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首次把“教育学”作为一门独立的学科提出来与其他学科并列的是
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哲学家和自然科学家对教育学的独立作出了重要贡献于1623年首次把教育学作为一门独立学科提出来与其他学
赫尔巴特
凯洛夫
保罗朗格郎
培根
哲学家和自然科学家对教育学的独立作出了重要贡献于1623年首次把教育学作为一门独立学科提出来与其他学
赫尔巴特
凯洛夫
保罗•朗格朗
培根
教育学的产生与发展经历了四个阶段首次将教育学作为一门独立学科划分出来标志教育学有了自己独立的学科地位
孔子
柏拉图
培根
夸美纽斯
1623年首次把教育学作为一门独立的科学提出来并与其他学科并列的是______
培根
夸美纽斯
康德
赫尔巴特
英国哲学家和自然科学家对教育学的独立作出了重要贡献于1623年首次把教育学作为一门独立学科提出来与其
英国哲学家和自然科学家对教育学的独立作出了重要贡献于1623年首次把教育学作为一门独立学科提出来与其
培根
卢梭
裴思泰洛齐
柏拉图
康德
首次把教育学作为一门独立的科学提出来与其他学科并列的是______
首次把教育学作为一门独立的科学提出来与其他学科并列的教育家是英国学者______
首次把教育学作为一门独立科学提出来与其他学科并列的人是西方教育家
夸美纽斯
赫尔巴特
洛克
培根
首次把教育学作为一门独立的科学确立下来与其他学科并列的是
夸美纽斯的《大教学论》
赫尔巴特的《普通教育学》
培根的《论科学的价值和发展》
凯洛夫的《教育学》
哲学家和自然科学家对教育学的独立作出了重要贡献于1623年首次把教育学作为一门独立学科提出来与其他学
赫尔巴特
凯洛夫
保罗·朗格朗
培根
1623年英国哲学家首次在科学分类中将教育学作为一门独立的学科划分出来
1623年在论科学的价值和发展一文的科学分类中首次把教育学作为一门独立的科学提了出来与其他学科并列的
洛克
培根
斯宾塞
卢梭
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Text4IBM’syear-old$2.5billioncomputer-chipplantinEastFishkillN.Y.isamanufacturingmarvel.Three-hundredrobotictoolssixmilesofnetworkingcableandmorecomputingpowerthanNASAusestolaunchthespaceshuttleallworktogethertoproducetensofmillionsofchipsayear--eachwithcircuitry800timesthinnerthanahumanhair.Notthatyou’llfindmuchhumanhairaroundtheplant.Otherchipplantsneedabout400employeesatalltimestooperatetheComplexmachinery.ButtodayatEastFishkill100engineerspershiftoverseeatotallyautomatedproductionline.Lastwinterwhenafiercesnowstormsenteveryonehomeearlythemachineshummedalongovernightwithoutanyproblem."TheproductivityincreasesforIBMareamazing"saysPerryHartswicktheseniorprogrammanagerattheplant.ProductivityimprovementslikethoseatIBMcanbeabooninahealthyeconomyhelpingtomakeAmericanbusinessmorecompetitiveabroadandkeepingalidoninflationasemployeesworkhardertomeetstrongdemandfortheirproducts.Buttoday’ssoaringproductivityishavingaharmfulsideeffect:it’sholdingbackjobgrowth.LastThursdaytheCommerceDepartmentreportedthatGDPgrewatanannualrateof2.4percent.Butunemploymentwashoveringatanuncomfortablyhigh6.2percentinJulyand44.000additionaljobswereaxedfrompayrollsmarkingthesixthmonthinarowtheeconomyhaslostjobs.Onefaultisthatseeminglyprofligatespending’onhightechduringthe’90sboom.Morethanthreeyearsafterthebustit’scontinuingtogenerateaproductivitypayoffinsidecompanies.Evenindustrieslikeentertainmentandhighereducationoncethoughttobelargelyimmunetoproductivityimprovementshavebeenrevolutionizedbydigitalmediaonlineresearchtoolscellphonesande-mail.Butthat’snottheonlyreasonfortheproblem.OverthelastthreeyearsAmericanmanufacturershaveshipped2.6millionjobstolow-WagecountrieslikeChina.Meanwhile.afloodofwhite-collarjobs--likecomputertechniciansandcustomerservicereps--havegonetocountrieswithwell-educatedworkforcessuchasIndia.Thereisofcourseasimplesolutiontoallthis-ahottereconomywithstrongerdemandthatwouldforcecompaniestohireworkers.Buttheseven-pointdeclineinJulyoftheConsumerConfidenceIndexdoesn’toffermuchnear-termhope.SomeeconomistsalsoworrythatBush’sdeeptaxcutsare"averyexpensivewayofgettinganamountofstimulusthatistoosmall"saysJanetYellenaprofessorattheHaasSchoolofBusinesswhoalsochairedClinton’sCouncilofEconomicAdvisers.TheBushadministrationrespondsbyaskingAmericanstowaituntilthefulleffectofthecutsarefeltandtheeconomykicksintoahighgeargrowthrateof3percentto4percent.ForthemillionsofAmericanswhoareoutofworkthatdaycan’tcomesoonenough. Wecanlearnfromthefourthparagraphthattheauthorbelieves
Ifafarmerwishestosucceedhemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain________consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily________heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowingasaninsurance________theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto________oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto______thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation______andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailableafarmercannotbe______.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor________extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow________ofinterestbutloansofthiskindarenot________obtainable. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points3
