofusabledigestibleandnextcomemilkfishandeggs.Slowandcarefulcookingofmeatmakesitmoredigestibleandassistsinthebreakingdownoftheproteincontentbythebody.Whencookingvegetableshoweverthevitaminsandinparticularthewater-solubevitaminCshouldbelostthroughovercooking. Whichofthefollowingisbestreflectedtheauthor’sattitude?
Vegetarianism Astrictvegetarianisapersonwhoneverinhislifeeatsanythingderivedfromanimals.Themainobjectiontovegetarianismonalong-termbasisisthedifficultytogettingenoughproteinthebodybuildingelementsinfood.Ifyouhaveeverbeenwithoutmeatoranimalfoodsforsomedaysofweekssayreligiousreasonsyouwillhavenoticedthatyoutendtogetphysicallyratherweak.Youaregladwhenthefastisoverandyougetyourrewardofasucculentmeatmeal.Proteinsarebuiltupfromapproximatelytwentyfoodelementscalledamino-acidswhicharefoundmoreabundantlyinanimalproteinthaninvegetableprotein.Thismeansyouhavetoeatagreatdealmorevegetablethananimalfoodinordertogetenoughoftheseamino-acids.Agreatofthevegetablefoodgoestowasteinthisprocessandfromthephysiologicalpointofviewthereisnotmuchtobesaidinfavoroflife-longvegetarianism. Theeconomicsideofthequestionthoughmustbeconsidered.Vegetablefoodismuchcheaperthananimalfood.Howeversinceonlyasmallproportionofthevegetableproteinisusefulforbody-buildingpurposesaconsistentvegetarianifheistogainthenecessary70gramsofproteinadayhastoconsumeagreaterbulkoffoodthanhisdigestiveorganscancomfortablydealwith.Infairnessthoughitmustbepointedoutthatvegetariansclaimtheyneedfarlessthan70gramsofproteinaday. Whetherornotvegetarianismshouldbeadvocatedforadultsitisdefinitelyunsatisfactoryforgrowingchildrenwhoneedmoreproteinthantheycangetfromvegetablesource’’s.Alacto-vegetariandietwhichincludesmilkandmilkproductssuchascheesecanhoweverbesatisfactoryaslongasenoughmilkandmilkproductsareconsumed. Meatandcheesearethebestsourcesofusabledigestibleandnextcomemilkfishandeggs.Slowandcarefulcookingofmeatmakesitmoredigestibleandassistsinthebreakingdownoftheproteincontentbythebody.Whencookingvegetableshoweverthevitaminsandinparticularthewater-solubevitaminCshouldbelostthroughovercooking. Avegetarianisapersonwho______.
Food ManyAmericansharbouragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.FergusClydesdaleheadofthedepartmentoffoodscienceandnutritionattheuniversityofMassachusettsAmherstsaysbluntlythatifthedangersfrombacteriallycontaminatedchickenwereasgreatassomepeoplebelieve.Thestreetswouldbelitteredwithpeoplelyinghereandthere. Thoughthepublicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfoodthereisnosuchthing.BruceAmeschairmanofthebiochemistrydepartmentattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleypointsoutthatupto10%ofaplant’’sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides杀虫剂.Sayshe;Sinceplantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselvestheyemploychemicalwarfare.Andmanynaturallyproducedchemicalsthoughoccurringintinyamountsproveinlaboratoryteststobestrongcarcinogens—asubstancewhichcancausecancer.Mushrooms蘑菇mightbebannediftheywerejudgedbythesamestandardsthatapplytofoodadditives添加剂.DeclaresChristinaStarkanutritionistatCornellUniversity:We’’vegotfarworstnaturalchemicalsinthefoodsupplythananythingman-made. Yettheissuesarenotthatsimple.WhileAmericanshavenoreasontotheterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertabletheyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.Theyunconsciouslyandunwillinglytakeintoomuchoftoomanydangerouschemicals.Iffoodalreadycontainsnaturalcarcinogensitdoesnotmakemuchsensetoadddozensofnewman-madeones.Thoughmostpeoplewillwithstandthesmallamountsofcontaminantsgenerallyfoundinfoodandwateratleastafewindividualswillprobablygetcanceronedaybecauseofwhattheyeatanddrink. TomakegoodfoodandwatersuppliesevenbettertheGovernmentneedstotightenitsregulatorystandardsstiffenitsinspectionprogramandstrengthenitsenforcementpolicies.Thefoodindustryshouldmodifysomelong-acceptedpracticesorturntolesshazardousalternatives.Perhapsmostimportantconsumerswillhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandleandcookfoodproperly.Theproblemsthatneedtobetackledexistallalongthefood-supplychainfromfieldstoprocessingplantstokitchens. Eatinganddrinkinghavebecomemorehazardousthanbefore.
