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Text 4 Last summer, some twenty-eight thousand homeless people were afforded shelter by the cit...
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用所给单词适当形式填空1.Didyougo________somewherespeciallasts
Someoldhousesinmyhometownlastsummer. A.falldown
LastsummerIwenttoGuilinonvacation.ThissummerI'mgo
Tom'smother growsometomatoesinhergardenlastsummer.
ArcticMeltEarth’sNorthandSouthPolesarefamousforbei
38 million square kilometers．
4.2 million square kilometers．
1.13 million square kilometers．
11.4 million square kilometers．
Someoldhousesinmyhometownlastsummer.A.falldown B.f
Itwasextremelyhotlastsummer.itwasthehottestsummero
At last
In fact
On average
For example
Thelastsentenceinthelastparagraphimpliesthat______
it is difficult to cool the engine
the driver can only open the hood on a hot summer day
the driver has to be very patient
it takes a long time to open the hood in summer
ADwightHowardbecameamemberofLosAngelesLakerslastsu
34.Itwasextremelyhotlastsummer.itwasthehottestsumm
At last
In fact
On average
For example
Itrainedsohardthatsomeofthestreetswereinwaterlast
OurjourneytoBritainlastsummerwasamazing.改为感叹句 ou
Itooksomephotoslastsummer.改为一般疑问句youphotoslastsumm
He________未能topassthedrivingtestlastsummer.
Someschoolbuildingsintheearthquakeinthecitylastsum
——MrGreendoyouknow_______?——July10Itwilllastamonth
when our summer camp begins
when does our summer camp begin
where our summer camp begins
where does our summer camp begin
Iwenttothebeachlastsummer.改为一般疑问句 youtothebeachl
Mygrandfatherg somestrawberriesinthegardenlastsumm
Theybecamefriendswhentheyplayedsoccerlastsummer.T
—YourdaughterspeaksEnglishverywell.—Wellshe______E
made up
took up
picked up
turned up
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AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points12
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points6
ThemoreIseeoftheInternetthemoreenthusiasticIam.We’relivingthroughaperiodofdynamicchange.Americaisaheadjustnowwithover50percentofthepopulationonline;BritainisnextthenScandinaviaandJapanwiththerestofEuropelaggingsurprisinglybehind.Butitwon’tbelongbeforeeveryonecatchesup.InthethirdworldespeciallytheInternetwillbealiberatingforcethatwillpowerdemocracyandeconomicgrowth. 46ThelightningspeedofAmericandecision-makingintoday’sbusinessworldisembeddedinthetechnology.Inthe1980sAmericancompaniesdesperatetofendoffJapanandGermanyshedtheirbureaucraticaspectsandreturnedtotheknife-edgeofthemarket.Companiesbegantoberanmuchmoreaggressivelyintheinterestsofshareholdersandthatpoweredtheadoptionofnewtechnology.ThepayofCEOswastiedtostockmarketperformanceandbusinessmengotrichinawaytheyneverpreviouslyimagined.ThepowerofgreedhasalwaysbeenoneofourAmericanlessonsfortheworld. 47Ontheknife-edgeofthemarketsomearegoingtobleed.Onebiginnovationhereis"frictionlessselling"forcars-buyingonlineratherthanthroughabigtalkingsalesmanatacardealership.IjustboughtmynewcarthroughAutobytelwhichnormallysellsat2percentabovewhatthedealerpays.ArrangedfinanceandgotjustwhatIwanted--colour;interiorenginesize--inhalfanhour.That’sgreatforme.48Butthereare25000--mostlyfamilyownedcardealershipsintheUnitedStatesandinthenextcenturymostwilldie.It’satransitionthatwillsurelybereplicatedmanytimesover. Ifthereareloserswhoneedprotectingtherearealsowinnersonagrandscalemanyofthemfromethnicminorities.Newtechnologyattractssmartpeoplewhowanttogetrichfromallovertheworld. 49LotsofcubiclesatMicrosoftheadquartersholdanAsianorLatinomillionaire.AndYahoowasfoundedbyJerryYangwhostartedbyputtingtogetheraguidetocoolwebsitesasaboredgraduatestudentatStanford.Hewasunder30wasborninTaiwancametoAmericawithnothingandhiscompanyisnowworthtensofbillionsofdollars. 50Telecomcostsarefallingtowardszeroandcomputercostsaren’tfarbehind;bynextyearwe’llbeabletostoreaterabyteofdatafor$10000--andnotlongagotheentireInternetwasheldtobeaterabyte.ThegrowthoftheInternetinAfricaAsiaandtheFar.Eastisputtingthesetoolsineveryone’shands.AndI’mconfidentthatifpeoplegetthechancetoconnecttheywillquicklycreatewealthandopportunitiesacrosssevencontinents. 48Butthereare25000--mostlyfamilyownedcardealershipsintheUnitedStatesandinthenextcenturymostwilldie.It’satransitionthatwillsurelybereplicatedmanytimesover.
