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An awkward-looking character such as Cyrano de Bergerac might sniff at the suggestion, but recent...
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Itwasafixingsight:thereintheCapitolitselfaU.S.SenatoroftenmockedforhishaltinginarticulatespeakingreacheddeepintohisMidwesternrootsandspokeeloquentlyevenpoeticallyaboutwhohewasandwhathebelievedstunningpoliticiansandjournalistsalike. IreferofcoursetoSenatorJeffersonSmith.InFrankCapra’sclassicMr.SmithGoestoWashingtonJimmyStewartplaysthissimpleidealisticsmall-townAmericanmockedandscornedbythebig-moneyedoh-so-sophisticatedpowerelite--onlytotriumphoveracorruptEstablishmentwithhisrock-solidgoodness. Atrootitisthisrolethatsoon-to-be-ex-SenatorBobDolemostaspirestoplay:theselfeffacingquietlypowerfulsmall-townmanfromMainStreetwhooutwitsthecosmopolitanslick-talkingsnobfromthefleshpots.AndwhynotThereisafterallnomoreenduringAmericanicon. HowenduringBeforeAmericanshadaConstitutionThomasJeffersonwasarguingthatthenewnation’sfuturewoulddependonabaseofagrarianyeomenfreefromthevicesinherentinbigcities.In1840oneoftheclassicimage-drivenpresidentialcampaignsfeaturedWilliamHenryHarrisonastheembodimentofruralvirtuesthecandidateofthelogcabinandhardciderdefeatingtheincumbentMartinVanBurenwhowasaccusedofdandifieddressandmanners. ThereisofcourseahugedisconnectbetweenthisprofessedloveofthesimpleunspoiledlifeandthewayAmericansactuallylive.AsapeopleAmericanshavespentthebetterpartofthe20thcenturydesertingthefarmsandthesmalltownsforthecitiesandthesuburbs;andaretornbetweenvacationinginDisneyWorldandLasVegas. U.S.politicianstoohaven’texactlyshunnedthetemptationsofthecosmopolitanlife.ThetownofRussellKansasoftenseemstobeDole’srunningmatebutthecandidatespendshisleisuretimeinaluxurycondominiuminBalHarborFlorida.BillClintonstillbelievesinaplacecalledHopebutthespiffycelebrity-denseresortsofMartha’sVineyardandJacksonHolearewherehekicksback.RonaldReaganembodiedthefaith-and-familypietiesofthefrontporchandMainStreetbuthefledIowaforacareerandalifeinHollywood. StillthehungerforthewayAmericansbelievetheyaresupposedtoliveisstrongandthedistrustoftheintellectualhustlerwithhisairsandhishigh-flownlanguagerunsdeep.ItmakessensefortheDolecampaigntomakethisacontestbetweenDoleasthelaconicquietmanwhosewordscanbetrustedandBillClintonasthetravelingsalesmanwithalineofsmoothpatterbutasuitcasefullofdamagedgoods.ItmakessenseforDoletomakehiscampaignsongThankGodI’maCountryBoy--evenifheishummingit9200mupinacorporatejetonhiswaytoaFloridacondo. WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof
NodolloutshinesBarbie’scelebrity.IfalltheBarbiesandherfamilymembers-SkipperFrancieandtherest-soldsince1959wereplacedheadtotoetheywouldcircletheEarthmorethanseventimes.Andsalesaresuretoboomin2009whenthefashiondollcelebratesher50thbirthdayonMarch9th. BarbiewillstaratanarrayofglobaleventshonouringhermilestonepossiblyincludingaglitzyaffairatNewYork’sFashionWeekinFebruarymostoftheworld’stopfashiondesignersfromGivenchytoAlexanderMcQueenhavedesignedhautecoutureforher.OnherbirthdayMattelthecompanythatmakesherwilllaunchasouvenirdollhonouringtheoriginalBarbieinherblack-and-whitestripedswimsuitandperfectponytail.Itwillbeavailableforpurchaseonlythatoneday.AnotherGoldenAnniversarydolltargetscollectors.BarbiefanshaveplannedhundredsofeventsincludingtheNationalBarbieDollCollectorsConventioninWashingtonDCwhichisalreadysoldout. WhenRuthHandlercreatedBarbiein1959apost-warcultureandeconomythrivedbutgirlsstillplayedwithbabydolls.Thesetoyslimitedtheimagination;soHandlerintroducedBarbietheTeen-AgeFashionModelnamedafterherdaughterBarbara.JackieKennedysoonsashayedontotheworldstageandBarbiealreadyhadawardrobefitforafirstlady.BarbiebestowedongirlstheopportunitytodreambeyondsuburbiaevenifKenattimestaggedalong. BarbieentrancedEuropein1961andnowsellsin150countries.EverysecondthreeBarbiesaresoldaroundtheworld.Hercareersaremyriad-modelastronautOlympicswimmerpalaeontologistandrockstaralongwith100othersincludingpresident.LikeanypoliticalcandidatecontroversyhitBarbiein1992whenTeenTalkBarbiesaid"Mathclassistough"andgirls’educationbecameanationalissue.ShehasbeenbannedinSaudiArabiatorturedbypre-teengirlsaccordingtoresearchersattheUniversityofBath’sSchoolofManagementandfattenedin1997. FeministscontinuetobashBarbieclaimingthatherbeautyandcurvestreatwomenasobjects.ButothersseeherasapioneertrendsettercrashingtheglassceilinglongbeforeHillaryClintoncrackedit. High-techentertainmentnowattractsgirlsandBarbiealsofacesfiercecompetitionfromvariouscopycatsincludingtheedgierbutlessglareBratzdolls.TheBratzsufferedasetbackin2008．MattelsuedMGAEntertainmentBratz’sproducerforcopyrightinfringement.AjudgeawardedMattel$100millionindamages. MattelhassmartlyensuredthatBarbieproductsreflectcurrenttrends.ThroughtwoBarbiewebsitesgirlscandesignclothesnetworkandplaygames.ThepinkBarbiebrandislicensedforproductsfromDVDsandMP3playerstobicyclesandeven24-caratgoldandcrystaljewellery.BarbiecollectorsfuelanentireglobalindustryoneBayandatconventions.ToenticecollectorsMattelregularlyreleasespriceylimited-editiondollsbasedoncharactersinfilmsandpopularculture. IndustryanalystsbelieveBarbiewillremainabestsellingandlastingiconregardlessofcompetition."Barbie’sbeenoutintheworldandhadfunandshe’sreadyforhersecondcareer"saysRachelWeingartenapopcultureexpert."Idon’tseeheradoptingfivechildrenfromfivedifferentcountriesbutIcouldseeBarbiewithaconscienceactivistBarbie."At50Barbiewillalsobeamarvelofplasticsurgeryandeternalyouth.Andshestillknowshowtoparty. WhichisNOTrightaccordingtoRachelWeingarten’scommentinthelastparagraph