InspiteofrisingconcernintheNortheastandCanadaAdministrationspokesmenhaverepeatedlyinsistedthatnothingcouldreallybedoneaboutacidrainandtheindustry-producedsulfuremissionsuntilallthescientificfactswerein.Suddenlylastweekhoweverfactscamerainingdownineffectmakingfurtherscientificdebateonwhatmainlycausestheproblemallbutirrelevant. WhatbroughtaboutthedownpourwasastudycommissionedbyPresidentialScienceAdviser.Thespokesmenplainlycalledforremedialactionevenifsometechnicalquestionsaboutacidrainwerestillunanswered.Ifwetaketheconservativepointofviewthatwemustwaituntilthescientificknowledgeisdefinitivesaidthespokesmantheaccumulateddepositionanddamagedenvironmentmayreachthepointof’’irreversibility’’. Whenitrainsitpours.NextcameastudyfromtheNationalResearchCouncil.Itsdefinitiveconclusion:reducingemissionsofsulfurdioxidefromcoal-burningpowerplantsandfactoriessuchastheseintheMidwestwouldinfactsignificantlyreducetheacidityinrainsnowandotherprecipitation降水thatiswidelybelievedtobeworseningthelifefromfresh-waterlakesandforestsintheNortheastandCanada.Thespokesmandidnotrecommendanyspecificaction. ApairofremedialmeasuresarealreadytakenbeforeCongress.ASenatecommitteerecentlyapprovedabillthatwouldrequirereductionoverthenextdecadeofsulfur-dioxideemissionsby10milliontonsintheStatesborderingontheeastoftheMississippi.AtoughermeasurewasintroducedintheHouseorderingthe50largestsulfurpollutersintheU.S.tocutemissionssubstantially.ToeasetheEasterncoalminingindustrywhichfearsaswitchtolow-sulfurWesterncoalthebillrequirestheinstallationofexpensivescrubbersdevicesforremovingsulfurfromthesmokeratherthananorderthatforbidshigh-sulfurfuel.StillthelegislationisbeingvigorouslyopposedbythecoalindustryandutilitiesespeciallyintheMid-westwhereheavyindustriesarebattlingtosurvive.InasurveyalsoreleasedlastweektheEdisonElectricInstituteanindustrygroupgravelypredictedthatelectricityratescouldriseasmuchas50%iftheemission-controllegislationpassed. GovernmentstudiesdisputethesefiguresbutCongresshasbeensuspendedonacid-rainmeasures.Nowasaresultoftheacademystudysupportersofthebillsaremoreoptimistic.Neverthelessamajorpoliticalbattleisshapingup. Theworddownpourinthesecondparagraphmostlikelyrefersto
腊玛古猿的最早发现者是
Text3Thekakapoiswidelyregardedastheworld’smostabsurdbird.Itisaflightlessnight-activeparrotthatlivesinNewZealand.Itisthusaprimeexampleofthesortofevolutionaryexperimentthathappensonislandsthatlackseriouspredators.Nowsadlythekakapopopulationhasbeenreducedtoafewdozenindividuals.Buteffortstopreservethespecieshaveledtoanothersortofexperiment--onethathasproducedthebestevidencesofarforasocalledsex-allocationtheory.BruceRobertsonoftheUniversityofCanterburyandhiscolleagueshavebeenstudyingamystery.Tokeepthekakapopopulationgoingconservationistshavebeenfeedingthebirds--inparticularthefemales--sothattheystayabovetheminimumweighttheyneedtobreed.Thatworkedsplendidlyasfarasitwent.Between1997and2005theadultpopulationrosefrom50to83.Butthesexratiowenthaywire.Those83birdsaredividedinto45malesand38females.Moreoverfemaleswereproducingtwiceasmanysonsasdaughters.Sinceanotherofthekakapo’speculiaritiesisitsbreedingsysteminwhichthemaleplaysnopartinraisingtheyoungthesurvivalprospectsofthespeciesarenotenhancedbythisbiasedsexratio.DrRobertsonsuspectedthatthesexratiowasnotanaccident.Inallspeciesthenumberofdescendantsleftbyindividualmalesismorevariablethanthenumberleftbyindividualfemales.Thatmeansyourdaughtersaremorelikelytohaveatleastsomechildrenthanyoursonsbutsuccessfulsonshavemanymorechildrenthansuccessfuldaughters.Inaspecieslikethekakapowherethemaleshavetodisplaytothefemalesinafashionshowandwhereonlytheshowiestmalesgetpickedtoreproduceitmakessensetohavesonsonlyiftheyarelikelytobethebestmalesaround.Otherwiseitisbettertohavedaughters.Andsoitseemstobewiththekakapo.Byprovisioningthebirdswithasmuchfoodastheycaneatfemaleshavebeenbroughttothepeakofcondition--theidealstatetoproducetop-classsons.Andtheyhavedonesoinabundance.TotestthecorrectnessofthisideaDrRobertsonandhisteamdevisedamoresophisticatedfeedingschedulethattookaccountofeachfemale’sstartingweightandfattenedheruptothepointatwhichshewascapableofreproducingbutnotmuchfurtherTheresultjustpublishedinBiologyLetterswasthatthesexratiosettleddownatamoresensible50:50.Thoughitdidnotactuallydroptofavordaughtersthatisstillanimpressiveagreementwiththeory.Itmightevensavethekakapofromextinction. Thestudyprovedthatthecauseofthesex-ratioproblemis
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Ifafarmerwishestosucceedhemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain________consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily________heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowingasaninsurance________theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto________oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto______thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation______andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailableafarmercannotbe______.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor________extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow________ofinterestbutloansofthiskindarenot________obtainable. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points1
