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[A] However, the production of TG is controlled by an enzyme that is, in turn, encoded by a gene ...
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TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 11
ShortofmoneyNeedaninstantloanSincetheearly1990syourbestbethasbeentogotothelow-rentendoftownandfindanappointedloan-shop.Thereyoucanborrowmoneyinsmallamountsgenerallynotmuchmorethan$500againstyourpost-datedpay-cheque.Youwillbechargedaround$15interestforevery$100youborrow--andthatispermonth. Formanypeoplethereisnoalternative.Banksrefusetomakesmallloansbecausethereisnomoneyinitandcompletelyunregulatedlendingviatheinternetorloansharksistooalarming.AccordingtotheCommunityFinancialServicesAssociationanadvocacygroupfortheindustrymostborrowersareresponsibleandpayofftheirloansinatimelymanner.Butsomedon’t. TheCentreforResponsibleLendingaconsumergroupsaysthatmanyborrowersroutinelyrollovertheirloans.Thisquicklybringsthemintodebttraps.Atypicalborrowermayenduppaying$793fora$325loan.ThecentreestimatesthatpaydayloanscostAmericans$4.2billionayearininterestandfees. Theindustrythrivesinlargepartbecauseitoperatesmostlyoutsidestateusurylawsthatprohibitexcessiveinterestrates.Itsspokesmensaylendersneedsuchexemptionstomakeaprofitontheirbasicservicesmallloans.Lenderssaythattheirreturnswouldamounttopenniesonthedollarifinterestrateswerecapped.Infacttheysaysuchrestrictionswouldputthemoutofbusiness. Andthatisexactlywhatmanyoftheiropponentswouldliketosee--particularlywhenitcomestoloansmadetothefamiliesofsoldiers.InoneofthelastactsoftheRepublicanCongresspaydaylenderswererestrictedtointerestratesof36%onloanstomilitarypersonnelandtheirspouses.ThePentagonisworriedthatuniformedpersonnelespeciallythoseservinginIraqhavebeenlosingtheirsecurityclearancesbecauseofexcessivedebtathome.Thisamongotherthingswasleadingtothecostlyreassignmentofhighlytrainedtroopssuchascommunicationsexpertstoordinarylow-skilljobs. RobertFrankaneconomistatCornellUniversitywroterecentlyintheNewYorkTimesthattheindustry--notunlikethesub-primemortgagesector--isabeneficiaryofthesweepingderegulationofthefinancial-servicesindustrythathasmadecreditmoreaccessible.Itsadverseconsequenceshesayswere"completelypredictable".Oncepoorpeoplegetinovertheirheadstheywillborrowthemselvesintobankruptcyifthelawpermits;and"ifweareunhappyaboutthattheonlysolutionistochangetherules. Whichofthefollowingcircumstancesismostunlikelytoberealized
Shoulddoctor-assistedsuicideeverbealegaloptionItinvolvestheextrememeasureoftakingthelifeofaterminallyillpatientwhenthepatientisinextremepainandthechancesforrecoveryappeartobehopeless.Thosewhoargueagainstassistedsuicidedosobyconsideringtherolesofthepatientthedoctorandnatureinthesesituations. ShouldthepatienttakeanactiveroleinassistedsuicideWhenapatientisterminallyillandingreatpainthosewhoopposeassistedsuicidesaythatitshouldnotbeuptothatpatienttodecidewhathisorherfatewillbe. 41______. WhatroleshouldthedoctorhaveDoctorswhentakingtheHippocraticoathsweartopreservelifeatallcostsanditistheirethicalandlegaldutytofollowboththespiritandtheletterofthisoath.Itistheirresponsibilitiestohealthesickandinthecaseswhenhealingisnotpossiblethenthedoctorisobligedtomakethedyingpersoncomfortable.Doctorsaretrainednevertohastendeath. 42.______ Doctorsarealsobyvirtueoftheirhumannesscapableofmakingmistakes.Doctorscouldquitepossiblysayforinstancethatacancerpatientwasterminalandthentheillnesscouldlaterturnoutnottobesoserious.Thereisalwaysanelementofdoubtconcerningthefutureoutcomeofhumanaffairs. 43.______ Thesegeneralconcernsofthosewhoopposeassistedsuicidearevalidincertaincontextsoftheassisted-suicidequestion.Forinstancepatientscannotalwaysbecertainoftheirmedicalconditions.Paincloudsjudgmentandsothepatientshouldnotbethesolearbiterofherorhisowndestiny.Patientsdonotusuallychoosethecourseoftheirmedicaltreatmentsotheyshouldn’tbeheldcompletelyresponsiblefordecisionsrelatedtoit.Doctorsarealsofallibleanditisunderstandablethattheywouldnotwanttomakethefinaldecisionaboutwhendeathshouldoccur. 44.______ Ibelievethatblindlyopposingassistedsuicidedoesnooneaservice.Ifsomeoneisdyingofcancerandbeggingtobeputoutofhisorhermiseryandsomeonegivesthatpersonadeadlydoseofmorphinethatseemsmercifulratherthancriminal.IfwecanagreetothisthenIthinkwecouldalsoagreethathavingadoctorclosebymeasuringthedosageandadvisingthefamilyandfriendsisareasonablerequest. 45.______ Lifeisindeedpreciousbutaninevitablepartoflifeisdeathanditshouldbeprecioustoo.Iflifehasbecomeanintolerablepainandintensesufferingthenitseemsthatinordertopreservedignityandbeautyoneshouldhavetherighttoendherorhissufferingquietlysurelyandwithfamilyandfriendsnearby. [A]Ifonesimplywithholdstreatmentitmaytakethepatientlongertodieandsohemaysuffermorethanhewouldifmoredirectactionweretakenandalethalinjectiongiven. [B]Thethirdperspectivetoconsiderwhenthinkingaboutassistedsuicideistheroleofnature.Lifeisprecious.Manypeoplebelievethatitisnotuptohumanbeingstodecidewhentoendtheirownoranother’slife.Onlynaturedetermineswhenitistherighttimeforapersontodie.Toassistsomeoneinsuicideisnotonlytobreakcriminallawsbuttobreakdivinelawsaswell. [C]Sincedoctorsaretrainedtoprolonglifetheyusuallydonotelecttotakeitbyprescribingassistedsuicide. [D]Therearegreaterpowersatworkthatdeterminewhenapersondiesforexamplenature.Neithersciencenorpersonalpreferenceshouldtakeprecedenceovertheselargerforces. [E]Withoutthedoctor’sprevioustreatmentthepersonwouldsurelybedeadalready.Doctorshaveintervenedformonthsorevenyearssowhynotsanctionthisfinalmercifulintervention [F]Thereisnosingleobjectivelycorrectanswerforeveryoneastowhenifatallone’slifebecomesallthingsconsideredaburdenandunwanted.Ifself-determinationisafundamentalvaluethenthegreatvariabilityamongpeopleonthisquestionmakesitespeciallyimportantthatindividualscontrolthemannercircumstancesandtimingoftheirdeathanddying. [G]Thosewhoopposeassistedsuicidebelievethatdoctorswhodohelpterminallyillpatientsdiearecommittingacrimeandtheyshouldbedealtwithaccordingly. 45