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 9
AsanadultIchoosetoflippagesnotchannels.Afterfouryearsofnotwatchingthetubeandtwoyearsofnotowningonetheempiricalevidenceisin:MylifeisbetterwithoutaTV.Here’swhy. TVconsumesanenormousamountoftime Let’sdothemath.Accordingtoa2009NielsonstudytheaverageamountoftimeanAmericanspendswatchingTVisaroundfivehoursperday!Fivehours!Excludingtimespentsleepingthismeanstheaveragepersonisspendingathirdoftheirdaydistractedordownrightcomatose.Byextensionthisworksouttomorethan3.5months15weeksofnonstopTVwatchingeachyear. 41TVnewsisapoorwaytobeinformed TVnewsjustlyreceivesmuchcriticism.Ithasfollowedthepathofprofessionalwrestling:oncegenuineyetnowmostlyforentertainment. 42TVhindersthedevelopmentofrelationships 43TVhastoomanycommercials Theaverage30minuteslotoftelevisionprogramminghas8~9minutesofcommercials. 44TVisn’tthathardtogetridof Youmightthink"Icouldn’tpossiblyquitwatching."Firstlyyoudon’tneedto.TherearealternativesincludingdownloadingtheshoworwatchingitonDVDbothofwhichofferstop/playcontrolwithnocommercialinterruptions.Secondlyit’sreallynotthathardtogiveupashow.They’renotlikenicotine.There’snochemicaldependence. 45TVsarethelastnon-portablerelic Forthemostpartwe’vemanagedtomakeourtechnologymobile. Nowdon’tgetmewrong.Ivalueentertainmentandrelaxationasmuchasthenextperson.ThereareshowsIdownloadandwatchregularlysumminguptoperhapsfourhoursperweek.Thetruthisonceyoutargetafewspecificshowsandcutoutcommercialsthere’sreallynotthatmuchtowatch. SosavetimelearnsomethingnewtrysomethingdifferentbuildyourrelationshipsandforyourownsaketurnofftheTV. [A]Sureyoumightgetdisappointedthefirsttimeyou’releftoutofaconversationaboutlastnight’sepisodebutyoucanoffsetthisdisappointmentbytellingpeopleabouthowyoulearnttohangglideinstead.I’velikedalotofTVshowsbutI’veneverseenonethatwasn’tcompletelydisposableatanygivenminute. [B]Internetandphoneservicesareavailablealmosteverywhere.TVsincontrastarelikethecoil-cordedphonesofthepastkeepingpeoplecoopedupindoorsgluedtothecouch.AstationaryTVsetsencouragesasedentarylifestylethatseldomservesuswell. [C]Gettingnewsfromarollingticker滚动新闻条oratalkingheadislikegoingtoarestaurantandwaitingpatientlytobeservedwheneverthestaffgetsaroundtoit.Newsshouldbereadyondemand.WiththeInternetitis.WithTVyouwait.Iftheyhaveastoryaboutakittencaughtinatreeyouendureitlestyoumissaminuteofsomethingthatisactuallyrelevanttoyou. [D]Basedonourearliercalculationsthiscanworkouttomorethanamontheachyearspentwatchingadvertisements.Bookshavenoadvertisements.EvenadsontheInternetcanquicklybeignoredifthey’reofnorelevance.TVadsincontrastaretimewastersthatareforceduponyou. [E]AtonepointIwasabletorecountmyfavoriteepisodewordbyword.Bywatchingtheserepeatsyoudon’tevengettohearauniquejokeorlearnsomethingnew.TVrerunsaretimewastersnotonlyareyouveggingout慵懒发呆you’realsonottakinginanythingnovel. [F]TimespentwatchingTVistimeyou’renotenjoyingqualityexperienceswithfriendsandfamily.Insteadoftubetimetrysomethingnewandoutoftheordinarywiththepeopleinyourlife.Playbilliards.Flyakite.Orjusttalktoeachother. 45
AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain. WhichofthefollowingisnotareasonfortherapidityandintensityofpollutioninJapan
Whentwooftheworld’srichestandmightiestmenpledgetodestroyanenemyitistimetopayattention.BillGatestheformerbossofMicrosoftwhonowdevotesallhistimetohischaritablefoundationtravelledthisweektoNewYorkthecityrunbyMichaelBloombergtojoinhisfellowbillionaire’scampaigntostampoutsmoking. HavethetwopotentatesmettheirmatchDespitedecadesofworkbyhealthcampaignersmorethanonebillionpeoplestillsmoketoday.Smokingkillsuptohalfofthosewhofailtoquitpuffingreducingtheirlivesbyanaverageof10to15years.TheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOsaysmorethan5millionpeopleayeardieearlyfromtheeffectsdirectorindirectoftobacco.ThatexceedsthecombinedtollofHIV/AIDStuberculosisandmalaria. Despitethatdismalsituationtherearethreereasonstogivethelatestpairofcampaignersaslimchanceofsuccess:moneymethodsandmotivation.MessrsGatesandBloombergvowedtospendacombinedtotalof$500millionondiscouragingtheweed.SinceMr.Bloomberg’scharityhadalreadyannouncedanawardof$125millionearlierthenewmoneypledgedthisweektotalleda"mere"$375million