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Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) descri...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawi
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawi
Directions: Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthe
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
---Willittakemeatleastsixhourstowritethisessay?---
are not long for you
will be too long for you
is not long enough for you
was not long enough for you
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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LargelyforspiritualreasonsNancyManosstartedhome-schoolingherchildrenfiveyearsagoandhasstudiouslyavoidedpublicschoolseversince.Yetlastweekshewasenthusiasticallyenrollingher8-year-olddaughterOliviainsignlanguageandmoderndanceclassesatEagleridgeEnrichment—aprogramrunbytheMesaAriz.publicschoolsandtaughtbydistrictteachers.ManosstillwantstohandlethebasicsbutlikesthatEagleridgeofferstheextrasthingsIcouldn’tteach.Onedoubtthoughlingersinhermind.whywouldthepublicschoolsystemwanttoofferhome-schoolfamiliesanythingAbigpartoftheansweriseconomics.Thenumberofhome-schooledkidsnationwidehasrisentoasmanyas1.9millionfromanestimated345000in1994andschooldistrictsthatgetstateandlocaldollarsperchildarebeginningtosuffer.InMaricopaCountywhichincludesMesathenumberofhome-schooledkidshasmorethandoubledduringthatperiodto7526atabout$4500achildthat’snearly$34millionayearinlostrevenue.Noteveryone’shappywiththeseinnovations.Somestateshavetakentheoppositetack.LikeabouthalfthestatesWestVirginiarefusestoallowhome-schooledkidstoplaypublic-schoolsports.AndinArizonasomecomplainthattheirtaxdollarsarebeingusedtocreateprogramsforfamilieswhoessentiallyeschewparticipationinpubliclife.ThatmakesmyteethgritsaysDaphneAtkesonwhose10-year-oldsonattendspublicschoolinParadiseValley.Evensomecommittedhome-schoolersquestionthenewprogramsgiventheircentralirony.theyturnhome-schoolersintopublic-schoolstudentssaysBobParsonspresidentoftheAlaskaPrivateandHomeEducatorsAssociation.We’velostaboutonethirdofourmemberstothoseprograms.They’resoenticing.MesastartedEagleridgefouryearsagowhenitsawhowmuchmoneyitwaslosingfromhomeschoolers—andhowunpreparedsomestudentswerewhentheyre-enteredtheschools.Sinceitbegantheprogram’senrollmenthasnearlydoubledto397andlastyearthedistrictmovedEagleridgetoastripmallbetweenapizzajointandalaser-tagarcade.Parentstypicallydropofftheirkidsonceaweek;becausemostofthechildrenqualifyasquarter-timestudentsthedistrictcollects$911perchild.It’slikegettingatasteofwhatrealschoolislikesays10-year-oldChadLucaswho’slearningcomputeranimationandcreativewriting.Otherschooldistrictsarealsoexperimentingwithnovelwaystocourthomeschoolers.ThetownofGalenaAlaskapop.600hasjust178students.Butin1997itsschooladministratorsfiguredtheycouldreachbeyondtheirborders.Undertheprogramthedistrictgiveshome-schoolingfamiliesfreecomputersandInternetserviceforcorrespondenceclasses.Inreturnthedistrictgets$3100perstudentenrolledintheprogram—$9.6millionayearwhichithasusedpartlyforanewvocationalschool.Suchalternativesjustmightappealtootherdistricts.ErnestFeltyheadofHardinCountyschoolsinsouthernIllinoishas10home-schooledpupils.Thatmaynotsoundlikemuch—exceptthathehasastaffof68andat$4500achildthat’sprobablyateacher’ssalaryFehysays.Withtherightroboticsorartclassthoughhecouldtakethehomeoutofhomeschooling.ThestatisticsinParagraphtwohelpsusdrawaconclusionthat______.
SuddenlytheeconomicsofAmericansuburbanlifeareunderassaultasskyrocketingenergypricesinflatethecostsofreachingheatingandcoolinghomesonthedistantedgesofmetropolitanareas.JustoffSingingHillsRoadinoneofhundredsoftwo-storyhomesdottingaformercattleranchbeyondthesouthernfringesofDenverPhilBoyleandhisfamilyopenlywonderiftheywillhavetomoveclosetotowntogetsomerelief.TheystillrevelinthespaceandquietthathasdrawnasteadyexodusfromAmericancitiestowardplaceslikethisformorethanhalfacentury.Butlifeontheedgesofsuburbiaisbeginningtofeeluntenable.Mr.Boyleandhiswifemustdrivenearlyanhourtotheirjobsinthehigh-techcorridorofsouthernDenver.Withgasolineatmorethan$4agallonMr.Boylerecentlypaid$121tofillhispickuptruckwithdieselfuel.InMarchthelasttimehefilledhispropanetanktoheathisspacioushousehepaid$566morethantwicethepriceof5yearsago.ThoughMr.Boylefindscitylifeunappealingitisnowupforreconsideration.Livingcloserininasmallerspacewhereyoudon’thavethatcommutehesaidIt’sdefinitelysomethingwetalkabout.Beforeitwas’wespendtoomuchtimedriving.’Nowit’s’wespendtoomuchtimeandmoneydriving.’Acrossthenationtherealizationistakingholdthatrisingenergypricesarelessamomentaryblipthanachangewithlastingconsequences.Theshifttocostlierfuelisthreateningtoslowthedecades-oldmigrationawayfromcitieswhileexacerbatingthe’housingdownturnbydiminishingtheappealoflargerhomessetfarfromurbanjobs.InAtlantaPhiladelphiaSanFranciscoandMinneapolishomesbeyondtheurbancorehavebeenfallinginvaluefasterthanthosewithinaccordingtoananalysisbyMoody’sEconomy.com.InDenverhousingpricesintheurbancorerosesteadilyfrom2003untillatelastyearcomparedwithpreviousyearsbeforedippingnearly5percentinthelastthreemonthsoflastyearaccordingtoEconomy.com.Buthousepricesinthesuburbsbeganfallingearlierinthemiddleof2006andthenaccelerateddroppingby7percentduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyearfromayearearlier.ManyfactorshavepropelledtheunravelingofAmericanrealestatefromthemortgagecrisistoastaggeringexcessofhomeconstruction.Buteconomistsandrealestateagentsaregrowingconvincedthattherisingcostofenergyisnowaprimaryfactorpushinghomepricesdowninthesuburbs.Morethanthree-fourthsofprospectivehomebuyersarenowmoreinclinedtoliveinanurbanareabecauseoffuelpricesaccordingtoarecentsurveyof903realestateagentswithColdwellBankerthenationalbrokeragefirm.BysayingNowit’s’wespendtoomuchtimeandmoneydriving.’Line3Paragraph3Philimplies______.
