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简述历史上五种主要的文学观念。
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历史上关于文学作品的本文层次的划分有哪些35文学作品的本文是指作者写出的有待阅读的单个文学作品本身在
蒙古族历史上的第一位语言文学家是
简述孔雀帝国在印度历史上的地位
15分【历史——历史上的重大改革回眸】历史上重大改革回眸共选取了古今中外九大著名改革事件其产生的历史
历史上出现过几种文学批评形态
中国历史上的文化观念主要是由贵族决定的
列举历史上三种文学分类的方法
文学在历史上大致有三种含义广义文学和
在人类历史上主要存在哪三种相继更替的证据制度
文学理论历史上出现的几种文学批评的形态简介主要有即道德批评批评审美批评语言批评
简述我国历史上主要的语言文字规范行为
简述用自己的观点列举论述在动画发展历史上技术革新和艺术观念创新的几个重要人物的贡献以及他们的作品的意
说明人类历史上存在的超越现象与五种社会形态演进规律的一致性
历史上像泰戈尔这样的纯文学作家非常多
怎样全面认识诗经在中国历史上的地位及其对后世文学的影响
简述立莲吉尔布雷斯所述的历史上的三种管理方式
历史上任何一种礼仪都不可能不包含着等级区分的观念
文学历史上关于文学创造的主客体有哪些解释
文学一词在中国历史上曾经体现出的含义主要有
文学即文章
文学即有文采的缘情性作品
文学即一切语言性符号
文学即博学
文学即文化
历史上关于文学作品的本文层次的划分有哪些
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Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowthandasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculturewheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives. Tostartwithitisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistoryandwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefedclothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversityandanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient. Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheapersaferandmorereliable.Howeverthesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatloss. What’smoredemandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.Yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions. Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexampleweneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe"zeroimpact".Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainabilitywhichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretationonethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswayslandisused.Therearemanydifferentagriculturalperformancesbesidesfoodyield:energyuseenvironmentalcostswaterpuritycarbonfootprintandbiodiversity.ItisclearforexamplethatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction. Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage
WhenIwasyoungmyparentsranasnackbarinoursmalltown.OneeveninginearlyAprilmymothertoldmetofillinatthesnackbar1aworkerwhohadtheflu.ItoldherIwouldmessitup2Ihadneverworkedatthebarbefore.I3thatinsteadofmakingmoneyIwouldendupowingit."Youcandoit"saidmymother"4youwon’tgetmuchbusinessuntillunch.""ButI’llneverremembertheordersandI’mnogood5money.PleaseMomdon’t6me."ThenI’llhelpyou"shesaid.Ishruggedmyshoulders.Ithoughtmymother’s7wasabadonebutI8.WhenIgottothebarthenextdayIfoundmymotherwas9.Becausetheweatherthatdaywasrainyandcoldpeoplewantedhotsnacksanddrinks.10Iwasreallyslowattakingtheordersandmakingchange.Thelineofpeoplegrewandeverybodyseemed11IwassonervousthatmyhandsshookandI12acupintopieces.Whatamess!Thenmymothercameto13meandshealsoshowedmehowtomake14.Ifsomeonegaveme$5forsomethingthatcost$3.25Ihandedover15quartersandadollarandsaid"75centsmakesfourdollarsplusonedollarmakesfive."Thingswentmore16afterthat.BytheendofthedayIcouldrememberorders17thebillandmakechangequicklywithasmile.Iwasevenalittle18whenthesuncameoutanddriedupbusiness.Mymothersaidshewasproudofmeandwhenshe19thatIworkatthesnackbaragainnextyearIdidnotevenshrug.Iwastoobusy20therestaurantIwouldopenoneday. 第2空应选择