:$250millionfromthemayorandafresh$125millionfromthesoftwaremagnate’sphilanthropicoutfit. HowwillthiscashbespentInquiteinnovativewaysandthatisasecondreasonforoptimism.Hithertomostanti-smokingfundshavebeenchannelledthroughafewlargebureaucracies.ButMr.Bloomberg’scharitywantstoletathousandflowersbloom:inotherwordstolendahandtomanyinitiativesbothpublicandprivatetoseewhatworks.Therewillbeacompetitivegrantschemeforpoorcountrieswherethetobaccohabitisspreading. TheveryfactthattwogiantsareteamingupisalandmarkinAmericanphilanthropy-comparabletoWarrenBuffett’sdecisiontwoyearsagotoputhisfortuneatthedisposalofMr.Gates’foundation.AspartoftheirjointcommitmentMr.Gatesisgivingsomeofhis$125milliondirectlytoMr.Bloomberg’scharity;therestwillgotocarefullymonitoredprojectsinIndiaChinaandotherplaceswherethenumberofsmokersisrisingrelentlessly. Thenthereismotivation.Thereareotherbigplayersinthiscauseandthatshouldinduceeverynewentranttotrybringingsomethingfreshtotheparty.EarlierthisyeartheWHOstartedacampaignagainsttobaccoknownasMPower.Oneofitssellingpointswasthatincontrastwithmanyotherprojectsithadafairlyclearideaaboutwhatwasneeded.WHOexpertshavelistedaseriesoftacticsrangingfromaggressivepubliceducationtoariseintobaccotaxesthatdeliverresults.EvenifhightaxesleadtosomesmugglinganddiversionstudiesdoneinBrazilforexampleshowthatfiscalmeasuresdocurbconsumption.TheWorldBankwhichfundedthatresearchisalsothoughttobereadytojointheanti-smokingscrumafteryearsofpayinglittleattention. Acrowdedfieldindeed.Buthavinganextra$500millionfromtwohard-drivenbillionairessurelywon’thurt. AstothemoneyofthiscampaignwhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 3
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 1
46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeopleincludingthepatternsofbeliefcustomsinstitutionstechniquesandlanguagethatcharacterizethelifeofthegroup.Ascultureissoinclusiveitpermeatesvirtuallyeveryaspectofhumanlifeandinfluencespredominantlypeople’sbehaviorincludinglinguisticbehavior. 47Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople.Taketheworddogforexample.IntheUnitedStatestheworddoginmostinstancesconjuresupanimageofafurrydomesticatedfamilypet.InsomeareasoftheworldsuchasSouthKoreahoweverdogsareconsideredtobeaculinaryamenityandoftenareeaten.Thereforetheworddogelicitsaquitedifferentmeaningbecauseofdifferentculturalexperiences.Thisexampleindicatesthatlanguageisheavilytintedwithitsculture. 48Fromtheabovewecaninferthatalanguagenotonlyexpressesfactsideasoreventswhichrepresentsharedworldknowledgeofitspeoplebutalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudesbeliefsworldoutlooksetc.Inawordlanguageexpressesculturalreality.Whenachildacquireshismothertonguehealsoacquiresalanguage-specificcultureandbecomessocializedincertainways.Ifhemovestoanothercommunityorcountryhemayberecognizedeasilynotasamemberofthelocalcommunitygroupbutasanewcomerfromthewaysheuseshislanguage.Thisimpliesthatlanguageembodiesculturalidentity. Aslanguageistightlyintertwinedwithculturelearningalanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.49Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheir"languageofthemind".Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsocommunicativecompetence.Thisisofgreatsignificanceinlearningaforeignlanguage.50Otherwisetheignoranceofculturaldifferencesbetweenmothertongueandtargetlanguagewillinevitablecreatebarriersinlearningthetargetlanguagethuscausingsomemisunderstandingsandconfusionsfrequently. 47Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople
Directions: ReadthefollowingChinesetextandwriteanabstractofitin80-100EnglishwordsonANSWERSHEET2. 冬季的体育锻炼 尽管冬季寒冷但足仍需进行必要的体育锻炼寒冷的气候条件下进行体育锻炼一定要注意自我保健否则会适得其反冻坏身体冬季体育锻炼项目主要有滑冰滑喾晨练冬泳等下面结合冬季气候作介绍 首先是着装问题服装的隔热值必须与运动中增强的代谢产热过程平衡在冷天中多穿衣服衣服在皮肤之外包住一层温暖的空气使传导散热过程减弱但在运动时机体的产热大大增加如果穿得过多反而有害应穿轻便的衣服这样在运动中产热增加时可以方便地脱掉近年来服装制造商在发展轻质服装方面不断改进这样可以保证良好的隔热性同时又保证了活动的自由性 在寒冷环境下运动时机体能量代谢增强产热增加此时机体血管扩展大大降低了身体对寒冷的抵抗能力因此在运动间隙要特别注意保暖及时加衣寒冷环境中运动时能量消耗大代谢水平高使身体内的能源物质消耗增多在代谢过程中还需要各种维生素的参与如维生素B1B2B3烟酸维生素C等需求增加 因此对于从事滑冰滑雪及在寒冷环境下锻炼者的膳食应注意增加较多的热量一般来说从事同等强度的运动冬季比春季热量消耗高10%左右据测算一个成年人两小时的滑冰练习可增加消耗1000～1500千卡热量在三大物质中因脂肪具有产热多的特点且增加脂肪有助于机体御寒故应适当增加脂肪的供能比例一般可占全部热量的25%～30%而蛋白质也应偏高占12%～18%其余由糖来供给体育运动者按每天消耗3500卡热量计算蛋白质约需130克脂肪150克糖约480克相当于每天应摄入米饭或馒头600克左右鸡肉100克瘦猪肉200克鸡蛋两个牛奶两杯植物油50克等 冰雪项目锻炼中膳食中的维生素也应相当增加维生素C能增强人体对寒冷的适应能力据文献称摄入大量维生素可明显减少寒冷环境中的体温下降幅度缓解机体肾上腺的过度应激反应增加机体耐寒能力 冬泳是我国北方的一大特色冬泳健身在理论上有其科学性但冬泳毕竟是一项冒险的运动必须掌握科学的方法反之就会影响身体健康甚至诱发疾病一是冬泳锻炼应从秋季的冷水浴开始逐渐提高对寒冷的适应能力冬泳期间应加强高能量饮食的补充冬泳前不要喝酒对于心肝肾有严重疾病的人或脑血管病溃疡关节炎患者以及妇女在月经期均不宜冬泳 冬季有晨练习惯的人遇大雾天最好在室内进行晨练一是雾天能见度低容易发生交通事故二是冬雾中含有对人体有害的酸和胺等污染物吸人人体易引起气管炎喉炎结膜炎和一些过敏性疾病另外冬季晨练应尽量用鼻呼吸鼻道能对吸入的冷空气预热鼻黏膜能阻止吸入空气中的灰尘对于严重的疾病患者冬天的耐寒锻炼更应适度锻炼时应根据病情变化适当减少或增加幅度以防旧病复发注意循序渐进掌握体育锻炼与药物治疗相结合的原则在天气过于寒冷时最好不要外出锻炼
AnearthquakehitthehometownofoneofyourfriendsXiaoWangaweekago.Writealettertocondolewithhimonthedisasterandofferhelptohim.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 7
