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设A=ij)n×n是正交矩阵，将A以行分块为A=(α1，α2，…，αn)T，则方程组AX=b，b=(b1，…，bn)T的通解为______。
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设AB都是n阶正交矩阵则AB是
正交矩阵
单位矩阵
仅为对角阵
对称矩阵
设A为n阶非奇异矩阵α为n维列向量b为常数记分块矩阵其中A*是矩阵A的伴随矩阵E为n阶单位矩阵．Ⅰ计
设n阶n≥3实矩阵A=aijn×n≠0且aij=Aijij=12n其中Aij是元素aij的代数余子式
A必为可逆矩阵．
A必为反对称矩阵．
A必为正交矩阵．
A
=1．
设A是n阶方阵且E+A可逆证明若A为反对称矩阵则E-AE+A-1是正交矩阵．
设AB都是n阶正交矩阵且|A|=-|B|则|A+B|=______．
设A为n阶非奇导矩阵a为n维列向量b为常数.记分块矩阵 其中A*是矩阵A的伴随矩阵E为n阶单位矩
设A为n阶非奇异矩阵α为n维列向量b为常数．记分块矩阵其中A*是矩阵A的伴随矩阵I为n阶单位矩阵．1
设二次型 其中二次型的矩阵A的特征值之和为1特征值之积为-12． 1求ab的值 2利用正交变换将
设A=aijn×n是正交矩阵．将A以行分块为A=α1α2αnT则方程组AX=bb=b1bnT
设A是3阶实对称矩阵其主对角线元素都是0并且α=12-1T满足Aα=2α．Ⅰ求矩阵AⅡ求正交矩阵P使
设矩阵A是n阶可逆方阵将A的第j列和第k列对换得矩阵B将B的第j行和第k行对换得矩阵V．求BC-1．
设A为n阶非奇异矩阵α为n维列向量b为常数记分块矩阵其中A*是矩阵A的伴随矩阵E为n阶单位矩阵．Ⅰ计
设A为n阶实对称矩阵则下列结论正确的是
A的n个特征向量两两正交．
A的n个特征向量组成单位正交向量组．
) A的k
) A
设ABCD均为n阶矩阵E为n阶单位矩阵A是可逆矩阵若分块矩阵则PQR=______．
设A为n阶非奇异矩阵α为n维列向量b为常数．记分块矩阵其中A*是矩阵A的伴随矩阵I为n阶单位矩阵．1
设A是n阶对称矩阵B是n阶反对称矩阵则下列不能用正交变换化为对角矩阵的是
AB-B
设A为n阶非奇异矩阵α为n维列向量b为常数记分块矩阵其中A*是矩阵A的伴随矩阵E为n阶单位矩阵．计算
设A为n阶非奇异矩阵α为n维列向量b为常数记分块矩阵其中A*是矩阵A的伴随矩阵E为n阶单位矩阵．证明
设AB都是n阶矩阵若有可逆矩阵P使得P-1AP=B则称矩阵A与矩阵B
等价
相似
合同
正交
设A为3阶矩阵|A|=-2将A按列分块为A=α1α2α3其中αjj=123是A的第j列．令B=α3-
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Inathree-monthperiodlastyeartwoBrooklyniteshadtobecutoutoftheirapartmentsandcarriedtohospitalonstretchersdesignedfortransportingsmallwhales.TheNationalAssociationtoAdvanceFatAcceptanceNAAFAarguesthatitwasnottheircombined900kgbulkthatmadethemill.ObesityaccordingtoNAAFAisnotbadforyou.Andevenifitwasthereisnothingtobedoneaboutitbecausegenesdictateweight.Attemptingtoeatlessmerelyslowsmetabolismhavingpeopleaschubbyasever.ThisisthefatlashmovementthatcausesAmerica’sslimmingindustrysomuchpain.InhisbookBinFatLiesBallantine1996GlennGaessersaysthatnostudyyethasconvincinglyshownthatweightisanindependentcauseofhealthproblems.Fatnessdoesnotkillpeople;thingslikehypertensioncoronaryheartdiseasesandcancerdo.MichaelFumentoauthorofTheFatoftheLandViking1997ananti-fatlashdiatribecomparesDrGaesser’slogicwithsayingthattheguillotinedidnotkillLouisXVI:Ratheritwastheseveringofhisvertebraethecuttingofallthebloodvesselsinhisneckand..thetraumacausedbyhisheaddroppingseveralfeetintoawickerbasket.Beingfatkillsinseveralways.Itmakespeoplefarmorelikelytosufferfromheartdiseaseorhighbloodpressure.Evenmoderateobesityincreasesthechanceofcontractingdiabetes.Being40%overweightmakespeople30%-50%morelikelytodieofcanceraccordingtotheAmericanCancerSociety.Extremefatnessmakespatientssomuchlesslikelytosurvivesurgerythatmanydoctorsrefusetooperateuntiltheyslim.Theideathatbeingoverweightiscausedbyobesitygenesisnotwhollyfalse:researchershavefoundanumberofgenesthatappeartomakesomepeoplebumoffenergyataslowerrate.Butgenesarenotdestiny.Thedifferencebetweensomeonewithageneticpredispositiontogainweightandsomeonewithoutappearstoberoughly40calories—oraspoonfulofmayonnaise—aday.AnalternativefatlashargumentadvancedinbookssuchasDeanOnrush’sEatMoreWeightLessHarperCollies1993andDateAtrens’sDon’tDietWilliamMorrow1978isthatfatnessisnotamatterofeatingtoomuch.TheynotethatasAmericans’weighthasballoonedoverthelastfewdecadestheirreportedcaloricintakehasplunged.Thissimplyexplainspeople’sownrecollectionofhowmuchtheyeatisextremelyunreliable.Andastheygrowfatterpeoplefeelguiltyandaremorelikelytofibabouthowmuchtheyeat.Allreputablestudiesshowthateatinglessandexercisingreduceweight.Certainlythebody’smetabolismslowsalittlewhenyouloseweightbecauseittakeslessenergytocarrylessbulkaroundandbecausedietingcanmakethebodyfearitisabouttostarve.Butasensiblelow-fatdietmakesweightlosspossible.Thefatlashmovementisdangerousbecauseslimmerswilloftenfindanyexcusetogiveup.Totellpeoplethatitishealthytobeobeseistoencouragethemtolivesickanddieyoung.ThetwoBrooklynitesinthefirstparagraphwere______.