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Lisawasrunninglate.Lisa25hadalottodoatworkplusvisitorsontheway:herparentswerecominginforThanksgivingfromherhometown.Butasshehurrieddownthesubwaystairsshestartedtofeeluncomfortablywarn.BythetimeshegottotheplatformLisafeltweakandtired—maybeithadn’tbeenagoodideatogivebloodthenightbeforeshethought.Sherestedherselfagainstapostclosetothetracks.SeveralyardsawayFrank43andhisgirlfriendJenniferfoundaspotclosetowherethefrontofthetrainwouldstop.Theyweredeepindiscussionaboutahousetheywerethinkingofbuying.Butwhenheheardthescreamfollowedbysomeoneyelling"OhmyGodshefellin!"Frankdidn’thesitate.Hejumpeddowntothetracksandransome40feettowardthebodylyingontherails."No!Notyou!"hisgirlfriendscreamedafterhim.Shewasrighttobealarmed.BythetimeFrankreachedLisahecouldfeelthetracksshakingandseethelightcoming.Thetrainwasabout20secondsfromthestation. Itwashardtolifther.Shewasjustout.Buthemanagedtoraiseherthefourfeettotheplatformsothatbystanderscouldholdherbythegrinsanddragherawayfromtheedge.ThatwaswhereLisabrieflyregainedconsciousnessfeltherselfbeingpulledalongthegroundandsawsomeoneelseholdingherpurse.Lisathoughtshe’dbeenrobbed.Awomanheldherhandandamangavehisshirttohelpstopthebloodpouringfromherhead.Shetriedtotalkbutshecouldn’tandthatwaswhensherealizedhowmuchpainshewasin.PoliceandfireofficialssoonarrivedandFranktoldthestorytoanofficer.Jennifersaidherboyfriendwascalmontheir40minutetrainridedowntown—justashehadbeensecondsaftertherescuewhichmadeherthinkaboutherreactionatthetime."IsawthetraincomingandIwasthinkinghewasgoingtodie"sheexplained. WhydidJennifertrytostopherboyfriend
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WhenIwasyoungmyparentsranasnackbarinoursmalltown.OneeveninginearlyAprilmymothertoldmetofillinatthesnackbar1aworkerwhohadtheflu.ItoldherIwouldmessitup2Ihadneverworkedatthebarbefore.I3thatinsteadofmakingmoneyIwouldendupowingit."Youcandoit"saidmymother"4youwon’tgetmuchbusinessuntillunch.""ButI’llneverremembertheordersandI’mnogood5money.PleaseMomdon’t6me."ThenI’llhelpyou"shesaid.Ishruggedmyshoulders.Ithoughtmymother’s7wasabadonebutI8.WhenIgottothebarthenextdayIfoundmymotherwas9.Becausetheweatherthatdaywasrainyandcoldpeoplewantedhotsnacksanddrinks.10Iwasreallyslowattakingtheordersandmakingchange.Thelineofpeoplegrewandeverybodyseemed11IwassonervousthatmyhandsshookandI12acupintopieces.Whatamess!Thenmymothercameto13meandshealsoshowedmehowtomake14.Ifsomeonegaveme$5forsomethingthatcost$3.25Ihandedover15quartersandadollarandsaid"75centsmakesfourdollarsplusonedollarmakesfive."Thingswentmore16afterthat.BytheendofthedayIcouldrememberorders17thebillandmakechangequicklywithasmile.Iwasevenalittle18whenthesuncameoutanddriedupbusiness.Mymothersaidshewasproudofmeandwhenshe19thatIworkatthesnackbaragainnextyearIdidnotevenshrug.Iwastoobusy20therestaurantIwouldopenoneday. 第8空应选择
WhenIwasyoungmyparentsranasnackbarinoursmalltown.OneeveninginearlyAprilmymothertoldmetofillinatthesnackbar1aworkerwhohadtheflu.ItoldherIwouldmessitup2Ihadneverworkedatthebarbefore.I3thatinsteadofmakingmoneyIwouldendupowingit."Youcandoit"saidmymother"4youwon’tgetmuchbusinessuntillunch.""ButI’llneverremembertheordersandI’mnogood5money.PleaseMomdon’t6me."ThenI’llhelpyou"shesaid.Ishruggedmyshoulders.Ithoughtmymother’s7wasabadonebutI8.WhenIgottothebarthenextdayIfoundmymotherwas9.Becausetheweatherthatdaywasrainyandcoldpeoplewantedhotsnacksanddrinks.10Iwasreallyslowattakingtheordersandmakingchange.Thelineofpeoplegrewandeverybodyseemed11IwassonervousthatmyhandsshookandI12acupintopieces.Whatamess!Thenmymothercameto13meandshealsoshowedmehowtomake14.Ifsomeonegaveme$5forsomethingthatcost$3.25Ihandedover15quartersandadollarandsaid"75centsmakesfourdollarsplusonedollarmakesfive."Thingswentmore16afterthat.BytheendofthedayIcouldrememberorders17thebillandmakechangequicklywithasmile.Iwasevenalittle18whenthesuncameoutanddriedupbusiness.Mymothersaidshewasproudofmeandwhenshe19thatIworkatthesnackbaragainnextyearIdidnotevenshrug.Iwastoobusy20therestaurantIwouldopenoneday. 第12空应选择
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WhenIwasyoungmyparentsranasnackbarinoursmalltown.OneeveninginearlyAprilmymothertoldmetofillinatthesnackbar1aworkerwhohadtheflu.ItoldherIwouldmessitup2Ihadneverworkedatthebarbefore.I3thatinsteadofmakingmoneyIwouldendupowingit."Youcandoit"saidmymother"4youwon’tgetmuchbusinessuntillunch.""ButI’llneverremembertheordersandI’mnogood5money.PleaseMomdon’t6me."ThenI’llhelpyou"shesaid.Ishruggedmyshoulders.Ithoughtmymother’s7wasabadonebutI8.WhenIgottothebarthenextdayIfoundmymotherwas9.Becausetheweatherthatdaywasrainyandcoldpeoplewantedhotsnacksanddrinks.10Iwasreallyslowattakingtheordersandmakingchange.Thelineofpeoplegrewandeverybodyseemed11IwassonervousthatmyhandsshookandI12acupintopieces.Whatamess!Thenmymothercameto13meandshealsoshowedmehowtomake14.Ifsomeonegaveme$5forsomethingthatcost$3.25Ihandedover15quartersandadollarandsaid"75centsmakesfourdollarsplusonedollarmakesfive."Thingswentmore16afterthat.BytheendofthedayIcouldrememberorders17thebillandmakechangequicklywithasmile.Iwasevenalittle18whenthesuncameoutanddriedupbusiness.Mymothersaidshewasproudofmeandwhenshe19thatIworkatthesnackbaragainnextyearIdidnotevenshrug.Iwastoobusy20therestaurantIwouldopenoneday. 第6空应选择
Inacountrythatdefinesitself"byidealsnotbysharedbloodwhoshouldbeallowedtoworkandlivehereInthewakeoftheSept.11attacksthesequestionshaveneverseemedmorepressing. OnDec.112001aspartoftheefforttoincreasehomelandsecurityfederalandlocalauthoritiesin14statesstaged"OperationSafeTravel"—raidsonairportstoarrestemployeeswithfalseidentification.InSaltLakeCitytherewere69arrests.ButthosecapturedwereanythingbutterroristsmostofthemillegalimmigrantsfromCentralorSouthAmerican.Authoritiessaidtheundocumentedworker’sillegalstatusmadethemopentoblankmallbyterrorists.ManyimmigrantsinSaltLakeCitywereangeredbythearrestsandsaidtheyfeltasiftheywerebeingtreatedlikedisposablegoods.MayorAndersonsaidthosefeelingswerejustifiedtoacertainextent."We’resayingwewantyoutoworkintheseplaces.We’regoingtolooktheotherwayintermsofwhatourlawsareandthenwhenit’sconvenientforusorwhenwecantrytomakeapointintermsofnationalsecurityespeciallyafterSept.11thenyou’redisposable.Therearewholefamiliesbeinguprootedforallofthewrongreasons."Andersonsaid. IfSept.11hadneverhappenedtheairportworkerswouldnothavebeenarrestedandcouldhavegoneonquietlylivinginAmericaprobablyindefinitely.AnaCastroamanagerataBen&Jerry’sicecreamshopattheairporthadbeenworking10yearswiththesamefalseSocialSecuritycardwhenshewasarrestedintheDecemberairportraid.Nowsheandherfamilyarelivingunderthethreatofdeportation.Castro’scaseiscurrentlywaitingtobesettled.WhilesheawaitstheoutcomethegovernmenthasgrantedherpermissiontoworkhereandshehasreturnedtoherjobatBen&Jerry’s. AccordingtotheauthortheUnitedStatesclaimstobeanation.
awaythisdirtyshirtandbringmeacleanone.
Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowthandasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculturewheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives. Tostartwithitisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistoryandwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefedclothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversityandanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient. Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheapersaferandmorereliable.Howeverthesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatloss. What’smoredemandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.Yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions. Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexampleweneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe"zeroimpact".Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainabilitywhichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretationonethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswayslandisused.Therearemanydifferentagriculturalperformancesbesidesfoodyield:energyuseenvironmentalcostswaterpuritycarbonfootprintandbiodiversity.ItisclearforexamplethatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction. Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfarmingpractices
WhenIwasyoungmyparentsranasnackbarinoursmalltown.OneeveninginearlyAprilmymothertoldmetofillinatthesnackbar1aworkerwhohadtheflu.ItoldherIwouldmessitup2Ihadneverworkedatthebarbefore.I3thatinsteadofmakingmoneyIwouldendupowingit."Youcandoit"saidmymother"4youwon’tgetmuchbusinessuntillunch.""ButI’llneverremembertheordersandI’mnogood5money.PleaseMomdon’t6me."ThenI’llhelpyou"shesaid.Ishruggedmyshoulders.Ithoughtmymother’s7wasabadonebutI8.WhenIgottothebarthenextdayIfoundmymotherwas9.Becausetheweatherthatdaywasrainyandcoldpeoplewantedhotsnacksanddrinks.10Iwasreallyslowattakingtheordersandmakingchange.Thelineofpeoplegrewandeverybodyseemed11IwassonervousthatmyhandsshookandI12acupintopieces.Whatamess!Thenmymothercameto13meandshealsoshowedmehowtomake14.Ifsomeonegaveme$5forsomethingthatcost$3.25Ihandedover15quartersandadollarandsaid"75centsmakesfourdollarsplusonedollarmakesfive."Thingswentmore16afterthat.BytheendofthedayIcouldrememberorders17thebillandmakechangequicklywithasmile.Iwasevenalittle18whenthesuncameoutanddriedupbusiness.Mymothersaidshewasproudofmeandwhenshe19thatIworkatthesnackbaragainnextyearIdidnotevenshrug.Iwastoobusy20therestaurantIwouldopenoneday. 第10空应选择
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WhenIwasyoungmyparentsranasnackbarinoursmalltown.OneeveninginearlyAprilmymothertoldmetofillinatthesnackbar1aworkerwhohadtheflu.ItoldherIwouldmessitup2Ihadneverworkedatthebarbefore.I3thatinsteadofmakingmoneyIwouldendupowingit."Youcandoit"saidmymother"4youwon’tgetmuchbusinessuntillunch.""ButI’llneverremembertheordersandI’mnogood5money.PleaseMomdon’t6me."ThenI’llhelpyou"shesaid.Ishruggedmyshoulders.Ithoughtmymother’s7wasabadonebutI8.WhenIgottothebarthenextdayIfoundmymotherwas9.Becausetheweatherthatdaywasrainyandcoldpeoplewantedhotsnacksanddrinks.10Iwasreallyslowattakingtheordersandmakingchange.Thelineofpeoplegrewandeverybodyseemed11IwassonervousthatmyhandsshookandI12acupintopieces.Whatamess!Thenmymothercameto13meandshealsoshowedmehowtomake14.Ifsomeonegaveme$5forsomethingthatcost$3.25Ihandedover15quartersandadollarandsaid"75centsmakesfourdollarsplusonedollarmakesfive."Thingswentmore16afterthat.BytheendofthedayIcouldrememberorders17thebillandmakechangequicklywithasmile.Iwasevenalittle18whenthesuncameoutanddriedupbusiness.Mymothersaidshewasproudofmeandwhenshe19thatIworkatthesnackbaragainnextyearIdidnotevenshrug.Iwastoobusy20therestaurantIwouldopenoneday. 第20空应选择