Text1 Youmightbeforgivenforthinkingthatsleepresearchersareadozybunch.Mostoftheotherthingspeopledoregularly--eatexcretecopulateandsoon--arebiologicallyfairlystraightforward:thereislittlemysteryabouthoworwhytheyaredone.Sleepontheotherhandwhichtakesupmoreofmostpeople’stimethanalloftheabove.andwhichattractsplentyofstudyisstillfundamentallyamystery. Theoneviewsharedbyallisthatsleepmatters.ForevidencelooknofurtherthantheexperimentsledbyAllanRechtaschaffenandBernardBergmannattheUniversityofChicagointhe1980s.Theykeptexperimentalratsawakearoundtheclockinanenvironmentwherecontrolratswereallowedasmuchsleepas’theywanted.Thesleep-deprivedratsalldiedwithinamonth. CarolEversonworkedwiththeChicagoteamasagraduatestudentandnowhasajobattheNationalInstitutesofHealthinBethesdaMaryland.WhilerepeatingtheChicagoexperimentsshewasstruckbythefactthatalthoughthesleep-deprivedratsshowednoobvioussymptomsofparticulardiseases--andnosuchsignswerepickedupinpost-mortems--theiremaciationandgenerallysorrystatewasreminiscentofthatwhichbefallsmanyterminalcancerpatientsandAIDSpatientswhoseimmunesystemshavepackedup.WhileDrEversondoesnotclaimtohavehardandfastproofthatsleepisneededforresistancetoinfectionherworkdoespointthatway--asdoestheresearchofothersaroundtheworld. Anotherapproachistolookforchemicalsthatcausesleep;fromtheseyoushouldbeabletostarttellingabiologicalstorywhichwilleventuallyrevealthefunctionofsleep.PeterShiromaniofHarvardMedicalSchoolhasfoundaproteinthatbuildsupathighlevelsinchronicallysleep-deprivedcatsbutdisappearswithinanhouriftheanimalsareallowed45minutesofrecoverysleep.ResearchersattheUniversityofVeronhavefoundsomethingsimilar.Butnoonechemicaltellsthewholestory. Sonewwaysofinducingsleepmaysoonbeavailable;anunderstandingofitspurposethoughremainselusive.Inthissleepisliketheothergreatbiologicalcommonplacethatisstillmysterious:consciousnesswhichisalsoeasilyalteredchemicallybutnottoowellunderstood.NooneknowshowConsciousnessarisesorwhatifanythingitisforthoughtherearealotoftheories.Almosttheonlythingthatcanbesaidaboutitforcertainisthatyouloseitwhenyoufallasleep.Solvingthemysteryofsleepingandwakingmightrequirenewinsightsintotheconsciousnessthatislostandregainedintheprocess.Puttingitthiswaymakestheproblemsoundrathergranderandthelackofprogresssofarlookabitlessdozy. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage
Text4 MychurchrecentlystagedaSensitivitySundaytomakeourcongregationawareoftheproblemsfacedbypeoplewithphysicalhandicaps.Weareaskedto"adoptahandicap"forseveralhoursonSundaymorning.Somememberschosetobeconfinedtowheelchairsothersstuffedcottonintheirearshobbledaroundoncrutchesorworeblindfolds. WheelchairshadneverseemedlikescaryobjectstomebeforeIhadtositinone.AtightknotgrabbedholdinmystomachwhenIfirsttookacloselookatwhatwastobemyonlymeansofgettingaroundforseveralhours.Iwasstuckbytheirrationalthought"onceIaminthiswheelchairthehandicapmightbecomerealandImightneverwalkagain."ThisthoughtasridiculousasitwasfrightenedmesomuchthatIneededalargedoseofcouragejusttositdown. AfterIovercamemyfearofthewheelchairIhadtolearnhowtocopewithit.IwiggledaroundtofindacomfortablepositionandthoughtImightevenenjoybeingpamperedandwheeledaround.Iglancedovermyshouldertoseewhowouldbepushingme.ItwasonlythenthatIrealizedIwouldhavetonavigatethecontraptionallbymyself!MypalmsreddenedandstartedtostingasItuggedattheheavymetalwheels.IcouldnotseemtokeepthechaironanevencourseorpointthewheelsindirectionIwantedtogo.Ikeptbumpingintodoorspewsandotherpeople.Ifeltasthougheveryonewasstaringatmeandcommentingonmyclumsiness. Whentheservicestartedmoreproblemscroppeduptofrustratemeevenfurther.Everytimethecongregationstoodupmyviewwasblocked.Icouldnotseetheministerthechoirorthealtar.Alsoasthechurch’saisleswerenarrowIseemedtobeinthewaynomatterwhereIparkedmyself.Forinstancetheushershadtosteparoundmeinordertopassthecollectionplate.ThisShademefeellikeanuisance.Thankstoanewbuildingprogramourchurchwillsoonhavethewideaislesandwell-spacedpewsthatwillmakelifeeasierforthehandicapped.FinallyifpeoplestoppedtotalktomeIhadtostrainmynecktolookupatthem.Thismademefeellikealittlechildbeingtalkeddowntoandaddedtomysenseofhelplessness. Myfewhoursasadisabledpersonleftadeepimpressiononme.NowInolongerfeelresentmentatlargetaxexpendituresforrampequippedbusesandIwouldn’tdreamofparkingmycarinaspacemarked"HandicappedOnly."Althoughmycloseencounterwithahandicapwasshort-livedIcannowunderstandthechallengesbothphysicalandemotionalthatwheelchair-boundpeoplemustovercome. Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothewordclumsiness
Text4 MychurchrecentlystagedaSensitivitySundaytomakeourcongregationawareoftheproblemsfacedbypeoplewithphysicalhandicaps.Weareaskedto"adoptahandicap"forseveralhoursonSundaymorning.Somememberschosetobeconfinedtowheelchairsothersstuffedcottonintheirearshobbledaroundoncrutchesorworeblindfolds. WheelchairshadneverseemedlikescaryobjectstomebeforeIhadtositinone.AtightknotgrabbedholdinmystomachwhenIfirsttookacloselookatwhatwastobemyonlymeansofgettingaroundforseveralhours.Iwasstuckbytheirrationalthought"onceIaminthiswheelchairthehandicapmightbecomerealandImightneverwalkagain."ThisthoughtasridiculousasitwasfrightenedmesomuchthatIneededalargedoseofcouragejusttositdown. AfterIovercamemyfearofthewheelchairIhadtolearnhowtocopewithit.IwiggledaroundtofindacomfortablepositionandthoughtImightevenenjoybeingpamperedandwheeledaround.Iglancedovermyshouldertoseewhowouldbepushingme.ItwasonlythenthatIrealizedIwouldhavetonavigatethecontraptionallbymyself!MypalmsreddenedandstartedtostingasItuggedattheheavymetalwheels.IcouldnotseemtokeepthechaironanevencourseorpointthewheelsindirectionIwantedtogo.Ikeptbumpingintodoorspewsandotherpeople.Ifeltasthougheveryonewasstaringatmeandcommentingonmyclumsiness. Whentheservicestartedmoreproblemscroppeduptofrustratemeevenfurther.Everytimethecongregationstoodupmyviewwasblocked.Icouldnotseetheministerthechoirorthealtar.Alsoasthechurch’saisleswerenarrowIseemedtobeinthewaynomatterwhereIparkedmyself.Forinstancetheushershadtosteparoundmeinordertopassthecollectionplate.ThisShademefeellikeanuisance.Thankstoanewbuildingprogramourchurchwillsoonhavethewideaislesandwell-spacedpewsthatwillmakelifeeasierforthehandicapped.FinallyifpeoplestoppedtotalktomeIhadtostrainmynecktolookupatthem.Thismademefeellikealittlechildbeingtalkeddowntoandaddedtomysenseofhelplessness. Myfewhoursasadisabledpersonleftadeepimpressiononme.NowInolongerfeelresentmentatlargetaxexpendituresforrampequippedbusesandIwouldn’tdreamofparkingmycarinaspacemarked"HandicappedOnly."Althoughmycloseencounterwithahandicapwasshort-livedIcannowunderstandthechallengesbothphysicalandemotionalthatwheelchair-boundpeoplemustovercome. Thewriterlistedproblemsthatfrustratedhimduringtheservice.