Recalculatingtheglobaluseofphosphorusanimportantfertilizerelementofmodemagricultureateamofresearcherswarnsthattheworld’sstocksmaysoonbeinshortsupplyandthatoveruseintheindustrializedworldhasbecomealeadingcauseofthepollutionoflakesriversandstreams.WritingintheFeb.14editionofthejournalEnvironmentalResearchLettersStephenCarpenteroftheUniversityofWisconsin-MadisonandElenaBennettofMcGillUniversityreportthatthehumanuseofphosphorusprimarilyintheindustrializedworldiscausingthewidespreadeutrophicationoffreshsurfacewater.What’smoretheminableglobalstocksofphosphorusareconcentratedinjustafewcountriesandareindeclineposingtheriskofglobalshortageswithinthenext20years.ThereisafiniteamountofphosphorusintheworldsaysCarpenteroneoftheworld’sleadingauthoritiesonlakesandstreams.Thisisamaterialthat’sbecomingrarerandweneedtouseitmoreefficiently.Phosphorusisanessentialelementforlife.Livingorganismsincludinghumanshavesmallamountsandtheelementiscrucialfordrivingtheenergeticprocessesofcells.Inagriculturephosphorusminedfromancientmarinedepositsiswidelyusedtoboostcropyields.Theelementalsohasotherindustrialuses.Butexcessphosphorusfromfertilizerthatwashesfromfarmfieldsandsuburbanlawnsintolakesandstreamsistheprimarycauseofthealgaebloomsthatdestroyfreshwaterecosystemsariddegradewaterquality.Phosphoruspollutionposesarisktofishandotherwaterlifeaswellastotheanimalsandhumanswhodependoncleanfreshwater.Insomeinstancesexcessphosphorussparksbloomsoftoxicalgaewhichposeadirectthreattohumanandanimallife.IfyouhavetoomuchphosphorusyougeteutrophicationexplainsCarpenterofthecycleofexcessiveplantandalgaegrowththatsignificantlydegradesbodiesoffreshwater.Phosphorusstimulatesthegrowthofalgaeandweedsnearshoreandsomeofthealgaecancontaincyanobacteriawhicharetoxic.Youlosefish.Youlosewaterqualityfordrinking.Thefertilizer-fueledalgaebloomsthemselvesamplifytheproblemasthealgaedieandreleaseaccumulatedphosphorusbackintothewater.ComplicatingtheproblemsaysCarpenteristhefactthatexcessphosphorusintheenvironmentisaproblemprimarilyintheindustrializedworldmainlyEuropeNorthAmericaandpartsofAsia.InotherpartsoftheworldnotablyAfricaandAustraliasoilsarephosphoruspoorcreatingastarkimbalance.IronicallysoilsinplaceslikeNorthAmericawherefertilizerswithphosphorusaremostcommonlyappliedarealreadyloadedwiththeelement.BennettandCarpenterarguethatagriculturepracticestobetterconservephosphatewithinagriculturalecosystemsarenecessarytoavertthewidespreadpollutionofsurfacewaters.Phosphorusfrompartsoftheworldwheretheelementisabundanttheysaycanbemovedtophosphorusdeficientregionsoftheworldbyextractingphosphorusfrommanureforexampleusingmanuredigesters.Whatistheresultifthealgaeblooms
Whereverpeoplehavebeentheyhaveleftwastebehindwhichcancauseallsortsofproblems.Wasteoftenstinksattractsverminandcreateseyesores.Moreseriouslyitcanreleaseharmfulchemicalsintothesoilandwaterwhendumpedorintotheairwhenburned.Andthentherearesomereallynastyformsofindustrialwastesuchasspentnuclearfuelforwhichnouniversallyaccepteddisposalmethodshavethusfarbeendeveloped. Yetmanyalsoseewasteasanopportunity.Gettingridofitallhasbecomeahugeglobalbusiness.Richcountriesspendsome$120billionayeardisposingoftheirmunicipalwastealoneandanother$150billiononindustrialwaste.Theamountofwastethatcountriesproducetendstogrowintandemwiththeireconomiesandespeciallywiththerateofurbanization.SowastefirmsseearichfutureinplacessuchasChinaIndiaandBrazilwhichatpresentspendonlyabout$5billionayearcollectingandtreatingtheirmunicipalwaste. Wastealsopresentsanopportunityinagrandersense:asapotentialresource.Muchofitisalreadyburnedtogenerateenergy.Clevernewtechnologiestoturnitintofertiliserorchemicalsorfuelarebeingdevelopedallthetime.Visionariesseeaworldwithoutwastewithrubbishbeingroutinelyrecycled. Untillastsummersuchviewswerespreadingquickly.Butsincethenplummetingpricesforvirginpaperplasticandfuelsandhencealsoforthewastethatsubstitutesforthemhaveputanendtosuchvisions.Manyoftherecyclingfirmsthathadarguedrubbishwasonthewayoutnowsaythatunlesstheyaregivenfinancialhelptheythemselveswilldisappear. Subsidiesareabadidea.Governmentshavearoletoplayinthebusinessofwastemanagementbutitisaregulatoryandsupervisoryone.Theyshouldobligepeoplewhocreatewastetocleanupafterthemselvesandideallyensurethatthepriceofanyproductreflectsthecostofdisposingofitsafely.Thatwouldhelptosignalwhichitemsarehardesttogetridofgivingconsumersanincentivetobuygoodsthatcreatelesswasteinthefirstplace. Thatmaysoundsimpleenoughbutgovernmentsseldomgettherolesright.Inpoorercountriestheyoftenhavenorulesatalloriftheyhavethemtheyfailtoenforcethem.Inrichcountriestheyareofteninconsistent:toostrictaboutsomesortsofwasteandworryinglylaxaboutothers.Theyarealsopronetoimposingarbitrarytargetsandtaxes.Californiaforexamplewantstorecycleallitstrashnotbecauseitnecessarilymakesenvironmentaloreconomicsensebutbecausethegoalof"zerowaste"soundspoliticallyattractive. What’sthemainideaofthefirstparagraph
A.Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocalstudentsandshouldbeaccordedequivalentrightsandprotections—exceptinafewareassuchasvotinginnationalelections.Amorecomprehensiveandrights-basedapproachtothesecurityofinternationalstudentscouldbeobtainedthroughbilateralnegotiationsbetweenthecountriesthatsendandreceivethem.ChinaIndiaMalaysiaandothernationsshouldseekasystematicregimeofprotectionandrespectfortheircitizenswhostudyinothercountries.Asapatternofbilateralnegotiationsbecameestablishedcommonglobalstandardscouldemerge.B.WhatdidwefindTheexperienceofinternationalstudentsdiffersfromthatoflocalstudentsinthreeways.Firstthelivesofinternationalstudentsaremoremarginallonelierandlessinformedthanthoseoftheirlocalpeers.SecondthemajorityofinternationalstudentsinAustraliafaceatleastsomebarrierstocommunicatinginEnglishthataffectnotjustacademicprogressbutalsodailylife.Problemsofabuseordiscriminationareoftenassociatedwithcommunicationsissues.Thirdtherearepronounceddifferencesbetweenlocalandinternationalstudentsinareaswhereculturalidentityareatplaynotjustincross-culturalrelationsbutinlookingforrentalhousingseekingajobandsoon.C.Nationalandstategovernmentsshouldalsosubsidizeaffordablehousingforamixofinternationalandlocalstudentsinareaswherestudentsstudyandwork.Thegovernmentsshouldalsorequireinspectionsofstudents’rentalhousing.Theyshouldprovidesupervisedtransportespeciallyatnight.Thepoliceshouldpatrolhotspotswhereviolenceisoccurringormightoccur.Internationalstudentsshouldreceiveadequateinformationaboutsafetyandsecurityuponarrivalintheirnewcountries.D.Wedefinedstudentsecurityasincludingthefullrangeofissuesaffectingtheempowermentandprotectionofinternationalstudents:financialsupporthousinghealthsafetyworkissuesandrelationswiththeiruniversitiesandthegovernment’simmigrationdepartment.Wealsolookedintointernationalstudents’personalnetworkscommunicationsandinterculturalissues.WeconductedtheempiricalworkforourstudyinAustraliabutourresearchandthatofotherscholarsshowthattheunderlyingissuesarecommontosomeextenttoallcountries.E.Thefundamentalproblemhoweverlieswithnations’regulatoryframeworkswhichshouldbemodifiedforaglobalizedworld.Wemustfindwaysofmovinginternational-studentsecurityupthepolicyagendaofnationalgovernmentsmultilateralforumsandglobalagencies.AustralianinternationaleducationforexampleisnowregulatedthroughtheEducationServicesforOverseasStudentsAct.Itimposesobligationsonproviderinstitutionsmostlyinrelationtoconsumerprotectionandimmigrationcompliance.Butsafetyoncampusisnotmentioned.Theactdoesnotcoverstudents’livesinthecommunityoutsidethecampuswheremostproblemsofsecurityoccur.F.Butdelvedeeperandyouwillfindthatalthoughmoststudentssucceedabroadandhavesatisfyingexperiencescertainlynotallofthemdo—andsomehavemajorproblemswhichcanrangefarbeyondlonelinessanddifficultiesadjustingtonewcultures.Someinternationalstudentsarevictimsofterriblecrimes.Unfortunatelytheirsecurityisnotadequatelyensuredbythecountrieswheretheystudywhichstilltreatthemasoutsidersandtheirrightsasprivilegesthatcanbeignored.Eventhoughglobalmobilityineducationhasrenderedsuchanapproachobsoletenationalregulationshavenotkeptpace.G.WhatshouldbedonetoimprovethesafetyandsecurityofinternationalstudentsForthemsecuritymeansnotonlyprotectionbutalsothecapacitytooperateasfreehumanagentsmakingchoices.Formanyinternationalstudentsacquiringcommunicationskillsisalmostasimportantasacquiringdegrees.UniversitiesinEnglish-speakingcountriesshouldmakeEnglish-languagecommunicationaformalrequirementfordegreestatus.
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 3
Whereverpeoplehavebeentheyhaveleftwastebehindwhichcancauseallsortsofproblems.Wasteoftenstinksattractsverminandcreateseyesores.Moreseriouslyitcanreleaseharmfulchemicalsintothesoilandwaterwhendumpedorintotheairwhenburned.Andthentherearesomereallynastyformsofindustrialwastesuchasspentnuclearfuelforwhichnouniversallyaccepteddisposalmethodshavethusfarbeendeveloped.Yetmanyalsoseewasteasanopportunity.Gettingridofitallhasbecomeahugeglobalbusiness.Richcountriesspendsome$120billionayeardisposingoftheirmunicipalwastealoneandanother$150billiononindustrialwaste.Theamountofwastethatcountriesproducetendstogrowintandemwiththeireconomiesandespeciallywiththerateofurbanization.SowastefirmsseearichfutureinplacessuchasChinaIndiaandBrazilwhichatpresentspendonlyabout$5billionayearcollectingandtreatingtheirmunicipalwaste.Wastealsopresentsanopportunityinagrandersense:asapotentialresource.Muchofitisalreadyburnedtogenerateenergy.Clevernewtechnologiestoturnitintofertiliserorchemicalsorfuelarebeingdevelopedallthetime.Visionariesseeaworldwithoutwastewithrubbishbeingroutinelyrecycled.Untillastsummersuchviewswerespreadingquickly.Butsincethenplummetingpricesforvirginpaperplasticandfuelsandhencealsoforthewastethatsubstitutesforthemhaveputanendtosuchvisions.Manyoftherecyclingfirmsthathadarguedrubbishwasonthewayoutnowsaythatunlesstheyaregivenfinancialhelptheythemselveswilldisappear.Subsidiesareabadidea.Governmentshavearoletoplayinthebusinessofwastemanagementbutitisaregulatoryandsupervisoryone.Theyshouldobligepeoplewhocreatewastetocleanupafterthemselvesandideallyensurethatthepriceofanyproductreflectsthecostofdisposingofitsafely.Thatwouldhelptosignalwhichitemsarehardesttogetridofgivingconsumersanincentivetobuygoodsthatcreatelesswasteinthefirstplace.Thatmaysoundsimpleenoughbutgovernmentsseldomgettherolesright.Inpoorercountriestheyoftenhavenorulesatalloriftheyhavethemtheyfailtoenforcethem.Inrichcountriestheyareofteninconsistent:toostrictaboutsomesortsofwasteandworryinglylaxaboutothers.Theyarealsopronetoimposingarbitrarytargetsandtaxes.Californiaforexamplewantstorecycleallitstrashnotbecauseitnecessarilymakesenvironmentaloreconomicsensebutbecausethegoalofzerowastesoundspoliticallyattractive.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothelastparagraph
In1999thepriceofoilhoveredaround$16abarrel.By2008ithad1the$100abarrelmark.Thereasonsforthesurge2fromthedramaticgrowthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread3inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion.Triple-digitoilpriceshave4theeconomicandpoliticalmapoftheworld5someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-richnationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities6majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworldspopulation—7risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral8ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachotherto9scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithanygovernment10howun-pleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption11thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.Andoilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments12someinthewestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrisingoil13achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeignpolicies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits14costsfromhigherprices.ConsideringGermany15itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewithaboomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia16128percentfrom2001to2006. IntheUnitedStatesasalreadyhighgaspricesrose17higherinthespringof2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCainandObama18forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeaksummerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto19assalesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems20thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders 11
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 13
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 7