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.16
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause./ 2
Foryearssmokershavebeenexhortedtotaketheinitiativeandquit:useanicotinepatchchewnicotinegumtakeaprescriptionmedicationthatcanhelpcallahelplinejustsayno.Butanewstudyfindsthatstoppingisseldomanindividualdecision.Smokerstendtoquitingroupsthestudyfindswhichmeanssmokingcessationprogramsshouldworkbestiftheyfocusongroupsratherthanindividuals.Italsomeansthatpeoplemayhelpmanymorethanjustthemselvesbyquitting:quittingcanhavearippleeffectpromptinganentiresocialnetworktobreakthehabit.ThestudybyDr.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolandJamesFowleroftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofollowedthousandsofsmokersandnonsmokersfor32yearsfrom1971until2003studyingthemaspartofalargenetworkofrelativesco-workersneighborsfriendsandfriendsoffriends.ItwasatimewhenthepercentageofadultsmokersintheUnitedStatesfellto21percentfrom45percent.Astheinvestigatorswatchedthesmokersandtheirsocialnetworkstheysawwhattheysaidwasastrikingeffect—smokershadformedlittlesocialclustersandastheyearswentbyentireclustersofsmokerswerestoppingenmasse.Sowereclustersofclustersthatwereonlylooselyconnected.Dr.Christakisdescribedwatchingthevanishingclustersaslikelyingonyourbackinafieldlookingupatstarsthatwereburningout.It’snotlikeonelittlestarturningoffatatimehesaidWholeconstellationsareblinkingoffatonce.Asclusterafterclusterofsmokersdisappearedthosethatremainedwerepushedtothemarginsofsocietyisolatedwithfewerfriendsfewersocialconnections.SmokersusedtobethecenterofthepartyDr.Fowlersaidbutnowthey’vebecomewallflowers.We’veknownsmokingwasbadforyourphysicalhealthhesaidButthisshowsitalsoisbadforyoursocialhealth.Smokersarelikelytodrivefriendsaway.ThereisanessentialpublichealthmessagesaidRichardSuzmandirectoroftheofficeofbehavioralandsocialresearchattheNationalInstituteonAgingwhichfinancedthestudy.ObviouslypeoplehavetotakeresponsibilityfortheirbehaviorMr.Suzmansaid.Butasocialenvironmentheaddedcanjustoverpowerfreewill.Withsmokingthatcanbeagoodthingresearchersnoted.Buttherealsoisasadside.AsDr.StevenSehroederoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscopointedoutinaneditorialaccompanyingthepaperariskofthemarginalizationofsmokingisthatitfurtherisolatesthegroupofpeoplewiththehighestrateofsmoking—personswithmentalillnessproblemswithsubstanceabuseorboth./Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtotheopeningparagraph
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples.
TogethelpInternetaddictstiredoftheirsquare-eyedkeyboardtappingwaysneedlooknofurtherthantheWebforcounseling.Thereisnowanonlinecounselingserviceatwww.relateorg.nzforInternetobsessives.Juste-mailthedetailsofyourInternet-inducedcrisisandhelpcomesdirecttoyourinbox.46Thenewbreedofcybertherapistsseenothingstrangeaboutofferinghelpthroughtheverymediumthatisswallowingtheirclients’freetimeandsplittingtheirmarriages. GettinghookedontheInternetisn’tconfinedtoafewcomputernerds.It’sontheriseeverywhere—andwomenarethemostlikelyaddicts.Theoldstereotypicaladdictwasayoungmanwhospenthoursplayinggamesdownloadingsoftwareorreadingmessagesonnewsgroups.47Yetthenewimageisofayoungwomanwhofrittersawayhourse-mailingfriendsbuyingbooksandCDsonlinetalkinginchatroomsandlookingforinformationfornextyear’sholiday. IngridParkeronceaslavetoInternetchatroomsfoundherexperiencessodevastatingthatshewroteabooktohelpotheraddictsbreakthehabit.48Hercomputerdreamturnedtonightmarewhenshesoldupandmovedtobewithhercyberpalwhohadjustlefthiswifeonlytobetoldaweeklaterthatthecoupleweregettingbacktogether.Theheart-breakingturnofeventsgaveherthemotivationtocontrolheraddiction—andwritethebookCaughtintheWeb. ForIngridParkeranyonewhoismarriedorinasoundrelationshipshouldnotreallybespendinghourstalkingtosomeoneelseandignoringtheirnearestanddearest.49WhileParkerprovidedherowntherapybyputtingherexperiencesdownonpapersherecommendsotherstakeuptheonlinecounselingofferorlogofffromtheWorldwideWebgradually. Shesaid"It’slikesmoking.It’snotagoodideatosuddenlygocoldturkey.PeopleoftenemailmeabouttheproblemandItellthemtograduallyweanthemselvesoffandnottoswitchtoaschemewhereyoupayperhourforonlinetime.50IftheybreaktheirresolutionalltheyendupwiththenisthesameoldproblemplusmoneydifficultiesforthelonghourstheyhavespentloggedintotheInternet." OfcoursetheInternetisdefinitelyaddictivebutifyoucankeepitincontrolithasadvantagestoo.Usingitcanbeasteeplearningcurvesoithelpsyoubecomeveryquickatlearning.AlsothereisahugedemandforpeopleinthefieldofInformationTechnologyITandhoursontheInternetaregreattraining. 50
LargelyforspiritualreasonsNancyManosstartedhome-schoolingherchildrenfiveyearsagoandhasstudiouslyavoidedpublicschoolseversince.Yetlastweekshewasenthusiasticallyenrollingher8-year-olddaughterOliviainsignlanguageandmoderndanceclassesatEagleridgeEnrichment—aprogramrunbytheMesaAriz.publicschoolsandtaughtbydistrictteachers.ManosstillwantstohandlethebasicsbutlikesthatEagleridgeofferstheextrasthingsIcouldn’tteach.Onedoubtthoughlingersinhermind.whywouldthepublicschoolsystemwanttoofferhome-schoolfamiliesanythingAbigpartoftheansweriseconomics.Thenumberofhome-schooledkidsnationwidehasrisentoasmanyas1.9millionfromanestimated345000in1994andschooldistrictsthatgetstateandlocaldollarsperchildarebeginningtosuffer.InMaricopaCountywhichincludesMesathenumberofhome-schooledkidshasmorethandoubledduringthatperiodto7526atabout$4500achildthat’snearly$34millionayearinlostrevenue.Noteveryone’shappywiththeseinnovations.Somestateshavetakentheoppositetack.LikeabouthalfthestatesWestVirginiarefusestoallowhome-schooledkidstoplaypublic-schoolsports.AndinArizonasomecomplainthattheirtaxdollarsarebeingusedtocreateprogramsforfamilieswhoessentiallyeschewparticipationinpubliclife.ThatmakesmyteethgritsaysDaphneAtkesonwhose10-year-oldsonattendspublicschoolinParadiseValley.Evensomecommittedhome-schoolersquestionthenewprogramsgiventheircentralirony.theyturnhome-schoolersintopublic-schoolstudentssaysBobParsonspresidentoftheAlaskaPrivateandHomeEducatorsAssociation.We’velostaboutonethirdofourmemberstothoseprograms.They’resoenticing.MesastartedEagleridgefouryearsagowhenitsawhowmuchmoneyitwaslosingfromhomeschoolers—andhowunpreparedsomestudentswerewhentheyre-enteredtheschools.Sinceitbegantheprogram’senrollmenthasnearlydoubledto397andlastyearthedistrictmovedEagleridgetoastripmallbetweenapizzajointandalaser-tagarcade.Parentstypicallydropofftheirkidsonceaweek;becausemostofthechildrenqualifyasquarter-timestudentsthedistrictcollects$911perchild.It’slikegettingatasteofwhatrealschoolislikesays10-year-oldChadLucaswho’slearningcomputeranimationandcreativewriting.Otherschooldistrictsarealsoexperimentingwithnovelwaystocourthomeschoolers.ThetownofGalenaAlaskapop.600hasjust178students.Butin1997itsschooladministratorsfiguredtheycouldreachbeyondtheirborders.Undertheprogramthedistrictgiveshome-schoolingfamiliesfreecomputersandInternetserviceforcorrespondenceclasses.Inreturnthedistrictgets$3100perstudentenrolledintheprogram—$9.6millionayearwhichithasusedpartlyforanewvocationalschool.Suchalternativesjustmightappealtootherdistricts.ErnestFeltyheadofHardinCountyschoolsinsouthernIllinoishas10home-schooledpupils.Thatmaynotsoundlikemuch—exceptthathehasastaffof68andat$4500achildthat’sprobablyateacher’ssalaryFehysays.Withtherightroboticsorartclassthoughhecouldtakethehomeoutofhomeschooling.Thepublicschoolsystemwantstoofferhome-schoolfamiliessomethingbecause______.
Foryearssmokershavebeenexhortedtotaketheinitiativeandquit:useanicotinepatchchewnicotinegumtakeaprescriptionmedicationthatcanhelpcallahelplinejustsayno.Butanewstudyfindsthatstoppingisseldomanindividualdecision.Smokerstendtoquitingroupsthestudyfindswhichmeanssmokingcessationprogramsshouldworkbestiftheyfocusongroupsratherthanindividuals.Italsomeansthatpeoplemayhelpmanymorethanjustthemselvesbyquitting:quittingcanhavearippleeffectpromptinganentiresocialnetworktobreakthehabit.ThestudybyDr.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolandJamesFowleroftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofollowedthousandsofsmokersandnonsmokersfor32yearsfrom1971until2003studyingthemaspartofalargenetworkofrelativesco-workersneighborsfriendsandfriendsoffriends.ItwasatimewhenthepercentageofadultsmokersintheUnitedStatesfellto21percentfrom45percent.Astheinvestigatorswatchedthesmokersandtheirsocialnetworkstheysawwhattheysaidwasastrikingeffect—smokershadformedlittlesocialclustersandastheyearswentbyentireclustersofsmokerswerestoppingenmasse.Sowereclustersofclustersthatwereonlylooselyconnected.Dr.Christakisdescribedwatchingthevanishingclustersaslikelyingonyourbackinafieldlookingupatstarsthatwereburningout.It’snotlikeonelittlestarturningoffatatimehesaidWholeconstellationsareblinkingoffatonce.Asclusterafterclusterofsmokersdisappearedthosethatremainedwerepushedtothemarginsofsocietyisolatedwithfewerfriendsfewersocialconnections.SmokersusedtobethecenterofthepartyDr.Fowlersaidbutnowthey’vebecomewallflowers.We’veknownsmokingwasbadforyourphysicalhealthhesaidButthisshowsitalsoisbadforyoursocialhealth.Smokersarelikelytodrivefriendsaway.ThereisanessentialpublichealthmessagesaidRichardSuzmandirectoroftheofficeofbehavioralandsocialresearchattheNationalInstituteonAgingwhichfinancedthestudy.ObviouslypeoplehavetotakeresponsibilityfortheirbehaviorMr.Suzmansaid.Butasocialenvironmentheaddedcanjustoverpowerfreewill.Withsmokingthatcanbeagoodthingresearchersnoted.Buttherealsoisasadside.AsDr.StevenSehroederoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscopointedoutinaneditorialaccompanyingthepaperariskofthemarginalizationofsmokingisthatitfurtherisolatesthegroupofpeoplewiththehighestrateofsmoking—personswithmentalillnessproblemswithsubstanceabuseorboth./Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
TheBushadministrationisabouttoproposefar-reachingnewrulesthatwouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateraccesstotensofthousandsofcourtroomsswimmingpoolsgolfcoursesstadiumstheatershotelsandretailstores.TheproposalwouldsubstantiallyupdateandrewritefederalstandardsforenforcementoftheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActalandmarkcivilrightslawpassedwithstrongbipartisansupportin1990.Thenewruleswouldsetmorestringentrequirementsinmanyareasandaddresssomeissuesforthefirsttimeinanefforttomeettheneedsofanagingpopulationandgrowingnumbersofdisabledwarveterans.Morethansevenmillionbusinessesandallstateandlocalgovernmentagencieswouldbeaffected.Theproposalincludessomeexemptionsforpartsofexistingbuildingsbutanynewconstructionorrenovationswouldhavetocomply.Thenewstandardswouldaffecteverythingfromthelocationoflightswitchestotheheightofretailservicecounterstotheuseofmonkeysasserviceanimalsforpeoplewithdisabilitieswhichwouldbeforbidden’.TheWhiteHouseapprovedtheproposalinMayafterafive-monthreview.ItisscheduledtobepublishedintheFederalRegisteronTuesdaywith60daysforpubliccomment.Afterconsideringthosecommentsthegovernmentwouldissuefinalruleswiththeforceoflaw.Alreadytheproposalisstirringconcern.TheUnitedStatesChamberofCommercesaysitwouldbeonerousandcostlywhileadvocatesfordisabledAmericanssayitdoesnotgofarenough.SincethedisabilitylawwassignedbythefirstPresidentBushadvancesintechnologyhavemadeservicesmoreavailabletopeoplewithdisabilities.ButJusticeDepartmentofficialssaidtheywerestillreceivinglargenumbersofcomplaints.InrecentmonthsthefederalgovernmenthassettledlawsuitssecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansatMadisonSquareGardeninNewYorkandatthenation’slargestcollegefootballstadiumattheUniversityofMichigan.TheJusticeDepartmentacknowledgedthatsomeofthechangeswouldhavesignificantcosts.Butoverallitsaidthevalueofthepublicbenefitsestimatedat$54billionexceedstheexpectedcostsof$23billion.InaneconomicanalysisoftheproposedrulestheJusticeDepartmentsaidtheneedforanaccessibleenvironmentwasgreaterthaneverbecausetheIraqwarwascreatinganewgenerationofyoungmenandwomenwithdisabilities.JohnL.WodatchchiefofthedisabilityrightssectionoftheJusticeDepartmentsaidDisabilityisinherentinthehumancondition.Thevastmajorityofindividualswhoarefortunateenoughtoreachanadvancedagewillbenefitfromtheproposedrequirements./Whichofthefollowingstatementbestsummarizesthetext
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.8
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.6
[A]Ifyouchooseacareerthatdoesnotfityouyoucanstartover. [B]Careerplanningoverweighsanyotherfactors. [C]Reviewyourplansandprogressperiodicallywithanotherperson. [D]Seriousflawsinthewaysmanypeoplemakecareerdecision. [E]Studyyourself. [F]Setupsomepredictionsaboutyourselfinacareer.[ G]Writeyourcareergoalsdown. Careerplanninghelpsyoutoshapeyourcareerpossibilities.Itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowroutineorlogicalsteps.Eachofusplacesweightondifferentfactorsandmayconsidercertainphasesofcareerplanningatdifferenttimes.Careerplanningincludesgatheringinformationaboutourselvesandaboutoccupationsestimatingtheprobableoutcomesofvariouscoursesofactionandfinallychoosingalternativesthatwefindattractiveandfeasible.Quiteoftencareerplanninghelpspeopletoseethekindsofassistancetheyneedtodowhattheywantandhelpsdirectthemtoavailableresources. 41__________ Thisisthekeytocareerplanning.Understandingwhatyouarelikewhatyouvalueandwhatyouwanttobecomeisthefoundationforallcareerplanning.Tohaveabetterinsightintoyourselfyouaresupposedtoexamineyourstrengthsandweaknessesyourgoalsandthetrendsinyourpersonaldevelopment.Theself-understandingthatyougainenablesyoutoimaginehowcertainoccupationsmaybestfityourpersonalityinterestsabilitiesandgoals.Allcareerdecisionsrequireustolearnbothaboutourselvesandaboutworkandtointegratethesetwokindsofknowledge. 42__________ Atechniqueusefulfororganizingideasaboutyourcareerdevelopmentistoactuallyputthemdownbytimeblocksinyourlifeforexampleagesnineteentotwenty-twotwenty-threetothirty...Thisactionforcesyoutocrystallizeyourthinkingandtoreorganizefuzzyandhalf-formedideas.Itmayleadtonewinsightsaboutyourpossibilitiesandmayhelpyoutoseenewrelationshipspatternsandtrendsortoidentifygapsinyourthinkingaboutyourcareerdevelopment. 43__________ Considerthekindofpersonyouarewhatyou’relikelytobelikewhatchangesarelikelytotakeplaceinanoccupationwhatbasicproblemsyoumightmeetandwhatyouneedtosolveyourproblems.Thesehypothesesoreducatedguessesshouldrepresentyourunderstandingofyourselfatpresentwhatyoucandoandwhatyouwilldo. 44__________ Everysooftentakestockofyoursituationandconsiderwhatstepshavetobetakennext.Takinginventoryofprogressandplanningfurtherstepscanhelpyoucopewiththechangesthatyouundergoandthechangesthattakeplaceinthelabormarket.Talkingoveryourplanswithacollegecounseloryourparentsandyourfriendshelpsyoudefineyourgoalsandimproveyourcareerplanormakethemwork. 45__________ Todaygrowingnumbersofpeoplearechangingcareersorgettingsecondstartincareersthathavegreaterappealtothem.Societynolongerattachesthestigmaof"instability"totheideaofcareerhoppingasitoncedid.Motivesorreasonsforchangingcareervarywidelybutmanypeoplemovebecausetheyfeelstaleorfedupwithagrindingordullroutine.Forsomeasecondstartgrowsoutoftherealizationthatwhattheywantoutoflifeisnotwhattheyaredoingandtheydecidetodothosethingstheyenjoyandbelievetobeimportant.Certainlytimespentinoneoccupationislikelytonarrowtherangeoflateroccupationchoices;veryfewpeoplehavethemotivationandfinancialresourcetostartacompletelynewcareerinmid-life.Mostpeoplemovetorelatedfieldthatinvolvesaminimumofnewtraining. 42
TogethelpInternetaddictstiredoftheirsquare-eyedkeyboardtappingwaysneedlooknofurtherthantheWebforcounseling.Thereisnowanonlinecounselingserviceatwww.relateorg.nzforInternetobsessives.Juste-mailthedetailsofyourInternet-inducedcrisisandhelpcomesdirecttoyourinbox.46Thenewbreedofcybertherapistsseenothingstrangeaboutofferinghelpthroughtheverymediumthatisswallowingtheirclients’freetimeandsplittingtheirmarriages. GettinghookedontheInternetisn’tconfinedtoafewcomputernerds.It’sontheriseeverywhere—andwomenarethemostlikelyaddicts.Theoldstereotypicaladdictwasayoungmanwhospenthoursplayinggamesdownloadingsoftwareorreadingmessagesonnewsgroups.47Yetthenewimageisofayoungwomanwhofrittersawayhourse-mailingfriendsbuyingbooksandCDsonlinetalkinginchatroomsandlookingforinformationfornextyear’sholiday. IngridParkeronceaslavetoInternetchatroomsfoundherexperiencessodevastatingthatshewroteabooktohelpotheraddictsbreakthehabit.48Hercomputerdreamturnedtonightmarewhenshesoldupandmovedtobewithhercyberpalwhohadjustlefthiswifeonlytobetoldaweeklaterthatthecoupleweregettingbacktogether.Theheart-breakingturnofeventsgaveherthemotivationtocontrolheraddiction—andwritethebookCaughtintheWeb. ForIngridParkeranyonewhoismarriedorinasoundrelationshipshouldnotreallybespendinghourstalkingtosomeoneelseandignoringtheirnearestanddearest.49WhileParkerprovidedherowntherapybyputtingherexperiencesdownonpapersherecommendsotherstakeuptheonlinecounselingofferorlogofffromtheWorldwideWebgradually. Shesaid"It’slikesmoking.It’snotagoodideatosuddenlygocoldturkey.PeopleoftenemailmeabouttheproblemandItellthemtograduallyweanthemselvesoffandnottoswitchtoaschemewhereyoupayperhourforonlinetime.50IftheybreaktheirresolutionalltheyendupwiththenisthesameoldproblemplusmoneydifficultiesforthelonghourstheyhavespentloggedintotheInternet." OfcoursetheInternetisdefinitelyaddictivebutifyoucankeepitincontrolithasadvantagestoo.Usingitcanbeasteeplearningcurvesoithelpsyoubecomeveryquickatlearning.AlsothereisahugedemandforpeopleinthefieldofInformationTechnologyITandhoursontheInternetaregreattraining. 48