Shoulddoctor-assistedsuicideeverbealegaloptionItinvolvestheextrememeasureoftakingthelifeofaterminallyillpatientwhenthepatientisinextremepainandthechancesforrecoveryappeartobehopeless.Thosewhoargueagainstassistedsuicidedosobyconsideringtherolesofthepatientthedoctorandnatureinthesesituations. ShouldthepatienttakeanactiveroleinassistedsuicideWhenapatientisterminallyillandingreatpainthosewhoopposeassistedsuicidesaythatitshouldnotbeuptothatpatienttodecidewhathisorherfatewillbe. 41______. WhatroleshouldthedoctorhaveDoctorswhentakingtheHippocraticoathsweartopreservelifeatallcostsanditistheirethicalandlegaldutytofollowboththespiritandtheletterofthisoath.Itistheirresponsibilitiestohealthesickandinthecaseswhenhealingisnotpossiblethenthedoctorisobligedtomakethedyingpersoncomfortable.Doctorsaretrainednevertohastendeath. 42.______ Doctorsarealsobyvirtueoftheirhumannesscapableofmakingmistakes.Doctorscouldquitepossiblysayforinstancethatacancerpatientwasterminalandthentheillnesscouldlaterturnoutnottobesoserious.Thereisalwaysanelementofdoubtconcerningthefutureoutcomeofhumanaffairs. 43.______ Thesegeneralconcernsofthosewhoopposeassistedsuicidearevalidincertaincontextsoftheassisted-suicidequestion.Forinstancepatientscannotalwaysbecertainoftheirmedicalconditions.Paincloudsjudgmentandsothepatientshouldnotbethesolearbiterofherorhisowndestiny.Patientsdonotusuallychoosethecourseoftheirmedicaltreatmentsotheyshouldn’tbeheldcompletelyresponsiblefordecisionsrelatedtoit.Doctorsarealsofallibleanditisunderstandablethattheywouldnotwanttomakethefinaldecisionaboutwhendeathshouldoccur. 44.______ Ibelievethatblindlyopposingassistedsuicidedoesnooneaservice.Ifsomeoneisdyingofcancerandbeggingtobeputoutofhisorhermiseryandsomeonegivesthatpersonadeadlydoseofmorphinethatseemsmercifulratherthancriminal.IfwecanagreetothisthenIthinkwecouldalsoagreethathavingadoctorclosebymeasuringthedosageandadvisingthefamilyandfriendsisareasonablerequest. 45.______ Lifeisindeedpreciousbutaninevitablepartoflifeisdeathanditshouldbeprecioustoo.Iflifehasbecomeanintolerablepainandintensesufferingthenitseemsthatinordertopreservedignityandbeautyoneshouldhavetherighttoendherorhissufferingquietlysurelyandwithfamilyandfriendsnearby. [A]Ifonesimplywithholdstreatmentitmaytakethepatientlongertodieandsohemaysuffermorethanhewouldifmoredirectactionweretakenandalethalinjectiongiven. [B]Thethirdperspectivetoconsiderwhenthinkingaboutassistedsuicideistheroleofnature.Lifeisprecious.Manypeoplebelievethatitisnotuptohumanbeingstodecidewhentoendtheirownoranother’slife.Onlynaturedetermineswhenitistherighttimeforapersontodie.Toassistsomeoneinsuicideisnotonlytobreakcriminallawsbuttobreakdivinelawsaswell. [C]Sincedoctorsaretrainedtoprolonglifetheyusuallydonotelecttotakeitbyprescribingassistedsuicide. [D]Therearegreaterpowersatworkthatdeterminewhenapersondiesforexamplenature.Neithersciencenorpersonalpreferenceshouldtakeprecedenceovertheselargerforces. [E]Withoutthedoctor’sprevioustreatmentthepersonwouldsurelybedeadalready.Doctorshaveintervenedformonthsorevenyearssowhynotsanctionthisfinalmercifulintervention [F]Thereisnosingleobjectivelycorrectanswerforeveryoneastowhenifatallone’slifebecomesallthingsconsideredaburdenandunwanted.Ifself-determinationisafundamentalvaluethenthegreatvariabilityamongpeopleonthisquestionmakesitespeciallyimportantthatindividualscontrolthemannercircumstancesandtimingoftheirdeathanddying. [G]Thosewhoopposeassistedsuicidebelievethatdoctorswhodohelpterminallyillpatientsdiearecommittingacrimeandtheyshouldbedealtwithaccordingly. 41
[A]Advertisementsaddintereststolife [B]Advertisementshelptosavemoney [C]Criticismsonadvertisers [D]Usefulnessofsmalladvertisements [E]Trueaestheticvalueofadvertisement [F]Informing:thechieffunctionofadvertising 41__________ Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryifwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoodsAfterallit’stheconsumerwhopay..." 42__________ Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. 43__________ Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaylawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwallornewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities. 44__________ Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! 45__________ Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads."whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! 45