Text3Thekakapoiswidelyregardedastheworld’smostabsurdbird.Itisaflightlessnight-activeparrotthatlivesinNewZealand.Itisthusaprimeexampleofthesortofevolutionaryexperimentthathappensonislandsthatlackseriouspredators.Nowsadlythekakapopopulationhasbeenreducedtoafewdozenindividuals.Buteffortstopreservethespecieshaveledtoanothersortofexperiment--onethathasproducedthebestevidencesofarforasocalledsex-allocationtheory.BruceRobertsonoftheUniversityofCanterburyandhiscolleagueshavebeenstudyingamystery.Tokeepthekakapopopulationgoingconservationistshavebeenfeedingthebirds--inparticularthefemales--sothattheystayabovetheminimumweighttheyneedtobreed.Thatworkedsplendidlyasfarasitwent.Between1997and2005theadultpopulationrosefrom50to83.Butthesexratiowenthaywire.Those83birdsaredividedinto45malesand38females.Moreoverfemaleswereproducingtwiceasmanysonsasdaughters.Sinceanotherofthekakapo’speculiaritiesisitsbreedingsysteminwhichthemaleplaysnopartinraisingtheyoungthesurvivalprospectsofthespeciesarenotenhancedbythisbiasedsexratio.DrRobertsonsuspectedthatthesexratiowasnotanaccident.Inallspeciesthenumberofdescendantsleftbyindividualmalesismorevariablethanthenumberleftbyindividualfemales.Thatmeansyourdaughtersaremorelikelytohaveatleastsomechildrenthanyoursonsbutsuccessfulsonshavemanymorechildrenthansuccessfuldaughters.Inaspecieslikethekakapowherethemaleshavetodisplaytothefemalesinafashionshowandwhereonlytheshowiestmalesgetpickedtoreproduceitmakessensetohavesonsonlyiftheyarelikelytobethebestmalesaround.Otherwiseitisbettertohavedaughters.Andsoitseemstobewiththekakapo.Byprovisioningthebirdswithasmuchfoodastheycaneatfemaleshavebeenbroughttothepeakofcondition--theidealstatetoproducetop-classsons.Andtheyhavedonesoinabundance.TotestthecorrectnessofthisideaDrRobertsonandhisteamdevisedamoresophisticatedfeedingschedulethattookaccountofeachfemale’sstartingweightandfattenedheruptothepointatwhichshewascapableofreproducingbutnotmuchfurtherTheresultjustpublishedinBiologyLetterswasthatthesexratiosettleddownatamoresensible50:50.Thoughitdidnotactuallydroptofavordaughtersthatisstillanimpressiveagreementwiththeory.Itmightevensavethekakapofromextinction. ThewordhaywireLine5Paragraph3mostprobablymeans
Directions:ForsomereasonyoufailedtoansweryourfriendDavid’sletterintime.Writealetterwithnolessthan100wordstoexplainthereasons.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.46SpeakingofthelovingwarmthoftheextendedfamilythepopularimageisofgrannybytheTVbabyplayinginthecribandtherestcheerfullyinteractingbetweenthetwogenerationalpoles.Traditionandeducationareeffortlesslypassedoninaclearlymarkedcomfortzone.Perfectforsecuritynottomentionfreebabysitting.Butwait.Studythemother’sface:exhaustedtenseunhappy.Sheisthepivotuponwhomthiscozyworldturns.47Sheisthe"supercarer"whospoonfeedsbabyandgrannybothmakessuretheyareentertainedandoutofdangerlooksaftertherestofthehouseholdandchancesareholdsdownapayingjob.Stuckbetweendemandingorweakgrandparentsandalwaysdemandingandvulnerablelittleonesthiswomanisnotsomuchsandwichedascrushedbetweengenerations.Itisnotsurprisingthenthatareportlastweekclaimedthat65percentofsupercarersweredissatisfiedwiththeirlives.Ihadatasteoftheirexistencewhenatthebeginningoftheyearmy73-year-oldfathercametostay.48Hewassoillthathecouldn’twalkorevenrolloverinhisbedandwasasadhelplesspresenceasinneedofmyattentionasmykids.Shemeanwhiledidn’tenjoysharingherspaceandmytimewithsomeonewhocomplainedloudlyaboutthenoiseshemade.Runningbetweenthemconsciousthatallthis"caring"wastakingitstollIrememberthinkingthiswashellasmanypeople80percentofthemwomendailylivedit.IfyouarewellofflikeCherieBoothsaythefactthatyouareasupercarerBoothaQCwiththreechildrenintheirteensandtwentiesalsolooksafterhermotherandheryoungsonLeopresentsachallengebutisatleastachievable.Whatoftheothersthoughtheoneswhoearn￡8anhourcleaningsomeoneelse’shomeorsweepingahospitalward7Theyfindnolet-upathomebutcrampedlivingspaceinvadedbycryingbabiesandcoughingoldfolk.49Forthembeingasupercarermeansbeingasuperloserwithfarlessofwhateveryoneconsidersimportant:moneyprivacyqualitytimeforyourpartnerandchildren.Demographictrendsmeanthatmoreofusaredestinedtobesupercarers;therearenowabout2.5millionandthisisexpectedtoriseto3.9millionby2020That’salobbywithconsiderablebargainingpotential...Sofarsupercarershavenotflexedtheirmuscles.50Thegovernmentwouldbewisetoofferthemtaxbreakstheallowanceavailabletothoseassistingthedisabledandflexibleworkschedules.Otherwisesupercarerswillrebel.Oncetheydecidethattheveryoldastheveryyoungarenottheirresponsibilitywhowillthentakeuptheburden Sheisthesupercarerwhospoonfeedsbabyandgrannybothmakessuretheyareentertainedandoutofdangerlooksaftertherestofthehouseholdandchancesareholdsdownapayingjob.
