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Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed...
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2002年11月举行的北约首脑会议决定接纳爱沙尼亚拉脱维亚立陶宛等七国成为其新成员北约的战略空间大大扩展俄罗斯虽然反对北约东扩但由于国力所限又无可奈何因而反应平静上述事实说明
Directions:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41~45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist A~Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhich donotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. AtYaleUniversitysometenstudentsliveoffcampusina cooperativehometheycalltheGreenHouse.41__________.Lateatnightthey drivetothestoreandquietlyjumpintoitscar-sizeddumpsterpickingout unopenedpackagesofstillfreshfood.Theyfindmilkeggsbreadandcookies chocolatesoupvegetablesevenfrozenpizzasandsoymilk.Notonlyaremost GreenHouseresidentsvegetarianbuttheyarealsomoderatefreegansmeaning thattheyeatmainlywhattheycangetforfree.Thesestudentsofcourseare tryingtoleaveassmallanecologicalfootprintaspossible. 42__________.AcrossAmericaotherdevoutenvironmentaliststireoffthe gridbuildingshacksinthewildernesswithoutrunningwaterorelectricity. Frustratedwithenvironmentaldestructionandwastetheyhaverenouncedthe systemthatfostersandperpetuatesit.Suchasceticanti-consumerismmaybethe mostdramaticsideofenvironmentalismanditleadstoculturalfermentthat cansetintomotionpoliticalandeconomicchange.Itspractitionersfocuson personalsacrificehopingthattheiridealsandasceticismwillspreadlikea religion.43__________.Ourpoliticalandeconomicsystemsare deeplyimmature.Environmentalistsneedmspendjustasmuchenergy organizingpoliticalandeconomicenvironmentalism.Alsoold-fashioned environmentalismoftenassumesthatbusinessisopposedtoenvironmental protection.InfactthousandsofUScompaniesarediscoveringoftenwiththe helpofenergyconsultantshowmuchmoneytheyhavetostandfrombecoming environmentallyefficient:savingenergyandrecyclingwithinindustry.The recentbookNaturalCapitalism:CreatingtheNextIndustrialRevolutionbyPaul HawkenetalnowtranslatedintoChineseshouldgetsomeofthecreditfor bringingaboutthistransformationinattitudes.Paradoxically theUSisboththebirthplaceofglobalenvironmentalismandtheworld’sbiggest environmentalspender.RomanticismtheEuropeanandAmericanliteraryand artisticmovementthatfoundGodinthewildernesshadastronglongterm impactonAmericanthinkingstartinginthemiddlethirdofthe19thcentury. InparticularrenewedattentiontotheessaysofHenryDavidThoreau1817-62 helpedlaunchmodernenvironmentalismacenturyafterhisdeath.44__________Why thediscrepancyMostenvironmentaldamagecannotbeboileddown tothechoicesmadebyindividuals.Ratherindividualsarelockedintoa systeminwhichheavyindustrycommitsthemajorityofecologicalcrimes buttressedbyaneconomicsystemthatsquandersnaturalresources.The governmentgivesawayminingrightsandopenspublicforeststologgers practicallyforfree——andbigbusinessspendsmillionsofdollarstomakesure politicianskeepondoingso.45__________.Formanyenvironmentalproblemsthe solutionisorganizedpoliticalpressureandentrepreneurial innovation.A.Attimesthemoralconvictionandworldviewof theGreenHouseappearasallencompassingasareligiousfaith.GreenHouse inmatesliveinthemostenvironmentallypiouswayonecouldconceiveofin thecity.B.Buteffectiveenvironmentalismrequiresmorethan wordsmorethanculturalchange.Itrequireslegalandeconomicreform.It demandshistoricallyunprecedentedpoliciesincorporatingthevalueofcherished naturalresourcesinmarketcalculations.Itcallsforneworganizationsand entrepreneurialcommitment.AnyonehaveanyideasC.Butone drawbackoffocusingenvironmentalistenergyonabstainingfrompersonal consumptionisthatsuchanapproachcandistractpeoplefromthelargermuses ofenvironmentaldestructionwhichcannotbeaffectedbyindividualchoicesto consumeornottoconsume.D.Othergovernmentsubsidiessupport severalfilthyindustries.Whilethegovernmentpaysfornewfreewaysthus subsidizingautomobilesitignorestrainsandbusnetworks.Pollutersdon’t paytherealcostofexternalitiessuchastoxicwasteandairandwater pollution.E.Theyrecyclecansbottlesandpapermeticulously sortingthemintothebinscollectedbymunicipaltrucksinAmericancities. Theyreusegreywatermeaningthattheyplugthedrainwhentheyshowerand thenusebucketstoflushthetoiletwiththeoldsoapywater.Topreventfood fromgoingtowastetheyevengetmostoftheirgroceriesoutofthetrashof anupscalegrocerystore.F.Weshouldrecallhoweverthat environmentalistshaveoftenbeenfobbedoffwithtokengesturesidletalkand unimplementedtreaties.EvenPresidentBushwhohastheworstenvironmental recordofanyAmericanpresidentsofarhasmasteredtheartoflargelyempty environmentalistrhetoric.G.YettodayAmericawithonly596 oftheworld’spopulationproduces2496ofglobalcarbondioxideemissions.The USlikemanyotherrichcountrieshascleanedupitsairandwaterbutitis stillthebiggestcontributortothegreatestenvironmentalthreateverglobal climatechange.