DefectiveGenesandHumanHealth Eachofuscarriesabouthalfadozendefective有缺点的genes.Weremainblissfully快乐地unawareofthisfactunlessweoroneofourcloserelativesareamongstthemanymillionswhosufferfromageneticdisease.Aboutoneintenpeoplehasorwilldevelopatsomelaterstageaninherited遗传的geneticdisorderandapproximately2800specificconditionsareknowntobecausedbydefectsmutationsinjustoneofthepatient’’sgenes.Somesinglegenedisordersarequitecommon-—cystic胞状的fibrosis纤维化isfoundinoneoutofevery2500babiesbornintheWesternWorld—andintotaldiseasesthatcanbetracedtosinglegenedefectsaccountforabout5%ofalladmissionstochildren’’shospitals. Mostofusdonotsufferanyharmfuleffectsfromourdefectivegenesbecausewecarrytwocopiesofnearlyallgenesonederivedfromourmotherandtheotherfromourfather.Theonlyexceptionstothisrulearethegenesfoundonthemalesexchromosomes染色体MaleshaveoneXandoneYchromosometheformerfromthemotherandthelatterfromthefathersoeachcellhasonlyonecopyofthegenesonthesechromosomes.Inthemajorityofcasesonenormalgeneissufficienttoavoidallthesymptomsofdisease.Ifthepotentiallyharmfulgeneisrecessive后退的thenitsnormalcounterpart配对的willcarryoutallthetasksassignedtoboth.Onlyifweinheritfromourparentstwocopiesofthesamerecessivegenewilladiseasedevelop. Ontheotherhandifthegeneisdominant显性的italonecanproducethediseaseevenifitscounterpartisnormal.Clearlyonlythechildrenofaparentwiththediseasecanbeaffectedandthenaverageonlyhalfthechildrenwillbeaffected.Huntington’’schorea舞蹈病aseverediseaseofthenervoussystemwhichbecomesapparentonlyinadulthoodisanexampleofadominantgeneticdisease. FinallytherearetheXchromosome-linkedgeneticdiseases.Asmaleshaveonlyonecopyofthegenesfromthischromosometherearenoothersavailabletofulfillthedefectivegene’’sfunction.ExamplesofsuchdiseasesareDuchennemusculardystrophy营养不良andperhapsmostwellknownofallhemophilia血友病. QueenVictoriawasacarrierofthedefectivegeneresponsibleforhemophiliaandthroughheritwastransmittedtotheroyalfamiliesofRussiaSpainandPrussia.MinorcutsandbruiseswhichwoulddolittleharmtomostpeoplecanprovefataltohemophiliacswholacktheproteinsFactorsVIIIandIV凝血因子VIII和IVinvolvedintheclotting血凝结ofbloodwhicharecodedforbythedefectivegenes.Sadlybeforetheseproteinsweremadeavailablethroughgeneticengineeringhemophiliacsweretreatedwithproteinsisolatedfromhumanblood.Someofthisbloodwascontaminated污损withtheAIDSvirusandhasresultedintragic悲惨的consequencesformanyhemophiliacs.Useofgeneticallyengineeredproteinsintherapeuticapplicationsratherthanbloodproductswillavoidtheseproblemsinthefuture. Notalldefectivegenesnecessarilyproducedetrimental有害的effectssincetheenvironmentinwhichthegeneoperatesisalsoofimportance.Aclassicexampleofageneticdiseasehavingabeneficialeffectonsurvivalisillustratedbytherelationshipbetweensickle-cell镶形血球anemia贫血症andmalaria疟病.Onlyindividualshavingtwocopiesofthesickle-cellgeneandonenormalgeneareunaffectedandmoreimportantlyareabletoresistinfection传染bymalarialparasites寄生虫.Theclearadvantageinthiscaseofhavingonedefectivegeneexplainswhythisgeneiscommoninpopulationsinthoseareasoftheworldwheremalariaisendemic特有的. WhichofthefollowingstatementisTRUE?
