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Directions: Write an essay of 160--200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you sho...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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AsdeanofadmissionsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyMarileeJoneswasresponsibleforensuringthatapplicantsrepresentedtheiracademicbackgroundshonestly.Soitwasmorethanashockwhenthe55-year-oldresignedThursdayadmittingthatshehadmisledschoolofficialsovera28-yearperiodintobelievingthatsheheldthreedegreesfromNewYorkinstitutions.Infactshehadneverreceivedevenanundergraduatedegreefromanyschool.WhileJones’scaseisextremeitpointstoamajorconcernforanycorporationorinstitutionthathiresemployees:embellishmentsandoutrightliesonresumes.Butifanemployerdoesn’tcatchthefalsehoodshowdoesanemployeelivewithsuchabiglieinJones’scaseafalsehoodthatshemaintainedfor28yearsPsychologistPaulEkmanspeculatesthatJones’scaseislikelyrelatedtoself-esteem.MITofficialsnotedthatacollegedegreeprobablywasn’trequiredfortheentry-levelpositionthatJonestookonin1979andapparentlynoonecheckedhercredentialswitheachsuccessivepromotion.StillbyallaccountsJoneswasgoodatherjob.Eventhoughthefakedegreesdidn’tinitiallygivehertangiblebenefitsshepersonallyneededtheminordertogetpeopletorespectherEkmansays.Andintimeitappearsshedidgetalotofrespectbutbythenshecouldn’trevealshehadliedwithoutlosingherposition.Ekmansaysmanypeoplearetemptedtoexaggeratetheircredentialsforthesamereasonakidexaggerateshisfather’sstrengthbutthatmostpeopleresist.Theyeitherknowfrompastexperiencethattheycouldnevergetawaywithit—perhapsbecausetheyarebadliarstheydon’tliketakingrisks—somepeoplearerisktakerssoitattractsthemtolyingortheyarereligiouslyobservantEkmansays.EarlyinhercareerJonesdidn’tresistthetemptationanditmayhavebecometoodifficulttorectifythesituationassheclimbedtheworkplaceladder.MybetisthatitwasneveroutofhermindcompletelythatshehadtakensuchariskbutIdoubtshespentmanynightsworryingsomeonewouldcatchherEkmansays.Shehaddonesuchagreatjobandwassoadmiredthatsheprobablybecameconfidentafteralltheseyearsthatnoonewasgoingtocheck.Butthepotentialdamagescausedbyhiringapoorlyqualifiedemployeeareseriousforcompanies.Dependingonthepositionappliedfordifferentbackground-informationfirmsofferdifferentservicepackages.Forexampleacreditcheckmaynotbenecessaryforapersonapplyingforanadministrativejob;butanexecutiveorfinancialpositionmaycallforacheckofreferencesacreditcheckacriminal-recordscheckandevenacheckofdrivingrecords.Withsuchdiligenceit’smuchriskierfortoday’sjobhunterstoliethanitwas30yearsagowhenJonesfilledoutherfirstapplicationatMIT.Accordingtotheauthorwhatshouldtheemployerswhentryingtohirenewcomers
Manypeopleareconcernedabouttheeconomicconditionofdevelopingcountries—countrieswhoseaveragepercapitaGNPisafractionofthatinmoreindustrializedcountries.Howeverforthedevelopingcountriesthereexistmanyobstaclestotheireconomicdevelopment. Onemajorobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentispopulationgrowth.46Thepopulationsofmostdevelopingcountriesgrowataratemuchfasterthanthoseofindustrializedcountriesandthepopulationofsomeofthemissolargethatthereisbarelyenoughfertilelandandotherresourcestosupportit.Manylessdevelopedcountriesdependextensivelyonagricultureaddingtotheproblem.Inthesecountriesanincentivetohavemanychildrenexists.47Mostfarmsareworkedbyfamiliesandchildrencanworkinthefieldsatanearlyagebecausemostfarmersbelievethatmorechildrenmeansmoreworkers.Inadditionhavingmanychildrenensurestheparentsthatsomeonewilllookafterthemintheiroldage. Anotherproblemfordevelopingcountriesisincreasingaveragelifeexpectancy—theaverageremaininglifetimeforpersonswhoreachacertainage.Bettereducationinternationalaidandemphasisonhealth-carefacilitieshelppeoplelivelonger.AhighlifeexpectancycoupledwithahighcrudebirthratemakesitdifficulttoincreasepercapitaGNP. Anotherobstacletoeconomicgrowthislimitednaturalresources.Nocountrycandevelopbeyonditsresourcepotential.Unproductivelandoraharshclimatecanlimiteconomicgrowth.48Somecountriesmaybefortunateenoughtodiscoveravaluablemineraltofinancetheireconomicdevelopmentbutmostfocusonagricultureandasaresulttheireconomicgrowthishinderedbytheshortageofnaturalresourcesorenergysourcesneededforindustry. Stillanotherobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentisalackofappropriateeducationandtechnology.Anydevelopingcountriesdonothaveahighlyliteratepopulationorthehighleveloftechnicalskillsneededtobuildanindustrialsociety.Inadditionmostdonothavemoneytotrainengineersandscientists.49Manydevelopingcountriescannotevenaffordtoprovidefreepubliceducationforschool-agechildrenandinthosethatcannoteverychildisabletotakeadvantageofitbecausemostofthemhavetoworktohelpfeedtheirfamilies.Asaresultmuchofthepopulationmaynothavethebasicskillsneededtocontinuewithhighereducationwhenitisoffered. Governmentalsocanbeanobstacletoeconomicdevelopment.Acountrywhosegovernmentoftenchangeswillhaveahardtimedevelopingeconomically.Suchconstantchangesimpedelong-termplanning.50Economicdevelopmentismadeevenmoredifficultifthepoliticalchangesoccurthroughviolentrevolutionwhereindustrialfacilitiesmaybedestroyed. 48