In1999thepriceofoilhoveredaround$16abarrel.By2008ithad1the$100abarrelmark.Thereasonsforthesurge2fromthedramaticgrowthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread3inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion.Triple-digitoilpriceshave4theeconomicandpoliticalmapoftheworld5someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-richnationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities6majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworldspopulation—7risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral8ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachotherto9scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithanygovernment10howun-pleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption11thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.Andoilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments12someinthewestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrisingoil13achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeignpolicies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits14costsfromhigherprices.ConsideringGermany15itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewithaboomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia16128percentfrom2001to2006. IntheUnitedStatesasalreadyhighgaspricesrose17higherinthespringof2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCainandObama18forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeaksummerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto19assalesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems20thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders 17
TheissueofonlineprivacyintheInternetagefoundnewurgencyfollowingtheSept.11terroristattackssparkingdebateoverstrikingthecorrectbalancebetweenprotectingcivillibertiesandattemptingtopreventanothertragicterroristact.Whilepreventingterrorismcertainlyisofparamountimportanceprivacyrightsshouldnotbedeemedirrelevant.InresponsetotheattacksCongressquicklypassedlegislationthatincludedprovisionsexpandingrightsofinvestigatorstointerceptwireoralandelectroniccommunicationsofallegedhackersandterrorists.CivillibertiesgroupsexpressedconcernsovertheprovisionsandurgedcautioninensuringthateffortstoprotectournationdonotresultinbroadgovernmentauthoritytoerodeprivacyrightsofU.S.citizens.NeverthelesscausingfurtherconcerntocivillibertiesgroupstheDepartmentofJusticeproposedexceptionstotheattorney-clientprivilege.OnOct.30AttorneyGeneralJohnAshcroftapprovedaninterimagencyrulethatwouldpermitfederalprisonauthoritiestomonitorwireandelectroniccommunicationsbetweenlawyersandtheirclientsinfederalcustodyincludingthosewhohavebeendetainedbutnotchargedwithanycrimewheneversurveillanceisdeemednecessarytopreventviolenceorterrorism.Inlightofthisbroadeningefforttoreachintocommunicationsthatwerepreviouslybelievedtobeoff-limitstheissueofonlineprivacyisnowanevenmorepressingconcern.CongresshastakensomelegislativestepstowardensuringonlineprivacyincludingtheChildren’sOnlinePrivacyProtectionActandprovidedprivacyprotectionsforcertainsectorsthroughlegislationsuchastheFinancialServicesModernizationAct.Thelegislationpassedtodatedoesnothoweverprovideastatutoryschemeforprotectinggeneralonlineconsumerprivacy.Lackingdefinitivefederallawsomestatespassedtheirownmeasures.Butmuchofthislegislationisincompleteornotenforced.Moreoveritbecomesunworkablewhenstatescreatedifferentprivacystandards;theInternetdoesnotknowgeographicboundariesandcompaniesandindividualscannotbeexpectedtocomplywithdifferingandattimesconflictingprivacyrules.Ananalysisearlierthisyearof751U.S.andinternationalWebsitesconductedbyConsumersInternationalfoundthatmostsitescollectpersonalinformationbutfailtotellconsumershowthatdatawillbeusedhowsecurityismaintainedandwhatrightsconsumershaveovertheirowninformation.AtaminimumCongressshouldpasslegislationrequiringWebsitestodisplayprivacypoliciesprominentlyinformconsumersofthemethodsemployedtocollectclientdataallowcustomerstooptoutOfsuchdatacollectionandprovidecustomeraccesstotheirowndatathathasalreadybeencollected.AlthoughvariousInternetprivacybillswereintroducedinthe107thCongressthefocusshiftedtoexpandinggovernmentsurveillanceinthewakeoftheterroristattacks.Plainlygovernmenteffortstopreventterrorismareappropriate.Exactlyhowtheseexigentcircumstanceschangethenatureoftheonlineprivacydebateisstilltobeseen.Theauthorimpliesinthesecondparagraphthat______.
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 1
Inathree-monthperiodlastyeartwoBrooklyniteshadtobecutoutoftheirapartmentsandcarriedtohospitalonstretchersdesignedfortransportingsmallwhales.TheNationalAssociationtoAdvanceFatAcceptanceNAAFAarguesthatitwasnottheircombined900kgbulkthatmadethemill.ObesityaccordingtoNAAFAisnotbadforyou.Andevenifitwasthereisnothingtobedoneaboutitbecausegenesdictateweight.Attemptingtoeatlessmerelyslowsmetabolismhavingpeopleaschubbyasever.ThisisthefatlashmovementthatcausesAmerica’sslimmingindustrysomuchpain.InhisbookBinFatLiesBallantine1996GlennGaessersaysthatnostudyyethasconvincinglyshownthatweightisanindependentcauseofhealthproblems.Fatnessdoesnotkillpeople;thingslikehypertensioncoronaryheartdiseasesandcancerdo.MichaelFumentoauthorofTheFatoftheLandViking1997ananti-fatlashdiatribecomparesDrGaesser’slogicwithsayingthattheguillotinedidnotkillLouisXVI:Ratheritwastheseveringofhisvertebraethecuttingofallthebloodvesselsinhisneckand..thetraumacausedbyhisheaddroppingseveralfeetintoawickerbasket.Beingfatkillsinseveralways.Itmakespeoplefarmorelikelytosufferfromheartdiseaseorhighbloodpressure.Evenmoderateobesityincreasesthechanceofcontractingdiabetes.Being40%overweightmakespeople30%-50%morelikelytodieofcanceraccordingtotheAmericanCancerSociety.Extremefatnessmakespatientssomuchlesslikelytosurvivesurgerythatmanydoctorsrefusetooperateuntiltheyslim.Theideathatbeingoverweightiscausedbyobesitygenesisnotwhollyfalse:researchershavefoundanumberofgenesthatappeartomakesomepeoplebumoffenergyataslowerrate.Butgenesarenotdestiny.Thedifferencebetweensomeonewithageneticpredispositiontogainweightandsomeonewithoutappearstoberoughly40calories—oraspoonfulofmayonnaise—aday.AnalternativefatlashargumentadvancedinbookssuchasDeanOnrush’sEatMoreWeightLessHarperCollies1993andDateAtrens’sDon’tDietWilliamMorrow1978isthatfatnessisnotamatterofeatingtoomuch.TheynotethatasAmericans’weighthasballoonedoverthelastfewdecadestheirreportedcaloricintakehasplunged.Thissimplyexplainspeople’sownrecollectionofhowmuchtheyeatisextremelyunreliable.Andastheygrowfatterpeoplefeelguiltyandaremorelikelytofibabouthowmuchtheyeat.Allreputablestudiesshowthateatinglessandexercisingreduceweight.Certainlythebody’smetabolismslowsalittlewhenyouloseweightbecauseittakeslessenergytocarrylessbulkaroundandbecausedietingcanmakethebodyfearitisabouttostarve.Butasensiblelow-fatdietmakesweightlosspossible.Thefatlashmovementisdangerousbecauseslimmerswilloftenfindanyexcusetogiveup.Totellpeoplethatitishealthytobeobeseistoencouragethemtolivesickanddieyoung.Whatcanbeconcludedaccordingtotheauthor’sviewoftheobesitygenes