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原上猿埃及古猿森林古猿
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist[A]-[G]tofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Policy-makersandthemediaparticularlyintheUnitedStatesfrequentlyassertthatclimatescienceishighlyuncertain.Somehaveusedthisasanargumentagainstadoptingstrongmeasurestoreducegreenhousegasemissions.ForexamplewhilediscussingamajorU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyreportontherisksofclimatechangethen-EPAadministratorChristineWhitmanargued"Asthereportwentthroughreviewtherewaslessconsensusonthescienceandconclusionsonclimatechange".Somecorporationswhoserevenuesmightheadverselyaffectedbycontrolsoncarbondioxideemissionshavealsoallegedmajoruncertaintiesinthescience.41.__________________.ThescientificconsensusisclearlyexpressedinthereportsoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPCC.Createdin1988bytheWorldMeteorologicalOrganizationandtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgrammeIPCC’spurposeistoevaluatethestateofclimatescienceasabasisforinformedpolicyactionprimarilyonthebasisofpeer-reviewedandpublishedscientificliterature.InitsmostrecentassessmentIPCCstatesunequivocallythattheconsensusofscientificopinionisthatEarth’sclimateisbeingaffectedbyhumanactivities:"Humanactivities...aremodifyingtheconcentrationofatmosphericconstituents...thatabsorborscatterradiantenergy....Mostoftheobservedwarmingoverthelast50yearsislikelytohavebeenduetotheincreaseingreenhousegasconcentrations".IPCCisnotaloneinitsconclusions.42.__________________.ForexampletheNationalAcademyofSciencesreportClimateChangeScience:AnAnalysisofSomeKeyQuestionsbegins:"GreenhousegasesareaccumulatinginEarth’satmosphereasaresultofhumanactivitiescausingsurfaceairtemperaturesandsubsurfaceoceantemperaturestorise".ThereportexplicitlyaskswhethertheIPCCassessmentisafairsummaryofprofessionalscientificthinkingandanswersyes.43.__________________.Othersagree.TheAmericanMeteorologicalSocietytheAmericanGeophysicalUnionandtheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceAAASallhaveissuedstatementsinrecentyearsconcludingthattheevidenceforhumanmodificationofclimateiscompelling.Thedraftingofsuchreportsandstatementsinvolvesmanyopportunitiesforcommentcriticismandrevisionanditisnotlikelythattheywoulddivergegreatlyfromtheopinionsofthesocieties’members.Neverthelesstheymightdownplaylegitimatedissentingopinions.44.__________________.The928papersweredividedintosixcategories:explicitendorsementoftheconsensuspositionevaluationofimpactsmitigationproposalsmethodspaleoclimateanalysisandrejectionoftheconsensusposition.Ofallthepapers75%fellintothefirstthreecategorieseitherexplicitlyorimplicitlyacceptingtheconsensusview;25%dealtwithmethodsorpaleoclimatetakingnopositiononcurrentanthropogenicclimatechange.Remarkablynoneofthepapersdisagreedwiththeconsensusposition.45.__________________.Thisanalysisshowsthatscientistspublishinginthepeer-reviewedliteratureagreewithIPCCtheNationalAcademyofSciencesandthepublicstatementsoftheirprofessionalsocieties.Politicianseconomistsjournalistsandothersmayhavetheimpressionofconfusiondisagreementordiscordamongclimatescientistsbutthatimpressionisincorrect.[A]Manydetailsaboutclimateinteractionsarenotwellunderstoodandthereareamplegroundsforcontinuedresearchtoprovideabetterbasisforunderstandingclimatedynamics.[B]Suchstatementssuggestthattheremightbesubstantivedisagreementinthescientificcommunityabouttherealityofanthropogenicclimatechange.Thisisnotthecase.[C]InrecentyearsallmajorscientificbodiesintheUnitedStateswhosemembers’expertisebearsdirectlyonthematterhaveissuedsimilarstatements.[D]Admittedlyauthorsevaluatingimpactsdevelopingmethodsorstudyingpaleoclimaticchangemightbelievethatcurrentclimatechangeisnatural.Howevernoneofthesepapersarguedthatpoint.[E]Thathypothesiswastestedbyanalyzing928abstractspublishedinreferentscientificjournalsbetween1993and2003andlistedintheISIdatabasewiththekeywords"climatechange".[F]Ifthehistoryofscienceteachesanythingitishumilityandnoonecanbefaultedforfailingtoactonwhatisnotknown.[G]TheIPCC’sconclusionthatmostoftheobservedwarmingofthelast50yearsislikelytohavebeenduetotheincreaseingreenhousegasconcentrationsaccuratelyreflectsthecurrentthinkingofthescientificcommunityonthisissue. 45
Ifafarmerwishestosucceedhemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain________consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily________heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowingasaninsurance________theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto________oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto______thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation______andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailableafarmercannotbe______.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor________extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow________ofinterestbutloansofthiskindarenot________obtainable. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points7
Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe.Suchconsensuscannotbegainedfromsociety’’spresentstageorfromfantasiesaboutwhatitoughttobe.Forthatthepresentistoocloseandtoodiversifiedandthefuturetoouncertaintomakebelievableclaimsaboutit.AconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepastasHomer’’sepics史诗informedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreekandbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties. Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistoryalanguagealltheirownacommonreligioncommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrantscomingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Latelyithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissistic自我陶醉的personalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericansandthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-beingbecauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.InhisstudyofnarcissismChristopherLaschsaysthatmodernmantorturedbyself-consciousnessturnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlifetofindsomethingtolivefor.Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclinedandwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose. Contrarytorigidreligionsorpoliticalbeliefsasarefoundintotalitarian极权主义的societiesourcultureisoneofgreatindividualdifferencesatleastinprincipleandintheory.Butthisleadstodisunityevenchaos.Americansbelieveinthevalueofdiversitybutjustbecauseoursisasocietybasedonindividualdiversityitneedsconsensusaboutsomedominatingideasmorethansocietiesbasedonuniformoriginoftheircitizens.Henceifwearetohaveconsensusitmustbebasedonamyth―avision―aboutacommonexperienceaconquestthatmadeusAmericansasthemythabouttheconquestofTroyformedtheGreeks.Onlyacommonmythcanofferrelieffromthefearthatlifeiswithoutmeaningorpurpose.Mythspermitustoexamineourplaceintheworldbycomparingittoasharedidea.Mythsaresharedfantasiesthatformthetiethatbindstheindividualtoothermembersofhisgroup.Suchmythshelptowardofffeelingsofisolationguiltanxietyandpurposelessness―inshorttheycombatisolationandthebreakdownofsocialstandardsandvalues. Intheauthor’’sviewthegreatesttroublewiththeU.S.societyliesinthe
InspiteofrisingconcernintheNortheastandCanadaAdministrationspokesmenhaverepeatedlyinsistedthatnothingcouldreallybedoneaboutacidrainandtheindustry-producedsulfuremissionsuntilallthescientificfactswerein.Suddenlylastweekhoweverfactscamerainingdownineffectmakingfurtherscientificdebateonwhatmainlycausestheproblemallbutirrelevant. WhatbroughtaboutthedownpourwasastudycommissionedbyPresidentialScienceAdviser.Thespokesmenplainlycalledforremedialactionevenifsometechnicalquestionsaboutacidrainwerestillunanswered.Ifwetaketheconservativepointofviewthatwemustwaituntilthescientificknowledgeisdefinitivesaidthespokesmantheaccumulateddepositionanddamagedenvironmentmayreachthepointof’’irreversibility’’. Whenitrainsitpours.NextcameastudyfromtheNationalResearchCouncil.Itsdefinitiveconclusion:reducingemissionsofsulfurdioxidefromcoal-burningpowerplantsandfactoriessuchastheseintheMidwestwouldinfactsignificantlyreducetheacidityinrainsnowandotherprecipitation降水thatiswidelybelievedtobeworseningthelifefromfresh-waterlakesandforestsintheNortheastandCanada.Thespokesmandidnotrecommendanyspecificaction. ApairofremedialmeasuresarealreadytakenbeforeCongress.ASenatecommitteerecentlyapprovedabillthatwouldrequirereductionoverthenextdecadeofsulfur-dioxideemissionsby10milliontonsintheStatesborderingontheeastoftheMississippi.AtoughermeasurewasintroducedintheHouseorderingthe50largestsulfurpollutersintheU.S.tocutemissionssubstantially.ToeasetheEasterncoalminingindustrywhichfearsaswitchtolow-sulfurWesterncoalthebillrequirestheinstallationofexpensivescrubbersdevicesforremovingsulfurfromthesmokeratherthananorderthatforbidshigh-sulfurfuel.StillthelegislationisbeingvigorouslyopposedbythecoalindustryandutilitiesespeciallyintheMid-westwhereheavyindustriesarebattlingtosurvive.InasurveyalsoreleasedlastweektheEdisonElectricInstituteanindustrygroupgravelypredictedthatelectricityratescouldriseasmuchas50%iftheemission-controllegislationpassed. GovernmentstudiesdisputethesefiguresbutCongresshasbeensuspendedonacid-rainmeasures.Nowasaresultoftheacademystudysupportersofthebillsaremoreoptimistic.Neverthelessamajorpoliticalbattleisshapingup. Thetwostudiesmentionedinthetextclearlystatedthat
KNM—ER1470号人类头骨
Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethepicture 2interpretitsimplicationsinlifeand 3supportyourviewwithexamples. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Text4IBM’syear-old$2.5billioncomputer-chipplantinEastFishkillN.Y.isamanufacturingmarvel.Three-hundredrobotictoolssixmilesofnetworkingcableandmorecomputingpowerthanNASAusestolaunchthespaceshuttleallworktogethertoproducetensofmillionsofchipsayear--eachwithcircuitry800timesthinnerthanahumanhair.Notthatyou’llfindmuchhumanhairaroundtheplant.Otherchipplantsneedabout400employeesatalltimestooperatetheComplexmachinery.ButtodayatEastFishkill100engineerspershiftoverseeatotallyautomatedproductionline.Lastwinterwhenafiercesnowstormsenteveryonehomeearlythemachineshummedalongovernightwithoutanyproblem."TheproductivityincreasesforIBMareamazing"saysPerryHartswicktheseniorprogrammanagerattheplant.ProductivityimprovementslikethoseatIBMcanbeabooninahealthyeconomyhelpingtomakeAmericanbusinessmorecompetitiveabroadandkeepingalidoninflationasemployeesworkhardertomeetstrongdemandfortheirproducts.Buttoday’ssoaringproductivityishavingaharmfulsideeffect:it’sholdingbackjobgrowth.LastThursdaytheCommerceDepartmentreportedthatGDPgrewatanannualrateof2.4percent.Butunemploymentwashoveringatanuncomfortablyhigh6.2percentinJulyand44.000additionaljobswereaxedfrompayrollsmarkingthesixthmonthinarowtheeconomyhaslostjobs.Onefaultisthatseeminglyprofligatespending’onhightechduringthe’90sboom.Morethanthreeyearsafterthebustit’scontinuingtogenerateaproductivitypayoffinsidecompanies.Evenindustrieslikeentertainmentandhighereducationoncethoughttobelargelyimmunetoproductivityimprovementshavebeenrevolutionizedbydigitalmediaonlineresearchtoolscellphonesande-mail.Butthat’snottheonlyreasonfortheproblem.OverthelastthreeyearsAmericanmanufacturershaveshipped2.6millionjobstolow-WagecountrieslikeChina.Meanwhile.afloodofwhite-collarjobs--likecomputertechniciansandcustomerservicereps--havegonetocountrieswithwell-educatedworkforcessuchasIndia.Thereisofcourseasimplesolutiontoallthis-ahottereconomywithstrongerdemandthatwouldforcecompaniestohireworkers.Buttheseven-pointdeclineinJulyoftheConsumerConfidenceIndexdoesn’toffermuchnear-termhope.SomeeconomistsalsoworrythatBush’sdeeptaxcutsare"averyexpensivewayofgettinganamountofstimulusthatistoosmall"saysJanetYellenaprofessorattheHaasSchoolofBusinesswhoalsochairedClinton’sCouncilofEconomicAdvisers.TheBushadministrationrespondsbyaskingAmericanstowaituntilthefulleffectofthecutsarefeltandtheeconomykicksintoahighgeargrowthrateof3percentto4percent.ForthemillionsofAmericanswhoareoutofworkthatdaycan’tcomesoonenough. Prof.JanetYellenthinksthatBush'sdeeptaxcutsare
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.46SpeakingofthelovingwarmthoftheextendedfamilythepopularimageisofgrannybytheTVbabyplayinginthecribandtherestcheerfullyinteractingbetweenthetwogenerationalpoles.Traditionandeducationareeffortlesslypassedoninaclearlymarkedcomfortzone.Perfectforsecuritynottomentionfreebabysitting.Butwait.Studythemother’sface:exhaustedtenseunhappy.Sheisthepivotuponwhomthiscozyworldturns.47Sheisthe"supercarer"whospoonfeedsbabyandgrannybothmakessuretheyareentertainedandoutofdangerlooksaftertherestofthehouseholdandchancesareholdsdownapayingjob.Stuckbetweendemandingorweakgrandparentsandalwaysdemandingandvulnerablelittleonesthiswomanisnotsomuchsandwichedascrushedbetweengenerations.Itisnotsurprisingthenthatareportlastweekclaimedthat65percentofsupercarersweredissatisfiedwiththeirlives.Ihadatasteoftheirexistencewhenatthebeginningoftheyearmy73-year-oldfathercametostay.48Hewassoillthathecouldn’twalkorevenrolloverinhisbedandwasasadhelplesspresenceasinneedofmyattentionasmykids.Shemeanwhiledidn’tenjoysharingherspaceandmytimewithsomeonewhocomplainedloudlyaboutthenoiseshemade.Runningbetweenthemconsciousthatallthis"caring"wastakingitstollIrememberthinkingthiswashellasmanypeople80percentofthemwomendailylivedit.IfyouarewellofflikeCherieBoothsaythefactthatyouareasupercarerBoothaQCwiththreechildrenintheirteensandtwentiesalsolooksafterhermotherandheryoungsonLeopresentsachallengebutisatleastachievable.Whatoftheothersthoughtheoneswhoearn￡8anhourcleaningsomeoneelse’shomeorsweepingahospitalward7Theyfindnolet-upathomebutcrampedlivingspaceinvadedbycryingbabiesandcoughingoldfolk.49Forthembeingasupercarermeansbeingasuperloserwithfarlessofwhateveryoneconsidersimportant:moneyprivacyqualitytimeforyourpartnerandchildren.Demographictrendsmeanthatmoreofusaredestinedtobesupercarers;therearenowabout2.5millionandthisisexpectedtoriseto3.9millionby2020That’salobbywithconsiderablebargainingpotential...Sofarsupercarershavenotflexedtheirmuscles.50Thegovernmentwouldbewisetoofferthemtaxbreakstheallowanceavailabletothoseassistingthedisabledandflexibleworkschedules.Otherwisesupercarerswillrebel.Oncetheydecidethattheveryoldastheveryyoungarenottheirresponsibilitywhowillthentakeuptheburden Forthembeingasupercarermeansbeingasuperloserwithfarlessofwhateveryoneconsidersimportant:moneyprivacyqualitytimeforyourpartnerandchildren.