Weallbelieveinsomethingorsomeone.Wemustbelievejustaswemusteatsleepandreproduce.46Mankindhasaninsatiableneedforandanirresistibleattractiontoavastarrayofbeliefsaboutgodsanddemonsmagicandmiraclestruthandfalsehoodloveandhatesameanddifferent. Implausibleevenirrationalideashavebeencherishedforcenturies.Saintsandothermartyrssufferedindescribablepainandagonyevendeathfortheirbeliefs.ScientistshavebeenputtodeathfortheirbeliefthattheearthisroundorthatthereisaninvisibleforcecalledgravityorthattheearthisnotthecenteroftheuniversewiththesunrevolvingarounditorthatthebloodcirculatesthroughoutthebodyorthatManevolvedfromlowerformsoflife.47Religiousleadershaveattractedmillionsofpeoplewiththeirversionofhowlifebeganandhowwemustbehave;ifpeopledonotbelieveinmedicineandsciencereligioneducationgovernmentandthesocialcontractchaosresults’andnosocietycantoleratethatwhichiswhyallsocietiesimposeorderontheirmembers. Wemustbelieveorfaceunbearableambiguityandanxiety.Isthemosteffectivebeliefsystemonethatiscomposedofabsolutes—unyieldingunvaryingandeternal48Theanswerisyes.becausewhenweeliminatedoubtfromasituationwefeelsecurerestoredtobalancebutifthebeliefsystemisscienceandisbasedonobjectiveinformationwithoutabsolutesandrequiresaquestioningattitudeitunnervespeople.Anysystemthatoffersdefinitiveanswerstocomplexhumanquestionsandproblems:thisisrightthisiswrongthisistruethisisfalse—onequestiononeansweronlyisveryappealing.49Allbeliefsrequireconfirmationfromanauthoritativesourcewhetherthatbeapriestarabbiafamilymemberaspecialfriendanexpert—onewhocommandsobedienceandrespect.Perhapsallbeliefiscomposedofthesameelementsinapproximatelythesameproportionsforevensciencerequiresasuspensionofsomedisbeliefsomeuncertaintyhoweverminiscule.BlackHolesandtheBigBangaremetaphorictruthsderivedfromthephysicsweknownow. Butyouhavetobelievetohavefaithinthemethodsofsciencetogatherinformationtoanalyseandinterpretitobjectivelyinordertoacceptitsconclusions.NoonewitnessedtheBigBangoraBlackHole.Thesewereinferredfromcarefulstudyandanalysisbymanyresearchers.50Fearoftheunknowncertainlylendscredencetoanycharismaticfigurewhomakesgreatpromisesofabetterlifenowandafterdeathwhichhasworkedthroughouttheagesandstilldoes. Fearoftheunknowncertainlylendscredencetoanycharismaticfigurewhomakesgreatpromisesofabetterlifenowandafterdeathwhichhasworkedthroughouttheagesandstilldoes.
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 2
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 18
AcuriouselectionwilltakeplaceinStLouisonApril3rd.Sevencandidateswillcompetefortwoseatsonthecity’sschoolboard.Thepollswillopenat6amandstayopenuntil7pm.Staffingthepollingstationsandcountingtheelectronicballotswillcosttaxpayersatleast$260000.Twohappycandidateswillcelebrateandtakeoffice-justintimetohavethestateofMissouricompletethetakeoverofthedistrict’sschoolsandgivethemandtheotherboardmembersnothingtodoforseveralyears.Thiselectiontonothingcomesafteryearsoffallingtestscoresrevolvingsuperintendentsscreamingmatchesbetweenboardmembersatpublicmeetingsandagrowingdissatisfactionwitheveryaspectofpubliceducation.ThestateboardofeducationvotedonMarch22ndtotakeovertheschooldistricteffectiveinmid-June.SomeprominentfiguresendorsedthiscourseincludingthemayorofStLouisandevensomemembersoftheStLouisschoolboard.Othersinthecitythougharedeeplyopposedandreadytofightaboutit.Althoughthecityschoolsoverallhaveanamplydeservedreputationforlowstandardstherearesomegoodschoolsandmanygoodstudents.Thebeststudentshavethemosttolosefearingthattheturmoilcoulddamagetheirchancesofgettingintogooduniversities.Whenthestateeducationboardvotedonthetakeoveragroupofangrystudentsteachersandothermembersofthepublictriedtodisruptthemeeting.Protestersarestilltryingtousethecourtstostoptheactionandtheteachers’unionhasthreatenedastrike.UnderMissourilawthecity’sschoolswillnowbeplacedunderathree-memberboardappointedbythegovernorthemayorandthepresidentoftheboardofaldermen.GovernorMattBlunt’schoiceofRickSullivantheheadofabuildingfirmhasalreadybeenattackedbecauseofMrSullivan’slackofexperienceineducationandbecausehelivesinoneofthewealthiestsuburbsoutsidethecity.MrSullivanandtheothermemberswhohaveyettobeappointedhaveanalmostimpossibletaskbeforethem.Thedistrictwhichinthepastfiveyearshasturneda$52msurplusintoa$24.5mdeficithasalreadyclosedschoolscutservicesandsqueezedspendinghard.Butasitscriticspointouttheelectedschoolboardstillfoundplentyofmoneyfortoursandpublicrelations.Thetrickleofvotersturningoutforthepointlessboardelectionwillpassbannerscelebratingthenewseasonoftheworldbaseballchampions.StLouishasmadehugeprogressinattractinganewgenerationofyoungprofessionalstoitsdowntownareabuildingnewbusinessdevelopmentsandinstallingnewinfrastructure.Thegreatfailureinitsschoolsputsallthatindanger.Whichofthefollowingisthemostresultofwinnersoftheelection
[A]Generallyhowevermodernexaminationsarewritten.Twotypesoftestsarecommonlyusedinmodernschools.Thefirsttypeissometimescalledan"objective"test.Itisintendedtodealwithfactsnotpersonalopinions.Tomakeupanobjectivetesttheteacherwritesaseriesofquestioneachofwhichhasonlyonecorrectanswer.AlongwitheachquestiontheteacherwritesthecorrectanswerandalsothreestatementsthatlooklikeanswerstostudentswhohavenotlearnedthematerialproperlyThestudenthasjustonetask:hemustrecognizethecorrectanswerandcopyitsletterornumberonhisexaminationpaper. [B]Foraclearerpictureofwhatthestudentknowsmostteachersuseanotherkindofexaminationinadditiontoobjectivetests.Theyuse"essay"testswhichrequirestudentstowritelonganswerstobroadgeneralquestionssuchasthefollowing:MentionseveralwaysinwhichMahatmaGandhihasinfluencedthethinkingofpeopleinhisowncountryandinotherpartsoftheworld. [C]Whetheranobjectivetestoranessaytestisusedproblemsarise.Whensomeobjectivequestionsareusedalongwithsomeessayquestionshoweverafairlyclearpictureofthestudent’