Directions:WritealettertoyourcousinwhoisgoingtotaketheCollegeEntranceExaminationandfeelsstressedgivinghimsomesuggestions.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
TheissueofonlineprivacyintheInternetagefoundnewurgencyfollowingtheSept.11terroristattackssparkingdebateoverstrikingthecorrectbalancebetweenprotectingcivillibertiesandattemptingtopreventanothertragicterroristact.Whilepreventingterrorismcertainlyisofparamountimportanceprivacyrightsshouldnotbedeemedirrelevant.InresponsetotheattacksCongressquicklypassedlegislationthatincludedprovisionsexpandingrightsofinvestigatorstointerceptwireoralandelectroniccommunicationsofallegedhackersandterrorists.CivillibertiesgroupsexpressedconcernsovertheprovisionsandurgedcautioninensuringthateffortstoprotectournationdonotresultinbroadgovernmentauthoritytoerodeprivacyrightsofU.S.citizens.NeverthelesscausingfurtherconcerntocivillibertiesgroupstheDepartmentofJusticeproposedexceptionstotheattorney-clientprivilege.OnOct.30AttorneyGeneralJohnAshcroftapprovedaninterimagencyrulethatwouldpermitfederalprisonauthoritiestomonitorwireandelectroniccommunicationsbetweenlawyersandtheirclientsinfederalcustodyincludingthosewhohavebeendetainedbutnotchargedwithanycrimewheneversurveillanceisdeemednecessarytopreventviolenceorterrorism.Inlightofthisbroadeningefforttoreachintocommunicationsthatwerepreviouslybelievedtobeoff-limitstheissueofonlineprivacyisnowanevenmorepressingconcern.CongresshastakensomelegislativestepstowardensuringonlineprivacyincludingtheChildren’sOnlinePrivacyProtectionActandprovidedprivacyprotectionsforcertainsectorsthroughlegislationsuchastheFinancialServicesModernizationAct.Thelegislationpassedtodatedoesnothoweverprovideastatutoryschemeforprotectinggeneralonlineconsumerprivacy.Lackingdefinitivefederallawsomestatespassedtheirownmeasures.Butmuchofthislegislationisincompleteornotenforced.Moreoveritbecomesunworkablewhenstatescreatedifferentprivacystandards;theInternetdoesnotknowgeographicboundariesandcompaniesandindividualscannotbeexpectedtocomplywithdifferingandattimesconflictingprivacyrules.Ananalysisearlierthisyearof751U.S.andinternationalWebsitesconductedbyConsumersInternationalfoundthatmostsitescollectpersonalinformationbutfailtotellconsumershowthatdatawillbeusedhowsecurityismaintainedandwhatrightsconsumershaveovertheirowninformation.AtaminimumCongressshouldpasslegislationrequiringWebsitestodisplayprivacypoliciesprominentlyinformconsumersofthemethodsemployedtocollectclientdataallowcustomerstooptoutOfsuchdatacollectionandprovidecustomeraccesstotheirowndatathathasalreadybeencollected.AlthoughvariousInternetprivacybillswereintroducedinthe107thCongressthefocusshiftedtoexpandinggovernmentsurveillanceinthewakeoftheterroristattacks.Plainlygovernmenteffortstopreventterrorismareappropriate.Exactlyhowtheseexigentcircumstanceschangethenatureoftheonlineprivacydebateisstilltobeseen.Privacystandardsmadebyindividualstatesareineffectivebecause______.
A.Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocalstudentsandshouldbeaccordedequivalentrightsandprotections—exceptinafewareassuchasvotinginnationalelections.Amorecomprehensiveandrights-basedapproachtothesecurityofinternationalstudentscouldbeobtainedthroughbilateralnegotiationsbetweenthecountriesthatsendandreceivethem.ChinaIndiaMalaysiaandothernationsshouldseekasystematicregimeofprotectionandrespectfortheircitizenswhostudyinothercountries.Asapatternofbilateralnegotiationsbecameestablishedcommonglobalstandardscouldemerge.B.WhatdidwefindTheexperienceofinternationalstudentsdiffersfromthatoflocalstudentsinthreeways.Firstthelivesofinternationalstudentsaremoremarginallonelierandlessinformedthanthoseoftheirlocalpeers.SecondthemajorityofinternationalstudentsinAustraliafaceatleastsomebarrierstocommunicatinginEnglishthataffectnotjustacademicprogressbutalsodailylife.Problemsofabuseordiscriminationareoftenassociatedwithcommunicationsissues.Thirdtherearepronounceddifferencesbetweenlocalandinternationalstudentsinareaswhereculturalidentityareatplaynotjustincross-culturalrelationsbutinlookingforrentalhousingseekingajobandsoon.C.Nationalandstategovernmentsshouldalsosubsidizeaffordablehousingforamixofinternationalandlocalstudentsinareaswherestudentsstudyandwork.Thegovernmentsshouldalsorequireinspectionsofstudents’rentalhousing.Theyshouldprovidesupervisedtransportespeciallyatnight.Thepoliceshouldpatrolhotspotswhereviolenceisoccurringormightoccur.Internationalstudentsshouldreceiveadequateinformationaboutsafetyandsecurityuponarrivalintheirnewcountries.D.Wedefinedstudentsecurityasincludingthefullrangeofissuesaffectingtheempowermentandprotectionofinternationalstudents:financialsupporthousinghealthsafetyworkissuesandrelationswiththeiruniversitiesandthegovernment’simmigrationdepartment.Wealsolookedintointernationalstudents’personalnetworkscommunicationsandinterculturalissues.WeconductedtheempiricalworkforourstudyinAustraliabutourresearchandthatofotherscholarsshowthattheunderlyingissuesarecommontosomeextenttoallcountries.E.Thefundamentalproblemhoweverlieswithnations’regulatoryframeworkswhichshouldbemodifiedforaglobalizedworld.Wemustfindwaysofmovinginternational-studentsecurityupthepolicyagendaofnationalgovernmentsmultilateralforumsandglobalagencies.AustralianinternationaleducationforexampleisnowregulatedthroughtheEducationServicesforOverseasStudentsAct.Itimposesobligationsonproviderinstitutionsmostlyinrelationtoconsumerprotectionandimmigrationcompliance.Butsafetyoncampusisnotmentioned.Theactdoesnotcoverstudents’livesinthecommunityoutsidethecampuswheremostproblemsofsecurityoccur.F.Butdelvedeeperandyouwillfindthatalthoughmoststudentssucceedabroadandhavesatisfyingexperiencescertainlynotallofthemdo—andsomehavemajorproblemswhichcanrangefarbeyondlonelinessanddifficultiesadjustingtonewcultures.Someinternationalstudentsarevictimsofterriblecrimes.Unfortunatelytheirsecurityisnotadequatelyensuredbythecountrieswheretheystudywhichstilltreatthemasoutsidersandtheirrightsasprivilegesthatcanbeignored.Eventhoughglobalmobilityineducationhasrenderedsuchanapproachobsoletenationalregulationshavenotkeptpace.G.WhatshouldbedonetoimprovethesafetyandsecurityofinternationalstudentsForthemsecuritymeansnotonlyprotectionbutalsothecapacitytooperateasfreehumanagentsmakingchoices.Formanyinternationalstudentsacquiringcommunicationskillsisalmostasimportantasacquiringdegrees.UniversitiesinEnglish-speakingcountriesshouldmakeEnglish-languagecommunicationaformalrequirementfordegreestatus.