Text4 MychurchrecentlystagedaSensitivitySundaytomakeourcongregationawareoftheproblemsfacedbypeoplewithphysicalhandicaps.Weareaskedto"adoptahandicap"forseveralhoursonSundaymorning.Somememberschosetobeconfinedtowheelchairsothersstuffedcottonintheirearshobbledaroundoncrutchesorworeblindfolds. WheelchairshadneverseemedlikescaryobjectstomebeforeIhadtositinone.AtightknotgrabbedholdinmystomachwhenIfirsttookacloselookatwhatwastobemyonlymeansofgettingaroundforseveralhours.Iwasstuckbytheirrationalthought"onceIaminthiswheelchairthehandicapmightbecomerealandImightneverwalkagain."ThisthoughtasridiculousasitwasfrightenedmesomuchthatIneededalargedoseofcouragejusttositdown. AfterIovercamemyfearofthewheelchairIhadtolearnhowtocopewithit.IwiggledaroundtofindacomfortablepositionandthoughtImightevenenjoybeingpamperedandwheeledaround.Iglancedovermyshouldertoseewhowouldbepushingme.ItwasonlythenthatIrealizedIwouldhavetonavigatethecontraptionallbymyself!MypalmsreddenedandstartedtostingasItuggedattheheavymetalwheels.IcouldnotseemtokeepthechaironanevencourseorpointthewheelsindirectionIwantedtogo.Ikeptbumpingintodoorspewsandotherpeople.Ifeltasthougheveryonewasstaringatmeandcommentingonmyclumsiness. Whentheservicestartedmoreproblemscroppeduptofrustratemeevenfurther.Everytimethecongregationstoodupmyviewwasblocked.Icouldnotseetheministerthechoirorthealtar.Alsoasthechurch’saisleswerenarrowIseemedtobeinthewaynomatterwhereIparkedmyself.Forinstancetheushershadtosteparoundmeinordertopassthecollectionplate.ThisShademefeellikeanuisance.Thankstoanewbuildingprogramourchurchwillsoonhavethewideaislesandwell-spacedpewsthatwillmakelifeeasierforthehandicapped.FinallyifpeoplestoppedtotalktomeIhadtostrainmynecktolookupatthem.Thismademefeellikealittlechildbeingtalkeddowntoandaddedtomysenseofhelplessness. Myfewhoursasadisabledpersonleftadeepimpressiononme.NowInolongerfeelresentmentatlargetaxexpendituresforrampequippedbusesandIwouldn’tdreamofparkingmycarinaspacemarked"HandicappedOnly."Althoughmycloseencounterwithahandicapwasshort-livedIcannowunderstandthechallengesbothphysicalandemotionalthatwheelchair-boundpeoplemustovercome. WhydidthewritersayWheelchairshadneverseemedlikescaryobjectstomebeforeIhadtositinone
Text3 Paintingyourhouseislikeaddingsomethingtoahugecommunalpictureinwhichtherestofthepaintingisdoneeitherbynatureorbyotherpeople.Thepictureisnotstatic;itchangesaswemoveaboutwiththetimeofdaywiththeseasonswithnewpaintingnewbuildingsandwithalterationstooldones.Anyindividualhouseisjustafragmentofthispictureneverthelessithasthepowertomakeormarktheoverallscene.Inthepastpeopleusedtheircreativetalentsinpaintingtheirhomeswithgreatimaginationandinvariedbutalwayssubtlyblendingcolors.ThelastvestigesofthisgreattraditioncanstillbeseeninthetownsoftheextremewestofIreland.Ithasneverbeenrecognizedasanartformpartlybecauseofthephysicaldifficultyofhangingastreetinagalleryandpartlybecauseit’salwayschangingaspaintfadesandisrenewed.Alsoitisacommunalartwhichcannotbeidentifiedwithanyonepersonexceptinthosemanycaseswheregreatartistsofthepastfoundinspirationinordinarystreetscenesandrecordedtheminpaint. Followingtheprinciplesofdecorationthatweresosuccessfulinthepastyoushouldfirsttakealonglookatthehouseanditssurroundingsandconsiderpossiblelimitations~ThefirstconcernstheamountofcolorandintensityinthedaylightinBritain.ColorsthatlookperfectlyinkeepingwiththesunnyclearskiesoftheMediterraneanwouldlooktooharshinthegrayerlightofthenorth.Sincebrightlightisuncomfortable-fortheeyescolorsmustbestronginordertobeseenclearly.Viewedinadimmerlighttheyappeartoobright.Itiseasytoseethisifyoulookatabrickhousewhilethesunisalternatelyshiningandthengoingbehindacloud.Thebrickworkcolorslookmuchmoreintensewhenthesunishidden. Thesecondlimitationisthecolorsofthesurroundings:thecolorswhichgobestwithCotswoldstoneandarollinggreencountrysidewillbedifferentfromthosethatlookbestbytheseaorinared-brick/blue-slateindustrialtown.Ineveryareatherearealwayscolorsthatatoncelookinkeeping. Inmanyareastherearedistinctivetraditionsintheuseofcolorthatmaybeausefulguide.TheeasterncountiesofEnglandandScotlandparticularlythosewithalocaltraditionofrenderingorplasteringusecolorsappliedsolidlyoverthewall.Usuallyonlythewindowframesanddoorsarepickedoutinanothercoloroftenwhiteorpalegray.TypicalwallcolorsarethepinkassociatedwithSuffolkandpalebuffsandyellowsofFife.Muchstrongercolorssuchasdeepearthredorangeblueandgreenarealsocommon.InthecoastalvillagesofEssexaswellasinlandinHertfordshirethehouse-frontsofoverlappingboardsaretraditionallypaintedblack--originallytarredlikeships--withwindowsanddoorsoutlinedinwhite.InstoneareasofYorkshireandfarthernorthcolorisrarer:thehousesareusuallyleftintheirnaturalcolorthoughmanyarepaintedwhiteastheyprobablyallwereonce. Thereasonthepaintingofthehousehasnotbeenlookedonasanartformseemstobe
Text4 Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.Firstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernwesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotreeunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandstudyasthisbookindicates. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthoris
Text1 Youmightbeforgivenforthinkingthatsleepresearchersareadozybunch.Mostoftheotherthingspeopledoregularly--eatexcretecopulateandsoon--arebiologicallyfairlystraightforward:thereislittlemysteryabouthoworwhytheyaredone.Sleepontheotherhandwhichtakesupmoreofmostpeople’stimethanalloftheabove.andwhichattractsplentyofstudyisstillfundamentallyamystery. Theoneviewsharedbyallisthatsleepmatters.ForevidencelooknofurtherthantheexperimentsledbyAllanRechtaschaffenandBernardBergmannattheUniversityofChicagointhe1980s.Theykeptexperimentalratsawakearoundtheclockinanenvironmentwherecontrolratswereallowedasmuchsleepas’theywanted.Thesleep-deprivedratsalldiedwithinamonth. CarolEversonworkedwiththeChicagoteamasagraduatestudentandnowhasajobattheNationalInstitutesofHealthinBethesdaMaryland.WhilerepeatingtheChicagoexperimentsshewasstruckbythefactthatalthoughthesleep-deprivedratsshowednoobvioussymptomsofparticulardiseases--andnosuchsignswerepickedupinpost-mortems--theiremaciationandgenerallysorrystatewasreminiscentofthatwhichbefallsmanyterminalcancerpatientsandAIDSpatientswhoseimmunesystemshavepackedup.WhileDrEversondoesnotclaimtohavehardandfastproofthatsleepisneededforresistancetoinfectionherworkdoespointthatway--asdoestheresearchofothersaroundtheworld. Anotherapproachistolookforchemicalsthatcausesleep;fromtheseyoushouldbeabletostarttellingabiologicalstorywhichwilleventuallyrevealthefunctionofsleep.PeterShiromaniofHarvardMedicalSchoolhasfoundaproteinthatbuildsupathighlevelsinchronicallysleep-deprivedcatsbutdisappearswithinanhouriftheanimalsareallowed45minutesofrecoverysleep.ResearchersattheUniversityofVeronhavefoundsomethingsimilar.Butnoonechemicaltellsthewholestory. Sonewwaysofinducingsleepmaysoonbeavailable;anunderstandingofitspurposethoughremainselusive.Inthissleepisliketheothergreatbiologicalcommonplacethatisstillmysterious:consciousnesswhichisalsoeasilyalteredchemicallybutnottoowellunderstood.NooneknowshowConsciousnessarisesorwhatifanythingitisforthoughtherearealotoftheories.Almosttheonlythingthatcanbesaidaboutitforcertainisthatyouloseitwhenyoufallasleep.Solvingthemysteryofsleepingandwakingmightrequirenewinsightsintotheconsciousnessthatislostandregainedintheprocess.Puttingitthiswaymakestheproblemsoundrathergranderandthelackofprogresssofarlookabitlessdozy. Thewriterseemstothinkthat