sknowledgecanusuallybeobtained. [D]Fortestingastudent’smemoryoffactsanddetailstheobjectivetesthasadvantages.Itcanbescoredveryquicklybytheteacherorevenbyamachine.Inashorttimetheteachercanfindoutagreatdealaboutthestudent’srangeofknowledge.Fortestingsomekindsoflearninghoweversuchatestisnotverysatisfactory.Aluckystudentmayguessthecorrectanswerwithoutreallyknowingthematerial. [E]Inancienttimesthemostimportantexaminationswerespokennotwritten.IntheschoolsofancientGreeceandRometestingusuallyconsistedofsayingpoetryaloudorgivingspeeches.IntheEuropeanuniversitiesoftheMiddleAgesstudentswhowereworkingforadvanceddegreeshadtodiscussquestionsintheirfieldofstudywithpeoplewhohadmadeaspecialstudyofthesubject.Thiscustomexiststodayaspartoftheprocessoftestingcandidatesfordoctor’sdegree. [F]Oneadvantageoftheessaytestisthatitreducestheelementofluck.Thestudentcannotgetahighscorejustbymakingaluckyguess.Anotheradvantageisthatitshowstheexaminermoreaboutthestudent’sabilitytoputfactstogetherintoameaningfulwhole.Itshouldshowhowdeeplyhehasthoughtaboutthesubject.Sometimesthoughessaytestshavedisadvantagestoo.Somestudentsareabletowritegoodanswerswithoutreallyknowingmuchaboutthesubjectwhileotherstudentswhoactuallyknowthematerialhavetroubleexpressingtheirideasinessayform. [G]Besidesonanessaytestthestudent’sscoremaydependupontheexaminer’sfeelingsatthetimeofreadingtheanswer.Ifheisfeelingtiredorboredthestudentmayreceivealowerscorethanheshould.Anotherexaminerreadingthesameanswermightgiveitamuchhighermark.Fromthisstandpointtheobjectivetestgiveseachstudentafairerchanceandofcourseitiseasierandquickertoscore. 44
Manypeopleareconcernedabouttheeconomicconditionofdevelopingcountries—countrieswhoseaveragepercapitaGNPisafractionofthatinmoreindustrializedcountries.Howeverforthedevelopingcountriesthereexistmanyobstaclestotheireconomicdevelopment. Onemajorobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentispopulationgrowth.46Thepopulationsofmostdevelopingcountriesgrowataratemuchfasterthanthoseofindustrializedcountriesandthepopulationofsomeofthemissolargethatthereisbarelyenoughfertilelandandotherresourcestosupportit.Manylessdevelopedcountriesdependextensivelyonagricultureaddingtotheproblem.Inthesecountriesanincentivetohavemanychildrenexists.47Mostfarmsareworkedbyfamiliesandchildrencanworkinthefieldsatanearlyagebecausemostfarmersbelievethatmorechildrenmeansmoreworkers.Inadditionhavingmanychildrenensurestheparentsthatsomeonewilllookafterthemintheiroldage. Anotherproblemfordevelopingcountriesisincreasingaveragelifeexpectancy—theaverageremaininglifetimeforpersonswhoreachacertainage.Bettereducationinternationalaidandemphasisonhealth-carefacilitieshelppeoplelivelonger.AhighlifeexpectancycoupledwithahighcrudebirthratemakesitdifficulttoincreasepercapitaGNP. Anotherobstacletoeconomicgrowthislimitednaturalresources.Nocountrycandevelopbeyonditsresourcepotential.Unproductivelandoraharshclimatecanlimiteconomicgrowth.48Somecountriesmaybefortunateenoughtodiscoveravaluablemineraltofinancetheireconomicdevelopmentbutmostfocusonagricultureandasaresulttheireconomicgrowthishinderedbytheshortageofnaturalresourcesorenergysourcesneededforindustry. Stillanotherobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentisalackofappropriateeducationandtechnology.Anydevelopingcountriesdonothaveahighlyliteratepopulationorthehighleveloftechnicalskillsneededtobuildanindustrialsociety.Inadditionmostdonothavemoneytotrainengineersandscientists.49Manydevelopingcountriescannotevenaffordtoprovidefreepubliceducationforschool-agechildrenandinthosethatcannoteverychildisabletotakeadvantageofitbecausemostofthemhavetoworktohelpfeedtheirfamilies.Asaresultmuchofthepopulationmaynothavethebasicskillsneededtocontinuewithhighereducationwhenitisoffered. Governmentalsocanbeanobstacletoeconomicdevelopment.Acountrywhosegovernmentoftenchangeswillhaveahardtimedevelopingeconomically.Suchconstantchangesimpedelong-termplanning.50Economicdevelopmentismadeevenmoredifficultifthepoliticalchangesoccurthroughviolentrevolutionwhereindustrialfacilitiesmaybedestroyed. 46
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 10
AsdeanofadmissionsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyMarileeJoneswasresponsibleforensuringthatapplicantsrepresentedtheiracademicbackgroundshonestly.Soitwasmorethanashockwhenthe55-year-oldresignedThursdayadmittingthatshehadmisledschoolofficialsovera28-yearperiodintobelievingthatsheheldthreedegreesfromNewYorkinstitutions.Infactshehadneverreceivedevenanundergraduatedegreefromanyschool.WhileJones’scaseisextremeitpointstoamajorconcernforanycorporationorinstitutionthathiresemployees:embellishmentsandoutrightliesonresumes.Butifanemployerdoesn’tcatchthefalsehoodshowdoesanemployeelivewithsuchabiglieinJones’scaseafalsehoodthatshemaintainedfor28yearsPsychologistPaulEkmanspeculatesthatJones’scaseislikelyrelatedtoself-esteem.MITofficialsnotedthatacollegedegreeprobablywasn’trequiredfortheentry-levelpositionthatJonestookonin1979andapparentlynoonecheckedhercredentialswitheachsuccessivepromotion.StillbyallaccountsJoneswasgoodatherjob.Eventhoughthefakedegreesdidn’tinitiallygivehertangiblebenefitsshepersonallyneededtheminordertogetpeopletorespectherEkmansays.Andintimeitappearsshedidgetalotofrespectbutbythenshecouldn’trevealshehadliedwithoutlosingherposition.Ekmansaysmanypeoplearetemptedtoexaggeratetheircredentialsforthesamereasonakidexaggerateshisfather’sstrengthbutthatmostpeopleresist.Theyeitherknowfrompastexperiencethattheycouldnevergetawaywithit—perhapsbecausetheyarebadliarstheydon’tliketakingrisks—somepeoplearerisktakerssoitattractsthemtolyingortheyarereligiouslyobservantEkmansays.EarlyinhercareerJonesdidn’tresistthetemptationanditmayhavebecometoodifficulttorectifythesituationassheclimbedtheworkplaceladder.MybetisthatitwasneveroutofhermindcompletelythatshehadtakensuchariskbutIdoubtshespentmanynightsworryingsomeonewouldcatchherEkmansays.Shehaddonesuchagreatjobandwassoadmiredthatsheprobablybecameconfidentafteralltheseyearsthatnoonewasgoingtocheck.Butthepotentialdamagescausedbyhiringapoorlyqualifiedemployeeareseriousforcompanies.Dependingonthepositionappliedfordifferentbackground-informationfirmsofferdifferentservicepackages.Forexampleacreditcheckmaynotbenecessaryforapersonapplyingforanadministrativejob;butanexecutiveorfinancialpositionmaycallforacheckofreferencesacreditcheckacriminal-recordscheckandevenacheckofdrivingrecords.Withsuchdiligenceit’smuchriskierfortoday’sjobhunterstoliethanitwas30yearsagowhenJonesfilledoutherfirstapplicationatMIT.ByintroducingthecaseofJonesTheauthorwantsto______
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethepicturebriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 12
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 8
AsdeanofadmissionsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyMarileeJoneswasresponsibleforensuringthatapplicantsrepresentedtheiracademicbackgroundshonestly.Soitwasmorethanashockwhenthe55-year-oldresignedThursdayadmittingthatshehadmisledschoolofficialsovera28-yearperiodintobelievingthatsheheldthreedegreesfromNewYorkinstitutions.Infactshehadneverreceivedevenanundergraduatedegreefromanyschool.WhileJones’scaseisextremeitpointstoamajorconcernforanycorporationorinstitutionthathiresemployees:embellishmentsandoutrightliesonresumes.Butifanemployerdoesn’tcatchthefalsehoodshowdoesanemployeelivewithsuchabiglieinJones’scaseafalsehoodthatshemaintainedfor28yearsPsychologistPaulEkmanspeculatesthatJones’scaseislikelyrelatedtoself-esteem.MITofficialsnotedthatacollegedegreeprobablywasn’trequiredfortheentry-levelpositionthatJonestookonin1979andapparentlynoonecheckedhercredentialswitheachsuccessivepromotion.StillbyallaccountsJoneswasgoodatherjob.Eventhoughthefakedegreesdidn’tinitiallygivehertangiblebenefitsshepersonallyneededtheminordertogetpeopletorespectherEkmansays.Andintimeitappearsshedidgetalotofrespectbutbythenshecouldn’trevealshehadliedwithoutlosingherposition.Ekmansaysmanypeoplearetemptedtoexaggeratetheircredentialsforthesamereasonakidexaggerateshisfather’sstrengthbutthatmostpeopleresist.Theyeitherknowfrompastexperiencethattheycouldnevergetawaywithit—perhapsbecausetheyarebadliarstheydon’tliketakingrisks—somepeoplearerisktakerssoitattractsthemtolyingortheyarereligiouslyobservantEkmansays.EarlyinhercareerJonesdidn’tresistthetemptationanditmayhavebecometoodifficulttorectifythesituationassheclimbedtheworkplaceladder.MybetisthatitwasneveroutofhermindcompletelythatshehadtakensuchariskbutIdoubtshespentmanynightsworryingsomeonewouldcatchherEkmansays.Shehaddonesuchagreatjobandwassoadmiredthatsheprobablybecameconfidentafteralltheseyearsthatnoonewasgoingtocheck.Butthepotentialdamagescausedbyhiringapoorlyqualifiedemployeeareseriousforcompanies.Dependingonthepositionappliedfordifferentbackground-informationfirmsofferdifferentservicepackages.Forexampleacreditcheckmaynotbenecessaryforapersonapplyingforanadministrativejob;butanexecutiveorfinancialpositionmaycallforacheckofreferencesacreditcheckacriminal-recordscheckandevenacheckofdrivingrecords.Withsuchdiligenceit’smuchriskierfortoday’sjobhunterstoliethanitwas30yearsagowhenJonesfilledoutherfirstapplicationatMIT.Whichofthefollowingisnotthemasonwhypeopleresistthetendencytoexaggeratetheircredentials
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 4
Directions:Thereiscontroversyoverthegoodandbadsidesofbeinganonlychildinthefamily.Somebelievethatgrowingupinafamilywithseveralbrothersorsistersoffersmoreadvantagesthandisadvantageswhileothersarguethatbeinganonlychildismoreadvantageous.Thisisaninterestingtopicworthdiscussion.WhatisyourpointofviewYouaregoingtowriteanessaytoofferyouropinionaboutit.Inyouressayyoushould1stateclearlyyourpointofview2supportyourviewwithexampleorexamples3drawanatureconclusiontoyouressayand4remembertosupplyanappropriatetitletoyouressay.Youshouldwrite160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 16
Psychotherapyforaslongasninemonthsissignificantlymoreeffectivethanshort-termtreatmentforalleviatingdepressionassociatedwithbipolardiseasenewresearchsuggests.ThedrugsusedtotreatdepressionareoflimiteduseintreatingtherepeatingdepressiveepisodesofbipolarillnessaccordingtobackgroundinformationinthearticlepublishedlastweekinTheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry.Theresearchersstudied293patientswithbipolardiseaseat15medicalcentersnationwide.Theyrandomlyassignedonegroupof163peopletooneofthreekindsofpsychotherapyconsistingofupto3050-minutesessionsoverninemonths.Asecondgroupof130patientswasassignedtocollaborativecarethreesessionsoversixweeksdesignedtoofferabriefversionofthemostcommonpsychologicalandbehavioralstrategiesshowntobebeneficialinbipolarillness.Theparticipantswhoseaverageagewas40werefollowedforoneyearandallwerealsobeingtreatedwithmood-stabilizingmedicines.Cognitivebehavioraltherapyfocusesonchallengingandcontrollingnegativethoughts.Ininterpersonalandsocialrhythmtherapypatientsconcentrateonstabilizingdailyroutinesandresolvinginterpersonalproblems.Familytherapyengagesfamilymemberstohelpsolveproblemsrelatedtotheillnesslikefailingtotakemedicationproperlyandtoreducethenumberofnegativefamilyinteractions.Therapistsateachofthe15medicalcentersreceivedbrieftraininginthetherapiestheyadministered.Thestudyincludedreal-worldpatientsexperiencingtheearlyphasesofadepressiveepisodesaidDavidJ.Miklowitzthestudy’sleadauthor.Andthetherapistswhodeliveredthetreatmentweretrainedbyexpertsinthefieldwithlow-intensitytrainingwhichistypicalofwhat’savailableinreal-lifepractice.Recoveryratesafteroneyearwereacombinedaverageof64percentfortheintensivetherapygroupsbutonly52percentforthosewhohadbrieftherapy.Inanygivenmonthapatientundergoinglonger-termtherapywasmorethanoneandahalftimesaslikelytobewellasonewhohadshort-termtreatment.Familytherapywasslightlymoreeffectivethaninterpersonalorcognitivebehavioraltherapybutthedifferencesamongthetypesofintensivetreatmentwerenotstatisticallysignificant.Thisisamonumentalstudysaidaprofessorofpsychiatrywhowasnotinvolvedinthework.Therearenopharmaceuticalcompanieswillingtopayforresearchinpsychotherapysowedon’thavemanyclinicaltrials.Butsheadded:Psychosocialtreatmentforbipolarillnessisnotanalternativetomedication.It’sasupplement.Thecostoflong-termtherapyishighandinsurancecompaniesarereluctanttocoverit.Butaccordingtotheprofessorthecostofnotcoveringitcouldbehigher.Itisn’tjustthecostofthetherapy.It’sthelong-termcost.Bipolarillnesshasdevastatingeffectsonfamiliesaswellasonthepatientsthemselves./Itisbetterforinsurancecompaniestocoverthecostoflong-termtherapybecause
Psychotherapyforaslongasninemonthsissignificantlymoreeffectivethanshort-termtreatmentforalleviatingdepressionassociatedwithbipolardiseasenewresearchsuggests.ThedrugsusedtotreatdepressionareoflimiteduseintreatingtherepeatingdepressiveepisodesofbipolarillnessaccordingtobackgroundinformationinthearticlepublishedlastweekinTheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry.Theresearchersstudied293patientswithbipolardiseaseat15medicalcentersnationwide.Theyrandomlyassignedonegroupof163peopletooneofthreekindsofpsychotherapyconsistingofupto3050-minutesessionsoverninemonths.Asecondgroupof130patientswasassignedtocollaborativecarethreesessionsoversixweeksdesignedtoofferabriefversionofthemostcommonpsychologicalandbehavioralstrategiesshowntobebeneficialinbipolarillness.Theparticipantswhoseaverageagewas40werefollowedforoneyearandallwerealsobeingtreatedwithmood-stabilizingmedicines.Cognitivebehavioraltherapyfocusesonchallengingandcontrollingnegativethoughts.Ininterpersonalandsocialrhythmtherapypatientsconcentrateonstabilizingdailyroutinesandresolvinginterpersonalproblems.Familytherapyengagesfamilymemberstohelpsolveproblemsrelatedtotheillnesslikefailingtotakemedicationproperlyandtoreducethenumberofnegativefamilyinteractions.Therapistsateachofthe15medicalcentersreceivedbrieftraininginthetherapiestheyadministered.Thestudyincludedreal-worldpatientsexperiencingtheearlyphasesofadepressiveepisodesaidDavidJ.Miklowitzthestudy’sleadauthor.Andthetherapistswhodeliveredthetreatmentweretrainedbyexpertsinthefieldwithlow-intensitytrainingwhichistypicalofwhat’savailableinreal-lifepractice.Recoveryratesafteroneyearwereacombinedaverageof64percentfortheintensivetherapygroupsbutonly52percentforthosewhohadbrieftherapy.Inanygivenmonthapatientundergoinglonger-termtherapywasmorethanoneandahalftimesaslikelytobewellasonewhohadshort-termtreatment.Familytherapywasslightlymoreeffectivethaninterpersonalorcognitivebehavioraltherapybutthedifferencesamongthetypesofintensivetreatmentwerenotstatisticallysignificant.Thisisamonumentalstudysaidaprofessorofpsychiatrywhowasnotinvolvedinthework.Therearenopharmaceuticalcompanieswillingtopayforresearchinpsychotherapysowedon’thavemanyclinicaltrials.Butsheadded:Psychosocialtreatmentforbipolarillnessisnotanalternativetomedication.It’sasupplement.Thecostoflong-termtherapyishighandinsurancecompaniesarereluctanttocoverit.Butaccordingtotheprofessorthecostofnotcoveringitcouldbehigher.Itisn’tjustthecostofthetherapy.It’sthelong-termcost.Bipolarillnesshasdevastatingeffectsonfamiliesaswellasonthepatientsthemselves./TheunderlinedwordbipolarLine2Paragraph1mostprobablymeans______
[A]Generallyhowevermodernexaminationsarewritten.Twotypesoftestsarecommonlyusedinmodernschools.Thefirsttypeissometimescalledan"objective"test.Itisintendedtodealwithfactsnotpersonalopinions.Tomakeupanobjectivetesttheteacherwritesaseriesofquestioneachofwhichhasonlyonecorrectanswer.AlongwitheachquestiontheteacherwritesthecorrectanswerandalsothreestatementsthatlooklikeanswerstostudentswhohavenotlearnedthematerialproperlyThestudenthasjustonetask:hemustrecognizethecorrectanswerandcopyitsletterornumberonhisexaminationpaper. [B]Foraclearerpictureofwhatthestudentknowsmostteachersuseanotherkindofexaminationinadditiontoobjectivetests.Theyuse"essay"testswhichrequirestudentstowritelonganswerstobroadgeneralquestionssuchasthefollowing:MentionseveralwaysinwhichMahatmaGandhihasinfluencedthethinkingofpeopleinhisowncountryandinotherpartsoftheworld. [C]Whetheranobjectivetestoranessaytestisusedproblemsarise.Whensomeobjectivequestionsareusedalongwithsomeessayquestionshoweverafairlyclearpictureofthestudent’sknowledgecanusuallybeobtained. [D]Fortestingastudent’smemoryoffactsanddetailstheobjectivetesthasadvantages.Itcanbescoredveryquicklybytheteacherorevenbyamachine.Inashorttimetheteachercanfindoutagreatdealaboutthestudent’srangeofknowledge.Fortestingsomekindsoflearninghoweversuchatestisnotverysatisfactory.Aluckystudentmayguessthecorrectanswerwithoutreallyknowingthematerial. [E]Inancienttimesthemostimportantexaminationswerespokennotwritten.IntheschoolsofancientGreeceandRometestingusuallyconsistedofsayingpoetryaloudorgivingspeeches.IntheEuropeanuniversitiesoftheMiddleAgesstudentswhowereworkingforadvanceddegreeshadtodiscussquestionsintheirfieldofstudywithpeoplewhohadmadeaspecialstudyofthesubject.Thiscustomexiststodayaspartoftheprocessoftestingcandidatesfordoctor’sdegree. [F]Oneadvantageoftheessaytestisthatitreducestheelementofluck.Thestudentcannotgetahighscorejustbymakingaluckyguess.Anotheradvantageisthatitshowstheexaminermoreaboutthestudent’sabilitytoputfactstogetherintoameaningfulwhole.Itshouldshowhowdeeplyhehasthoughtaboutthesubject.Sometimesthoughessaytestshavedisadvantagestoo.Somestudentsareabletowritegoodanswerswithoutreallyknowingmuchaboutthesubjectwhileotherstudentswhoactuallyknowthematerialhavetroubleexpressingtheirideasinessayform. [G]Besidesonanessaytestthestudent’sscoremaydependupontheexaminer’sfeelingsatthetimeofreadingtheanswer.Ifheisfeelingtiredorboredthestudentmayreceivealowerscorethanheshould.Anotherexaminerreadingthesameanswermightgiveitamuchhighermark.Fromthisstandpointtheobjectivetestgiveseachstudentafairerchanceandofcourseitiseasierandquickertoscore. 42
Manypeopleareconcernedabouttheeconomicconditionofdevelopingcountries—countrieswhoseaveragepercapitaGNPisafractionofthatinmoreindustrializedcountries.Howeverforthedevelopingcountriesthereexistmanyobstaclestotheireconomicdevelopment. Onemajorobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentispopulationgrowth.46Thepopulationsofmostdevelopingcountriesgrowataratemuchfasterthanthoseofindustrializedcountriesandthepopulationofsomeofthemissolargethatthereisbarelyenoughfertilelandandotherresourcestosupportit.Manylessdevelopedcountriesdependextensivelyonagricultureaddingtotheproblem.Inthesecountriesanincentivetohavemanychildrenexists.47Mostfarmsareworkedbyfamiliesandchildrencanworkinthefieldsatanearlyagebecausemostfarmersbelievethatmorechildrenmeansmoreworkers.Inadditionhavingmanychildrenensurestheparentsthatsomeonewilllookafterthemintheiroldage. Anotherproblemfordevelopingcountriesisincreasingaveragelifeexpectancy—theaverageremaininglifetimeforpersonswhoreachacertainage.Bettereducationinternationalaidandemphasisonhealth-carefacilitieshelppeoplelivelonger.AhighlifeexpectancycoupledwithahighcrudebirthratemakesitdifficulttoincreasepercapitaGNP. Anotherobstacletoeconomicgrowthislimitednaturalresources.Nocountrycandevelopbeyonditsresourcepotential.Unproductivelandoraharshclimatecanlimiteconomicgrowth.48Somecountriesmaybefortunateenoughtodiscoveravaluablemineraltofinancetheireconomicdevelopmentbutmostfocusonagricultureandasaresulttheireconomicgrowthishinderedbytheshortageofnaturalresourcesorenergysourcesneededforindustry. Stillanotherobstacletoeconomicdevelopmentisalackofappropriateeducationandtechnology.Anydevelopingcountriesdonothaveahighlyliteratepopulationorthehighleveloftechnicalskillsneededtobuildanindustrialsociety.Inadditionmostdonothavemoneytotrainengineersandscientists.49Manydevelopingcountriescannotevenaffordtoprovidefreepubliceducationforschool-agechildrenandinthosethatcannoteverychildisabletotakeadvantageofitbecausemostofthemhavetoworktohelpfeedtheirfamilies.Asaresultmuchofthepopulationmaynothavethebasicskillsneededtocontinuewithhighereducationwhenitisoffered. Governmentalsocanbeanobstacletoeconomicdevelopment.Acountrywhosegovernmentoftenchangeswillhaveahardtimedevelopingeconomically.Suchconstantchangesimpedelong-termplanning.50Economicdevelopmentismadeevenmoredifficultifthepoliticalchangesoccurthroughviolentrevolutionwhereindustrialfacilitiesmaybedestroyed. 50
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 14
AcuriouselectionwilltakeplaceinStLouisonApril3rd.Sevencandidateswillcompetefortwoseatsonthecity’sschoolboard.Thepollswillopenat6amandstayopenuntil7pm.Staffingthepollingstationsandcountingtheelectronicballotswillcosttaxpayersatleast$260000.Twohappycandidateswillcelebrateandtakeoffice-justintimetohavethestateofMissouricompletethetakeoverofthedistrict’sschoolsandgivethemandtheotherboardmembersnothingtodoforseveralyears.Thiselectiontonothingcomesafteryearsoffallingtestscoresrevolvingsuperintendentsscreamingmatchesbetweenboardmembersatpublicmeetingsandagrowingdissatisfactionwitheveryaspectofpubliceducation.ThestateboardofeducationvotedonMarch22ndtotakeovertheschooldistricteffectiveinmid-June.SomeprominentfiguresendorsedthiscourseincludingthemayorofStLouisandevensomemembersoftheStLouisschoolboard.Othersinthecitythougharedeeplyopposedandreadytofightaboutit.Althoughthecityschoolsoverallhaveanamplydeservedreputationforlowstandardstherearesomegoodschoolsandmanygoodstudents.Thebeststudentshavethemosttolosefearingthattheturmoilcoulddamagetheirchancesofgettingintogooduniversities.Whenthestateeducationboardvotedonthetakeoveragroupofangrystudentsteachersandothermembersofthepublictriedtodisruptthemeeting.Protestersarestilltryingtousethecourtstostoptheactionandtheteachers’unionhasthreatenedastrike.UnderMissourilawthecity’sschoolswillnowbeplacedunderathree-memberboardappointedbythegovernorthemayorandthepresidentoftheboardofaldermen.GovernorMattBlunt’schoiceofRickSullivantheheadofabuildingfirmhasalreadybeenattackedbecauseofMrSullivan’slackofexperienceineducationandbecausehelivesinoneofthewealthiestsuburbsoutsidethecity.MrSullivanandtheothermemberswhohaveyettobeappointedhaveanalmostimpossibletaskbeforethem.Thedistrictwhichinthepastfiveyearshasturneda$52msurplusintoa$24.5mdeficithasalreadyclosedschoolscutservicesandsqueezedspendinghard.Butasitscriticspointouttheelectedschoolboardstillfoundplentyofmoneyfortoursandpublicrelations.Thetrickleofvotersturningoutforthepointlessboardelectionwillpassbannerscelebratingthenewseasonoftheworldbaseballchampions.StLouishasmadehugeprogressinattractinganewgenerationofyoungprofessionalstoitsdowntownareabuildingnewbusinessdevelopmentsandinstallingnewinfrastructure.Thegreatfailureinitsschoolsputsallthatindanger.WhatisthebestdescriptionoftheschoolsinSt.Louis