Whereverpeoplehavebeentheyhaveleftwastebehindwhichcancauseallsortsofproblems.Wasteoftenstinksattractsverminandcreateseyesores.Moreseriouslyitcanreleaseharmfulchemicalsintothesoilandwaterwhendumpedorintotheairwhenburned.Andthentherearesomereallynastyformsofindustrialwastesuchasspentnuclearfuelforwhichnouniversallyaccepteddisposalmethodshavethusfarbeendeveloped.Yetmanyalsoseewasteasanopportunity.Gettingridofitallhasbecomeahugeglobalbusiness.Richcountriesspendsome$120billionayeardisposingoftheirmunicipalwastealoneandanother$150billiononindustrialwaste.Theamountofwastethatcountriesproducetendstogrowintandemwiththeireconomiesandespeciallywiththerateofurbanization.SowastefirmsseearichfutureinplacessuchasChinaIndiaandBrazilwhichatpresentspendonlyabout$5billionayearcollectingandtreatingtheirmunicipalwaste.Wastealsopresentsanopportunityinagrandersense:asapotentialresource.Muchofitisalreadyburnedtogenerateenergy.Clevernewtechnologiestoturnitintofertiliserorchemicalsorfuelarebeingdevelopedallthetime.Visionariesseeaworldwithoutwastewithrubbishbeingroutinelyrecycled.Untillastsummersuchviewswerespreadingquickly.Butsincethenplummetingpricesforvirginpaperplasticandfuelsandhencealsoforthewastethatsubstitutesforthemhaveputanendtosuchvisions.Manyoftherecyclingfirmsthathadarguedrubbishwasonthewayoutnowsaythatunlesstheyaregivenfinancialhelptheythemselveswilldisappear.Subsidiesareabadidea.Governmentshavearoletoplayinthebusinessofwastemanagementbutitisaregulatoryandsupervisoryone.Theyshouldobligepeoplewhocreatewastetocleanupafterthemselvesandideallyensurethatthepriceofanyproductreflectsthecostofdisposingofitsafely.Thatwouldhelptosignalwhichitemsarehardesttogetridofgivingconsumersanincentivetobuygoodsthatcreatelesswasteinthefirstplace.Thatmaysoundsimpleenoughbutgovernmentsseldomgettherolesright.Inpoorercountriestheyoftenhavenorulesatalloriftheyhavethemtheyfailtoenforcethem.Inrichcountriestheyareofteninconsistent:toostrictaboutsomesortsofwasteandworryinglylaxaboutothers.Theyarealsopronetoimposingarbitrarytargetsandtaxes.Californiaforexamplewantstorecycleallitstrashnotbecauseitnecessarilymakesenvironmentaloreconomicsensebutbecausethegoalofzerowastesoundspoliticallyattractive.Manyrecyclingfirmsaredisappointednowforthereasonthat______.
In1999thepriceofoilhoveredaround$16abarrel.By2008ithad1the$100abarrelmark.Thereasonsforthesurge2fromthedramaticgrowthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread3inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion.Triple-digitoilpriceshave4theeconomicandpoliticalmapoftheworld5someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-richnationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities6majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworldspopulation—7risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral8ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachotherto9scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithanygovernment10howun-pleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption11thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.Andoilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments12someinthewestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrisingoil13achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeignpolicies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits14costsfromhigherprices.ConsideringGermany15itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewithaboomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia16128percentfrom2001to2006. IntheUnitedStatesasalreadyhighgaspricesrose17higherinthespringof2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCainandObama18forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeaksummerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto19assalesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems20thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders 13
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 9
Societyexiststhroughaprocessoftransmission.Thistransmissionoccursbymeansofcommunicationofhabitsofdoingthinkingandfeelingfromtheoldertotheyounger.Soobviousisthenecessityofteachingandlearningforthecontinuedexistenceofasocietythatwemayseemtobedwellingexcessivelyonaself-evidenttruth.Butjustificationisfoundinthefactthatsuchemphasisisameansofgettingusawayfromanundulyscholasticandformalnotionofeducation.Schoolsareindeedoneimportantmethodofthetransmissionwhichformsthedispositionsoftheimmature;butitisonlyonemeansandcomparedwithotheragenciesarelativelysuperficialmeans.Onlyaswehavegraspedthenecessityofmorefundamentalandpersistentmodesoftuitioncanwemakesureofplacingthescholasticmethodsintheirtruecontext.Societynotonlycontinuestoexistbytransmissionbycommunicationbutitmayfairlybesaidtoexistintransmissionincommunication.Allcommunicationandhenceallgenuinesociallifeiseducative.Tobearecipientofacommunicationistohaveanenlargedandchangedexperience.Onesharesinwhatanotherhasthoughtandfeltandinsofarmeagerlyoramplyhashisownattitudemodified.Noristheonewhocommunicatesleftunaffected.Trytheexperimentofcommunicatingwithfullnessandaccuracysomeexperiencetoanotherespeciallyifitbesomewhatcomplicatedandyouwillfindyourownattitudetowardyourexperiencechanging;otherwiseyouresorttoswearwordsandexclamations.Theexperiencehastobeformulatedinordertobecommunicated.ToformulaterequiresgettingoutsideofitseeingitasanotherwouldseeitconsideringwhatpointsOfcontactithaswiththelifeofanothersothatitmaybegotintosuchformthathecanappreciateitsmeaning.Exceptindealingwithcommonplacesandcatchphrasesonehastoassimilateimaginativelysomethingofanother’sexperienceinordertotellhimintelligentlyofone’sownexperience.Allcommunicationislikeart.Itmayfairlybesaidthereforethatanysocialarrangementthatremainsvitallysocialorvitallysharediseducativetothosewhoparticipateinit.Onlywhenitbecomescastinamoldandrunsinaroutinewaydoesitloseitseducativepower.