NodolloutshinesBarbie’scelebrity.IfalltheBarbiesandherfamilymembers-SkipperFrancieandtherest-soldsince1959wereplacedheadtotoetheywouldcircletheEarthmorethanseventimes.Andsalesaresuretoboomin2009whenthefashiondollcelebratesher50thbirthdayonMarch9th. BarbiewillstaratanarrayofglobaleventshonouringhermilestonepossiblyincludingaglitzyaffairatNewYork’sFashionWeekinFebruarymostoftheworld’stopfashiondesignersfromGivenchytoAlexanderMcQueenhavedesignedhautecoutureforher.OnherbirthdayMattelthecompanythatmakesherwilllaunchasouvenirdollhonouringtheoriginalBarbieinherblack-and-whitestripedswimsuitandperfectponytail.Itwillbeavailableforpurchaseonlythatoneday.AnotherGoldenAnniversarydolltargetscollectors.BarbiefanshaveplannedhundredsofeventsincludingtheNationalBarbieDollCollectorsConventioninWashingtonDCwhichisalreadysoldout. WhenRuthHandlercreatedBarbiein1959apost-warcultureandeconomythrivedbutgirlsstillplayedwithbabydolls.Thesetoyslimitedtheimagination;soHandlerintroducedBarbietheTeen-AgeFashionModelnamedafterherdaughterBarbara.JackieKennedysoonsashayedontotheworldstageandBarbiealreadyhadawardrobefitforafirstlady.BarbiebestowedongirlstheopportunitytodreambeyondsuburbiaevenifKenattimestaggedalong. BarbieentrancedEuropein1961andnowsellsin150countries.EverysecondthreeBarbiesaresoldaroundtheworld.Hercareersaremyriad-modelastronautOlympicswimmerpalaeontologistandrockstaralongwith100othersincludingpresident.LikeanypoliticalcandidatecontroversyhitBarbiein1992whenTeenTalkBarbiesaid"Mathclassistough"andgirls’educationbecameanationalissue.ShehasbeenbannedinSaudiArabiatorturedbypre-teengirlsaccordingtoresearchersattheUniversityofBath’sSchoolofManagementandfattenedin1997. FeministscontinuetobashBarbieclaimingthatherbeautyandcurvestreatwomenasobjects.ButothersseeherasapioneertrendsettercrashingtheglassceilinglongbeforeHillaryClintoncrackedit. High-techentertainmentnowattractsgirlsandBarbiealsofacesfiercecompetitionfromvariouscopycatsincludingtheedgierbutlessglareBratzdolls.TheBratzsufferedasetbackin2008．MattelsuedMGAEntertainmentBratz’sproducerforcopyrightinfringement.AjudgeawardedMattel$100millionindamages. MattelhassmartlyensuredthatBarbieproductsreflectcurrenttrends.ThroughtwoBarbiewebsitesgirlscandesignclothesnetworkandplaygames.ThepinkBarbiebrandislicensedforproductsfromDVDsandMP3playerstobicyclesandeven24-caratgoldandcrystaljewellery.BarbiecollectorsfuelanentireglobalindustryoneBayandatconventions.ToenticecollectorsMattelregularlyreleasespriceylimited-editiondollsbasedoncharactersinfilmsandpopularculture. IndustryanalystsbelieveBarbiewillremainabestsellingandlastingiconregardlessofcompetition."Barbie’sbeenoutintheworldandhadfunandshe’sreadyforhersecondcareer"saysRachelWeingartenapopcultureexpert."Idon’tseeheradoptingfivechildrenfromfivedifferentcountriesbutIcouldseeBarbiewithaconscienceactivistBarbie."At50Barbiewillalsobeamarvelofplasticsurgeryandeternalyouth.Andshestillknowshowtoparty. WhatcanyoutellfromButothersseeherasapioneertrendsettercrashingtheglassceilinglongbeforeHillaryClintoncrackedit
AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain. ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthatsoonaftertheSecondWorldWar
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 5
Whentwooftheworld’srichestandmightiestmenpledgetodestroyanenemyitistimetopayattention.BillGatestheformerbossofMicrosoftwhonowdevotesallhistimetohischaritablefoundationtravelledthisweektoNewYorkthecityrunbyMichaelBloombergtojoinhisfellowbillionaire’scampaigntostampoutsmoking. HavethetwopotentatesmettheirmatchDespitedecadesofworkbyhealthcampaignersmorethanonebillionpeoplestillsmoketoday.Smokingkillsuptohalfofthosewhofailtoquitpuffingreducingtheirlivesbyanaverageof10to15years.TheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOsaysmorethan5millionpeopleayeardieearlyfromtheeffectsdirectorindirectoftobacco.ThatexceedsthecombinedtollofHIV/AIDStuberculosisandmalaria. Despitethatdismalsituationtherearethreereasonstogivethelatestpairofcampaignersaslimchanceofsuccess:moneymethodsandmotivation.MessrsGatesandBloombergvowedtospendacombinedtotalof$500millionondiscouragingtheweed.SinceMr.Bloomberg’scharityhadalreadyannouncedanawardof$125millionearlierthenewmoneypledgedthisweektotalleda"mere"$375million:$250millionfromthemayorandafresh$125millionfromthesoftwaremagnate’sphilanthropicoutfit. HowwillthiscashbespentInquiteinnovativewaysandthatisasecondreasonforoptimism.Hithertomostanti-smokingfundshavebeenchannelledthroughafewlargebureaucracies.ButMr.Bloomberg’scharitywantstoletathousandflowersbloom:inotherwordstolendahandtomanyinitiativesbothpublicandprivatetoseewhatworks.Therewillbeacompetitivegrantschemeforpoorcountrieswherethetobaccohabitisspreading. TheveryfactthattwogiantsareteamingupisalandmarkinAmericanphilanthropy-comparabletoWarrenBuffett’sdecisiontwoyearsagotoputhisfortuneatthedisposalofMr.Gates’foundation