July212007wasatypicalEnglishsummer’sday—itrainedfor24hours!AsusualIrushedhomefromworkatmiddaytocheckonthehouse.Nothingwasamiss.BythetimeIleftworkat5pmhowevertheroadintoourvillagewasflooded.OurhousehadneverbeenfloodedbutasIopenedthefrontdoorawaveofwatergreetedme.ThankGodthekidsweren’twithmebecausethehousewas5feetdeepinwater.Welosteverythingdownstairs.Andtheplasterofthewallsceilingspulleddown. Atfirstwetriedtopushonthrough.Wedidn’twanttomovethechildrenoutofhomesowecampedupstairs.Weputasheetofplasticacrossthefloortoprotectusfromthedamp.Butafterthreemonthswefeltverysicksowemovedtoawoodenhouseinapark.Thehousewassmallbutatfirstwewerealljustdelightedtobeinanewplace.Unfortunatelythingstooklongerthanexpectedandweweretherefor10months.Thelifetherewasinconvenient.WhatsurprisedmemostwashowmuchImissedbeingpartofacommunity.WehadlivedinafriendlyvillagewithgoodneighborsandI’dneverthoughthowmuchI’dmissthat. Althoughoursituationwasveryhardit’sdifficulttofeeltoosorryforyourselfwhenyoulookatwhat’shappeningelsewhere.IwatchedanewsreportaboutfloodsinNorthernIndiaandthought"Wedidn’thaveastrawbutthatwassweptawayandourhouseisstillstanding.We’relucky." WemovedbackhomeinAugust.WithDecembercomingthere’sstillreconstructionworktobedonesoit’sdifficulttoprepareforChristmas.ButIcan’twait—I’mgoingtothrowapartyforourfriendsinthevillagetosaythanksfortheirsupport.ThisyearIwon’tneedanygifts—livingawayfromhomeformonthshasmademerealizehowlittleweactuallyneedormissallourpossessions.Althoughwearereplacingthingsthere’sreallynorush—wehaveourhomebackandthat’sthemainthing. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthor.
WhenIwasyoungmyparentsranasnackbarinoursmalltown.OneeveninginearlyAprilmymothertoldmetofillinatthesnackbar1aworkerwhohadtheflu.ItoldherIwouldmessitup2Ihadneverworkedatthebarbefore.I3thatinsteadofmakingmoneyIwouldendupowingit."Youcandoit"saidmymother"4youwon’tgetmuchbusinessuntillunch.""ButI’llneverremembertheordersandI’mnogood5money.PleaseMomdon’t6me."ThenI’llhelpyou"shesaid.Ishruggedmyshoulders.Ithoughtmymother’s7wasabadonebutI8.WhenIgottothebarthenextdayIfoundmymotherwas9.Becausetheweatherthatdaywasrainyandcoldpeoplewantedhotsnacksanddrinks.10Iwasreallyslowattakingtheordersandmakingchange.Thelineofpeoplegrewandeverybodyseemed11IwassonervousthatmyhandsshookandI12acupintopieces.Whatamess!Thenmymothercameto13meandshealsoshowedmehowtomake14.Ifsomeonegaveme$5forsomethingthatcost$3.25Ihandedover15quartersandadollarandsaid"75centsmakesfourdollarsplusonedollarmakesfive."Thingswentmore16afterthat.BytheendofthedayIcouldrememberorders17thebillandmakechangequicklywithasmile.Iwasevenalittle18whenthesuncameoutanddriedupbusiness.Mymothersaidshewasproudofmeandwhenshe19thatIworkatthesnackbaragainnextyearIdidnotevenshrug.Iwastoobusy20therestaurantIwouldopenoneday. 第14空应选择
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ThefilmwasagoodonebutIcouldn'tunderstanditfirst.