TheBushadministrationisabouttoproposefar-reachingnewrulesthatwouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateraccesstotensofthousandsofcourtroomsswimmingpoolsgolfcoursesstadiumstheatershotelsandretailstores.TheproposalwouldsubstantiallyupdateandrewritefederalstandardsforenforcementoftheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActalandmarkcivilrightslawpassedwithstrongbipartisansupportin1990.Thenewruleswouldsetmorestringentrequirementsinmanyareasandaddresssomeissuesforthefirsttimeinanefforttomeettheneedsofanagingpopulationandgrowingnumbersofdisabledwarveterans.Morethansevenmillionbusinessesandallstateandlocalgovernmentagencieswouldbeaffected.Theproposalincludessomeexemptionsforpartsofexistingbuildingsbutanynewconstructionorrenovationswouldhavetocomply.Thenewstandardswouldaffecteverythingfromthelocationoflightswitchestotheheightofretailservicecounterstotheuseofmonkeysasserviceanimalsforpeoplewithdisabilitieswhichwouldbeforbidden’.TheWhiteHouseapprovedtheproposalinMayafterafive-monthreview.ItisscheduledtobepublishedintheFederalRegisteronTuesdaywith60daysforpubliccomment.Afterconsideringthosecommentsthegovernmentwouldissuefinalruleswiththeforceoflaw.Alreadytheproposalisstirringconcern.TheUnitedStatesChamberofCommercesaysitwouldbeonerousandcostlywhileadvocatesfordisabledAmericanssayitdoesnotgofarenough.SincethedisabilitylawwassignedbythefirstPresidentBushadvancesintechnologyhavemadeservicesmoreavailabletopeoplewithdisabilities.ButJusticeDepartmentofficialssaidtheywerestillreceivinglargenumbersofcomplaints.InrecentmonthsthefederalgovernmenthassettledlawsuitssecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansatMadisonSquareGardeninNewYorkandatthenation’slargestcollegefootballstadiumattheUniversityofMichigan.TheJusticeDepartmentacknowledgedthatsomeofthechangeswouldhavesignificantcosts.Butoverallitsaidthevalueofthepublicbenefitsestimatedat$54billionexceedstheexpectedcostsof$23billion.InaneconomicanalysisoftheproposedrulestheJusticeDepartmentsaidtheneedforanaccessibleenvironmentwasgreaterthaneverbecausetheIraqwarwascreatinganewgenerationofyoungmenandwomenwithdisabilities.JohnL.WodatchchiefofthedisabilityrightssectionoftheJusticeDepartmentsaidDisabilityisinherentinthehumancondition.Thevastmajorityofindividualswhoarefortunateenoughtoreachanadvancedagewillbenefitfromtheproposedrequirements./WhatdowelearnabouttheBushadministration’sproposalofnewrules
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.4
Foryearssmokershavebeenexhortedtotaketheinitiativeandquit:useanicotinepatchchewnicotinegumtakeaprescriptionmedicationthatcanhelpcallahelplinejustsayno.Butanewstudyfindsthatstoppingisseldomanindividualdecision.Smokerstendtoquitingroupsthestudyfindswhichmeanssmokingcessationprogramsshouldworkbestiftheyfocusongroupsratherthanindividuals.Italsomeansthatpeoplemayhelpmanymorethanjustthemselvesbyquitting:quittingcanhavearippleeffectpromptinganentiresocialnetworktobreakthehabit.ThestudybyDr.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolandJamesFowleroftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofollowedthousandsofsmokersandnonsmokersfor32yearsfrom1971until2003studyingthemaspartofalargenetworkofrelativesco-workersneighborsfriendsandfriendsoffriends.ItwasatimewhenthepercentageofadultsmokersintheUnitedStatesfellto21percentfrom45percent.Astheinvestigatorswatchedthesmokersandtheirsocialnetworkstheysawwhattheysaidwasastrikingeffect—smokershadformedlittlesocialclustersandastheyearswentbyentireclustersofsmokerswerestoppingenmasse.Sowereclustersofclustersthatwereonlylooselyconnected.Dr.Christakisdescribedwatchingthevanishingclustersaslikelyingonyourbackinafieldlookingupatstarsthatwereburningout.It’snotlikeonelittlestarturningoffatatimehesaidWholeconstellationsareblinkingoffatonce.Asclusterafterclusterofsmokersdisappearedthosethatremainedwerepushedtothemarginsofsocietyisolatedwithfewerfriendsfewersocialconnections.SmokersusedtobethecenterofthepartyDr.Fowlersaidbutnowthey’vebecomewallflowers.We’veknownsmokingwasbadforyourphysicalhealthhesaidButthisshowsitalsoisbadforyoursocialhealth.Smokersarelikelytodrivefriendsaway.ThereisanessentialpublichealthmessagesaidRichardSuzmandirectoroftheofficeofbehavioralandsocialresearchattheNationalInstituteonAgingwhichfinancedthestudy.ObviouslypeoplehavetotakeresponsibilityfortheirbehaviorMr.Suzmansaid.Butasocialenvironmentheaddedcanjustoverpowerfreewill.Withsmokingthatcanbeagoodthingresearchersnoted.Buttherealsoisasadside.AsDr.StevenSehroederoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscopointedoutinaneditorialaccompanyingthepaperariskofthemarginalizationofsmokingisthatitfurtherisolatesthegroupofpeoplewiththehighestrateofsmoking—personswithmentalillnessproblemswithsubstanceabuseorboth./Bysayingbutnowthey’vebecomewallflowersLine3Paragraph4Dr.Fowlerintendstoshowthat______.