.AspartoftheirjointcommitmentMr.Gatesisgivingsomeofhis$125milliondirectlytoMr.Bloomberg’scharity;therestwillgotocarefullymonitoredprojectsinIndiaChinaandotherplaceswherethenumberofsmokersisrisingrelentlessly. Thenthereismotivation.Thereareotherbigplayersinthiscauseandthatshouldinduceeverynewentranttotrybringingsomethingfreshtotheparty.EarlierthisyeartheWHOstartedacampaignagainsttobaccoknownasMPower.Oneofitssellingpointswasthatincontrastwithmanyotherprojectsithadafairlyclearideaaboutwhatwasneeded.WHOexpertshavelistedaseriesoftacticsrangingfromaggressivepubliceducationtoariseintobaccotaxesthatdeliverresults.EvenifhightaxesleadtosomesmugglinganddiversionstudiesdoneinBrazilforexampleshowthatfiscalmeasuresdocurbconsumption.TheWorldBankwhichfundedthatresearchisalsothoughttobereadytojointheanti-smokingscrumafteryearsofpayinglittleattention. Acrowdedfieldindeed.Buthavinganextra$500millionfromtwohard-drivenbillionairessurelywon’thurt. WhatistheuniquesignificanceoftheMPowercampaign
NodolloutshinesBarbie’scelebrity.IfalltheBarbiesandherfamilymembers-SkipperFrancieandtherest-soldsince1959wereplacedheadtotoetheywouldcircletheEarthmorethanseventimes.Andsalesaresuretoboomin2009whenthefashiondollcelebratesher50thbirthdayonMarch9th. BarbiewillstaratanarrayofglobaleventshonouringhermilestonepossiblyincludingaglitzyaffairatNewYork’sFashionWeekinFebruarymostoftheworld’stopfashiondesignersfromGivenchytoAlexanderMcQueenhavedesignedhautecoutureforher.OnherbirthdayMattelthecompanythatmakesherwilllaunchasouvenirdollhonouringtheoriginalBarbieinherblack-and-whitestripedswimsuitandperfectponytail.Itwillbeavailableforpurchaseonlythatoneday.AnotherGoldenAnniversarydolltargetscollectors.BarbiefanshaveplannedhundredsofeventsincludingtheNationalBarbieDollCollectorsConventioninWashingtonDCwhichisalreadysoldout. WhenRuthHandlercreatedBarbiein1959apost-warcultureandeconomythrivedbutgirlsstillplayedwithbabydolls.Thesetoyslimitedtheimagination;soHandlerintroducedBarbietheTeen-AgeFashionModelnamedafterherdaughterBarbara.JackieKennedysoonsashayedontotheworldstageandBarbiealreadyhadawardrobefitforafirstlady.BarbiebestowedongirlstheopportunitytodreambeyondsuburbiaevenifKenattimestaggedalong. BarbieentrancedEuropein1961andnowsellsin150countries.EverysecondthreeBarbiesaresoldaroundtheworld.Hercareersaremyriad-modelastronautOlympicswimmerpalaeontologistandrockstaralongwith100othersincludingpresident.LikeanypoliticalcandidatecontroversyhitBarbiein1992whenTeenTalkBarbiesaid"Mathclassistough"andgirls’educationbecameanationalissue.ShehasbeenbannedinSaudiArabiatorturedbypre-teengirlsaccordingtoresearchersattheUniversityofBath’sSchoolofManagementandfattenedin1997. FeministscontinuetobashBarbieclaimingthatherbeautyandcurvestreatwomenasobjects.ButothersseeherasapioneertrendsettercrashingtheglassceilinglongbeforeHillaryClintoncrackedit. High-techentertainmentnowattractsgirlsandBarbiealsofacesfiercecompetitionfromvariouscopycatsincludingtheedgierbutlessglareBratzdolls.TheBratzsufferedasetbackin2008．MattelsuedMGAEntertainmentBratz’sproducerforcopyrightinfringement.AjudgeawardedMattel$100millionindamages. MattelhassmartlyensuredthatBarbieproductsreflectcurrenttrends.ThroughtwoBarbiewebsitesgirlscandesignclothesnetworkandplaygames.ThepinkBarbiebrandislicensedforproductsfromDVDsandMP3playerstobicyclesandeven24-caratgoldandcrystaljewellery.BarbiecollectorsfuelanentireglobalindustryoneBayandatconventions.ToenticecollectorsMattelregularlyreleasespriceylimited-editiondollsbasedoncharactersinfilmsandpopularculture. IndustryanalystsbelieveBarbiewillremainabestsellingandlastingiconregardlessofcompetition."Barbie’sbeenoutintheworldandhadfunandshe’sreadyforhersecondcareer"saysRachelWeingartenapopcultureexpert."Idon’tseeheradoptingfivechildrenfromfivedifferentcountriesbutIcouldseeBarbiewithaconscienceactivistBarbie."At50Barbiewillalsobeamarvelofplasticsurgeryandeternalyouth.Andshestillknowshowtoparty. WhatisRuthHandler’smotivationofcreatingBarbie
AsanadultIchoosetoflippagesnotchannels.Afterfouryearsofnotwatchingthetubeandtwoyearsofnotowningonetheempiricalevidenceisin:MylifeisbetterwithoutaTV.Here’swhy. TVconsumesanenormousamountoftime Let’sdothemath.Accordingtoa2009NielsonstudytheaverageamountoftimeanAmericanspendswatchingTVisaroundfivehoursperday!Fivehours!Excludingtimespentsleepingthismeanstheaveragepersonisspendingathirdoftheirdaydistractedordownrightcomatose.Byextensionthisworksouttomorethan3.5months15weeksofnonstopTVwatchingeachyear. 41TVnewsisapoorwaytobeinformed TVnewsjustlyreceivesmuchcriticism.Ithasfollowedthepathofprofessionalwrestling:oncegenuineyetnowmostlyforentertainment. 42TVhindersthedevelopmentofrelationships 43TVhastoomanycommercials Theaverage30minuteslotoftelevisionprogramminghas8~9minutesofcommercials. 