AllanimalsmustrestbutdotheyreallysleepasweknowitTheanswertothisquestionseemsobvious.Ifananimalregularlystopsitsactivitiesandstaysquietandunmoving—ifitlooksasthoughitissleeping—thenwhynotsimplyassumethatitisinfactsleepingButhowcanobserversbesurethatananimalissleeping Theycanwatchtheanimalandnoticewhetheritseyesareopenorclosedwhetheritisactiveorlyingquietlyandwhetheritrespondstolightorsound.Thesefactorsareimportantcluesbuttheyoftenarenotenough.Horsesandcowsforexamplerarelyclosetheireyesandfishandsnakescannotclosethem.Yetthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheydonotsleep.HaveyoueverseenacatdozingwithaneyepartlyopenEvenhumanshaveoccasionallybeenobservedtosleepwithoneorbotheyespartiallyopen.Animalsdonotnecessarilyliedowntosleepeither.Elephantsforexampleoftensleepstandingupwiththeirtusksrestingintheforkofatree.Finallywhile"sleeping"animalsoftenseemunawareofchangesinthesoundsandlightandotherstimuliaroundthemthatdoesnotreallyprovetheyaresleepingeither. Observationsofanimalbehavioralonecannotfullyanswerthequestionofwhetherornotanimalssleep.Theanswerscomefromdoingexperimentsin"sleeplaboratories"usingamachinecalledtheelectroencephalographEEC.Themachineisconnectedtoanimalsandmeasurestheirbrainsignalsbreathingheartbeatandmuscleactivity.Themeasurementsaredifferentwhentheanimalsappeartobesleepingthanwhentheyappeartobeawake.UsingtheEECscientistshaveconfirmedthatallbirdsandmammalsstudiedinlaboratoriesdosleep.Thereissomeevidencethatreptilessuchassnakesandturtlesdonottrulysleepalthoughtheydohaveperiodsofresteachdayinwhichtheyarequietandunmoving.Theyalsohavediscoveredthatsomeanimalslikechimpanzeescatsandmoleswholiveundergroundaregoodsleeperswhileotherslikesheepgoatsanddonkeysarepoorsleepers.Interestinglythegoodsleepersarenearlyallhunterswithrestingplacesthataresafefromtheirenemies.Nearlyallthepoorsleepersareanimalshuntedbyotheranimals:theymustalwaysbewatchingforenemiesevenwhentheyareresting. Howcanresearchersinsleeplaboratoriestellthattheanimalstheyareobservingareasleepornot
Likeeverydogeverydiseasenowseemstohaveitsday.WorldTuberculosisinfectionsdiseaseinwhichgrowthsappearonthelungsDayisonSaturdayMarch24th. Tuberculosiswasonceterriblyfashionable.Dyingof"consumption"seemstohavebeenafavoriteactivityofgarret-dwelling19th-centuryartistshhashoweverbeenneglectedoflate.ResearchersinthefieldnevertireofpointingoutthatTBkillsalotofpeople.AccordingtofiguresreleasedearlierthisweekbytheWorldHealthOrganization1.6millionpeoplediedofthediseasein2005comparedwithabout3mforAIDSandlmformalaria.ButitreceivesonlyafractionoftheresearchbudgetdevotedtoAIDS.America’sNationalInstitutesofHealthforexamplespends20timesasmuchonAIDSasonTB.NeverthelesseveryoneseemstogettinginontheTB-dayactthisyear. TheGlobalFundaninternationalorganizationresponsiblefurfightingallthreediseasesbutbestknownforitsworkonAIDShasusedtheoccasiontotrumpetitstuberculosisprojects.Thefundclaimsthatitsanti-TBactivitiessinceitopenedforbusinessin2002havesavedthelivesofover1mpeople.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhasissuedareportthatcontainssomegoodnews.AlthoughthenumberofTBcasesisstillrisingtherateofillnessseemstohavestabilized;thecaseloadinotherwordsisgrowingonlybecausethepopulationitselfisgoingup. Evendrugcompaniesareinvolved.Inthenm-uptothedayitselfEliLillyannounceda$50mboosttoitsMDRTBGlobalPartnership.MDRstandsformulti-drugresistanceanditisoneofthereasonswhyTBisbackinthelimelight.Carelesstreatmenthascauseddrug-resistantstrainstoevolveallovertheworld.Thecourseofdrugsneededtoclearthediseasecompletelytakessixmouthsantipersuadingpeoplelostaythatcourseoncetheirsymptomshavegoneishard.UnfortunatelythoseinfectedwithMDRhavetobetreatedwithlesseffectivemorepoisonousandmorecostlydrugs.Naturallytheseprovokestillmore.non-complianceandthusstillmoreevolution. TheotherreasonTBisbackisitsrelationshiptoAIDS.TheglobalFund’sjointresponsibilityforthediseasesisnocoincidence.AIDSdoesnotkilldirectly.RatherHIVthevirusthatcausesitweakensthebody’simmunesystemandexposesthesufferertosecondaryinfections.OftheseTBisoneofthemostserious.Itkills200000AIDSpatientsayear.Howeversomeanti-TBdrugsinterferewiththeeffectofsomeanti-HIVdrugs.Converselyinabout20%ofcaseswhereapatienthasbothdiseasesanti-HIVdrugsmakethetuberculosisworse.Theupshotisthat125yearsafterhumanbeingsworkedoutwhatcausedTBitisstillaseriousthreat. ThefirstsentenceLikeeverydogeverydiseasenowseemstohaveitsday.means
[A]Advertisementsaddintereststolife [B]Advertisementshelptosavemoney [C]Criticismsonadvertisers [D]Usefulnessofsmalladvertisements [E]Trueaestheticvalueofadvertisement [F]Informing:thechieffunctionofadvertising 41__________ Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryifwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoodsAfterallit’stheconsumerwhopay..." 42__________ Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. 43__________ Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaylawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwallornewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities. 44__________ Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! 45__________ Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads."whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! 43
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 1
Directions: YouhavetroublewithreadingandareinneedofsomeadvicefromProfessorWang. Writealettertohimto 1givehimyourpersonalinformation 2stateyourproblemsand 3askforaninterviewwithhim. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