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??Hospitalvisitscanbeunsettlingfor all{{U}}?51?{{/U}}andvisitorsareoftenunsureofhowtobehaveat thebedsideofsickfriendor{{U}}?52?{{/U}}.??Thismay explainwhysomanypeopleshyawayfromahospitalvisit--notforfearof infection{{U}}?53{{/U}}ratherofsayingthewrongthing.Byfollowingafew simpleguidelinesthoughembarrassmentcaneasilybeavoided.? ?Avisitisimportantforasickpersonbecauseitallowsthemto{{U}} ?54?{{/U}}socialcontactsaysKarlKoehleprofessoratthe InstituteforPsychosomaticsandClinicalPsychologyatCologneUniversity. Visiting{{U}}?55?{{/U}}hesayscanactuallystrengthen interpersonalrelationships.Unfortunatelymanypeopleonlythinkofthis aspectduringthefirstfewweeks.??Thenagainnot{{U}} ?56?{{/U}}patientmaywanttoreceivevisitors.Soit’salways advisabletoarrangeavisit{{U}}?57?{{/U}}withthesickpersonora closefriendorrelative.Thatappliesparticularlytovisitstoahomeeven morethaninhospitalsaysIngeWolffheadoftheinternationalWorkingGroup onEtiquetteinBielefeld.??Butmoderationis{{U}}?58 ?{{/U}}.Therearefrequentcasesof{{U}}?59?{{/U}}illpeople ?becomingworn{{U}}?60?{{/U}}byanendlessstreamsofvisitors. That’swhenthedoctorsmightcallahalttoitsaysKoehlefromexperience. Andtheotherpatientsinthewardneedtobetakeninto{{U}}?61 ?{{/U}}toosaysetiquetteexpertIngeWolff.Theycanoftenfeelpestered byaneighbour’sfrequentvisits.??Mobilephonesshouldalwaysbe turnedoffandkeptoutof{{U}}?62?{{/U}}duringavisit.Otherwise thesickpersoncouldgettheimpressionthatthevisitorreallyhasnotimeand wouldliketobeoffassoonasanopportunemoment{{U}}?63?{{/U}} saysWolff.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}hospitalsforbidtheuseofcellphonesin thevicinityofhospitalequipment.??Visitorsshouldtakeasmall giftsuchasanewspaperormagazine{{U}}?65?{{/U}}abook.Sweetsare trickysaysIngeWolffbecausethepatientmaybeunderinstructionstokeepto aspecialdiet.Alsothepresentshouldn’tbetoolargeoroverthetop-- suchasahugebasketoffruit.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??Hospitalvisitscanbeunsettlingfor all{{U}}?51?{{/U}}andvisitorsareoftenunsureofhowtobehaveat thebedsideofsickfriendor{{U}}?52?{{/U}}.??Thismay explainwhysomanypeopleshyawayfromahospitalvisit--notforfearof infection{{U}}?53{{/U}}ratherofsayingthewrongthing.Byfollowingafew simpleguidelinesthoughembarrassmentcaneasilybeavoided.? ?Avisitisimportantforasickpersonbecauseitallowsthemto{{U}} ?54?{{/U}}socialcontactsaysKarlKoehleprofessoratthe InstituteforPsychosomaticsandClinicalPsychologyatCologneUniversity. Visiting{{U}}?55?{{/U}}hesayscanactuallystrengthen interpersonalrelationships.Unfortunatelymanypeopleonlythinkofthis aspectduringthefirstfewweeks.??Thenagainnot{{U}} ?56?{{/U}}patientmaywanttoreceivevisitors.Soit’salways advisabletoarrangeavisit{{U}}?57?{{/U}}withthesickpersonora closefriendorrelative.Thatappliesparticularlytovisitstoahomeeven morethaninhospitalsaysIngeWolffheadoftheinternationalWorkingGroup onEtiquetteinBielefeld.??Butmoderationis{{U}}?58 ?{{/U}}.Therearefrequentcasesof{{U}}?59?{{/U}}illpeople ?becomingworn{{U}}?60?{{/U}}byanendlessstreamsofvisitors. That’swhenthedoctorsmightcallahalttoitsaysKoehlefromexperience. Andtheotherpatientsinthewardneedtobetakeninto{{U}}?61 ?{{/U}}toosaysetiquetteexpertIngeWolff.Theycanoftenfeelpestered byaneighbour’sfrequentvisits.??Mobilephonesshouldalwaysbe turnedoffandkeptoutof{{U}}?62?{{/U}}duringavisit.Otherwise thesickpersoncouldgettheimpressionthatthevisitorreallyhasnotimeand wouldliketobeoffassoonasanopportunemoment{{U}}?63?{{/U}} saysWolff.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}hospitalsforbidtheuseofcellphonesin thevicinityofhospitalequipment.??Visitorsshouldtakeasmall giftsuchasanewspaperormagazine{{U}}?65?{{/U}}abook.Sweetsare trickysaysIngeWolffbecausethepatientmaybeunderinstructionstokeepto aspecialdiet.Alsothepresentshouldn’tbetoolargeoroverthetop-- suchasahugebasketoffruit.