Lisawasrunninglate.Lisa25hadalottodoatworkplusvisitorsontheway:herparentswerecominginforThanksgivingfromherhometown.Butasshehurrieddownthesubwaystairsshestartedtofeeluncomfortablywarn.BythetimeshegottotheplatformLisafeltweakandtired—maybeithadn’tbeenagoodideatogivebloodthenightbeforeshethought.Sherestedherselfagainstapostclosetothetracks.SeveralyardsawayFrank43andhisgirlfriendJenniferfoundaspotclosetowherethefrontofthetrainwouldstop.Theyweredeepindiscussionaboutahousetheywerethinkingofbuying.Butwhenheheardthescreamfollowedbysomeoneyelling"OhmyGodshefellin!"Frankdidn’thesitate.Hejumpeddowntothetracksandransome40feettowardthebodylyingontherails."No!Notyou!"hisgirlfriendscreamedafterhim.Shewasrighttobealarmed.BythetimeFrankreachedLisahecouldfeelthetracksshakingandseethelightcoming.Thetrainwasabout20secondsfromthestation. Itwashardtolifther.Shewasjustout.Buthemanagedtoraiseherthefourfeettotheplatformsothatbystanderscouldholdherbythegrinsanddragherawayfromtheedge.ThatwaswhereLisabrieflyregainedconsciousnessfeltherselfbeingpulledalongthegroundandsawsomeoneelseholdingherpurse.Lisathoughtshe’dbeenrobbed.Awomanheldherhandandamangavehisshirttohelpstopthebloodpouringfromherhead.Shetriedtotalkbutshecouldn’tandthatwaswhensherealizedhowmuchpainshewasin.PoliceandfireofficialssoonarrivedandFranktoldthestorytoanofficer.Jennifersaidherboyfriendwascalmontheir40minutetrainridedowntown—justashehadbeensecondsaftertherescuewhichmadeherthinkaboutherreactionatthetime."IsawthetraincomingandIwasthinkinghewasgoingtodie"sheexplained. WhendidLisabecomeconsciousagain
Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowthandasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculturewheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives. Tostartwithitisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistoryandwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefedclothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversityandanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient. Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheapersaferandmorereliable.Howeverthesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatloss. What’smoredemandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.Yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions. Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexampleweneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe"zeroimpact".Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainabilitywhichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretationonethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswayslandisused.Therearemanydifferentagriculturalperformancesbesidesfoodyield:energyuseenvironmentalcostswaterpuritycarbonfootprintandbiodiversity.ItisclearforexamplethatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction. Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture
WhenIwasyoungmyparentsranasnackbarinoursmalltown.OneeveninginearlyAprilmymothertoldmetofillinatthesnackbar1aworkerwhohadtheflu.ItoldherIwouldmessitup2Ihadneverworkedatthebarbefore.I3thatinsteadofmakingmoneyIwouldendupowingit."Youcandoit"saidmymother"4youwon’tgetmuchbusinessuntillunch.""ButI’llneverremembertheordersandI’mnogood5money.PleaseMomdon’t6me."ThenI’llhelpyou"shesaid.Ishruggedmyshoulders.Ithoughtmymother’s7wasabadonebutI8.WhenIgottothebarthenextdayIfoundmymotherwas9.Becausetheweatherthatdaywasrainyandcoldpeoplewantedhotsnacksanddrinks.10Iwasreallyslowattakingtheordersandmakingchange.Thelineofpeoplegrewandeverybodyseemed11IwassonervousthatmyhandsshookandI12acupintopieces.Whatamess!Thenmymothercameto13meandshealsoshowedmehowtomake14.Ifsomeonegaveme$5forsomethingthatcost$3.25Ihandedover15quartersandadollarandsaid"75centsmakesfourdollarsplusonedollarmakesfive."Thingswentmore16afterthat.BytheendofthedayIcouldrememberorders17thebillandmakechangequicklywithasmile.Iwasevenalittle18whenthesuncameoutanddriedupbusiness.Mymothersaidshewasproudofmeandwhenshe19thatIworkatthesnackbaragainnextyearIdidnotevenshrug.Iwastoobusy20therestaurantIwouldopenoneday. 第4空应选择
Inacountrythatdefinesitself"byidealsnotbysharedbloodwhoshouldbeallowedtoworkandlivehereInthewakeoftheSept.11attacksthesequestionshaveneverseemedmorepressing. OnDec.112001aspartoftheefforttoincreasehomelandsecurityfederalandlocalauthoritiesin14statesstaged"OperationSafeTravel"—raidsonairportstoarrestemployeeswithfalseidentification.InSaltLakeCitytherewere69arrests.ButthosecapturedwereanythingbutterroristsmostofthemillegalimmigrantsfromCentralorSouthAmerican.Authoritiessaidtheundocumentedworker’sillegalstatusmadethemopentoblankmallbyterrorists.ManyimmigrantsinSaltLakeCitywereangeredbythearrestsandsaidtheyfeltasiftheywerebeingtreatedlikedisposablegoods.MayorAndersonsaidthosefeelingswerejustifiedtoacertainextent."We’resayingwewantyoutoworkintheseplaces.We’regoingtolooktheotherwayintermsofwhatourlawsareandthenwhenit’sconvenientforusorwhenwecantrytomakeapointintermsofnationalsecurityespeciallyafterSept.11thenyou’redisposable.Therearewholefamiliesbeinguprootedforallofthewrongreasons."Andersonsaid. IfSept.11hadneverhappenedtheairportworkerswouldnothavebeenarrestedandcouldhavegoneonquietlylivinginAmericaprobablyindefinitely.AnaCastroamanagerataBen&Jerry’sicecreamshopattheairporthadbeenworking10yearswiththesamefalseSocialSecuritycardwhenshewasarrestedintheDecemberairportraid.Nowsheandherfamilyarelivingunderthethreatofdeportation.Castro’scaseiscurrentlywaitingtobesettled.WhilesheawaitstheoutcomethegovernmenthasgrantedherpermissiontoworkhereandshehasreturnedtoherjobatBen&Jerry’s. UndocumentedworkersbecamethetargetofOperationSafeTravelbecause.