Somepeopletalkaboutimmigrationintermsofpoliticssomeintermsofhistory.Butthecoreofthematterisnumbers.TheLaborDepartmentsaysthatimmigrantsmakeupabout15percentoftheworkforce.It’sestimatedthatathirdofthoseareundocumentedworkers.ThePewHispanicCenterestimatesthatoneinfourfarmhandsintheUnitedStatesisanundocumentedimmigrantandthattheymakeupasignificantportionofthepeoplewhobuildourhousescleanourofficebuildingsandprepareourfood.Americahasbecomeanationdependentonthepresenceofnewcomersboththosewithgreencardsandthosewithout.Businessleaderssayagricultureconstructionmeatpackingandotherindustrieswouldcollapsewithoutthem.Sureitwouldbegreatifeveryonewereherelegallyiftheimmigrationserviceweren’tsuchadisasterthatgettingagreencardisalife’swork.Itwouldbegreatifothernationshadeconomiesrobustenoughtosupporttheircitizenssoleavinghomewasn’ttheonlyanswer.Butatacertainpointpublicpolicymeansdealingnotonlywithhowthingsoughttobebutwithhowtheyare.Here’showtheyare:thesepeopleworkthejobswedon’twantsometimestwoandthreejobsatatime.Theydoitonthecheapwhichistoughsothattheirchildrenwon’thavetowhichisgood.Theyuseserviceslikehospitalsandschoolswhichisadrainonpubliccoffersandtheypaytaxeswhichcontributetothem.Immigrationisneverabouttodayalwaysabouttomorrowanexerciseinthatthingsomenative-bornAmericansseemtohavelosttheknackfor:deferredgratification.It’stheeducatedmanwhoarrivedintheWashingtonD.C.areaandtookajobdoinglandscapingthenfoundworkasapainterthenwashiredtofixupanentireapartmentcomplexbysomeonewholikedhisworkethic.Hestartedhisownbusinessandwoundupemployingothers.Doesitmatterthathearrivedinthiscountrywithnoworkvisaifheisnowsupportingthenation’seconomyIfanytownswhoseagingpopulationswereonthewanebeforetheimmigrantsarrivedsucceedindrivingnewcomersawaythosewhoremainwillfindthemselvessurroundedbyemptystorefrontsdesertedrestaurantsandhousesthatwillnotsell.It’sthecivicequivalentofstarvingtodeathbecauseyoudon’tcareforthefood.ButatleasteveryoneinvolvedcantellthemselvestheirtownwastedawaywhiletheywerespeakingEnglish.Whatistheimageofundocumentedimmigrantsintheauthor’sopinion
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 6
Psychotherapyforaslongasninemonthsissignificantlymoreeffectivethanshort-termtreatmentforalleviatingdepressionassociatedwithbipolardiseasenewresearchsuggests.ThedrugsusedtotreatdepressionareoflimiteduseintreatingtherepeatingdepressiveepisodesofbipolarillnessaccordingtobackgroundinformationinthearticlepublishedlastweekinTheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry.Theresearchersstudied293patientswithbipolardiseaseat15medicalcentersnationwide.Theyrandomlyassignedonegroupof163peopletooneofthreekindsofpsychotherapyconsistingofupto3050-minutesessionsoverninemonths.Asecondgroupof130patientswasassignedtocollaborativecarethreesessionsoversixweeksdesignedtoofferabriefversionofthemostcommonpsychologicalandbehavioralstrategiesshowntobebeneficialinbipolarillness.Theparticipantswhoseaverageagewas40werefollowedforoneyearandallwerealsobeingtreatedwithmood-stabilizingmedicines.Cognitivebehavioraltherapyfocusesonchallengingandcontrollingnegativethoughts.Ininterpersonalandsocialrhythmtherapypatientsconcentrateonstabilizingdailyroutinesandresolvinginterpersonalproblems.Familytherapyengagesfamilymemberstohelpsolveproblemsrelatedtotheillnesslikefailingtotakemedicationproperlyandtoreducethenumberofnegativefamilyinteractions.Therapistsateachofthe15medicalcentersreceivedbrieftraininginthetherapiestheyadministered.Thestudyincludedreal-worldpatientsexperiencingtheearlyphasesofadepressiveepisodesaidDavidJ.Miklowitzthestudy’sleadauthor.Andthetherapistswhodeliveredthetreatmentweretrainedbyexpertsinthefieldwithlow-intensitytrainingwhichistypicalofwhat’savailableinreal-lifepractice.Recoveryratesafteroneyearwereacombinedaverageof64percentfortheintensivetherapygroupsbutonly52percentforthosewhohadbrieftherapy.Inanygivenmonthapatientundergoinglonger-termtherapywasmorethanoneandahalftimesaslikelytobewellasonewhohadshort-termtreatment.Familytherapywasslightlymoreeffectivethaninterpersonalorcognitivebehavioraltherapybutthedifferencesamongthetypesofintensivetreatmentwerenotstatisticallysignificant.Thisisamonumentalstudysaidaprofessorofpsychiatrywhowasnotinvolvedinthework.Therearenopharmaceuticalcompanieswillingtopayforresearchinpsychotherapysowedon’thavemanyclinicaltrials.Butsheadded:Psychosocialtreatmentforbipolarillnessisnotanalternativetomedication.It’sasupplement.Thecostoflong-termtherapyishighandinsurancecompaniesarereluctanttocoverit.Butaccordingtotheprofessorthecostofnotcoveringitcouldbehigher.Itisn’tjustthecostofthetherapy.It’sthelong-termcost.Bipolarillnesshasdevastatingeffectsonfamiliesaswellasonthepatientsthemselves./Themostprevailingtypesofpsychotherapydon’tinclude______