Text4 Theenergycrisiswhichisbeingfelt aroundtheworldhasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth’sresources hasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Theover-development ofmotortransportwithitsincreaseofmorecarsmorehighwaysmore pollutionmoresuburbsmorecommutinghascontributedtothenear-destruction ofourcitiesthebrokeupofthefamilyandthepollutionnotonlyoflocal airbutalsooftheearth’satmosphere.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheformof theenergycrisis.Ourpresentsituationisunlikewar revolutionordepression.Itisalsounlikethegreatnaturaldisastersofthe past.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastate wherelong-rangeplanningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationof ourpresentseriousstatewhichendangersthefutureofourcountryour childrenandourearthbutamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertowork rapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems.Thiscountryhas beenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossmoralityandthe revelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesintheland. Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvast enoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepastithas beenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatand peoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly.This isthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatwehold dearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanetwhoshare withusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisa commonneedtoreassessourpresentcoursetochangethatcourseandtodevise newmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapriceless opportunity.Tograspitweneedawidespreadunderstandingof natureinthecrisisconfrontingus—andtheworld—acrisisthatisno passinginconveniencenobyproductoftheambitionsoftheoil-producing countriesnoenvironmentalists’merefearsnoby-productofanypresentsystem ofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfour hundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestylecan flowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnologybutitsacceptancedependsona sinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld’schildren andfuturegeneration.Whatcontributiondoestheauthorfeelpeoplemustnowmake
坚持独立自主的和平外交政策的首要任务是
中美两国就中国加入世界贸易组织签署的双边协议为中国入世扫清了最大障碍铺平了道路__称这次协议的签署是一个双赢的成果符合中美两国的利益克林顿称美中达成的中国入世协议对中国来说是件好事对美国来说是件好事对世界来说也是件好事日本欧盟等也都对中美达成协议表示欢迎这表明①国家利益是决定国家关系的最基本因素国家间的共同利益是国家合作的基础②事物的发展趋势是前进的但道路是曲折的③当代世界是开放的世界各国间的经济联系日益加强经济全球化趋势愈来愈明显④中美两国已消除了分歧共同迈向21世纪
和平与发展这两大问题的核心是
我国独立自主的和平外交政策应坚持把
中国在对外政策中最根本的是
Text2 MuchoftheAmericananxietyaboutold ageisaflightfromtherealityofdeath.Oneofthestrikingqualitiesofthe Americancharacteristheunwillingnesstofaceeitherthefactormeaningof death.InthemoresombertraditionofAmericanliterature-fromHawthorneand MelvilleandPoetoFaulknerandHemingway—onefindsatragicdepththatbelies thesurfacethinnessoftheordinaryAmericandeathattitudes.Byan effortoftheimaginationthegreatwritersfacedproblemsthattheculturein actionisreluctanttoface—thefactofdeathitsmysteryanditsplacein. theback-and-forthshuttlingoftheeternalrecurrence.Theunblinking confrontationofdeathinGreektimetheelaboratetheologicalpatternswoven arounditintheMiddleAgestheritualcelebrationofitintherichpeasant culturesofLatinandSlavicEuropeandinprimitivecultures;theseare difficulttofindinAmericanlife.Whetherthroughfearofthe emotionaldepthsorbecauseofadryingupofthesluicesofreligious intensitytheAmericanavoidsdwellingondeathorevencorningtotermswith it;hefindsitmorbidandrecoilsfromitsurroundingitwithwordavoidance Americansneverdie;theypassawayandvarioustaboosofspeechand practice.Afuneralparlorisdecoratedtolooklikeabank;everythingina funeralceremonyisdoneinhushedtonesasifitweresomethingfurtivetobe concealedfromtheworld;thereissomuchemphasisonbeingdignifiedthatthe ceremonyoftenlosesitsqualityofdignity.Insomeoftheprimitivecultures thereisdifficultyinunderstandingthemusesofdeath;itseemspuzzlingand evenunintelligible.LivinginascientificcultureAmericanshaveaready enoughexplanationofhowitcomesyettheyshowlittlecapacitytocometo termswiththefactofdeathitselfandwiththegriefthataccompaniesit.We jubilateoverbirthanddanceatweddingswritesMargaretMeadbutmoreand morehustlethedeathoffthescenewithoutceremonywithoutan opportunityforyoungandoldtorealizethatdeathisasmuchafactoflifeas isbirth.Andonemayaddeveninitshurryandbrevitythelaststageofan American’slife—thelastoccasionofthisrelationtohissociety—isas standardizedastherest.InthenovelsofHawthorneandMelvilleonewillfind______.