ThecollapseofEnronthelargestbankruptcyinAmericanhistoryhasrungoutabanneryearforAmericanbusinessfailures.InEuropethefalloutfromtheSwissairandSabenainsolvenciescontinues.Inthecurrentglobalslumpmorecompaniesarelikelytogounder.Nowisaperfecttimetoreconsiderhowtohandlesuchfailures:letthemsinkorgivethemachancetoswim InAmericabankruptcyhascometomeanasecondchanceforbustbusinesses.Thefamous"Chapter11"lawaimstogiveacompanytimetogetbackonitsfeetbyshieldingitfromdebtpaymentsandproddingbankstonegotiatewiththeirdebtor.Itevenallowsaninsolventcompanytoreceivefreshfinanceafteritgoesbust.OntheothersideoftheAtlanticwhencompaniesstumblealmostasmucheffortisspentinfingeringtheguiltyasintryingtosalvageaviablebusiness.BritishandFrenchlawsforexamplecanmakeafailingcompany’sdirectorsfacecriminalpenaltiesandpersonalliability.Moreoverbankershavethepoweratthefirstsignoftroubletopushacompanyintothearmsofthereceivers.Somemodestchangesareafoothowever.BritainisconsideringmovesthatwouldbringitsrulesclosertoAmerica’s.NewlawsinGermanyshouldalsomakeiteasiertorevivesickcompaniesalthoughtradeunionsstillhavetheirsay. ButevenwiththearrivaloftheeuroandmovestowardsasinglefinancialmarketgoingbustinEuropeisastrictlylocalaffair.LongbeforeAmericahadasinglecurrencytheAmericanconstitutionprovideduniformbankruptcylawsobservesElizabethWarrenoftheHarvardLawSchool.Europe’spatchworkofnationallawsaccordingtoBillBrandtof"DevelopmentSpecialists"aconsultancyinhibitslendingandmakesitdifficulttofixailingfirms. TransatlanticinsolvenciesareevenharderasaBelgian-basedsoftwarecompanyLernoutandHauspiediscoveredthisyear.ItsAmericanreorganizationplanwasthwartedbyaBelgianjudgewhoorderedasaleofthefirm’sassets.AstheEuropeanUnioninchestowardgreaterharmonizationshouldittrytomimicAmerica CriticsofChapter11thinknot.TheyarguethatAmerica’sbankruptcysystemiswastefulletsfailedmanagersgounpunishedandgivessomecompaniesanunfairadvantage.InChapter11admittedlylawyersandadvisersgobbleupfeesbutarecentstudyarguesthatthefeesarenolargerthanthoseformostmergersandacquisitions.OnecommoncomplaintthatmanagersenjoythehighlifewhilecreditorsgobeggingfailstostanduptothedatafromAmerica’spreviouswaveofbankruptciesintheearly1990s.StuartGilsonoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolfoundthatmorethantwo-thirdsoftopmanagerswereoustedwithintwoyearsofabankruptcyfiling.MoretroublingisthatsomeAmericanfirmsseemtoenjoysecondandthirdtripstobankruptcycourtcheekilytermedChapters22and33.SomeseethisasevidencethattonoftentheyuseChapter11tokeeprunning.Butthereismoretothestory. ThewordthwartedinParagraph4isclosestinmeaningto
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 19
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 3
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 13
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 17
Shoulddoctor-assistedsuicideeverbealegaloptionItinvolvestheextrememeasureoftakingthelifeofaterminallyillpatientwhenthepatientisinextremepainandthechancesforrecoveryappeartobehopeless.Thosewhoargueagainstassistedsuicidedosobyconsideringtherolesofthepatientthedoctorandnatureinthesesituations. ShouldthepatienttakeanactiveroleinassistedsuicideWhenapatientisterminallyillandingreatpainthosewhoopposeassistedsuicidesaythatitshouldnotbeuptothatpatienttodecidewhathisorherfatewillbe. 41______. WhatroleshouldthedoctorhaveDoctorswhentakingtheHippocraticoathsweartopreservelifeatallcostsanditistheirethicalandlegaldutytofollowboththespiritandtheletterofthisoath.Itistheirresponsibilitiestohealthesickandinthecaseswhenhealingisnotpossiblethenthedoctorisobligedtomakethedyingpersoncomfortable.Doctorsaretrainednevertohastendeath. 42.______ Doctorsarealsobyvirtueoftheirhumannesscapableofmakingmistakes.Doctorscouldquitepossiblysayforinstancethatacancerpatientwasterminalandthentheillnesscouldlaterturnoutnottobesoserious.Thereisalwaysanelementofdoubtconcerningthefutureoutcomeofhumanaffairs. 43.______ Thesegeneralconcernsofthosewhoopposeassistedsuicidearevalidincertaincontextsoftheassisted-suicidequestion.Forinstancepatientscannotalwaysbecertainoftheirmedicalconditions.Paincloudsjudgmentandsothepatientshouldnotbethesolearbiterofherorhisowndestiny.Patientsdonotusuallychoosethecourseoftheirmedicaltreatmentsotheyshouldn’tbeheldcompletelyresponsiblefordecisionsrelatedtoit.Doctorsarealsofallibleanditisunderstandablethattheywouldnotwanttomakethefinaldecisionaboutwhendeathshouldoccur. 44.______ Ibelievethatblindlyopposingassistedsuicidedoesnooneaservice.Ifsomeoneisdyingofcancerandbeggingtobeputoutofhisorhermiseryandsomeonegivesthatpersonadeadlydoseofmorphinethatseemsmercifulratherthancriminal.IfwecanagreetothisthenIthinkwecouldalsoagreethathavingadoctorclosebymeasuringthedosageandadvisingthefamilyandfriendsisareasonablerequest. 45.______ Lifeisindeedpreciousbutaninevitablepartoflifeisdeathanditshouldbeprecioustoo.Iflifehasbecomeanintolerablepainandintensesufferingthenitseemsthatinordertopreservedignityandbeautyoneshouldhavetherighttoendherorhissufferingquietlysurelyandwithfamilyandfriendsnearby. [A]Ifonesimplywithholdstreatmentitmaytakethepatientlongertodieandsohemaysuffermorethanhewouldifmoredirectactionweretakenandalethalinjectiongiven. [B]Thethirdperspectivetoconsiderwhenthinkingaboutassistedsuicideistheroleofnature.Lifeisprecious.Manypeoplebelievethatitisnotuptohumanbeingstodecidewhentoendtheirownoranother’slife.Onlynaturedetermineswhenitistherighttimeforapersontodie.Toassistsomeoneinsuicideisnotonlytobreakcriminallawsbuttobreakdivinelawsaswell. [C]Sincedoctorsaretrainedtoprolonglifetheyusuallydonotelecttotakeitbyprescribingassistedsuicide. [D]Therearegreaterpowersatworkthatdeterminewhenapersondiesforexamplenature.Neithersciencenorpersonalpreferenceshouldtakeprecedenceovertheselargerforces. [E]Withoutthedoctor’sprevioustreatmentthepersonwouldsurelybedeadalready.Doctorshaveintervenedformonthsorevenyearssowhynotsanctionthisfinalmercifulintervention [F]Thereisnosingleobjectivelycorrectanswerforeveryoneastowhenifatallone’slifebecomesallthingsconsideredaburdenandunwanted.Ifself-determinationisafundamentalvaluethenthegreatvariabilityamongpeopleonthisquestionmakesitespeciallyimportantthatindividualscontrolthemannercircumstancesandtimingoftheirdeathanddying. [G]Thosewhoopposeassistedsuicidebelievethatdoctorswhodohelpterminallyillpatientsdiearecommittingacrimeandtheyshouldbedealtwithaccordingly. 43