In1999thepriceofoilhoveredaround$16abarrel.By2008ithad1the$100abarrelmark.Thereasonsforthesurge2fromthedramaticgrowthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread3inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion.Triple-digitoilpriceshave4theeconomicandpoliticalmapoftheworld5someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-richnationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities6majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworldspopulation—7risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral8ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachotherto9scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithanygovernment10howun-pleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption11thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.Andoilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments12someinthewestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrisingoil13achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeignpolicies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits14costsfromhigherprices.ConsideringGermany15itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewithaboomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia16128percentfrom2001to2006. IntheUnitedStatesasalreadyhighgaspricesrose17higherinthespringof2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCainandObama18forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeaksummerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto19assalesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems20thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders 19
Recalculatingtheglobaluseofphosphorusanimportantfertilizerelementofmodemagricultureateamofresearcherswarnsthattheworld’sstocksmaysoonbeinshortsupplyandthatoveruseintheindustrializedworldhasbecomealeadingcauseofthepollutionoflakesriversandstreams. WritingintheFeb.14editionofthejournalEnvironmentalResearchLettersStephenCarpenteroftheUniversityofWisconsin-MadisonandElenaBennettofMcGillUniversityreportthatthehumanuseofphosphorusprimarilyintheindustrializedworldiscausingthewidespreadeutrophicationoffreshsurfacewater.What’smoretheminableglobalstocksofphosphorusareconcentratedinjustafewcountriesandareindeclineposingtheriskofglobalshortageswithinthenext20years."Thereisafiniteamountofphosphorusintheworld"saysCarpenteroneoftheworld’sleadingauthoritiesonlakesandstreams."Thisisamaterialthat’sbecomingrarerandweneedtouseitmoreefficiently." Phosphorusisanessentialelementforlife.Livingorganismsincludinghumanshavesmallamountsandtheelementiscrucialfordrivingtheenergeticprocessesofcells.Inagriculturephosphorusminedfromancientmarinedepositsiswidelyusedtoboostcropyields.Theelementalsohasotherindustrialuses. Butexcessphosphorusfromfertilizerthatwashesfromfarmfieldsandsuburbanlawnsintolakesandstreamsistheprimarycauseofthealgaebloomsthatdestroyfreshwaterecosystemsariddegradewaterquality.Phosphoruspollutionposesarisktofishandotherwaterlifeaswellastotheanimalsandhumanswhodependoncleanfreshwater.Insomeinstancesexcessphosphorussparksbloomsoftoxicalgaewhichposeadirectthreattohumanandanimallife. "Ifyouhavetoomuchphosphorusyougeteutrophication"explainsCarpenterofthecycleofexcessiveplantandalgaegrowththatsignificantlydegradesbodiesoffreshwater."Phosphorusstimulatesthegrowthofalgaeandweedsnearshoreandsomeofthealgaecancontaincyanobacteriawhicharetoxic.Youlosefish.Youlosewaterqualityfordrinking."Thefertilizer-fueledalgaebloomsthemselvesamplifytheproblemasthealgaedieandreleaseaccumulatedphosphorusbackintothewater. ComplicatingtheproblemsaysCarpenteristhefactthatexcessphosphorusintheenvironmentisaproblemprimarilyintheindustrializedworldmainlyEuropeNorthAmericaandpartsofAsia.InotherpartsoftheworldnotablyAfricaandAustraliasoilsarephosphoruspoorcreatingastarkimbalance.IronicallysoilsinplaceslikeNorthAmericawherefertilizerswithphosphorusaremostcommonlyappliedarealreadyloadedwiththeelement.BennettandCarpenterarguethatagriculturepracticestobetterconservephosphatewithinagriculturalecosystemsarenecessarytoavertthewidespreadpollutionofsurfacewaters.Phosphorusfrompartsoftheworldwheretheelementisabundanttheysaycanbemovedtophosphorusdeficientregionsoftheworldbyextractingphosphorusfrommanureforexampleusingmanuredigesters. Thewordeutrophicationline3Para.2mostprobablymeans
Inathree-monthperiodlastyeartwoBrooklyniteshadtobecutoutoftheirapartmentsandcarriedtohospitalonstretchersdesignedfortransportingsmallwhales.TheNationalAssociationtoAdvanceFatAcceptanceNAAFAarguesthatitwasnottheircombined900kgbulkthatmadethemill.ObesityaccordingtoNAAFAisnotbadforyou.Andevenifitwasthereisnothingtobedoneaboutitbecausegenesdictateweight.Attemptingtoeatlessmerelyslowsmetabolismhavingpeopleaschubbyasever.ThisisthefatlashmovementthatcausesAmerica’sslimmingindustrysomuchpain.InhisbookBinFatLiesBallantine1996GlennGaessersaysthatnostudyyethasconvincinglyshownthatweightisanindependentcauseofhealthproblems.Fatnessdoesnotkillpeople;thingslikehypertensioncoronaryheartdiseasesandcancerdo.MichaelFumentoauthorofTheFatoftheLandViking1997ananti-fatlashdiatribecomparesDrGaesser’slogicwithsayingthattheguillotinedidnotkillLouisXVI:Ratheritwastheseveringofhisvertebraethecuttingofallthebloodvesselsinhisneckand..thetraumacausedbyhisheaddroppingseveralfeetintoawickerbasket.Beingfatkillsinseveralways.Itmakespeoplefarmorelikelytosufferfromheartdiseaseorhighbloodpressure.Evenmoderateobesityincreasesthechanceofcontractingdiabetes.Being40%overweightmakespeople30%-50%morelikelytodieofcanceraccordingtotheAmericanCancerSociety.Extremefatnessmakespatientssomuchlesslikelytosurvivesurgerythatmanydoctorsrefusetooperateuntiltheyslim.Theideathatbeingoverweightiscausedbyobesitygenesisnotwhollyfalse:researchershavefoundanumberofgenesthatappeartomakesomepeoplebumoffenergyataslowerrate.Butgenesarenotdestiny.Thedifferencebetweensomeonewithageneticpredispositiontogainweightandsomeonewithoutappearstoberoughly40calories—oraspoonfulofmayonnaise—aday.AnalternativefatlashargumentadvancedinbookssuchasDeanOnrush’sEatMoreWeightLessHarperCollies1993andDateAtrens’sDon’tDietWilliamMorrow1978isthatfatnessisnotamatterofeatingtoomuch.TheynotethatasAmericans’weighthasballoonedoverthelastfewdecadestheirreportedcaloricintakehasplunged.Thissimplyexplainspeople’sownrecollectionofhowmuchtheyeatisextremelyunreliable.Andastheygrowfatterpeoplefeelguiltyandaremorelikelytofibabouthowmuchtheyeat.Allreputablestudiesshowthateatinglessandexercisingreduceweight.Certainlythebody’smetabolismslowsalittlewhenyouloseweightbecauseittakeslessenergytocarrylessbulkaroundandbecausedietingcanmakethebodyfearitisabouttostarve.Butasensiblelow-fatdietmakesweightlosspossible.Thefatlashmovementisdangerousbecauseslimmerswilloftenfindanyexcusetogiveup.Totellpeoplethatitishealthytobeobeseistoencouragethemtolivesickanddieyoung.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