Text3 InrecentyearsAmericansocietyhas becomeincreasinglydependentonitsuniversitiestofindsolutionstoitsmajor problems.Itistheuniversitiesthathavebeenchargedwiththeprincipal responsibilityfordevelopingtheexpertisetoplacemenonthemoon;for dealingwithoururbanproblemsandwithourdeterioratingenvironment;for developingthemeanstofeedtheworld’srapidlyincreasingpopulation.The effortinvolvedinmeetingthesedemandspresentsitsownproblems.Inaddition thisconcentrationonthecreationofnewknowledgesignificantlyimpingeson theuniversities’effortstoperformtheirotherprincipalfunctionsthe transmissionandinterpretationofknowledgetheimpartingoftheheritageof thepastandthepreparingofthenextgenerationtocarryitforward. Withregardtothisperhapstheirmosttraditionallysanctionedtask collegesanduniversitiestodayfindthemselvesinaserioushindgenerally.On theonehandthereistheAmericancommitmententeredintoespeciallysinceWW 1Itoprovidehighereducationforallyoungpeoplewhocanprofitfromit.The resultofthecommitmenthasbeenadramaticriseinenrollmentsinour universitiescoupledwitharadicalshiftfromtheprivatetothepublicsector ofhighereducation.Ontheotherhandthereareseriousandcontinuing limitationsontheresourcesavailableforhighereducation. Whilehighereducationhasbecomeagreatgrowthindustryitisalso simultaneouslyatremendousdrainontheresourcesofnation.Withthevast increaseinenrollmentandtheshiftinprioritiesawayfromeducationinstate andfederalbudgetsthereisinmostofourpublicinstitutionsasignificant decreaseinpercapitaoutlayfortheirstudentsonecrucialaspectofthis drainonresourcesliesinthepersistentshortageoftrainedfacultywhichhas ledinrumtoadecliningstandardofcompetenceininstruction. Intensifyingthesedifficultiesisasindicatedabovetheconcernwith researchwithitscompetingclaimsonresourcesandtheattentionofthe faculty.Inadditionthereisastrongtendencyfortheinstitutions; organizationandfunctioningtoconformtothedemandsofresearchratherthan thoseofteaching.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. Overthelast20yearsenergysystemsandserviceshave expanded.Californianowmeetsitsenergyneedsusingavarietyofsourcesfrom traditionalfossilfuelsandnucleartechnologiestorenewableenergyresources suchaswindsolargeothermalandbiomass.Technologicaladvancesand governmentstandardsandprogramshaveresultedinincreasedenergyefficiency moreproductandserviceoptionsandacleanerenvironment.Deregulationhas promotedcompetitioninenergycommoditiessuchasoilnaturalgasandnow electricity.Intheneartermthemostdramaticchangesinthe energysectoraretakingplaceintheelectricityindustry.Asaresultof AssemblyBill1890Chapter854Statutesof1996manyCalifornianswillhave theopportunitytochoosetheirelectricityproviderasofApril11998.By January11999theywillalsobeabletoshopforotherelectricservices suchasmeteringoptions.46BecauseofthesechangesthisCaliforniaEnergy Planemphasizesthenewcompetitioninelectricitygenerationincontrastto thediscussionofissuesinthepetroleumandnatural.gassectors.However futurestateenergypolicymayemphasizeothersectors. CompetitiveEnergyMarkets.California’senergyoversightagenciesmust facilitatecompetitiontoensurethatthepromiseoflowerpricesandmore value-addedservicesarerealized.47Thiscanbeachievedthroughadoption andenforcementoffairclearandeffectivemarketrulesandbyensuringthat consumersareprovidedwithsufficientinformationtomakeinformed energy-relateddecisionsGovernmentmustalsoreduceunnecessarybarriers tomarketentryandstreamlinethelicensingprocessforelectricgeneration facilities.EconomicExpansion.Californiahasoneofthe largesteconomiesintheworld.48ConsequentlyCalifornia’seconomymustbe robustinthefaceofuncertaintyprovidingforeconomicgrowthinconjunction withenvironmentalprotectionfortodayandforfuturegenerations. Maintainingtheenergyneedsoftoday’seconomyrequiresvastquantitiesof reliableenergyatreasonableprices.TomaintainorexpandCalifornia’s excellenceasaworldclasseconomyrequirestechnologicaladvancementsthat enhanceproductivityandimprovetheenvironment.Intheenergy industrytechnologicaladvancementmustfocusonincreasingdemandandsupply sideefficienciesimprovingtheenvironmentbycreatingcleanerenergy conversiontechnologiesatalllevelsofenergyproductionandenduseand satisfyingCalifornia’smobilityrequirementsthroughdiversetransportation technologiesthatincreasefueleconomytakeadvantageofcleanerfuelsand expandtransportationoptions.49Advancementsin-theseareasamongothers willmakeCaliforniaagloballeaderintheworldmarketplaceforenergy technologieswhilebenefitingallCalifornians.Public Interest.CompetitiondoesnotprovidealltheanswerstoCalifornia’sneeds. Unlikecertaincommoditiesenergyisessentialforthehealthandsafetyofall Californians.Thusthestatemustensurethattheenergyinfrastructureis safecleanandreliable.Thepublicinterestalsodemandsthatenergybe availableforhomeworkrecreationandtransportation.50Communitiescan helpmeetthesepublicinterestdemandsthroughefficientlandusedesignsthat reducetotalenergydemandandtheadverseenvironmentalimpactsofenergy use.California’senergyoversightagenciesmustcontinuetoworktogether toavoidwherepossibledisruptionstothestate’senergysuppliesandto minimizeanyadverseimpacts.
Text3 InrecentyearsAmericansocietyhas becomeincreasinglydependentonitsuniversitiestofindsolutionstoitsmajor problems.Itistheuniversitiesthathavebeenchargedwiththeprincipal responsibilityfordevelopingtheexpertisetoplacemenonthemoon;for dealingwithoururbanproblemsandwithourdeterioratingenvironment;for developingthemeanstofeedtheworld’srapidlyincreasingpopulation.The effortinvolvedinmeetingthesedemandspresentsitsownproblems.Inaddition thisconcentrationonthecreationofnewknowledgesignificantlyimpingeson theuniversities’effortstoperformtheirotherprincipalfunctionsthe transmissionandinterpretationofknowledgetheimpartingoftheheritageof thepastandthepreparingofthenextgenerationtocarryitforward. Withregardtothisperhapstheirmosttraditionallysanctionedtask collegesanduniversitiestodayfindthemselvesinaserioushindgenerally.On theonehandthereistheAmericancommitmententeredintoespeciallysinceWW 1Itoprovidehighereducationforallyoungpeoplewhocanprofitfromit.The resultofthecommitmenthasbeenadramaticriseinenrollmentsinour universitiescoupledwitharadicalshiftfromtheprivatetothepublicsector ofhighereducation.Ontheotherhandthereareseriousandcontinuing limitationsontheresourcesavailableforhighereducation. Whilehighereducationhasbecomeagreatgrowthindustryitisalso simultaneouslyatremendousdrainontheresourcesofnation.Withthevast increaseinenrollmentandtheshiftinprioritiesawayfromeducationinstate andfederalbudgetsthereisinmostofourpublicinstitutionsasignificant decreaseinpercapitaoutlayfortheirstudentsonecrucialaspectofthis drainonresourcesliesinthepersistentshortageoftrainedfacultywhichhas ledinrumtoadecliningstandardofcompetenceininstruction. Intensifyingthesedifficultiesisasindicatedabovetheconcernwith researchwithitscompetingclaimsonresourcesandtheattentionofthe faculty.Inadditionthereisastrongtendencyfortheinstitutions; organizationandfunctioningtoconformtothedemandsofresearchratherthan thoseofteaching.Accordingtothepassage—isthemostimportantfunctionofinstitutionsofhighereducation.
Directions YouhaveanappointmentnextFridaywithyoursupervisoraboutyourthesisbutyouareunabletokeepitbemusesomethingunexpectedhashappened:Writealettertohimaccordingtothefollowingoutline: 1expressyourapologyforyourinabilitytokeepit; 2giveyourreasonsforit; 3suggestotherremedies. Youshouldwriteabouti00wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiXininstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
和平共处五项原则中最首要的原则是
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. Overthelast20yearsenergysystemsandserviceshave expanded.Californianowmeetsitsenergyneedsusingavarietyofsourcesfrom traditionalfossilfuelsandnucleartechnologiestorenewableenergyresources suchaswindsolargeothermalandbiomass.Technologicaladvancesand governmentstandardsandprogramshaveresultedinincreasedenergyefficiency moreproductandserviceoptionsandacleanerenvironment.Deregulationhas promotedcompetitioninenergycommoditiessuchasoilnaturalgasandnow electricity.Intheneartermthemostdramaticchangesinthe energysectoraretakingplaceintheelectricityindustry.Asaresultof AssemblyBill1890Chapter854Statutesof1996manyCalifornianswillhave theopportunitytochoosetheirelectricityproviderasofApril11998.By January11999theywillalsobeabletoshopforotherelectricservices suchasmeteringoptions.46BecauseofthesechangesthisCaliforniaEnergy Planemphasizesthenewcompetitioninelectricitygenerationincontrastto thediscussionofissuesinthepetroleumandnatural.gassectors.However futurestateenergypolicymayemphasizeothersectors. CompetitiveEnergyMarkets.California’senergyoversightagenciesmust facilitatecompetitiontoensurethatthepromiseoflowerpricesandmore value-addedservicesarerealized.47Thiscanbeachievedthroughadoption andenforcementoffairclearandeffectivemarketrulesandbyensuringthat consumersareprovidedwithsufficientinformationtomakeinformed energy-relateddecisionsGovernmentmustalsoreduceunnecessarybarriers tomarketentryandstreamlinethelicensingprocessforelectricgeneration facilities.EconomicExpansion.Californiahasoneofthe largesteconomiesintheworld.48ConsequentlyCalifornia’seconomymustbe robustinthefaceofuncertaintyprovidingforeconomicgrowthinconjunction withenvironmentalprotectionfortodayandforfuturegenerations. Maintainingtheenergyneedsoftoday’seconomyrequiresvastquantitiesof reliableenergyatreasonableprices.TomaintainorexpandCalifornia’s excellenceasaworldclasseconomyrequirestechnologicaladvancementsthat enhanceproductivityandimprovetheenvironment.Intheenergy industrytechnologicaladvancementmustfocusonincreasingdemandandsupply sideefficienciesimprovingtheenvironmentbycreatingcleanerenergy conversiontechnologiesatalllevelsofenergyproductionandenduseand satisfyingCalifornia’smobilityrequirementsthroughdiversetransportation technologiesthatincreasefueleconomytakeadvantageofcleanerfuelsand expandtransportationoptions.49Advancementsin-theseareasamongothers willmakeCaliforniaagloballeaderintheworldmarketplaceforenergy technologieswhilebenefitingallCalifornians.Public Interest.CompetitiondoesnotprovidealltheanswerstoCalifornia’sneeds. Unlikecertaincommoditiesenergyisessentialforthehealthandsafetyofall Californians.Thusthestatemustensurethattheenergyinfrastructureis safecleanandreliable.Thepublicinterestalsodemandsthatenergybe availableforhomeworkrecreationandtransportation.50Communitiescan helpmeetthesepublicinterestdemandsthroughefficientlandusedesignsthat reducetotalenergydemandandtheadverseenvironmentalimpactsofenergy use.California’senergyoversightagenciesmustcontinuetoworktogether toavoidwherepossibledisruptionstothestate’senergysuppliesandto minimizeanyadverseimpacts.