WhenIwasyoungmyparentsranasnackbarinoursmalltown.OneeveninginearlyAprilmymothertoldmetofillinatthesnackbar1aworkerwhohadtheflu.ItoldherIwouldmessitup2Ihadneverworkedatthebarbefore.I3thatinsteadofmakingmoneyIwouldendupowingit."Youcandoit"saidmymother"4youwon’tgetmuchbusinessuntillunch.""ButI’llneverremembertheordersandI’mnogood5money.PleaseMomdon’t6me."ThenI’llhelpyou"shesaid.Ishruggedmyshoulders.Ithoughtmymother’s7wasabadonebutI8.WhenIgottothebarthenextdayIfoundmymotherwas9.Becausetheweatherthatdaywasrainyandcoldpeoplewantedhotsnacksanddrinks.10Iwasreallyslowattakingtheordersandmakingchange.Thelineofpeoplegrewandeverybodyseemed11IwassonervousthatmyhandsshookandI12acupintopieces.Whatamess!Thenmymothercameto13meandshealsoshowedmehowtomake14.Ifsomeonegaveme$5forsomethingthatcost$3.25Ihandedover15quartersandadollarandsaid"75centsmakesfourdollarsplusonedollarmakesfive."Thingswentmore16afterthat.BytheendofthedayIcouldrememberorders17thebillandmakechangequicklywithasmile.Iwasevenalittle18whenthesuncameoutanddriedupbusiness.Mymothersaidshewasproudofmeandwhenshe19thatIworkatthesnackbaragainnextyearIdidnotevenshrug.Iwastoobusy20therestaurantIwouldopenoneday. 第16空应选择
WhenIwasyoungmyparentsranasnackbarinoursmalltown.OneeveninginearlyAprilmymothertoldmetofillinatthesnackbar1aworkerwhohadtheflu.ItoldherIwouldmessitup2Ihadneverworkedatthebarbefore.I3thatinsteadofmakingmoneyIwouldendupowingit."Youcandoit"saidmymother"4youwon’tgetmuchbusinessuntillunch.""ButI’llneverremembertheordersandI’mnogood5money.PleaseMomdon’t6me."ThenI’llhelpyou"shesaid.Ishruggedmyshoulders.Ithoughtmymother’s7wasabadonebutI8.WhenIgottothebarthenextdayIfoundmymotherwas9.Becausetheweatherthatdaywasrainyandcoldpeoplewantedhotsnacksanddrinks.10Iwasreallyslowattakingtheordersandmakingchange.Thelineofpeoplegrewandeverybodyseemed11IwassonervousthatmyhandsshookandI12acupintopieces.Whatamess!Thenmymothercameto13meandshealsoshowedmehowtomake14.Ifsomeonegaveme$5forsomethingthatcost$3.25Ihandedover15quartersandadollarandsaid"75centsmakesfourdollarsplusonedollarmakesfive."Thingswentmore16afterthat.BytheendofthedayIcouldrememberorders17thebillandmakechangequicklywithasmile.Iwasevenalittle18whenthesuncameoutanddriedupbusiness.Mymothersaidshewasproudofmeandwhenshe19thatIworkatthesnackbaragainnextyearIdidnotevenshrug.Iwastoobusy20therestaurantIwouldopenoneday. 第18空应选择
July212007wasatypicalEnglishsummer’sday—itrainedfor24hours!AsusualIrushedhomefromworkatmiddaytocheckonthehouse.Nothingwasamiss.BythetimeIleftworkat5pmhowevertheroadintoourvillagewasflooded.OurhousehadneverbeenfloodedbutasIopenedthefrontdoorawaveofwatergreetedme.ThankGodthekidsweren’twithmebecausethehousewas5feetdeepinwater.Welosteverythingdownstairs.Andtheplasterofthewallsceilingspulleddown. Atfirstwetriedtopushonthrough