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethepicture 2interpretthephenomenonand 3giveyouropinionaboutthephenomenon.
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.18
Sciencefictionhasatendencytobecomesciencefact.SomethinglikeHaltheon-boardspaceshipcomputercapableofethicaldecisionmakingandintelligenceinArthurClarke’s2001:AspaceOdysseyisbeingdiscussedseriouslyinmodernartificial-intelligenceAIlaboratories.46ThatisnottosaythatcomputerswillevolveexactlyasClarkeenvisionedanymorethanpropulsionsystemsdevelopedinthewayJulesVerneimaginedthree-quartersofacenturybeforearockedsentaspaceshiptothemoon.47Howevercomputerscientistsaredevelopingsystemsthatcomeveryclosetomimickingpartsofhumancognition;itseemsplausiblethatsomethinglikeHalwillbearoundbeforeyoudepartfromthisearth. 48ComputerizedcognitionorartificialintelligenceAIasitisoftencalledisbroadlydefinedasthatbranchofcomputersciencethatdealswiththedevelopmentofcomputershardwareandcomputerprogramssoftwarethatemulatehumancognitivefunctions.Cognitioninvolvesperceptionmemorythinkinglanguageprocessingandmanyotherrelatedfunctionswhicharecarriedoutinamoreorlessexactway.Youcanforexampleseeandrecognizeyourfriend’sface;composeasensiblepoemsetiniambicpentameter;mentallycalculatethemostdirectroutefromyourhometothecollegeanddistinguishsourmilkfromfreshmilk.Wedothingslikethiseverydaywithnoeffort.Wealsodoalotoffoolishthingssuchasputshampooonourtoothbrush.Wearehumanandthat’saproblemforcomputersbeingperfectmachinesthatnevermakeamistake"computererrors"notwithstanding. Ifacomputercouldsimulatehumanthoughtandactionspreciselythenitwouldbeasgoodasweareindoingthelistofthingsmentionedearlierbutalsobejustasfallibleasweare.49Itisimportanttorecognizethedistinctionbetweenthosewhowanttowriteprogramsthatwillperformhumantaskswellsuchastheprogramwearepresentlyusingthatdrawsasquigglyredlineundermisspelledwordsandthosewhoaimtoclonehumanthought.Computersandtheirimpressiveprogramshavebecomesuchanindispensablepartofoureverydaylifethatwewonderhowwegotalongwithoutthem—stilltheyaren’tcleverenoughtoshampoowithtoothpaste. WhenwediscussAIitisusuallyintertwinedwithCognitivepsychologyandneuroscience.50Ideasfromonefieldforexampleneurosciencemightbeincorporatedintoanotherforexampleartificialintelligenceandyetotherideasfromcognitivepsychologymightbeappliedtobothotherareas.Allthree—AIcognitivepsychologyandneuroscienceespeciallyneuroscience—buildaplatformforcognitivescience. Ideasfromonefieldforexampleneurosciencemightbeincorporatedintoanotherforexampleartificialintelligenceandyetotherideasfromcognitivepsychologymightbeappliedtobothotherareas.
SuddenlytheeconomicsofAmericansuburbanlifeareunderassaultasskyrocketingenergypricesinflatethecostsofreachingheatingandcoolinghomesonthedistantedgesofmetropolitanareas.JustoffSingingHillsRoadinoneofhundredsoftwo-storyhomesdottingaformercattleranchbeyondthesouthernfringesofDenverPhilBoyleandhisfamilyopenlywonderiftheywillhavetomoveclosetotowntogetsomerelief.TheystillrevelinthespaceandquietthathasdrawnasteadyexodusfromAmericancitiestowardplaceslikethisformorethanhalfacentury.Butlifeontheedgesofsuburbiaisbeginningtofeeluntenable.Mr.Boyleandhiswifemustdrivenearlyanhourtotheirjobsinthehigh-techcorridorofsouthernDenver.Withgasolineatmorethan$4agallonMr.Boylerecentlypaid$121tofillhispickuptruckwithdieselfuel.InMarchthelasttimehefilledhispropanetanktoheathisspacioushousehepaid$566morethantwicethepriceof5yearsago.ThoughMr.Boylefindscitylifeunappealingitisnowupforreconsideration.Livingcloserininasmallerspacewhereyoudon’thavethatcommutehesaidIt’sdefinitelysomethingwetalkabout.Beforeitwas’wespendtoomuchtimedriving.’Nowit’s’wespendtoomuchtimeandmoneydriving.’Acrossthenationtherealizationistakingholdthatrisingenergypricesarelessamomentaryblipthanachangewithlastingconsequences.Theshifttocostlierfuelisthreateningtoslowthedecades-oldmigrationawayfromcitieswhileexacerbatingthe’housingdownturnbydiminishingtheappealoflargerhomessetfarfromurbanjobs.InAtlantaPhiladelphiaSanFranciscoandMinneapolishomesbeyondtheurbancorehavebeenfallinginvaluefasterthanthosewithinaccordingtoananalysisbyMoody’sEconomy.com.InDenverhousingpricesintheurbancorerosesteadilyfrom2003untillatelastyearcomparedwithpreviousyearsbeforedippingnearly5percentinthelastthreemonthsoflastyearaccordingtoEconomy.com.Buthousepricesinthesuburbsbeganfallingearlierinthemiddleof2006andthenaccelerateddroppingby7percentduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyearfromayearearlier.ManyfactorshavepropelledtheunravelingofAmericanrealestatefromthemortgagecrisistoastaggeringexcessofhomeconstruction.Buteconomistsandrealestateagentsaregrowingconvincedthattherisingcostofenergyisnowaprimaryfactorpushinghomepricesdowninthesuburbs.Morethanthree-fourthsofprospectivehomebuyersarenowmoreinclinedtoliveinanurbanareabecauseoffuelpricesaccordingtoarecentsurveyof903realestateagentswithColdwellBankerthenationalbrokeragefirm.ThekeyfactorcontributingtothedownturnofAmericansuburbanrealestateis______.