Directions:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41~45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist A~Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhich donotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. AtYaleUniversitysometenstudentsliveoffcampusina cooperativehometheycalltheGreenHouse.41__________.Lateatnightthey drivetothestoreandquietlyjumpintoitscar-sizeddumpsterpickingout unopenedpackagesofstillfreshfood.Theyfindmilkeggsbreadandcookies chocolatesoupvegetablesevenfrozenpizzasandsoymilk.Notonlyaremost GreenHouseresidentsvegetarianbuttheyarealsomoderatefreegansmeaning thattheyeatmainlywhattheycangetforfree.Thesestudentsofcourseare tryingtoleaveassmallanecologicalfootprintaspossible. 42__________.AcrossAmericaotherdevoutenvironmentaliststireoffthe gridbuildingshacksinthewildernesswithoutrunningwaterorelectricity. Frustratedwithenvironmentaldestructionandwastetheyhaverenouncedthe systemthatfostersandperpetuatesit.Suchasceticanti-consumerismmaybethe mostdramaticsideofenvironmentalismanditleadstoculturalfermentthat cansetintomotionpoliticalandeconomicchange.Itspractitionersfocuson personalsacrificehopingthattheiridealsandasceticismwillspreadlikea religion.43__________.Ourpoliticalandeconomicsystemsare deeplyimmature.Environmentalistsneedmspendjustasmuchenergy organizingpoliticalandeconomicenvironmentalism.Alsoold-fashioned environmentalismoftenassumesthatbusinessisopposedtoenvironmental protection.InfactthousandsofUScompaniesarediscoveringoftenwiththe helpofenergyconsultantshowmuchmoneytheyhavetostandfrombecoming environmentallyefficient:savingenergyandrecyclingwithinindustry.The recentbookNaturalCapitalism:CreatingtheNextIndustrialRevolutionbyPaul HawkenetalnowtranslatedintoChineseshouldgetsomeofthecreditfor bringingaboutthistransformationinattitudes.Paradoxically theUSisboththebirthplaceofglobalenvironmentalismandtheworld’sbiggest environmentalspender.RomanticismtheEuropeanandAmericanliteraryand artisticmovementthatfoundGodinthewildernesshadastronglongterm impactonAmericanthinkingstartinginthemiddlethirdofthe19thcentury. InparticularrenewedattentiontotheessaysofHenryDavidThoreau1817-62 helpedlaunchmodernenvironmentalismacenturyafterhisdeath.44__________Why thediscrepancyMostenvironmentaldamagecannotbeboileddown tothechoicesmadebyindividuals.Ratherindividualsarelockedintoa systeminwhichheavyindustrycommitsthemajorityofecologicalcrimes buttressedbyaneconomicsystemthatsquandersnaturalresources.The governmentgivesawayminingrightsandopenspublicforeststologgers practicallyforfree——andbigbusinessspendsmillionsofdollarstomakesure politicianskeepondoingso.45__________.Formanyenvironmentalproblemsthe solutionisorganizedpoliticalpressureandentrepreneurial innovation.A.Attimesthemoralconvictionandworldviewof theGreenHouseappearasallencompassingasareligiousfaith.GreenHouse inmatesliveinthemostenvironmentallypiouswayonecouldconceiveofin thecity.B.Buteffectiveenvironmentalismrequiresmorethan wordsmorethanculturalchange.Itrequireslegalandeconomicreform.It demandshistoricallyunprecedentedpoliciesincorporatingthevalueofcherished naturalresourcesinmarketcalculations.Itcallsforneworganizationsand entrepreneurialcommitment.AnyonehaveanyideasC.Butone drawbackoffocusingenvironmentalistenergyonabstainingfrompersonal consumptionisthatsuchanapproachcandistractpeoplefromthelargermuses ofenvironmentaldestructionwhichcannotbeaffectedbyindividualchoicesto consumeornottoconsume.D.Othergovernmentsubsidiessupport severalfilthyindustries.Whilethegovernmentpaysfornewfreewaysthus subsidizingautomobilesitignorestrainsandbusnetworks.Pollutersdon’t paytherealcostofexternalitiessuchastoxicwasteandairandwater pollution.E.Theyrecyclecansbottlesandpapermeticulously sortingthemintothebinscollectedbymunicipaltrucksinAmericancities. Theyreusegreywatermeaningthattheyplugthedrainwhentheyshowerand thenusebucketstoflushthetoiletwiththeoldsoapywater.Topreventfood fromgoingtowastetheyevengetmostoftheirgroceriesoutofthetrashof anupscalegrocerystore.F.Weshouldrecallhoweverthat environmentalistshaveoftenbeenfobbedoffwithtokengesturesidletalkand unimplementedtreaties.EvenPresidentBushwhohastheworstenvironmental recordofanyAmericanpresidentsofarhasmasteredtheartoflargelyempty environmentalistrhetoric.G.YettodayAmericawithonly596 oftheworld’spopulationproduces2496ofglobalcarbondioxideemissions.The USlikemanyotherrichcountrieshascleanedupitsairandwaterbutitis stillthebiggestcontributortothegreatestenvironmentalthreateverglobal climatechange.