There’salotofinformationtechnologypackedbetweentheleathercheeksofyourwallet:chequecardscreditcardstravelcardsphonecards.Theworldoffinanceinparticularhascomeupwithnumerousdevicesthathavemadetheirwayintoourbackpocket--tomakeiteasiertospendbutjustasimportanttokeeptrack.41____Excludingsmalldailycashdealstherearenowmorethan1000transactionsperpersonannually.Andforeveryonearecordmustbemadeofthesumthepartiesinvolvedandthepurpose. Plasticmoneyisbigbusiness:therearemorethan420millionVisacardsaloneontheplanetworthsomethingintheregionof700billionpoundsandthetotalofplastictransactionsisexpectedtoreach4.8billionpoundsinBritainbytheendofthecentury.CommontoallcardsisthattheyaremadeofPVCplasticandhaveferromagneticstripontheback--thesamestuffasvideotape.42____.WhatisneverrecordedonthestripisthePINpersonalidentificationnumber--theholder’ssecretpasswordforwithdrawingmoney. WhenacardisplacedinanATMamotorizedreaderscansthemagneticstriprequeststheuser’sPINchecksthebalanceandallbeingwelldispensesthecash.43______. Astoday’stechnologygoesthemagneticstripthatallowsallthistohappenisprettyprimitive:OKfortravelcardsandseasonticketsbutnotareliableanti--securitymeasure.44_______. Withtheintroductionofsmartcardsandelectronicmoneysecuritywillceasetobeaproblem--atleastforawhile--andallothercardswillbeirrelevant.45_______. A.IftheuserentersthreewrongPINsthecardisretainedandrecordedstolen. B.The.walletofthefuturemaybeslimmerbutthedatainitwillbedenserthanever. C.Somanypeopleliketopaytheirbillsusingthesmartcards. D.Itcanbereadbysimplescanningmachinesthatcanbeboughtoverthecounteratelectronicstores. E.ThenumberoffinancialtransactionsintheUKhasrisenenormouslyinrecentyears. F.Onthesurfaceofthecardswecanseeallkindsofpictureslabelofthecompanyorevensomescenicspots. G.Onmoststripsinformationsuch’asthecurrentaccountnumberisencodedbylaserontwoorthreetracks. 44
ThemoreIseeoftheInternetthemoreenthusiasticIam.We’relivingthroughaperiodofdynamicchange.Americaisaheadjustnowwithover50percentofthepopulationonline;BritainisnextthenScandinaviaandJapanwiththerestofEuropelaggingsurprisinglybehind.Butitwon’tbelongbeforeeveryonecatchesup.InthethirdworldespeciallytheInternetwillbealiberatingforcethatwillpowerdemocracyandeconomicgrowth. 46ThelightningspeedofAmericandecision-makingintoday’sbusinessworldisembeddedinthetechnology.Inthe1980sAmericancompaniesdesperatetofendoffJapanandGermanyshedtheirbureaucraticaspectsandreturnedtotheknife-edgeofthemarket.Companiesbegantoberanmuchmoreaggressivelyintheinterestsofshareholdersandthatpoweredtheadoptionofnewtechnology.ThepayofCEOswastiedtostockmarketperformanceandbusinessmengotrichinawaytheyneverpreviouslyimagined.ThepowerofgreedhasalwaysbeenoneofourAmericanlessonsfortheworld. 47Ontheknife-edgeofthemarketsomearegoingtobleed.Onebiginnovationhereis"frictionlessselling"forcars-buyingonlineratherthanthroughabigtalkingsalesmanatacardealership.IjustboughtmynewcarthroughAutobytelwhichnormallysellsat2percentabovewhatthedealerpays.ArrangedfinanceandgotjustwhatIwanted--colour;interiorenginesize--inhalfanhour.That’sgreatforme.48Butthereare25000--mostlyfamilyownedcardealershipsintheUnitedStatesandinthenextcenturymostwilldie.It’satransitionthatwillsurelybereplicatedmanytimesover. Ifthereareloserswhoneedprotectingtherearealsowinnersonagrandscalemanyofthemfromethnicminorities.Newtechnologyattractssmartpeoplewhowanttogetrichfromallovertheworld. 49LotsofcubiclesatMicrosoftheadquartersholdanAsianorLatinomillionaire.AndYahoowasfoundedbyJerryYangwhostartedbyputtingtogetheraguidetocoolwebsitesasaboredgraduatestudentatStanford.Hewasunder30wasborninTaiwancametoAmericawithnothingandhiscompanyisnowworthtensofbillionsofdollars. 50Telecomcostsarefallingtowardszeroandcomputercostsaren’tfarbehind;bynextyearwe’llbeabletostoreaterabyteofdatafor$10000--andnotlongagotheentireInternetwasheldtobeaterabyte.ThegrowthoftheInternetinAfricaAsiaandtheFar.Eastisputtingthesetoolsineveryone’shands.AndI’mconfidentthatifpeoplegetthechancetoconnecttheywillquicklycreatewealthandopportunitiesacrosssevencontinents. 46ThelightningspeedofAmericandecision-makingintoday’sbusinessworldisembeddedinthetechnology.Inthe1980sAmericancompaniesdesperatetofendoffJapanandGermanyshedtheirbureaucraticaspectsandreturnedtotheknife-edgeofthemarket.