[A]Advertisementsaddintereststolife [B]Advertisementshelptosavemoney [C]Criticismsonadvertisers [D]Usefulnessofsmalladvertisements [E]Trueaestheticvalueofadvertisement [F]Informing:thechieffunctionofadvertising 41__________ Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryifwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoodsAfterallit’stheconsumerwhopay..." 42__________ Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. 43__________ Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaylawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwallornewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities. 44__________ Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! 45__________ Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads."whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! 41
ThecollapseofEnronthelargestbankruptcyinAmericanhistoryhasrungoutabanneryearforAmericanbusinessfailures.InEuropethefalloutfromtheSwissairandSabenainsolvenciescontinues.Inthecurrentglobalslumpmorecompaniesarelikelytogounder.Nowisaperfecttimetoreconsiderhowtohandlesuchfailures:letthemsinkorgivethemachancetoswim InAmericabankruptcyhascometomeanasecondchanceforbustbusinesses.Thefamous"Chapter11"lawaimstogiveacompanytimetogetbackonitsfeetbyshieldingitfromdebtpaymentsandproddingbankstonegotiatewiththeirdebtor.Itevenallowsaninsolventcompanytoreceivefreshfinanceafteritgoesbust.OntheothersideoftheAtlanticwhencompaniesstumblealmostasmucheffortisspentinfingeringtheguiltyasintryingtosalvageaviablebusiness.BritishandFrenchlawsforexamplecanmakeafailingcompany’sdirectorsfacecriminalpenaltiesandpersonalliability.Moreoverbankershavethepoweratthefirstsignoftroubletopushacompanyintothearmsofthereceivers.Somemodestchangesareafoothowever.BritainisconsideringmovesthatwouldbringitsrulesclosertoAmerica’s.NewlawsinGermanyshouldalsomakeiteasiertorevivesickcompaniesalthoughtradeunionsstillhavetheirsay. ButevenwiththearrivaloftheeuroandmovestowardsasinglefinancialmarketgoingbustinEuropeisastrictlylocalaffair.LongbeforeAmericahadasinglecurrencytheAmericanconstitutionprovideduniformbankruptcylawsobservesElizabethWarrenoftheHarvardLawSchool.Europe’spatchworkofnationallawsaccordingtoBillBrandtof"DevelopmentSpecialists"aconsultancyinhibitslendingandmakesitdifficulttofixailingfirms. TransatlanticinsolvenciesareevenharderasaBelgian-basedsoftwarecompanyLernoutandHauspiediscoveredthisyear.ItsAmericanreorganizationplanwasthwartedbyaBelgianjudgewhoorderedasaleofthefirm’sassets.AstheEuropeanUnioninchestowardgreaterharmonizationshouldittrytomimicAmerica CriticsofChapter11thinknot.TheyarguethatAmerica’sbankruptcysystemiswastefulletsfailedmanagersgounpunishedandgivessomecompaniesanunfairadvantage.InChapter11admittedlylawyersandadvisersgobbleupfeesbutarecentstudyarguesthatthefeesarenolargerthanthoseformostmergersandacquisitions.OnecommoncomplaintthatmanagersenjoythehighlifewhilecreditorsgobeggingfailstostanduptothedatafromAmerica’spreviouswaveofbankruptciesintheearly1990s.StuartGilsonoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolfoundthatmorethantwo-thirdsoftopmanagerswereoustedwithintwoyearsofabankruptcyfiling.MoretroublingisthatsomeAmericanfirmsseemtoenjoysecondandthirdtripstobankruptcycourtcheekilytermedChapters22and33.SomeseethisasevidencethattonoftentheyuseChapter11tokeeprunning.Butthereismoretothestory. AstohowtotreatthebustbusinessesAmericadiffersfromtheEuropeancountriesinthat
Likeeverydogeverydiseasenowseemstohaveitsday.WorldTuberculosisinfectionsdiseaseinwhichgrowthsappearonthelungsDayisonSaturdayMarch24th. Tuberculosiswasonceterriblyfashionable.Dyingof"consumption"seemstohavebeenafavoriteactivityofgarret-dwelling19th-centuryartistshhashoweverbeenneglectedoflate.ResearchersinthefieldnevertireofpointingoutthatTBkillsalotofpeople.AccordingtofiguresreleasedearlierthisweekbytheWorldHealthOrganization1.6millionpeoplediedofthediseasein2005comparedwithabout3mforAIDSandlmformalaria.ButitreceivesonlyafractionoftheresearchbudgetdevotedtoAIDS.America’sNationalInstitutesofHealthforexamplespends20timesasmuchonAIDSasonTB.NeverthelesseveryoneseemstogettinginontheTB-dayactthisyear. TheGlobalFundaninternationalorganizationresponsiblefurfightingallthreediseasesbutbestknownforitsworkonAIDShasusedtheoccasiontotrumpetitstuberculosisprojects.Thefundclaimsthatitsanti-TBactivitiessinceitopenedforbusinessin2002havesavedthelivesofover1mpeople.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhasissuedareportthatcontainssomegoodnews.AlthoughthenumberofTBcasesisstillrisingtherateofillnessseemstohavestabilized;thecaseloadinotherwordsisgrowingonlybecausethepopulationitselfisgoingup. Evendrugcompaniesareinvolved.Inthenm-uptothedayitselfEliLillyannounceda$50mboosttoitsMDRTBGlobalPartnership.MDRstandsformulti-drugresistanceanditisoneofthereasonswhyTBisbackinthelimelight.Carelesstreatmenthascauseddrug-resistantstrainstoevolveallovertheworld.Thecourseofdrugsneededtoclearthediseasecompletelytakessixmouthsantipersuadingpeoplelostaythatcourseoncetheirsymptomshavegoneishard.UnfortunatelythoseinfectedwithMDRhavetobetreatedwithlesseffectivemorepoisonousandmorecostlydrugs.Naturallytheseprovokestillmore.non-complianceandthusstillmoreevolution. TheotherreasonTBisbackisitsrelationshiptoAIDS.TheglobalFund’sjointresponsibilityforthediseasesisnocoincidence.AIDSdoesnotkilldirectly.RatherHIVthevirusthatcausesitweakensthebody’simmunesystemandexposesthesufferertosecondaryinfections.OftheseTBisoneofthemostserious.Itkills200000AIDSpatientsayear.Howeversomeanti-TBdrugsinterferewiththeeffectofsomeanti-HIVdrugs.Converselyinabout20%ofcaseswhereapatienthasbothdiseasesanti-HIVdrugsmakethetuberculosisworse.Theupshotisthat125yearsafterhumanbeingsworkedoutwhatcausedTBitisstillaseriousthreat. Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosestinmeaningtothemessagethetexttriestoconvey