Text2 MuchoftheAmericananxietyaboutold ageisaflightfromtherealityofdeath.Oneofthestrikingqualitiesofthe Americancharacteristheunwillingnesstofaceeitherthefactormeaningof death.InthemoresombertraditionofAmericanliterature-fromHawthorneand MelvilleandPoetoFaulknerandHemingway—onefindsatragicdepththatbelies thesurfacethinnessoftheordinaryAmericandeathattitudes.Byan effortoftheimaginationthegreatwritersfacedproblemsthattheculturein actionisreluctanttoface—thefactofdeathitsmysteryanditsplacein. theback-and-forthshuttlingoftheeternalrecurrence.Theunblinking confrontationofdeathinGreektimetheelaboratetheologicalpatternswoven arounditintheMiddleAgestheritualcelebrationofitintherichpeasant culturesofLatinandSlavicEuropeandinprimitivecultures;theseare difficulttofindinAmericanlife.Whetherthroughfearofthe emotionaldepthsorbecauseofadryingupofthesluicesofreligious intensitytheAmericanavoidsdwellingondeathorevencorningtotermswith it;hefindsitmorbidandrecoilsfromitsurroundingitwithwordavoidance Americansneverdie;theypassawayandvarioustaboosofspeechand practice.Afuneralparlorisdecoratedtolooklikeabank;everythingina funeralceremonyisdoneinhushedtonesasifitweresomethingfurtivetobe concealedfromtheworld;thereissomuchemphasisonbeingdignifiedthatthe ceremonyoftenlosesitsqualityofdignity.Insomeoftheprimitivecultures thereisdifficultyinunderstandingthemusesofdeath;itseemspuzzlingand evenunintelligible.LivinginascientificcultureAmericanshaveaready enoughexplanationofhowitcomesyettheyshowlittlecapacitytocometo termswiththefactofdeathitselfandwiththegriefthataccompaniesit.We jubilateoverbirthanddanceatweddingswritesMargaretMeadbutmoreand morehustlethedeathoffthescenewithoutceremonywithoutan opportunityforyoungandoldtorealizethatdeathisasmuchafactoflifeas isbirth.Andonemayaddeveninitshurryandbrevitythelaststageofan American’slife—thelastoccasionofthisrelationtohissociety—isas standardizedastherest.Intheauthor’sopinionAmericanrefusetodwellontheideaofdeath______>
Text4 Theenergycrisiswhichisbeingfelt aroundtheworldhasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth’sresources hasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Theover-development ofmotortransportwithitsincreaseofmorecarsmorehighwaysmore pollutionmoresuburbsmorecommutinghascontributedtothenear-destruction ofourcitiesthebrokeupofthefamilyandthepollutionnotonlyoflocal airbutalsooftheearth’satmosphere.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheformof theenergycrisis.Ourpresentsituationisunlikewar revolutionordepression.Itisalsounlikethegreatnaturaldisastersofthe past.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastate wherelong-rangeplanningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationof ourpresentseriousstatewhichendangersthefutureofourcountryour childrenandourearthbutamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertowork rapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems.Thiscountryhas beenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossmoralityandthe revelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesintheland. Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvast enoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepastithas beenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatand peoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly.This isthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatwehold dearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanetwhoshare withusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisa commonneedtoreassessourpresentcoursetochangethatcourseandtodevise newmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapriceless opportunity.Tograspitweneedawidespreadunderstandingof natureinthecrisisconfrontingus—andtheworld—acrisisthatisno passinginconveniencenobyproductoftheambitionsoftheoil-producing countriesnoenvironmentalists’merefearsnoby-productofanypresentsystem ofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfour hundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestylecan flowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnologybutitsacceptancedependsona sinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld’schildren andfuturegeneration.Accordingtotheauthorwhatisoneexampleofourlossofmorality
Text3 InrecentyearsAmericansocietyhas becomeincreasinglydependentonitsuniversitiestofindsolutionstoitsmajor problems.Itistheuniversitiesthathavebeenchargedwiththeprincipal responsibilityfordevelopingtheexpertisetoplacemenonthemoon;for dealingwithoururbanproblemsandwithourdeterioratingenvironment;for developingthemeanstofeedtheworld’srapidlyincreasingpopulation.The effortinvolvedinmeetingthesedemandspresentsitsownproblems.Inaddition thisconcentrationonthecreationofnewknowledgesignificantlyimpingeson theuniversities’effortstoperformtheirotherprincipalfunctionsthe transmissionandinterpretationofknowledgetheimpartingoftheheritageof thepastandthepreparingofthenextgenerationtocarryitforward. Withregardtothisperhapstheirmosttraditionallysanctionedtask collegesanduniversitiestodayfindthemselvesinaserioushindgenerally.On theonehandthereistheAmericancommitmententeredintoespeciallysinceWW 1Itoprovidehighereducationforallyoungpeoplewhocanprofitfromit.The resultofthecommitmenthasbeenadramaticriseinenrollmentsinour universitiescoupledwitharadicalshiftfromtheprivatetothepublicsector ofhighereducation.Ontheotherhandthereareseriousandcontinuing limitationsontheresourcesavailableforhighereducation. Whilehighereducationhasbecomeagreatgrowthindustryitisalso simultaneouslyatremendousdrainontheresourcesofnation.Withthevast increaseinenrollmentandtheshiftinprioritiesawayfromeducationinstate andfederalbudgetsthereisinmostofourpublicinstitutionsasignificant decreaseinpercapitaoutlayfortheirstudentsonecrucialaspectofthis drainonresourcesliesinthepersistentshortageoftrainedfacultywhichhas ledinrumtoadecliningstandardofcompetenceininstruction. Intensifyingthesedifficultiesisasindicatedabovetheconcernwith researchwithitscompetingclaimsonresourcesandtheattentionofthe faculty.Inadditionthereisastrongtendencyfortheinstitutions; organizationandfunctioningtoconformtothedemandsofresearchratherthan thoseofteaching.ThephraseimpingeoninParagraph1mostprobablymeans______.