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist[A]-[G]tofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Policy-makersandthemediaparticularlyintheUnitedStatesfrequentlyassertthatclimatescienceishighlyuncertain.Somehaveusedthisasanargumentagainstadoptingstrongmeasurestoreducegreenhousegasemissions.ForexamplewhilediscussingamajorU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyreportontherisksofclimatechangethen-EPAadministratorChristineWhitmanargued"Asthereportwentthroughreviewtherewaslessconsensusonthescienceandconclusionsonclimatechange".Somecorporationswhoserevenuesmightheadverselyaffectedbycontrolsoncarbondioxideemissionshavealsoallegedmajoruncertaintiesinthescience.41.__________________.ThescientificconsensusisclearlyexpressedinthereportsoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPCC.Createdin1988bytheWorldMeteorologicalOrganizationandtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgrammeIPCC’spurposeistoevaluatethestateofclimatescienceasabasisforinformedpolicyactionprimarilyonthebasisofpeer-reviewedandpublishedscientificliterature.InitsmostrecentassessmentIPCCstatesunequivocallythattheconsensusofscientificopinionisthatEarth’sclimateisbeingaffectedbyhumanactivities:"Humanactivities...aremodifyingtheconcentrationofatmosphericconstituents...thatabsorborscatterradiantenergy....Mostoftheobservedwarmingoverthelast50yearsislikelytohavebeenduetotheincreaseingreenhousegasconcentrations".IPCCisnotaloneinitsconclusions.42.__________________.ForexampletheNationalAcademyofSciencesreportClimateChangeScience:AnAnalysisofSomeKeyQuestionsbegins:"GreenhousegasesareaccumulatinginEarth’satmosphereasaresultofhumanactivitiescausingsurfaceairtemperaturesandsubsurfaceoceantemperaturestorise".ThereportexplicitlyaskswhethertheIPCCassessmentisafairsummaryofprofessionalscientificthinkingandanswersyes.43.__________________.Othersagree.TheAmericanMeteorologicalSocietytheAmericanGeophysicalUnionandtheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceAAASallhaveissuedstatementsinrecentyearsconcludingthattheevidenceforhumanmodificationofclimateiscompelling.Thedraftingofsuchreportsandstatementsinvolvesmanyopportunitiesforcommentcriticismandrevisionanditisnotlikelythattheywoulddivergegreatlyfromtheopinionsofthesocieties’members.Neverthelesstheymightdownplaylegitimatedissentingopinions.44.__________________.The928papersweredividedintosixcategories:explicitendorsementoftheconsensuspositionevaluationofimpactsmitigationproposalsmethodspaleoclimateanalysisandrejectionoftheconsensusposition.Ofallthepapers75%fellintothefirstthreecategorieseitherexplicitlyorimplicitlyacceptingtheconsensusview;25%dealtwithmethodsorpaleoclimatetakingnopositiononcurrentanthropogenicclimatechange.Remarkablynoneofthepapersdisagreedwiththeconsensusposition.45.__________________.Thisanalysisshowsthatscientistspublishinginthepeer-reviewedliteratureagreewithIPCCtheNationalAcademyofSciencesandthepublicstatementsoftheirprofessionalsocieties.Politicianseconomistsjournalistsandothersmayhavetheimpressionofconfusiondisagreementordiscordamongclimatescientistsbutthatimpressionisincorrect.[A]Manydetailsaboutclimateinteractionsarenotwellunderstoodandthereareamplegroundsforcontinuedresearchtoprovideabetterbasisforunderstandingclimatedynamics.[B]Suchstatementssuggestthattheremightbesubstantivedisagreementinthescientificcommunityabouttherealityofanthropogenicclimatechange.Thisisnotthecase.[C]InrecentyearsallmajorscientificbodiesintheUnitedStateswhosemembers’expertisebearsdirectlyonthematterhaveissuedsimilarstatements.[D]Admittedlyauthorsevaluatingimpactsdevelopingmethodsorstudyingpaleoclimaticchangemightbelievethatcurrentclimatechangeisnatural.Howevernoneofthesepapersarguedthatpoint.[E]Thathypothesiswastestedbyanalyzing928abstractspublishedinreferentscientificjournalsbetween1993and2003andlistedintheISIdatabasewiththekeywords"climatechange".[F]Ifthehistoryofscienceteachesanythingitishumilityandnoonecanbefaultedforfailingtoactonwhatisnotknown.[G]TheIPCC’sconclusionthatmostoftheobservedwarmingofthelast50yearsislikelytohavebeenduetotheincreaseingreenhousegasconcentrationsaccuratelyreflectsthecurrentthinkingofthescientificcommunityonthisissue. 43
物种起源
直立人化石最早由谁发现
现代人种出现于人类发展过程中的哪一个时期
Ifafarmerwishestosucceedhemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain________consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily________heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowingasaninsurance________theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto________oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto______thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation______andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailableafarmercannotbe______.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor________extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow________ofinterestbutloansofthiskindarenot________obtainable. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points5
哪一本著作首次提出了人类起源于类人猿的假说