44TVisn’tthathardtogetridof Youmightthink"Icouldn’tpossiblyquitwatching."Firstlyyoudon’tneedto.TherearealternativesincludingdownloadingtheshoworwatchingitonDVDbothofwhichofferstop/playcontrolwithnocommercialinterruptions.Secondlyit’sreallynotthathardtogiveupashow.They’renotlikenicotine.There’snochemicaldependence. 45TVsarethelastnon-portablerelic Forthemostpartwe’vemanagedtomakeourtechnologymobile. Nowdon’tgetmewrong.Ivalueentertainmentandrelaxationasmuchasthenextperson.ThereareshowsIdownloadandwatchregularlysumminguptoperhapsfourhoursperweek.Thetruthisonceyoutargetafewspecificshowsandcutoutcommercialsthere’sreallynotthatmuchtowatch. SosavetimelearnsomethingnewtrysomethingdifferentbuildyourrelationshipsandforyourownsaketurnofftheTV. [A]Sureyoumightgetdisappointedthefirsttimeyou’releftoutofaconversationaboutlastnight’sepisodebutyoucanoffsetthisdisappointmentbytellingpeopleabouthowyoulearnttohangglideinstead.I’velikedalotofTVshowsbutI’veneverseenonethatwasn’tcompletelydisposableatanygivenminute. [B]Internetandphoneservicesareavailablealmosteverywhere.TVsincontrastarelikethecoil-cordedphonesofthepastkeepingpeoplecoopedupindoorsgluedtothecouch.AstationaryTVsetsencouragesasedentarylifestylethatseldomservesuswell. [C]Gettingnewsfromarollingticker滚动新闻条oratalkingheadislikegoingtoarestaurantandwaitingpatientlytobeservedwheneverthestaffgetsaroundtoit.Newsshouldbereadyondemand.WiththeInternetitis.WithTVyouwait.Iftheyhaveastoryaboutakittencaughtinatreeyouendureitlestyoumissaminuteofsomethingthatisactuallyrelevanttoyou. [D]Basedonourearliercalculationsthiscanworkouttomorethanamontheachyearspentwatchingadvertisements.Bookshavenoadvertisements.EvenadsontheInternetcanquicklybeignoredifthey’reofnorelevance.TVadsincontrastaretimewastersthatareforceduponyou. [E]AtonepointIwasabletorecountmyfavoriteepisodewordbyword.Bywatchingtheserepeatsyoudon’tevengettohearauniquejokeorlearnsomethingnew.TVrerunsaretimewastersnotonlyareyouveggingout慵懒发呆you’realsonottakinginanythingnovel. [F]TimespentwatchingTVistimeyou’renotenjoyingqualityexperienceswithfriendsandfamily.Insteadoftubetimetrysomethingnewandoutoftheordinarywiththepeopleinyourlife.Playbilliards.Flyakite.Orjusttalktoeachother. 43
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 15
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 17
46____________________ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.Itisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardians. Itissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 47________________________ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimseffoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself.48____________________ Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.49___________________ ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!…Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer:Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage 50____________________ [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecherishourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.TodaymanywomenchoosetogetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofcasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 49
AsanadultIchoosetoflippagesnotchannels.Afterfouryearsofnotwatchingthetubeandtwoyearsofnotowningonetheempiricalevidenceisin:MylifeisbetterwithoutaTV.Here’swhy. TVconsumesanenormousamountoftime Let’sdothemath.Accordingtoa2009NielsonstudytheaverageamountoftimeanAmericanspendswatchingTVisaroundfivehoursperday!Fivehours!Excludingtimespentsleepingthismeanstheaveragepersonisspendingathirdoftheirdaydistractedordownrightcomatose.Byextensionthisworksouttomorethan3.5months15weeksofnonstopTVwatchingeachyear. 41TVnewsisapoorwaytobeinformed TVnewsjustlyreceivesmuchcriticism.Ithasfollowedthepathofprofessionalwrestling:oncegenuineyetnowmostlyforentertainment. 42TVhindersthedevelopmentofrelationships 43TVhastoomanycommercials Theaverage30minuteslotoftelevisionprogramminghas8~9minutesofcommercials. 44TVisn’tthathardtogetridof Youmightthink"Icouldn’tpossiblyquitwatching."Firstlyyoudon’tneedto.TherearealternativesincludingdownloadingtheshoworwatchingitonDVDbothofwhichofferstop/playcontrolwithnocommercialinterruptions.Secondlyit’sreallynotthathardtogiveupashow.They’renotlikenicotine.There’snochemicaldependence. 