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Thenewspapermustprovideforthe readerthefactsunalloyedunslanted不歪曲的objectivelyselectedfacts. Butinthedaysofcomplexnewsitmustprovidemore;itmustsupply interpretationthemeaningofthefacts.Thisisthemostimportantassignment confrontingAmericanjournalism—tomakecleartothereadertheproblemsofthe daytomakeinternationalnewsasunderstandableascommunitynewsto recognizethatthethereisnolongeranysuchthingaslocalnewsbemuseany eventintheinternationalareahasalocalreactioninmanpowerdraftin economicstrainintermsindeedofourveryWayoflife. Thereisinjournalismawidespreadviewthatwhenyouembarkon interpretationyouareenteringdangerouswaterstheswirlingtidesof opinion.Thisisnonsense.Theopponentsofinterpretation insistthatthewriterandtheeditorshallconfinehimselftothefacts.This insistenceraisestwoquestions:WhatarethefactsAnd:Arethebarefacts enoughAstothefirstquery.Considerhowaso-called factualstorycomesabout.Thereportercollectssayfiftyfacts;outof thesefiftyhisspaceallotmentbeingnecessarilyrestrictedheselectsthe tenwhichheconsidersmostimportant.ThisisJudgmentNumberOne.Thenheor hiseditordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshallconstitutetheleadofthe piece.Thisisanimportantdecisionbemusemanyreadersdonotproceedbeyond thefirstparagraph.ThisisJudgmentsNumberTwo.Thenthenighteditor determineswhetherthearticleshallbepresentedonpageonewhereithas largerimpactoronpagetwenty-fourwhereithaslittleJudgmentNumber Three.Thusinthepresentationofaso-calledfactualor objectivestoryatleastthreejudgmentsareinvolved.Andtheyarejudgments notatallunlikethoseinvolvedininterpretationinwhichreporterand editorcallingupontheirresearchresourcestheirgeneralbackgroundand theirnewsneutralismarriveataconclusionastothesignificanceofthe news.Thetwoareasofjudgmentpresentationofthenewsand itsinterpretationarebothobjectiveratherthansubjectiveprocesses—as objectivethatisasanyhumanbeingcanbe.Noteinpassing:even thoughcompleteobjectivitycanneverbeachievedneverthelesstheidealmust alwaysbethebeacononthemurkynewschannels.ifaneditorisintent onslantingthenews.hecandoitinotherwaysandmoreeffectivelythanby interpretation.Hecandoitbytheselectionofthosefactsthatpropup支持his particularplea.Orhecandoitbytheplaywhenhegivesastorypromotingit topageoneordemotingittopagethirty.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardtheinterpretationofnews
Directions:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41~45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist A~Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhich donotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. AtYaleUniversitysometenstudentsliveoffcampusina cooperativehometheycalltheGreenHouse.41__________.Lateatnightthey drivetothestoreandquietlyjumpintoitscar-sizeddumpsterpickingout unopenedpackagesofstillfreshfood.Theyfindmilkeggsbreadandcookies chocolatesoupvegetablesevenfrozenpizzasandsoymilk.Notonlyaremost GreenHouseresidentsvegetarianbuttheyarealsomoderatefreegansmeaning thattheyeatmainlywhattheycangetforfree.Thesestudentsofcourseare tryingtoleaveassmallanecologicalfootprintaspossible. 42__________.AcrossAmericaotherdevoutenvironmentaliststireoffthe gridbuildingshacksinthewildernesswithoutrunningwaterorelectricity. Frustratedwithenvironmentaldestructionandwastetheyhaverenouncedthe systemthatfostersandperpetuatesit.Suchasceticanti-consumerismmaybethe mostdramaticsideofenvironmentalismanditleadstoculturalfermentthat cansetintomotionpoliticalandeconomicchange.Itspractitionersfocuson personalsacrificehopingthattheiridealsandasceticismwillspreadlikea religion.43__________.Ourpoliticalandeconomicsystemsare deeplyimmature.Environmentalistsneedmspendjustasmuchenergy organizingpoliticalandeconomicenvironmentalism.Alsoold-fashioned environmentalismoftenassumesthatbusinessisopposedtoenvironmental protection.InfactthousandsofUScompaniesarediscoveringoftenwiththe helpofenergyconsultantshowmuchmoneytheyhavetostandfrombecoming environmentallyefficient:savingenergyandrecyclingwithinindustry.The recentbookNaturalCapitalism:CreatingtheNextIndustrialRevolutionbyPaul HawkenetalnowtranslatedintoChineseshouldgetsomeofthecreditfor bringingaboutthistransformationinattitudes.Paradoxically theUSisboththebirthplaceofglobalenvironmentalismandtheworld’sbiggest environmentalspender.RomanticismtheEuropeanandAmericanliteraryand artisticmovementthatfoundGodinthewildernesshadastronglongterm impactonAmericanthinkingstartinginthemiddlethirdofthe19thcentury. InparticularrenewedattentiontotheessaysofHenryDavidThoreau1817-62 helpedlaunchmodernenvironmentalismacenturyafterhisdeath.44__________Why thediscrepancyMostenvironmentaldamagecannotbeboileddown