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.2
Sciencefictionhasatendencytobecomesciencefact.SomethinglikeHaltheon-boardspaceshipcomputercapableofethicaldecisionmakingandintelligenceinArthurClarke’s2001:AspaceOdysseyisbeingdiscussedseriouslyinmodernartificial-intelligenceAIlaboratories.46ThatisnottosaythatcomputerswillevolveexactlyasClarkeenvisionedanymorethanpropulsionsystemsdevelopedinthewayJulesVerneimaginedthree-quartersofacenturybeforearockedsentaspaceshiptothemoon.47Howevercomputerscientistsaredevelopingsystemsthatcomeveryclosetomimickingpartsofhumancognition;itseemsplausiblethatsomethinglikeHalwillbearoundbeforeyoudepartfromthisearth. 48ComputerizedcognitionorartificialintelligenceAIasitisoftencalledisbroadlydefinedasthatbranchofcomputersciencethatdealswiththedevelopmentofcomputershardwareandcomputerprogramssoftwarethatemulatehumancognitivefunctions.Cognitioninvolvesperceptionmemorythinkinglanguageprocessingandmanyotherrelatedfunctionswhicharecarriedoutinamoreorlessexactway.Youcanforexampleseeandrecognizeyourfriend’sface;composeasensiblepoemsetiniambicpentameter;mentallycalculatethemostdirectroutefromyourhometothecollegeanddistinguishsourmilkfromfreshmilk.Wedothingslikethiseverydaywithnoeffort.Wealsodoalotoffoolishthingssuchasputshampooonourtoothbrush.Wearehumanandthat’saproblemforcomputersbeingperfectmachinesthatnevermakeamistake"computererrors"notwithstanding. Ifacomputercouldsimulatehumanthoughtandactionspreciselythenitwouldbeasgoodasweareindoingthelistofthingsmentionedearlierbutalsobejustasfallibleasweare.49Itisimportanttorecognizethedistinctionbetweenthosewhowanttowriteprogramsthatwillperformhumantaskswellsuchastheprogramwearepresentlyusingthatdrawsasquigglyredlineundermisspelledwordsandthosewhoaimtoclonehumanthought.Computersandtheirimpressiveprogramshavebecomesuchanindispensablepartofoureverydaylifethatwewonderhowwegotalongwithoutthem—stilltheyaren’tcleverenoughtoshampoowithtoothpaste. WhenwediscussAIitisusuallyintertwinedwithCognitivepsychologyandneuroscience.50Ideasfromonefieldforexampleneurosciencemightbeincorporatedintoanotherforexampleartificialintelligenceandyetotherideasfromcognitivepsychologymightbeappliedtobothotherareas.Allthree—AIcognitivepsychologyandneuroscienceespeciallyneuroscience—buildaplatformforcognitivescience. ComputerizedcognitionorartificialintelligenceAIasitisoftencalledisbroadlydefinedasthatbranchofcomputersciencethatdealswiththedevelopmentofcomputershardwareandcomputerprogramssoftwarethatemulatehumancognitivefunctions.
[A]Ifyouchooseacareerthatdoesnotfityouyoucanstartover. [B]Careerplanningoverweighsanyotherfactors. [C]Reviewyourplansandprogressperiodicallywithanotherperson. [D]Seriousflawsinthewaysmanypeoplemakecareerdecision. [E]Studyyourself. [F]Setupsomepredictionsaboutyourselfinacareer.[ G]Writeyourcareergoalsdown. Careerplanninghelpsyoutoshapeyourcareerpossibilities.Itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowroutineorlogicalsteps.Eachofusplacesweightondifferentfactorsandmayconsidercertainphasesofcareerplanningatdifferenttimes.Careerplanningincludesgatheringinformationaboutourselvesandaboutoccupationsestimatingtheprobableoutcomesofvariouscoursesofactionandfinallychoosingalternativesthatwefindattractiveandfeasible.Quiteoftencareerplanninghelpspeopletoseethekindsofassistancetheyneedtodowhattheywantandhelpsdirectthemtoavailableresources. 41__________ Thisisthekeytocareerplanning.Understandingwhatyouarelikewhatyouvalueandwhatyouwanttobecomeisthefoundationforallcareerplanning.Tohaveabetterinsightintoyourselfyouaresupposedtoexamineyourstrengthsandweaknessesyourgoalsandthetrendsinyourpersonaldevelopment.Theself-understandingthatyougainenablesyoutoimaginehowcertainoccupationsmaybestfityourpersonalityinterestsabilitiesandgoals.Allcareerdecisionsrequireustolearnbothaboutourselvesandaboutworkandtointegratethesetwokindsofknowledge. 42__________ Atechniqueusefulfororganizingideasaboutyourcareerdevelopmentistoactuallyputthemdownbytimeblocksinyourlifeforexampleagesnineteentotwenty-twotwenty-threetothirty...Thisactionforcesyoutocrystallizeyourthinkingandtoreorganizefuzzyandhalf-formedideas.Itmayleadtonewinsightsaboutyourpossibilitiesandmayhelpyoutoseenewrelationshipspatternsandtrendsortoidentifygapsinyourthinkingaboutyourcareerdevelopment. 43__________ Considerthekindofpersonyouarewhatyou’relikelytobelikewhatchangesarelikelytotakeplaceinanoccupationwhatbasicproblemsyoumightmeetandwhatyouneedtosolveyourproblems.Thesehypothesesoreducatedguessesshouldrepresentyourunderstandingofyourselfatpresentwhatyoucandoandwhatyouwilldo. 44__________ Everysooftentakestockofyoursituationandconsiderwhatstepshavetobetakennext.Takinginventoryofprogressandplanningfurtherstepscanhelpyoucopewiththechangesthatyouundergoandthechangesthattakeplaceinthelabormarket.Talkingoveryourplanswithacollegecounseloryourparentsandyourfriendshelpsyoudefineyourgoalsandimproveyourcareerplanormakethemwork. 45__________ Todaygrowingnumbersofpeoplearechangingcareersorgettingsecondstartincareersthathavegreaterappealtothem.Societynolongerattachesthestigmaof"instability"totheideaofcareerhoppingasitoncedid.Motivesorreasonsforchangingcareervarywidelybutmanypeoplemovebecausetheyfeelstaleorfedupwithagrindingordullroutine.Forsomeasecondstartgrowsoutoftherealizationthatwhattheywantoutoflifeisnotwhattheyaredoingandtheydecidetodothosethingstheyenjoyandbelievetobeimportant.Certainlytimespentinoneoccupationislikelytonarrowtherangeoflateroccupationchoices;veryfewpeoplehavethemotivationandfinancialresourcetostartacompletelynewcareerinmid-life.Mostpeoplemovetorelatedfieldthatinvolvesaminimumofnewtraining. 44