Itistakenforgrantedthatapianowithoutanydefectswouldproduceverygrandmusic.
EdwinHubble EdwinHubblechangedourideasabouttheuniverseandhowitdeveloped.Theworkoffewotherscientistschangedourunderstandingof【51】suddenly.Hemadehismostimportantdiscoveriesinthe1920s.Todayotherscientistscontinuetheworkhebeganbackthen.EdwinPowellHubblewasbornin1889inMarshfieldMissouri.He【52】hisearlyyearsinthestateofKentucky.ThenhemovedwithhisfamilytoChicagoIllinois.HeattendedtheUniversityofChicagotakingmathematicsandastronomy【53】hisspecialty. AsastudentHubblewasalsoamemberoftheUniversity’’sbasketballteamandanexcellentboxer.Severalpeopleurgedhim【54】fortheworldheavyweightboxingchampionshipaftercollege.Insteadhedecidedtocontinuehis【55】. InhisfirstobservationsfromMountWilsonCaliforniaHubbleusedatelescopewithone-hundredfifty-twoandbegan【56】moreandmoredistantobjects.Hisfirstgreatdiscoverywasmade【57】herecognizedaCepheidvariablestar.Cepheidvariablestarsarestarswhosebrightnesschangesatregularperiods. Hubblethenbegantoobservemoredetailsaboutgalaxies.Hestudiedtheirshapesandbrightness.By1925hehadmadeenoughobservationstosaythattheuniverseisorganizedintomanyshapesandsizes. Asstarsdifferfromoneanotherhesaid【58】galaxies.Accordingtohisobservationsthegalaxieshaveacenterandarmsofmatterthatseemtothecenterlikeapinwheel.Otherareshaped【59】baseballsoreggs.Afewhavenospecial【60】Hubbleproposedasystemtodescribegalaxiesbytheirshape.Hissystemisstillusedtoday.Healsoshowedthat【61】aresimilarinthekindsofbrightobjectstheycontain.Allgalaxies【62】arerelatedtoeachothermuchasmembersofafamilyarerelatedtoeachother. Inthelate1920sHubblestudiedthemovementofgalaxiesthroughspace.Hisinvestigationledtothemostimportant【63】discoveryofthe20thcentury—theexpandinguniverse. Hubbiesdiscovery【64】amajorchangeinourideasoftheuniverse.Theuniversehadnotbeenquietandunchangingsincethebeginningoftimeasmanypeoplehadthought.Itwasexpanding.Theexpandingoftenis【65】theBigBang.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??Hospitalvisitscanbeunsettlingfor all{{U}}?51?{{/U}}andvisitorsareoftenunsureofhowtobehaveat thebedsideofsickfriendor{{U}}?52?{{/U}}.??Thismay explainwhysomanypeopleshyawayfromahospitalvisit--notforfearof infection{{U}}?53{{/U}}ratherofsayingthewrongthing.Byfollowingafew simpleguidelinesthoughembarrassmentcaneasilybeavoided.? ?Avisitisimportantforasickpersonbecauseitallowsthemto{{U}} ?54?{{/U}}socialcontactsaysKarlKoehleprofessoratthe InstituteforPsychosomaticsandClinicalPsychologyatCologneUniversity. Visiting{{U}}?55?{{/U}}hesayscanactuallystrengthen interpersonalrelationships.Unfortunatelymanypeopleonlythinkofthis aspectduringthefirstfewweeks.??Thenagainnot{{U}} ?56?{{/U}}patientmaywanttoreceivevisitors.Soit’salways advisabletoarrangeavisit{{U}}?57?{{/U}}withthesickpersonora closefriendorrelative.Thatappliesparticularlytovisitstoahomeeven morethaninhospitalsaysIngeWolffheadoftheinternationalWorkingGroup onEtiquetteinBielefeld.??Butmoderationis{{U}}?58 ?