Likeeverydogeverydiseasenowseemstohaveitsday.WorldTuberculosisinfectionsdiseaseinwhichgrowthsappearonthelungsDayisonSaturdayMarch24th. Tuberculosiswasonceterriblyfashionable.Dyingof"consumption"seemstohavebeenafavoriteactivityofgarret-dwelling19th-centuryartistshhashoweverbeenneglectedoflate.ResearchersinthefieldnevertireofpointingoutthatTBkillsalotofpeople.AccordingtofiguresreleasedearlierthisweekbytheWorldHealthOrganization1.6millionpeoplediedofthediseasein2005comparedwithabout3mforAIDSandlmformalaria.ButitreceivesonlyafractionoftheresearchbudgetdevotedtoAIDS.America’sNationalInstitutesofHealthforexamplespends20timesasmuchonAIDSasonTB.NeverthelesseveryoneseemstogettinginontheTB-dayactthisyear. TheGlobalFundaninternationalorganizationresponsiblefurfightingallthreediseasesbutbestknownforitsworkonAIDShasusedtheoccasiontotrumpetitstuberculosisprojects.Thefundclaimsthatitsanti-TBactivitiessinceitopenedforbusinessin2002havesavedthelivesofover1mpeople.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhasissuedareportthatcontainssomegoodnews.AlthoughthenumberofTBcasesisstillrisingtherateofillnessseemstohavestabilized;thecaseloadinotherwordsisgrowingonlybecausethepopulationitselfisgoingup. Evendrugcompaniesareinvolved.Inthenm-uptothedayitselfEliLillyannounceda$50mboosttoitsMDRTBGlobalPartnership.MDRstandsformulti-drugresistanceanditisoneofthereasonswhyTBisbackinthelimelight.Carelesstreatmenthascauseddrug-resistantstrainstoevolveallovertheworld.Thecourseofdrugsneededtoclearthediseasecompletelytakessixmouthsantipersuadingpeoplelostaythatcourseoncetheirsymptomshavegoneishard.UnfortunatelythoseinfectedwithMDRhavetobetreatedwithlesseffectivemorepoisonousandmorecostlydrugs.Naturallytheseprovokestillmore.non-complianceandthusstillmoreevolution. TheotherreasonTBisbackisitsrelationshiptoAIDS.TheglobalFund’sjointresponsibilityforthediseasesisnocoincidence.AIDSdoesnotkilldirectly.RatherHIVthevirusthatcausesitweakensthebody’simmunesystemandexposesthesufferertosecondaryinfections.OftheseTBisoneofthemostserious.Itkills200000AIDSpatientsayear.Howeversomeanti-TBdrugsinterferewiththeeffectofsomeanti-HIVdrugs.Converselyinabout20%ofcaseswhereapatienthasbothdiseasesanti-HIVdrugsmakethetuberculosisworse.Theupshotisthat125yearsafterhumanbeingsworkedoutwhatcausedTBitisstillaseriousthreat. WhichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordupshotLine5Paragraph5
Anawkward-lookingcharactersuchasCyranodeBergeracmightsniffatthesuggestionbutrecentscientificresearchshowsbeautybrainsandbrawnmayinfactallbealliedwritesDrRajPersaud. 46Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothestereotypicallyattractivebecauseofwhattheirfacesrevealabouttheirintelligenceandsuccessinlaterlife.InAmericanresearchledbyProfessorLeslieZebrowitzofBrandeisUniversityhasshownanassociationbetweenfacialattractiveandIQ.Strangersbrieflyexposedtoatarget’sfacewereabletocorrectlyjudgeintelligenceatlevelssignificantlybetterthanchance. Thesameteamalsoresearchedhowaperson’sattractivenessmightbearrelationtotheirintelligence.Theyfoundthatgood-lookingpeopledidbetterinIQtestsastheyaged.47Theirresearchsoughttoprovethathowapersonperceivedhimselfandwasperceivedbyotherspredictedhowintelligentheapparentlybecamemoreaccuratelythanhispastintelligence.48Perhapsbecausethemoreattractivepeopleweretreatedasmoreintelligenttheyendeduphavingmorestimulatingandthereforeintelligence-enhancinglives. DoesthismeanthatyourfacereallycouldbeyourdestinySociologistsDrUlrichMuellerandDrAllanMazuroftheUniversityofMarburginGermanyrecentlyanalyzedthefinalyearphotographsofthe1950graduatesofWestPointintheUnitedStates.Dominantfacialappearancesturnedouttobeaconsistentpredictoroflater-rankattainment: Againtheybelievedtherecouldbeaself-fulfillingeffect.49Becausesomemenlookedmoreauthoritativetheynaturallydrewrespectandobediencefromotherswhichinturnassistedtheirrisethroughtheranks. AteamattheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsinDublinhasbeeninvestigatingthesensitivesubjectoflinksbetweenphysicalandmentalabnormalities.LedbyDoctorsRobinHennessyandJohnWaddingtontheteamusedanewlasersurface-scanningtechniquetomakea3-Danalysisofhowfacialshapemightvarywithbrainstructure.Theirfindingsshowedthatinearlyfetallifebrainandfacedevelopmentareintimatelyconnected.Fromthistheyconcludedthatabnormalitiesinbrainelaborationprobablyalsoaffectfacedevelopment. ThisaccordingtothemexplainsthestrikingfacialfeaturesofsomeonewithDown’ssyndrome.50Usingsimilartechniquestheteamalsodemonstratedhowotherdisorderslinkedtobrainaberrationscouldbeassociatedwithfacialalterations. Sotheverylatestscientificresearchsuggeststhatnobodyshouldtrytolooktooobviouslydifferentfromaverage. 47Theirresearchsoughttoprovethathowapersonperceivedhimselfandwasperceivedbyotherspredictedhowintelligentheapparentlybecamemoreaccuratelythanhispastintelligence.