Weallbelieveinsomethingorsomeone.Wemustbelievejustaswemusteatsleepandreproduce.46Mankindhasaninsatiableneedforandanirresistibleattractiontoavastarrayofbeliefsaboutgodsanddemonsmagicandmiraclestruthandfalsehoodloveandhatesameanddifferent. Implausibleevenirrationalideashavebeencherishedforcenturies.Saintsandothermartyrssufferedindescribablepainandagonyevendeathfortheirbeliefs.ScientistshavebeenputtodeathfortheirbeliefthattheearthisroundorthatthereisaninvisibleforcecalledgravityorthattheearthisnotthecenteroftheuniversewiththesunrevolvingarounditorthatthebloodcirculatesthroughoutthebodyorthatManevolvedfromlowerformsoflife.47Religiousleadershaveattractedmillionsofpeoplewiththeirversionofhowlifebeganandhowwemustbehave;ifpeopledonotbelieveinmedicineandsciencereligioneducationgovernmentandthesocialcontractchaosresults’andnosocietycantoleratethatwhichiswhyallsocietiesimposeorderontheirmembers. Wemustbelieveorfaceunbearableambiguityandanxiety.Isthemosteffectivebeliefsystemonethatiscomposedofabsolutes—unyieldingunvaryingandeternal48Theanswerisyes.becausewhenweeliminatedoubtfromasituationwefeelsecurerestoredtobalancebutifthebeliefsystemisscienceandisbasedonobjectiveinformationwithoutabsolutesandrequiresaquestioningattitudeitunnervespeople.Anysystemthatoffersdefinitiveanswerstocomplexhumanquestionsandproblems:thisisrightthisiswrongthisistruethisisfalse—onequestiononeansweronlyisveryappealing.49Allbeliefsrequireconfirmationfromanauthoritativesourcewhetherthatbeapriestarabbiafamilymemberaspecialfriendanexpert—onewhocommandsobedienceandrespect.Perhapsallbeliefiscomposedofthesameelementsinapproximatelythesameproportionsforevensciencerequiresasuspensionofsomedisbeliefsomeuncertaintyhoweverminiscule.BlackHolesandtheBigBangaremetaphorictruthsderivedfromthephysicsweknownow. Butyouhavetobelievetohavefaithinthemethodsofsciencetogatherinformationtoanalyseandinterpretitobjectivelyinordertoacceptitsconclusions.NoonewitnessedtheBigBangoraBlackHole.Thesewereinferredfromcarefulstudyandanalysisbymanyresearchers.50Fearoftheunknowncertainlylendscredencetoanycharismaticfigurewhomakesgreatpromisesofabetterlifenowandafterdeathwhichhasworkedthroughouttheagesandstilldoes. Theanswerisyes.becausewhenweeliminatedoubtfromasituationwefeelsecurerestoredtobalancebutifthebeliefsystemisscienceandisbasedonobjectiveinformationwithoutabsolutesandrequiresaquestioningattitudeitunnervespeople.
Somepeopletalkaboutimmigrationintermsofpoliticssomeintermsofhistory.Butthecoreofthematterisnumbers.TheLaborDepartmentsaysthatimmigrantsmakeupabout15percentoftheworkforce.It’sestimatedthatathirdofthoseareundocumentedworkers.ThePewHispanicCenterestimatesthatoneinfourfarmhandsintheUnitedStatesisanundocumentedimmigrantandthattheymakeupasignificantportionofthepeoplewhobuildourhousescleanourofficebuildingsandprepareourfood.Americahasbecomeanationdependentonthepresenceofnewcomersboththosewithgreencardsandthosewithout.Businessleaderssayagricultureconstructionmeatpackingandotherindustrieswouldcollapsewithoutthem.Sureitwouldbegreatifeveryonewereherelegallyiftheimmigrationserviceweren’tsuchadisasterthatgettingagreencardisalife’swork.Itwouldbegreatifothernationshadeconomiesrobustenoughtosupporttheircitizenssoleavinghomewasn’ttheonlyanswer.Butatacertainpointpublicpolicymeansdealingnotonlywithhowthingsoughttobebutwithhowtheyare.Here’showtheyare:thesepeopleworkthejobswedon’twantsometimestwoandthreejobsatatime.Theydoitonthecheapwhichistoughsothattheirchildrenwon’thavetowhichisgood.Theyuseserviceslikehospitalsandschoolswhichisadrainonpubliccoffersandtheypaytaxeswhichcontributetothem.Immigrationisneverabouttodayalwaysabouttomorrowanexerciseinthatthingsomenative-bornAmericansseemtohavelosttheknackfor:deferredgratification.It’stheeducatedmanwhoarrivedintheWashingtonD.C.areaandtookajobdoinglandscapingthenfoundworkasapainterthenwashiredtofixupanentireapartmentcomplexbysomeonewholikedhisworkethic.Hestartedhisownbusinessandwoundupemployingothers.Doesitmatterthathearrivedinthiscountrywithnoworkvisaifheisnowsupportingthenation’seconomyIfanytownswhoseagingpopulationswereonthewanebeforetheimmigrantsarrivedsucceedindrivingnewcomersawaythosewhoremainwillfindthemselvessurroundedbyemptystorefrontsdesertedrestaurantsandhousesthatwillnotsell.It’sthecivicequivalentofstarvingtodeathbecauseyoudon’tcareforthefood.ButatleasteveryoneinvolvedcantellthemselvestheirtownwastedawaywhiletheywerespeakingEnglish.Intheauthor’sopinionwhydoundocumentedimmigrantsstraggleforlife
Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproduction—capital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profitsaswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists2havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall"postindustrial"society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence. Therearcmany7withthethesisabovenottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneedtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsocietyasthe10ofsomenewindustriesindicates.11geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesishoweveritmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapitali.e.majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge. Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpowerwestillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevelbutevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skilllow-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchuplaternomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStatesbutwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor. 20
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