.Wedidn’twanttomovethechildrenoutofhomesowecampedupstairs.Weputasheetofplasticacrossthefloortoprotectusfromthedamp.Butafterthreemonthswefeltverysicksowemovedtoawoodenhouseinapark.Thehousewassmallbutatfirstwewerealljustdelightedtobeinanewplace.Unfortunatelythingstooklongerthanexpectedandweweretherefor10months.Thelifetherewasinconvenient.WhatsurprisedmemostwashowmuchImissedbeingpartofacommunity.WehadlivedinafriendlyvillagewithgoodneighborsandI’dneverthoughthowmuchI’dmissthat. Althoughoursituationwasveryhardit’sdifficulttofeeltoosorryforyourselfwhenyoulookatwhat’shappeningelsewhere.IwatchedanewsreportaboutfloodsinNorthernIndiaandthought"Wedidn’thaveastrawbutthatwassweptawayandourhouseisstillstanding.We’relucky." WemovedbackhomeinAugust.WithDecembercomingthere’sstillreconstructionworktobedonesoit’sdifficulttoprepareforChristmas.ButIcan’twait—I’mgoingtothrowapartyforourfriendsinthevillagetosaythanksfortheirsupport.ThisyearIwon’tneedanygifts—livingawayfromhomeformonthshasmademerealizehowlittleweactuallyneedormissallourpossessions.Althoughwearereplacingthingsthere’sreallynorush—wehaveourhomebackandthat’sthemainthing. Whatdoestheauthormainlywanttoexpressbytellingherstory
InacountrythatdefinesitselfbyidealsnotbysharedbloodwhoshouldbeallowedtoworkandlivehereInthewakeoftheSept.11attacksthesequestionshaveneverseemedmorepressing.OnDec.112001aspartoftheefforttoincreasehomelandsecurityfederalandlocalauthoritiesin14statesstagedOperationSafeTravel—raidsonairportstoarrestemployeeswithfalseidentification.InSaltLakeCitytherewere69arrests.ButthosecapturedwereanythingbutterroristsmostofthemillegalimmigrantsfromCentralorSouthAmerican.Authoritiessaidtheundocumentedworker’sillegalstatusmadethemopentoblankmallbyterrorists.ManyimmigrantsinSaltLakeCitywereangeredbythearrestsandsaidtheyfeltasiftheywerebeingtreatedlikedisposablegoods.MayorAndersonsaidthosefeelingswerejustifiedtoacertainextent.We’resayingwewantyoutoworkintheseplaces.We’regoingtolooktheotherwayintermsofwhatourlawsareandthenwhenit’sconvenientforusorwhenwecantrytomakeapointintermsofnationalsecurityespeciallyafterSept.11thenyou’redisposable.Therearewholefamiliesbeinguprootedforallofthewrongreasons.Andersonsaid.IfSept.11hadneverhappenedtheairportworkerswouldnothavebeenarrestedandcouldhavegoneonquietlylivinginAmericaprobablyindefinitely.AnaCastroamanagerataBen&Jerry’sicecreamshopattheairporthadbeenworking10yearswiththesamefalseSocialSecuritycardwhenshewasarrestedintheDecemberairportraid.Nowsheandherfamilyarelivingunderthethreatofdeportation.Castro’scaseiscurrentlywaitingtobesettled.WhilesheawaitstheoutcomethegovernmenthasgrantedherpermissiontoworkhereandshehasreturnedtoherjobatBen&Jerry’s.WhatdowelearnaboutAndCastrofromthelastparagraph
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