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 15
Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird—theoddhoursthenonconformitytheclovecigarettes.Howevertheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobsaretoexploreemotionsandyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeellousy.Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofartlikepaintingandmusicarethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcenturymoreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipidphonyorworstofallboring.Inthe20thcenturyclassicalmusicbecamemoreatonalvisualartmoreunsettling. Suretherehavebeenexceptionsbutitwouldnotbeastretchtosaythatforthepastcenturyorsoseriousarthasbeenatwarwithhappiness.In1824Beethovencompletedhis"OdetoJoy".In1962novelistAnthonyBurgessuseditinAClockworkOrangeasthefavoritemusicofhisultra-violentantihero. Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemodemtimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butthereasonmayactuallybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchhappinessintheworldtoday. IntheWestbeforemasscommunicationandliteracythemostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurchwhichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.TodaythemessagesthattheaverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercialandrelentlesslyhappy.Sincethesemessageshaveanagenda—topryourwalletsfromourpockets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseembogus."Celebrate!"commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrexbeforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattack. Whatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.TodaysurroundedbypromisesofeasyhappinessweneedsomeonetotellusthatitisOKnottobehappythatsadnessmakeshappinessdeeper.AsthewineconnoisseurmovieSidewaystellsusitisthekissofdecayandmortalitythatmakesgrapejuiceintoPinotNoir.Weneedarttotellusasreligiononcedidthatyouwilldiethateverythingendsandthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigaretteyetsomehowisabreathoffreshair. Howcouldtheeconomydependonourforgettingthings
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 5
Anawkward-lookingcharactersuchasCyranodeBergeracmightsniffatthesuggestionbutrecentscientificresearchshowsbeautybrainsandbrawnmayinfactallbealliedwritesDrRajPersaud. 46Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothestereotypicallyattractivebecauseofwhattheirfacesrevealabouttheirintelligenceandsuccessinlaterlife.InAmericanresearchledbyProfessorLeslieZebrowitzofBrandeisUniversityhasshownanassociationbetweenfacialattractiveandIQ.Strangersbrieflyexposedtoatarget’sfacewereabletocorrectlyjudgeintelligenceatlevelssignificantlybetterthanchance. Thesameteamalsoresearchedhowaperson’sattractivenessmightbearrelationtotheirintelligence.Theyfoundthatgood-lookingpeopledidbetterinIQtestsastheyaged.47Theirresearchsoughttoprovethathowapersonperceivedhimselfandwasperceivedbyotherspredictedhowintelligentheapparentlybecamemoreaccuratelythanhispastintelligence.48Perhapsbecausethemoreattractivepeopleweretreatedasmoreintelligenttheyendeduphavingmorestimulatingandthereforeintelligence-enhancinglives. DoesthismeanthatyourfacereallycouldbeyourdestinySociologistsDrUlrichMuellerandDrAllanMazuroftheUniversityofMarburginGermanyrecentlyanalyzedthefinalyearphotographsofthe1950graduatesofWestPointintheUnitedStates.Dominantfacialappearancesturnedouttobeaconsistentpredictoroflater-rankattainment: Againtheybelievedtherecouldbeaself-fulfillingeffect.49Becausesomemenlookedmoreauthoritativetheynaturallydrewrespectandobediencefromotherswhichinturnassistedtheirrisethroughtheranks. AteamattheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsinDublinhasbeeninvestigatingthesensitivesubjectoflinksbetweenphysicalandmentalabnormalities.LedbyDoctorsRobinHennessyandJohnWaddingtontheteamusedanewlasersurface-scanningtechniquetomakea3-Danalysisofhowfacialshapemightvarywithbrainstructure.Theirfindingsshowedthatinearlyfetallifebrainandfacedevelopmentareintimatelyconnected.Fromthistheyconcludedthatabnormalitiesinbrainelaborationprobablyalsoaffectfacedevelopment. ThisaccordingtothemexplainsthestrikingfacialfeaturesofsomeonewithDown’ssyndrome.50Usingsimilartechniquestheteamalsodemonstratedhowotherdisorderslinkedtobrainaberrationscouldbeassociatedwithfacialalterations. Sotheverylatestscientificresearchsuggeststhatnobodyshouldtrytolooktooobviouslydifferentfromaverage. 49Becausesomemenlookedmoreauthoritativetheynaturallydrewrespectandobediencefromotherswhichinturnassistedtheirrisethroughtheranks.