tothechoicesmadebyindividuals.Ratherindividualsarelockedintoa systeminwhichheavyindustrycommitsthemajorityofecologicalcrimes buttressedbyaneconomicsystemthatsquandersnaturalresources.The governmentgivesawayminingrightsandopenspublicforeststologgers practicallyforfree——andbigbusinessspendsmillionsofdollarstomakesure politicianskeepondoingso.45__________.Formanyenvironmentalproblemsthe solutionisorganizedpoliticalpressureandentrepreneurial innovation.A.Attimesthemoralconvictionandworldviewof theGreenHouseappearasallencompassingasareligiousfaith.GreenHouse inmatesliveinthemostenvironmentallypiouswayonecouldconceiveofin thecity.B.Buteffectiveenvironmentalismrequiresmorethan wordsmorethanculturalchange.Itrequireslegalandeconomicreform.It demandshistoricallyunprecedentedpoliciesincorporatingthevalueofcherished naturalresourcesinmarketcalculations.Itcallsforneworganizationsand entrepreneurialcommitment.AnyonehaveanyideasC.Butone drawbackoffocusingenvironmentalistenergyonabstainingfrompersonal consumptionisthatsuchanapproachcandistractpeoplefromthelargermuses ofenvironmentaldestructionwhichcannotbeaffectedbyindividualchoicesto consumeornottoconsume.D.Othergovernmentsubsidiessupport severalfilthyindustries.Whilethegovernmentpaysfornewfreewaysthus subsidizingautomobilesitignorestrainsandbusnetworks.Pollutersdon’t paytherealcostofexternalitiessuchastoxicwasteandairandwater pollution.E.Theyrecyclecansbottlesandpapermeticulously sortingthemintothebinscollectedbymunicipaltrucksinAmericancities. Theyreusegreywatermeaningthattheyplugthedrainwhentheyshowerand thenusebucketstoflushthetoiletwiththeoldsoapywater.Topreventfood fromgoingtowastetheyevengetmostoftheirgroceriesoutofthetrashof anupscalegrocerystore.F.Weshouldrecallhoweverthat environmentalistshaveoftenbeenfobbedoffwithtokengesturesidletalkand unimplementedtreaties.EvenPresidentBushwhohastheworstenvironmental recordofanyAmericanpresidentsofarhasmasteredtheartoflargelyempty environmentalistrhetoric.G.YettodayAmericawithonly596 oftheworld’spopulationproduces2496ofglobalcarbondioxideemissions.The USlikemanyotherrichcountrieshascleanedupitsairandwaterbutitis stillthebiggestcontributortothegreatestenvironmentalthreateverglobal climatechange.
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Thenewspapermustprovideforthe readerthefactsunalloyedunslanted不歪曲的objectivelyselectedfacts. Butinthedaysofcomplexnewsitmustprovidemore;itmustsupply interpretationthemeaningofthefacts.Thisisthemostimportantassignment confrontingAmericanjournalism—tomakecleartothereadertheproblemsofthe daytomakeinternationalnewsasunderstandableascommunitynewsto recognizethatthethereisnolongeranysuchthingaslocalnewsbemuseany eventintheinternationalareahasalocalreactioninmanpowerdraftin economicstrainintermsindeedofourveryWayoflife. Thereisinjournalismawidespreadviewthatwhenyouembarkon interpretationyouareenteringdangerouswaterstheswirlingtidesof opinion.Thisisnonsense.Theopponentsofinterpretation insistthatthewriterandtheeditorshallconfinehimselftothefacts.This insistenceraisestwoquestions:WhatarethefactsAnd:Arethebarefacts enoughAstothefirstquery.Considerhowaso-called factualstorycomesabout.Thereportercollectssayfiftyfacts;outof thesefiftyhisspaceallotmentbeingnecessarilyrestrictedheselectsthe tenwhichheconsidersmostimportant.ThisisJudgmentNumberOne.Thenheor hiseditordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshallconstitutetheleadofthe piece.Thisisanimportantdecisionbemusemanyreadersdonotproceedbeyond thefirstparagraph.ThisisJudgmentsNumberTwo.Thenthenighteditor determineswhetherthearticleshallbepresentedonpageonewhereithas largerimpactoronpagetwenty-fourwhereithaslittleJudgmentNumber Three.Thusinthepresentationofaso-calledfactualor objectivestoryatleastthreejudgmentsareinvolved.Andtheyarejudgments notatallunlikethoseinvolvedininterpretationinwhichreporterand editorcallingupontheirresearchresourcestheirgeneralbackgroundand theirnewsneutralismarriveataconclusionastothesignificanceofthe news.Thetwoareasofjudgmentpresentationofthenewsand itsinterpretationarebothobjectiveratherthansubjectiveprocesses—as objectivethatisasanyhumanbeingcanbe.Noteinpassing:even thoughcompleteobjectivitycanneverbeachievedneverthelesstheidealmust alwaysbethebeacononthemurkynewschannels.ifaneditorisintent onslantingthenews.hecandoitinotherwaysandmoreeffectivelythanby interpretation.Hecandoitbytheselectionofthosefactsthatpropup支持his particularplea.Orhecandoitbytheplaywhenhegivesastorypromotingit topageoneordemotingittopagethirty.Whyshouldtheleadsentencepresentthemostimportantfact
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