45TVsarethelastnon-portablerelic Forthemostpartwe’vemanagedtomakeourtechnologymobile. Nowdon’tgetmewrong.Ivalueentertainmentandrelaxationasmuchasthenextperson.ThereareshowsIdownloadandwatchregularlysumminguptoperhapsfourhoursperweek.Thetruthisonceyoutargetafewspecificshowsandcutoutcommercialsthere’sreallynotthatmuchtowatch. SosavetimelearnsomethingnewtrysomethingdifferentbuildyourrelationshipsandforyourownsaketurnofftheTV. [A]Sureyoumightgetdisappointedthefirsttimeyou’releftoutofaconversationaboutlastnight’sepisodebutyoucanoffsetthisdisappointmentbytellingpeopleabouthowyoulearnttohangglideinstead.I’velikedalotofTVshowsbutI’veneverseenonethatwasn’tcompletelydisposableatanygivenminute. [B]Internetandphoneservicesareavailablealmosteverywhere.TVsincontrastarelikethecoil-cordedphonesofthepastkeepingpeoplecoopedupindoorsgluedtothecouch.AstationaryTVsetsencouragesasedentarylifestylethatseldomservesuswell. [C]Gettingnewsfromarollingticker滚动新闻条oratalkingheadislikegoingtoarestaurantandwaitingpatientlytobeservedwheneverthestaffgetsaroundtoit.Newsshouldbereadyondemand.WiththeInternetitis.WithTVyouwait.Iftheyhaveastoryaboutakittencaughtinatreeyouendureitlestyoumissaminuteofsomethingthatisactuallyrelevanttoyou. [D]Basedonourearliercalculationsthiscanworkouttomorethanamontheachyearspentwatchingadvertisements.Bookshavenoadvertisements.EvenadsontheInternetcanquicklybeignoredifthey’reofnorelevance.TVadsincontrastaretimewastersthatareforceduponyou. [E]AtonepointIwasabletorecountmyfavoriteepisodewordbyword.Bywatchingtheserepeatsyoudon’tevengettohearauniquejokeorlearnsomethingnew.TVrerunsaretimewastersnotonlyareyouveggingout慵懒发呆you’realsonottakinginanythingnovel. [F]TimespentwatchingTVistimeyou’renotenjoyingqualityexperienceswithfriendsandfamily.Insteadoftubetimetrysomethingnewandoutoftheordinarywiththepeopleinyourlife.Playbilliards.Flyakite.Orjusttalktoeachother. 41
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 11
AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain. AccordingtothetextnomeasureswereresortedtoinenvironmentalprotectionafterWorldWarⅡinJapanbecause
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 19
[A]Lookandlistenandthinkaboutwhattheotherpersonsayshowtheysayitandwhattheydo.BeawareofyourselfaswellIfyourecognizeapauseinthewrongplaceoraphrasingthatimpliesweaknessthenimmediatelylookforawaytocountertheimpressionproduced.Thegameisnotlostuntiltheencounterisover.Manyofthesesignalsdonotrequireadeepstudyofpsychology.Theyrequireawarenesssomecommonsensetorecognizemeaningandareadinesstodosomethingaboutthesignalsthataresentandreceived. [B]Recognitionofbodylanguagealsohelpstounderstandourownfeelings.IfwefeelirritatedbysomeonecoulditbebecausetheyareleaningbackintheirchairwithheadslightlytiltedbacklookingdowntheirnosesatusperhapswithhandstogethermakingashapelikeachurchsteepleorwithhandsbehindtheirheadWemaybothbestandingupandtheotherpersonisholdingtheirjacketlapelswagglingtheirthumbsatus.Theseareallgesturesofsuperiorityandmightexplainourannoyance.Understandingthiswemaybeabletohandleitbetter. [C]Ifwecaninterpretthisinvoluntarycommentarythenournegotiatingpositionwillbestronger.Wecouldrecognizealiewhetherourargumentswerebeingacceptedorwhethertheotherpartywasunreceptiveandadjustourbehaviouraccordingly. [D]Manystudiesclaimtoshowthatover50percentofthemessagesweconveyarethroughgestureexpressionandposture.Thisisinadditiontothemessagesconveyedthroughtoneofvoice.Whetheritbebangingthetablewithourfistsdirectinganangrystareorlookingpuzzleditishardtodenytheimportanceofthissideofcommunication.Theastutedealerisalwaysalivetobodylanguagebutdon’tconcentratesomuchonitthatyoudon’tpayattentiontowhatisactuallysaid. [E]Signalsdon’tappearsinglybutinclustersofseveralthatreinforceeachother.Don’trelyuponjustonegesturethatmaybemisinterpretedbuttakethewiderevidenceavailable.Wefrequentlysaythingswedon’tmeanandmeanthingswedon’tsay.Howeasyitistoimplythingswedon’tmean!Interpretationofthe"sub-text"ofcommunicationisinaccurate.Don’trelyuponwhatyouthinkisgoingonunderthesurfacewithoutcheckingyouinterpretation. [F]Someexpressionsandgesturesareparticulartospecificcultureswhileothersarecommontotheentirehumanracesuchassmilingorthebaredteethofanger.Asmilecanbefakeditcanmaskangerandaggression.Howeverthewaywestandandwhatwedowithourhandsishardertocontrol.Thereisanotherlayerofbodysignalsofgreatersubtletysuchasthenarrowingofeyestheshapeofthesmileandeventhecontractionofthepupilsoftheeyewhichmayalsobetraytherealfeelingsofthesmilingnegotiator.Mostofthosegesturesareuniversal. [G]Typicallysomeonewhoislyingwillavoidyoureyeandmaylookdownwards.Theymaytouchtheirfacesaroundthemouthandhavethepalmsoftheirhandshiddenfromyou.Theotherpartymayadoptatoneofvoiceofgreatsincerityandlookyousteadilyintheeyeinordertoreinforcethedeceptionoftheirwords.Ifyoulookawayfromthatgazeyoumayseesignalstheyareunabletocontrolwhichgivethegameaway. [H]Weallrecognizealotunconsciouslywhichishowwegetafeelingthatsomeoneislyingorthattheyarebored.Inlyingpeople’sexpressionsposturesandgesturesconveycontrarymessagestotheirwordsandweintuitivelyrecognizethedisparity.Tonegotiatemoreeffectivelybesensitivetothesesignalswhetherbypayingmoreattentiontoyourfeelingsorbyconsciouslyobservingandthinkingaboutthegesturesandexpressionswesee. Order: 45
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 13