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 7
Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird—theoddhoursthenonconformitytheclovecigarettes.Howevertheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobsaretoexploreemotionsandyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeellousy.Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofartlikepaintingandmusicarethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcenturymoreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipidphonyorworstofallboring.Inthe20thcenturyclassicalmusicbecamemoreatonalvisualartmoreunsettling. Suretherehavebeenexceptionsbutitwouldnotbeastretchtosaythatforthepastcenturyorsoseriousarthasbeenatwarwithhappiness.In1824Beethovencompletedhis"OdetoJoy".In1962novelistAnthonyBurgessuseditinAClockworkOrangeasthefavoritemusicofhisultra-violentantihero. Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemodemtimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butthereasonmayactuallybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchhappinessintheworldtoday. IntheWestbeforemasscommunicationandliteracythemostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurchwhichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.TodaythemessagesthattheaverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercialandrelentlesslyhappy.Sincethesemessageshaveanagenda—topryourwalletsfromourpockets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseembogus."Celebrate!"commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrexbeforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattack. Whatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.TodaysurroundedbypromisesofeasyhappinessweneedsomeonetotellusthatitisOKnottobehappythatsadnessmakeshappinessdeeper.AsthewineconnoisseurmovieSidewaystellsusitisthekissofdecayandmortalitythatmakesgrapejuiceintoPinotNoir.Weneedarttotellusasreligiononcedidthatyouwilldiethateverythingendsandthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigaretteyetsomehowisabreathoffreshair. TheexamplethatOdetoJoywasusedinBurgess’snovelismeanttoillustratethat
AllanimalsmustrestbutdotheyreallysleepasweknowitTheanswertothisquestionseemsobvious.Ifananimalregularlystopsitsactivitiesandstaysquietandunmoving—ifitlooksasthoughitissleeping—thenwhynotsimplyassumethatitisinfactsleepingButhowcanobserversbesurethatananimalissleeping Theycanwatchtheanimalandnoticewhetheritseyesareopenorclosedwhetheritisactiveorlyingquietlyandwhetheritrespondstolightorsound.Thesefactorsareimportantcluesbuttheyoftenarenotenough.Horsesandcowsforexamplerarelyclosetheireyesandfishandsnakescannotclosethem.Yetthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheydonotsleep.HaveyoueverseenacatdozingwithaneyepartlyopenEvenhumanshaveoccasionallybeenobservedtosleepwithoneorbotheyespartiallyopen.Animalsdonotnecessarilyliedowntosleepeither.Elephantsforexampleoftensleepstandingupwiththeirtusksrestingintheforkofatree.Finallywhile"sleeping"animalsoftenseemunawareofchangesinthesoundsandlightandotherstimuliaroundthemthatdoesnotreallyprovetheyaresleepingeither. Observationsofanimalbehavioralonecannotfullyanswerthequestionofwhetherornotanimalssleep.Theanswerscomefromdoingexperimentsin"sleeplaboratories"usingamachinecalledtheelectroencephalographEEC.Themachineisconnectedtoanimalsandmeasurestheirbrainsignalsbreathingheartbeatandmuscleactivity.Themeasurementsaredifferentwhentheanimalsappeartobesleepingthanwhentheyappeartobeawake.UsingtheEECscientistshaveconfirmedthatallbirdsandmammalsstudiedinlaboratoriesdosleep.Thereissomeevidencethatreptilessuchassnakesandturtlesdonottrulysleepalthoughtheydohaveperiodsofresteachdayinwhichtheyarequietandunmoving.Theyalsohavediscoveredthatsomeanimalslikechimpanzeescatsandmoleswholiveundergroundaregoodsleeperswhileotherslikesheepgoatsanddonkeysarepoorsleepers.Interestinglythegoodsleepersarenearlyallhunterswithrestingplacesthataresafefromtheirenemies.Nearlyallthepoorsleepersareanimalshuntedbyotheranimals:theymustalwaysbewatchingforenemiesevenwhentheyareresting. Accordingtotheauthorallanimals
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 9
AllanimalsmustrestbutdotheyreallysleepasweknowitTheanswertothisquestionseemsobvious.Ifananimalregularlystopsitsactivitiesandstaysquietandunmoving—ifitlooksasthoughitissleeping—thenwhynotsimplyassumethatitisinfactsleepingButhowcanobserversbesurethatananimalissleeping Theycanwatchtheanimalandnoticewhetheritseyesareopenorclosedwhetheritisactiveorlyingquietlyandwhetheritrespondstolightorsound.Thesefactorsareimportantcluesbuttheyoftenarenotenough.Horsesandcowsforexamplerarelyclosetheireyesandfishandsnakescannotclosethem.Yetthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheydonotsleep.HaveyoueverseenacatdozingwithaneyepartlyopenEvenhumanshaveoccasionallybeenobservedtosleepwithoneorbotheyespartiallyopen.Animalsdonotnecessarilyliedowntosleepeither.Elephantsforexampleoftensleepstandingupwiththeirtusksrestingintheforkofatree.Finallywhile"sleeping"animalsoftenseemunawareofchangesinthesoundsandlightandotherstimuliaroundthemthatdoesnotreallyprovetheyaresleepingeither. Observationsofanimalbehavioralonecannotfullyanswerthequestionofwhetherornotanimalssleep.Theanswerscomefromdoingexperimentsin"sleeplaboratories"usingamachinecalledtheelectroencephalographEEC.Themachineisconnectedtoanimalsandmeasurestheirbrainsignalsbreathingheartbeatandmuscleactivity.Themeasurementsaredifferentwhentheanimalsappeartobesleepingthanwhentheyappeartobeawake.UsingtheEECscientistshaveconfirmedthatallbirdsandmammalsstudiedinlaboratoriesdosleep.Thereissomeevidencethatreptilessuchassnakesandturtlesdonottrulysleepalthoughtheydohaveperiodsofresteachdayinwhichtheyarequietandunmoving.Theyalsohavediscoveredthatsomeanimalslikechimpanzeescatsandmoleswholiveundergroundaregoodsleeperswhileotherslikesheepgoatsanddonkeysarepoorsleepers.Interestinglythegoodsleepersarenearlyallhunterswithrestingplacesthataresafefromtheirenemies.Nearlyallthepoorsleepersareanimalshuntedbyotheranimals:theymustalwaysbewatchingforenemiesevenwhentheyareresting. Animalsthataregoodsleepers
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