{{/U}}.Therearefrequentcasesof{{U}}?59?{{/U}}illpeople ?becomingworn{{U}}?60?{{/U}}byanendlessstreamsofvisitors. That’swhenthedoctorsmightcallahalttoitsaysKoehlefromexperience. Andtheotherpatientsinthewardneedtobetakeninto{{U}}?61 ?{{/U}}toosaysetiquetteexpertIngeWolff.Theycanoftenfeelpestered byaneighbour’sfrequentvisits.??Mobilephonesshouldalwaysbe turnedoffandkeptoutof{{U}}?62?{{/U}}duringavisit.Otherwise thesickpersoncouldgettheimpressionthatthevisitorreallyhasnotimeand wouldliketobeoffassoonasanopportunemoment{{U}}?63?{{/U}} saysWolff.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}hospitalsforbidtheuseofcellphonesin thevicinityofhospitalequipment.??Visitorsshouldtakeasmall giftsuchasanewspaperormagazine{{U}}?65?{{/U}}abook.Sweetsare trickysaysIngeWolffbecausethepatientmaybeunderinstructionstokeepto aspecialdiet.Alsothepresentshouldn’tbetoolargeoroverthetop-- suchasahugebasketoffruit.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 ??Hospitalvisitscanbeunsettlingfor all{{U}}?51?{{/U}}andvisitorsareoftenunsureofhowtobehaveat thebedsideofsickfriendor{{U}}?52?{{/U}}.??Thismay explainwhysomanypeopleshyawayfromahospitalvisit--notforfearof infection{{U}}?53{{/U}}ratherofsayingthewrongthing.Byfollowingafew simpleguidelinesthoughembarrassmentcaneasilybeavoided.? ?Avisitisimportantforasickpersonbecauseitallowsthemto{{U}} ?54?{{/U}}socialcontactsaysKarlKoehleprofessoratthe InstituteforPsychosomaticsandClinicalPsychologyatCologneUniversity. Visiting{{U}}?55?{{/U}}hesayscanactuallystrengthen interpersonalrelationships.Unfortunatelymanypeopleonlythinkofthis aspectduringthefirstfewweeks.??Thenagainnot{{U}} ?56?{{/U}}patientmaywanttoreceivevisitors.Soit’salways advisabletoarrangeavisit{{U}}?57?{{/U}}withthesickpersonora closefriendorrelative.Thatappliesparticularlytovisitstoahomeeven morethaninhospitalsaysIngeWolffheadoftheinternationalWorkingGroup onEtiquetteinBielefeld.??Butmoderationis{{U}}?58 ?{{/U}}.Therearefrequentcasesof{{U}}?59?{{/U}}illpeople ?becomingworn{{U}}?60?{{/U}}byanendlessstreamsofvisitors. That’swhenthedoctorsmightcallahalttoitsaysKoehlefromexperience. Andtheotherpatientsinthewardneedtobetakeninto{{U}}?61 ?{{/U}}toosaysetiquetteexpertIngeWolff.Theycanoftenfeelpestered byaneighbour’sfrequentvisits.??Mobilephonesshouldalwaysbe turnedoffandkeptoutof{{U}}?62?{{/U}}duringavisit.Otherwise thesickpersoncouldgettheimpressionthatthevisitorreallyhasnotimeand wouldliketobeoffassoonasanopportunemoment{{U}}?63?{{/U}} saysWolff.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}hospitalsforbidtheuseofcellphonesin thevicinityofhospitalequipment.??Visitorsshouldtakeasmall giftsuchasanewspaperormagazine{{U}}?65?{{/U}}abook.Sweetsare trickysaysIngeWolffbecausethepatientmaybeunderinstructionstokeepto aspecialdiet.Alsothepresentshouldn’tbetoolargeoroverthetop-- suchasahugebasketoffruit.
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