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist[A]-[G]tofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Policy-makersandthemediaparticularlyintheUnitedStatesfrequentlyassertthatclimatescienceishighlyuncertain.Somehaveusedthisasanargumentagainstadoptingstrongmeasurestoreducegreenhousegasemissions.ForexamplewhilediscussingamajorU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyreportontherisksofclimatechangethen-EPAadministratorChristineWhitmanargued"Asthereportwentthroughreviewtherewaslessconsensusonthescienceandconclusionsonclimatechange".Somecorporationswhoserevenuesmightheadverselyaffectedbycontrolsoncarbondioxideemissionshavealsoallegedmajoruncertaintiesinthescience.41.__________________.ThescientificconsensusisclearlyexpressedinthereportsoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPCC.Createdin1988bytheWorldMeteorologicalOrganizationandtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgrammeIPCC’spurposeistoevaluatethestateofclimatescienceasabasisforinformedpolicyactionprimarilyonthebasisofpeer-reviewedandpublishedscientificliterature.InitsmostrecentassessmentIPCCstatesunequivocallythattheconsensusofscientificopinionisthatEarth’sclimateisbeingaffectedbyhumanactivities:"Humanactivities...aremodifyingtheconcentrationofatmosphericconstituents...thatabsorborscatterradiantenergy....Mostoftheobservedwarmingoverthelast50yearsislikelytohavebeenduetotheincreaseingreenhousegasconcentrations".IPCCisnotaloneinitsconclusions.42.__________________.ForexampletheNationalAcademyofSciencesreportClimateChangeScience:AnAnalysisofSomeKeyQuestionsbegins:"GreenhousegasesareaccumulatinginEarth’satmosphereasaresultofhumanactivitiescausingsurfaceairtemperaturesandsubsurfaceoceantemperaturestorise".ThereportexplicitlyaskswhethertheIPCCassessmentisafairsummaryofprofessionalscientificthinkingandanswersyes.43.__________________.Othersagree.TheAmericanMeteorologicalSocietytheAmericanGeophysicalUnionandtheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceAAASallhaveissuedstatementsinrecentyearsconcludingthattheevidenceforhumanmodificationofclimateiscompelling.Thedraftingofsuchreportsandstatementsinvolvesmanyopportunitiesforcommentcriticismandrevisionanditisnotlikelythattheywoulddivergegreatlyfromtheopinionsofthesocieties’members.Neverthelesstheymightdownplaylegitimatedissentingopinions.44.__________________.The928papersweredividedintosixcategories:explicitendorsementoftheconsensuspositionevaluationofimpactsmitigationproposalsmethodspaleoclimateanalysisandrejectionoftheconsensusposition.Ofallthepapers75%fellintothefirstthreecategorieseitherexplicitlyorimplicitlyacceptingtheconsensusview;25%dealtwithmethodsorpaleoclimatetakingnopositiononcurrentanthropogenicclimatechange.Remarkablynoneofthepapersdisagreedwiththeconsensusposition.45.__________________.Thisanalysisshowsthatscientistspublishinginthepeer-reviewedliteratureagreewithIPCCtheNationalAcademyofSciencesandthepublicstatementsoftheirprofessionalsocieties.Politicianseconomistsjournalistsandothersmayhavetheimpressionofconfusiondisagreementordiscordamongclimatescientistsbutthatimpressionisincorrect.[A]Manydetailsaboutclimateinteractionsarenotwellunderstoodandthereareamplegroundsforcontinuedresearchtoprovideabetterbasisforunderstandingclimatedynamics.[B]Suchstatementssuggestthattheremightbesubstantivedisagreementinthescientificcommunityabouttherealityofanthropogenicclimatechange.Thisisnotthecase.[C]InrecentyearsallmajorscientificbodiesintheUnitedStateswhosemembers’expertisebearsdirectlyonthematterhaveissuedsimilarstatements.[D]Admittedlyauthorsevaluatingimpactsdevelopingmethodsorstudyingpaleoclimaticchangemightbelievethatcurrentclimatechangeisnatural.Howevernoneofthesepapersarguedthatpoint.[E]Thathypothesiswastestedbyanalyzing928abstractspublishedinreferentscientificjournalsbetween1993and2003andlistedintheISIdatabasewiththekeywords"climatechange".[F]Ifthehistoryofscienceteachesanythingitishumilityandnoonecanbefaultedforfailingtoactonwhatisnotknown.[G]TheIPCC’sconclusionthatmostoftheobservedwarmingofthelast50yearsislikelytohavebeenduetotheincreaseingreenhousegasconcentrationsaccuratelyreflectsthecurrentthinkingofthescientificcommunityonthisissue. 41
Ifafarmerwishestosucceedhemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain________consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily________heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowingasaninsurance________theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto________oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto______thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation______andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailableafarmercannotbe______.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor________extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow________ofinterestbutloansofthiskindarenot________obtainable. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points9
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