ThemoreIseeoftheInternetthemoreenthusiasticIam.We’relivingthroughaperiodofdynamicchange.Americaisaheadjustnowwithover50percentofthepopulationonline;BritainisnextthenScandinaviaandJapanwiththerestofEuropelaggingsurprisinglybehind.Butitwon’tbelongbeforeeveryonecatchesup.InthethirdworldespeciallytheInternetwillbealiberatingforcethatwillpowerdemocracyandeconomicgrowth. 46ThelightningspeedofAmericandecision-makingintoday’sbusinessworldisembeddedinthetechnology.Inthe1980sAmericancompaniesdesperatetofendoffJapanandGermanyshedtheirbureaucraticaspectsandreturnedtotheknife-edgeofthemarket.Companiesbegantoberanmuchmoreaggressivelyintheinterestsofshareholdersandthatpoweredtheadoptionofnewtechnology.ThepayofCEOswastiedtostockmarketperformanceandbusinessmengotrichinawaytheyneverpreviouslyimagined.ThepowerofgreedhasalwaysbeenoneofourAmericanlessonsfortheworld. 47Ontheknife-edgeofthemarketsomearegoingtobleed.Onebiginnovationhereis"frictionlessselling"forcars-buyingonlineratherthanthroughabigtalkingsalesmanatacardealership.IjustboughtmynewcarthroughAutobytelwhichnormallysellsat2percentabovewhatthedealerpays.ArrangedfinanceandgotjustwhatIwanted--colour;interiorenginesize--inhalfanhour.That’sgreatforme.48Butthereare25000--mostlyfamilyownedcardealershipsintheUnitedStatesandinthenextcenturymostwilldie.It’satransitionthatwillsurelybereplicatedmanytimesover. Ifthereareloserswhoneedprotectingtherearealsowinnersonagrandscalemanyofthemfromethnicminorities.Newtechnologyattractssmartpeoplewhowanttogetrichfromallovertheworld. 49LotsofcubiclesatMicrosoftheadquartersholdanAsianorLatinomillionaire.AndYahoowasfoundedbyJerryYangwhostartedbyputtingtogetheraguidetocoolwebsitesasaboredgraduatestudentatStanford.Hewasunder30wasborninTaiwancametoAmericawithnothingandhiscompanyisnowworthtensofbillionsofdollars. 50Telecomcostsarefallingtowardszeroandcomputercostsaren’tfarbehind;bynextyearwe’llbeabletostoreaterabyteofdatafor$10000--andnotlongagotheentireInternetwasheldtobeaterabyte.ThegrowthoftheInternetinAfricaAsiaandtheFar.Eastisputtingthesetoolsineveryone’shands.AndI’mconfidentthatifpeoplegetthechancetoconnecttheywillquicklycreatewealthandopportunitiesacrosssevencontinents. 50Telecomcostsarefallingtowardszeroandcomputercostsaren’tfarbehind;bynextyearwe’llbeabletostoreaterabyteofdatafor$10000--andnotlongagotheentireInternetwasheldtobeaterabyte.
Text2 Einstein’sconnectionwiththepoliticsofthenuclearbombiswellknown:hesignedthefamouslettertoPresidentFranklinRooseveltthatpersuadedtheUnitedStatestotaketheideaseriouslyandheengagedinpostwareffortstopreventnuclearwar.Butthesewerenotjusttheisolatedactionsofascientistdraggedintotheworldofpolitics.Einstein’slifewasinfacttousehisownwords"dividedbetweenpoliticsandequations." Einstein’searliestpoliticalactivitycameduringtheFirstWorldWarwhenhewasaprofessorinBerlin.Sickenedbywhathesawasthewasteofhumanliveshebecameinvolvedinanti-wardemonstrations.Hisadvocacyofcivildisobedienceandpublicencouragementofpeopletorefuseconscriptiondidlittletoendearhimtohiscolleagues.Thenfollowingthewarhedirectedhiseffortstowardreconciliationandimprovinginternationalrelations.ThistoodidnotmakehimpopularandsoonhispoliticsweremakingitdifficultforhimtovisittheUnitedStateseven’togivelectures. Einstein’ssecondgreatcausewasZionism.AlthoughhewasJewishbydescentEinsteinrejectedthebiblicalideaofGod.Howeveragrowingawarenessofanti-SemitismbothbeforeandduringtheFirstWorldWarledhimgraduallytoidentifywiththeJewishcommunityandlatertobecomeanoutspokensupporterofZionism.Oncemoreunpopularitydidnotstophimfromspeakinghismind.Histheoriescameunderattack;ananti-Einsteinorganizationwasevensetup.OnemanwasconvictedofincitingotherstomurderEinsteinandfinedameresixdollars.ButEinsteinwasphlegmatic:whenabookwaspublishedentitled100AuthorsAgainstEinsteinheretorted"IfIwerewrongthenonewouldhavebeenenough!" In1933Hitlercametopower.EinsteinwasinAmericaanddeclaredhewouldnotreturntoGermany.ThenwhileNazimilitiaraidedhishouseandconfiscatedhisbankaccountaBerlinnewspaperdisplayedtheheadline"GoodNewsfromEinstein--He’sNotComingBack."InthefaceoftheNazithreatEinsteinrenouncedpacifismandeventuallyfearingthatGermanscientistswouldbuildanuclearbombproposedthattheUnitedStatesshoulddevelop’itsown.Butevenbeforethefirstatomicbombhadbeendetonatedhewaspubliclywarningofthedangersofnuclearwarandproposinginternationalcontrolofnuclearweaponry. ThroughouthislifeEinstein’Seffortstowardpeaceprobablyachievedlittlethatwouldlast--andcertainlywonhimfewfriends.HisvocalsupportoftheZionistcausehoweverwasdulyrecognizedin1952whenhewasofferedthepresidencyofIsrael.Hedeclinedsayinghethoughthewastoonaiveinpolitics.Butperhapshisrealreasonwasdifferent:toquotehimagain"Equationsaremoreimportanttomebecausepoliticsisforthepresentbutanequationissomethingforeternity." ledEinsteingraduallytoidentifywiththeJewishcommunity.