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.20
TheBushadministrationisabouttoproposefar-reachingnewrulesthatwouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateraccesstotensofthousandsofcourtroomsswimmingpoolsgolfcoursesstadiumstheatershotelsandretailstores.TheproposalwouldsubstantiallyupdateandrewritefederalstandardsforenforcementoftheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActalandmarkcivilrightslawpassedwithstrongbipartisansupportin1990.Thenewruleswouldsetmorestringentrequirementsinmanyareasandaddresssomeissuesforthefirsttimeinanefforttomeettheneedsofanagingpopulationandgrowingnumbersofdisabledwarveterans.Morethansevenmillionbusinessesandallstateandlocalgovernmentagencieswouldbeaffected.Theproposalincludessomeexemptionsforpartsofexistingbuildingsbutanynewconstructionorrenovationswouldhavetocomply.Thenewstandardswouldaffecteverythingfromthelocationoflightswitchestotheheightofretailservicecounterstotheuseofmonkeysasserviceanimalsforpeoplewithdisabilitieswhichwouldbeforbidden’.TheWhiteHouseapprovedtheproposalinMayafterafive-monthreview.ItisscheduledtobepublishedintheFederalRegisteronTuesdaywith60daysforpubliccomment.Afterconsideringthosecommentsthegovernmentwouldissuefinalruleswiththeforceoflaw.Alreadytheproposalisstirringconcern.TheUnitedStatesChamberofCommercesaysitwouldbeonerousandcostlywhileadvocatesfordisabledAmericanssayitdoesnotgofarenough.SincethedisabilitylawwassignedbythefirstPresidentBushadvancesintechnologyhavemadeservicesmoreavailabletopeoplewithdisabilities.ButJusticeDepartmentofficialssaidtheywerestillreceivinglargenumbersofcomplaints.InrecentmonthsthefederalgovernmenthassettledlawsuitssecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansatMadisonSquareGardeninNewYorkandatthenation’slargestcollegefootballstadiumattheUniversityofMichigan.TheJusticeDepartmentacknowledgedthatsomeofthechangeswouldhavesignificantcosts.Butoverallitsaidthevalueofthepublicbenefitsestimatedat$54billionexceedstheexpectedcostsof$23billion.InaneconomicanalysisoftheproposedrulestheJusticeDepartmentsaidtheneedforanaccessibleenvironmentwasgreaterthaneverbecausetheIraqwarwascreatinganewgenerationofyoungmenandwomenwithdisabilities.JohnL.WodatchchiefofthedisabilityrightssectionoftheJusticeDepartmentsaidDisabilityisinherentinthehumancondition.Thevastmajorityofindividualswhoarefortunateenoughtoreachanadvancedagewillbenefitfromtheproposedrequirements./ThecaseofsecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansismentionedinParagraph4to______.
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.12
Sciencefictionhasatendencytobecomesciencefact.SomethinglikeHaltheon-boardspaceshipcomputercapableofethicaldecisionmakingandintelligenceinArthurClarke’s2001:AspaceOdysseyisbeingdiscussedseriouslyinmodernartificial-intelligenceAIlaboratories.46ThatisnottosaythatcomputerswillevolveexactlyasClarkeenvisionedanymorethanpropulsionsystemsdevelopedinthewayJulesVerneimaginedthree-quartersofacenturybeforearockedsentaspaceshiptothemoon.47Howevercomputerscientistsaredevelopingsystemsthatcomeveryclosetomimickingpartsofhumancognition;itseemsplausiblethatsomethinglikeHalwillbearoundbeforeyoudepartfromthisearth. 48ComputerizedcognitionorartificialintelligenceAIasitisoftencalledisbroadlydefinedasthatbranchofcomputersciencethatdealswiththedevelopmentofcomputershardwareandcomputerprogramssoftwarethatemulatehumancognitivefunctions.Cognitioninvolvesperceptionmemorythinkinglanguageprocessingandmanyotherrelatedfunctionswhicharecarriedoutinamoreorlessexactway.Youcanforexampleseeandrecognizeyourfriend’sface;composeasensiblepoemsetiniambicpentameter;mentallycalculatethemostdirectroutefromyourhometothecollegeanddistinguishsourmilkfromfreshmilk.Wedothingslikethiseverydaywithnoeffort.Wealsodoalotoffoolishthingssuchasputshampooonourtoothbrush.Wearehumanandthat’saproblemforcomputersbeingperfectmachinesthatnevermakeamistake"computererrors"notwithstanding. Ifacomputercouldsimulatehumanthoughtandactionspreciselythenitwouldbeasgoodasweareindoingthelistofthingsmentionedearlierbutalsobejustasfallibleasweare.49Itisimportanttorecognizethedistinctionbetweenthosewhowanttowriteprogramsthatwillperformhumantaskswellsuchastheprogramwearepresentlyusingthatdrawsasquigglyredlineundermisspelledwordsandthosewhoaimtoclonehumanthought.Computersandtheirimpressiveprogramshavebecomesuchanindispensablepartofoureverydaylifethatwewonderhowwegotalongwithoutthem—stilltheyaren’tcleverenoughtoshampoowithtoothpaste. WhenwediscussAIitisusuallyintertwinedwithCognitivepsychologyandneuroscience.50Ideasfromonefieldforexampleneurosciencemightbeincorporatedintoanotherforexampleartificialintelligenceandyetotherideasfromcognitivepsychologymightbeappliedtobothotherareas.Allthree—AIcognitivepsychologyandneuroscienceespeciallyneuroscience—buildaplatformforcognitivescience. ThatisnottosaythatcomputerswillevolveexactlyasClarkeenvisionedanymorethanpropulsionsystemsdevelopedinthewayJulesVerneimaginedthree-quartersofacenturybeforearockedsentaspaceshiptothemoon.
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.14
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