A.Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocalstudentsandshouldbeaccordedequivalentrightsandprotections—exceptinafewareassuchasvotinginnationalelections.Amorecomprehensiveandrights-basedapproachtothesecurityofinternationalstudentscouldbeobtainedthroughbilateralnegotiationsbetweenthecountriesthatsendandreceivethem.ChinaIndiaMalaysiaandothernationsshouldseekasystematicregimeofprotectionandrespectfortheircitizenswhostudyinothercountries.Asapatternofbilateralnegotiationsbecameestablishedcommonglobalstandardscouldemerge.B.WhatdidwefindTheexperienceofinternationalstudentsdiffersfromthatoflocalstudentsinthreeways.Firstthelivesofinternationalstudentsaremoremarginallonelierandlessinformedthanthoseoftheirlocalpeers.SecondthemajorityofinternationalstudentsinAustraliafaceatleastsomebarrierstocommunicatinginEnglishthataffectnotjustacademicprogressbutalsodailylife.Problemsofabuseordiscriminationareoftenassociatedwithcommunicationsissues.Thirdtherearepronounceddifferencesbetweenlocalandinternationalstudentsinareaswhereculturalidentityareatplaynotjustincross-culturalrelationsbutinlookingforrentalhousingseekingajobandsoon.C.Nationalandstategovernmentsshouldalsosubsidizeaffordablehousingforamixofinternationalandlocalstudentsinareaswherestudentsstudyandwork.Thegovernmentsshouldalsorequireinspectionsofstudents’rentalhousing.Theyshouldprovidesupervisedtransportespeciallyatnight.Thepoliceshouldpatrolhotspotswhereviolenceisoccurringormightoccur.Internationalstudentsshouldreceiveadequateinformationaboutsafetyandsecurityuponarrivalintheirnewcountries.D.Wedefinedstudentsecurityasincludingthefullrangeofissuesaffectingtheempowermentandprotectionofinternationalstudents:financialsupporthousinghealthsafetyworkissuesandrelationswiththeiruniversitiesandthegovernment’simmigrationdepartment.Wealsolookedintointernationalstudents’personalnetworkscommunicationsandinterculturalissues.WeconductedtheempiricalworkforourstudyinAustraliabutourresearchandthatofotherscholarsshowthattheunderlyingissuesarecommontosomeextenttoallcountries.E.Thefundamentalproblemhoweverlieswithnations’regulatoryframeworkswhichshouldbemodifiedforaglobalizedworld.Wemustfindwaysofmovinginternational-studentsecurityupthepolicyagendaofnationalgovernmentsmultilateralforumsandglobalagencies.AustralianinternationaleducationforexampleisnowregulatedthroughtheEducationServicesforOverseasStudentsAct.Itimposesobligationsonproviderinstitutionsmostlyinrelationtoconsumerprotectionandimmigrationcompliance.Butsafetyoncampusisnotmentioned.Theactdoesnotcoverstudents’livesinthecommunityoutsidethecampuswheremostproblemsofsecurityoccur.F.Butdelvedeeperandyouwillfindthatalthoughmoststudentssucceedabroadandhavesatisfyingexperiencescertainlynotallofthemdo—andsomehavemajorproblemswhichcanrangefarbeyondlonelinessanddifficultiesadjustingtonewcultures.Someinternationalstudentsarevictimsofterriblecrimes.Unfortunatelytheirsecurityisnotadequatelyensuredbythecountrieswheretheystudywhichstilltreatthemasoutsidersandtheirrightsasprivilegesthatcanbeignored.Eventhoughglobalmobilityineducationhasrenderedsuchanapproachobsoletenationalregulationshavenotkeptpace.G.WhatshouldbedonetoimprovethesafetyandsecurityofinternationalstudentsForthemsecuritymeansnotonlyprotectionbutalsothecapacitytooperateasfreehumanagentsmakingchoices.Formanyinternationalstudentsacquiringcommunicationskillsisalmostasimportantasacquiringdegrees.UniversitiesinEnglish-speakingcountriesshouldmakeEnglish-languagecommunicationaformalrequirementfordegreestatus.
In1999thepriceofoilhoveredaround$16abarrel.By2008ithad1the$100abarrelmark.Thereasonsforthesurge2fromthedramaticgrowthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread3inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion.Triple-digitoilpriceshave4theeconomicandpoliticalmapoftheworld5someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-richnationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities6majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworldspopulation—7risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral8ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachotherto9scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithanygovernment10howun-pleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption11thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.Andoilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments12someinthewestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrisingoil13achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeignpolicies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits14costsfromhigherprices.ConsideringGermany15itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewithaboomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia16128percentfrom2001to2006. IntheUnitedStatesasalreadyhighgaspricesrose17higherinthespringof2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCainandObama18forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeaksummerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto19assalesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems20thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders 9
In1999thepriceofoilhoveredaround$16abarrel.By2008ithad1the$100abarrelmark.Thereasonsforthesurge2fromthedramaticgrowthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread3inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion.Triple-digitoilpriceshave4theeconomicandpoliticalmapoftheworld5someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-richnationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities6majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworldspopulation—7risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral8ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachotherto9scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithanygovernment10howun-pleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption11thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.Andoilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments12someinthewestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrisingoil13achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeignpolicies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits14costsfromhigherprices.ConsideringGermany15itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewithaboomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia16128percentfrom2001to2006. IntheUnitedStatesasalreadyhighgaspricesrose17higherinthespringof2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCainandObama18forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeaksummerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto19assalesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems20thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders 15
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 11
Societyexiststhroughaprocessoftransmission.Thistransmissionoccursbymeansofcommunicationofhabitsofdoingthinkingandfeelingfromtheoldertotheyounger.Soobviousisthenecessityofteachingandlearningforthecontinuedexistenceofasocietythatwemayseemtobedwellingexcessivelyonaself-evidenttruth.Butjustificationisfoundinthefactthatsuchemphasisisameansofgettingusawayfromanundulyscholasticandformalnotionofeducation.Schoolsareindeedoneimportantmethodofthetransmissionwhichformsthedispositionsoftheimmature;butitisonlyonemeansandcomparedwithotheragenciesarelativelysuperficialmeans.Onlyaswehavegraspedthenecessityofmorefundamentalandpersistentmodesoftuitioncanwemakesureofplacingthescholasticmethodsintheirtruecontext.Societynotonlycontinuestoexistbytransmissionbycommunicationbutitmayfairlybesaidtoexistintransmissionincommunication.Allcommunicationandhenceallgenuinesociallifeiseducative.Tobearecipientofacommunicationistohaveanenlargedandchangedexperience.Onesharesinwhatanotherhasthoughtandfeltandinsofarmeagerlyoramplyhashisownattitudemodified.Noristheonewhocommunicatesleftunaffected.Trytheexperimentofcommunicatingwithfullnessandaccuracysomeexperiencetoanotherespeciallyifitbesomewhatcomplicatedandyouwillfindyourownattitudetowardyourexperiencechanging;otherwiseyouresorttoswearwordsandexclamations.Theexperiencehastobeformulatedinordertobecommunicated.ToformulaterequiresgettingoutsideofitseeingitasanotherwouldseeitconsideringwhatpointsOfcontactithaswiththelifeofanothersothatitmaybegotintosuchformthathecanappreciateitsmeaning.Exceptindealingwithcommonplacesandcatchphrasesonehastoassimilateimaginativelysomethingofanother’sexperienceinordertotellhimintelligentlyofone’sownexperience.Allcommunicationislikeart.Itmayfairlybesaidthereforethatanysocialarrangementthatremainsvitallysocialorvitallysharediseducativetothosewhoparticipateinit.Onlywhenitbecomescastinamoldandrunsinaroutinewaydoesitloseitseducativepower.
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 5
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 15
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