Itwasafixingsight:thereintheCapitolitselfaU.S.SenatoroftenmockedforhishaltinginarticulatespeakingreacheddeepintohisMidwesternrootsandspokeeloquentlyevenpoeticallyaboutwhohewasandwhathebelievedstunningpoliticiansandjournalistsalike. IreferofcoursetoSenatorJeffersonSmith.InFrankCapra’sclassicMr.SmithGoestoWashingtonJimmyStewartplaysthissimpleidealisticsmall-townAmericanmockedandscornedbythebig-moneyedoh-so-sophisticatedpowerelite--onlytotriumphoveracorruptEstablishmentwithhisrock-solidgoodness. Atrootitisthisrolethatsoon-to-be-ex-SenatorBobDolemostaspirestoplay:theselfeffacingquietlypowerfulsmall-townmanfromMainStreetwhooutwitsthecosmopolitanslick-talkingsnobfromthefleshpots.AndwhynotThereisafterallnomoreenduringAmericanicon. HowenduringBeforeAmericanshadaConstitutionThomasJeffersonwasarguingthatthenewnation’sfuturewoulddependonabaseofagrarianyeomenfreefromthevicesinherentinbigcities.In1840oneoftheclassicimage-drivenpresidentialcampaignsfeaturedWilliamHenryHarrisonastheembodimentofruralvirtuesthecandidateofthelogcabinandhardciderdefeatingtheincumbentMartinVanBurenwhowasaccusedofdandifieddressandmanners. ThereisofcourseahugedisconnectbetweenthisprofessedloveofthesimpleunspoiledlifeandthewayAmericansactuallylive.AsapeopleAmericanshavespentthebetterpartofthe20thcenturydesertingthefarmsandthesmalltownsforthecitiesandthesuburbs;andaretornbetweenvacationinginDisneyWorldandLasVegas. U.S.politicianstoohaven’texactlyshunnedthetemptationsofthecosmopolitanlife.ThetownofRussellKansasoftenseemstobeDole’srunningmatebutthecandidatespendshisleisuretimeinaluxurycondominiuminBalHarborFlorida.BillClintonstillbelievesinaplacecalledHopebutthespiffycelebrity-denseresortsofMartha’sVineyardandJacksonHolearewherehekicksback.RonaldReaganembodiedthefaith-and-familypietiesofthefrontporchandMainStreetbuthefledIowaforacareerandalifeinHollywood. StillthehungerforthewayAmericansbelievetheyaresupposedtoliveisstrongandthedistrustoftheintellectualhustlerwithhisairsandhishigh-flownlanguagerunsdeep.ItmakessensefortheDolecampaigntomakethisacontestbetweenDoleasthelaconicquietmanwhosewordscanbetrustedandBillClintonasthetravelingsalesmanwithalineofsmoothpatterbutasuitcasefullofdamagedgoods.ItmakessenseforDoletomakehiscampaignsongThankGodI’maCountryBoy--evenifheishummingit9200mupinacorporatejetonhiswaytoaFloridacondo. Accordingtothe3thparagraphMainStreetistofleshpotsas
46____________________ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.Itisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardians. Itissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 47________________________ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimseffoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself.48____________________ Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.49___________________ ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!…Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer:Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage 50____________________ [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecherishourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.TodaymanywomenchoosetogetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofcasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 47
46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeopleincludingthepatternsofbeliefcustomsinstitutionstechniquesandlanguagethatcharacterizethelifeofthegroup.Ascultureissoinclusiveitpermeatesvirtuallyeveryaspectofhumanlifeandinfluencespredominantlypeople’sbehaviorincludinglinguisticbehavior. 47Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople.Taketheworddogforexample.IntheUnitedStatestheworddoginmostinstancesconjuresupanimageofafurrydomesticatedfamilypet.InsomeareasoftheworldsuchasSouthKoreahoweverdogsareconsideredtobeaculinaryamenityandoftenareeaten.Thereforetheworddogelicitsaquitedifferentmeaningbecauseofdifferentculturalexperiences.Thisexampleindicatesthatlanguageisheavilytintedwithitsculture. 48Fromtheabovewecaninferthatalanguagenotonlyexpressesfactsideasoreventswhichrepresentsharedworldknowledgeofitspeoplebutalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudesbeliefsworldoutlooksetc.Inawordlanguageexpressesculturalreality.Whenachildacquireshismothertonguehealsoacquiresalanguage-specificcultureandbecomessocializedincertainways.Ifhemovestoanothercommunityorcountryhemayberecognizedeasilynotasamemberofthelocalcommunitygroupbutasanewcomerfromthewaysheuseshislanguage.Thisimpliesthatlanguageembodiesculturalidentity. Aslanguageistightlyintertwinedwithculturelearningalanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.49Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheir"languageofthemind".Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsocommunicativecompetence.Thisisofgreatsignificanceinlearningaforeignlanguage.50Otherwisetheignoranceofculturaldifferencesbetweenmothertongueandtargetlanguagewillinevitablecreatebarriersinlearningthetargetlanguagethuscausingsomemisunderstandingsandconfusionsfrequently. 49Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheirlanguageofthemind.
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