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points10
Text4 Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.Firstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernwesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotreeunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandstudyasthisbookindicates. Thepassageismostlikelyapartof
Text3 Paintingyourhouseislikeaddingsomethingtoahugecommunalpictureinwhichtherestofthepaintingisdoneeitherbynatureorbyotherpeople.Thepictureisnotstatic;itchangesaswemoveaboutwiththetimeofdaywiththeseasonswithnewpaintingnewbuildingsandwithalterationstooldones.Anyindividualhouseisjustafragmentofthispictureneverthelessithasthepowertomakeormarktheoverallscene.Inthepastpeopleusedtheircreativetalentsinpaintingtheirhomeswithgreatimaginationandinvariedbutalwayssubtlyblendingcolors.ThelastvestigesofthisgreattraditioncanstillbeseeninthetownsoftheextremewestofIreland.Ithasneverbeenrecognizedasanartformpartlybecauseofthephysicaldifficultyofhangingastreetinagalleryandpartlybecauseit’salwayschangingaspaintfadesandisrenewed.Alsoitisacommunalartwhichcannotbeidentifiedwithanyonepersonexceptinthosemanycaseswheregreatartistsofthepastfoundinspirationinordinarystreetscenesandrecordedtheminpaint. Followingtheprinciplesofdecorationthatweresosuccessfulinthepastyoushouldfirsttakealonglookatthehouseanditssurroundingsandconsiderpossiblelimitations~ThefirstconcernstheamountofcolorandintensityinthedaylightinBritain.ColorsthatlookperfectlyinkeepingwiththesunnyclearskiesoftheMediterraneanwouldlooktooharshinthegrayerlightofthenorth.Sincebrightlightisuncomfortable-fortheeyescolorsmustbestronginordertobeseenclearly.Viewedinadimmerlighttheyappeartoobright.Itiseasytoseethisifyoulookatabrickhousewhilethesunisalternatelyshiningandthengoingbehindacloud.Thebrickworkcolorslookmuchmoreintensewhenthesunishidden. Thesecondlimitationisthecolorsofthesurroundings:thecolorswhichgobestwithCotswoldstoneandarollinggreencountrysidewillbedifferentfromthosethatlookbestbytheseaorinared-brick/blue-slateindustrialtown.Ineveryareatherearealwayscolorsthatatoncelookinkeeping. Inmanyareastherearedistinctivetraditionsintheuseofcolorthatmaybeausefulguide.TheeasterncountiesofEnglandandScotlandparticularlythosewithalocaltraditionofrenderingorplasteringusecolorsappliedsolidlyoverthewall.Usuallyonlythewindowframesanddoorsarepickedoutinanothercoloroftenwhiteorpalegray.TypicalwallcolorsarethepinkassociatedwithSuffolkandpalebuffsandyellowsofFife.Muchstrongercolorssuchasdeepearthredorangeblueandgreenarealsocommon.InthecoastalvillagesofEssexaswellasinlandinHertfordshirethehouse-frontsofoverlappingboardsaretraditionallypaintedblack--originallytarredlikeships--withwindowsanddoorsoutlinedinwhite.InstoneareasofYorkshireandfarthernorthcolorisrarer:thehousesareusuallyleftintheirnaturalcolorthoughmanyarepaintedwhiteastheyprobablyallwereonce. Whyareweather-boardedhousespaintedwhiteaccordingtothepassage
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points16
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points8
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points20
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points14
There’salotofinformationtechnologypackedbetweentheleathercheeksofyourwallet:chequecardscreditcardstravelcardsphonecards.Theworldoffinanceinparticularhascomeupwithnumerousdevicesthathavemadetheirwayintoourbackpocket--tomakeiteasiertospendbutjustasimportanttokeeptrack.41____Excludingsmalldailycashdealstherearenowmorethan1000transactionsperpersonannually.Andforeveryonearecordmustbemadeofthesumthepartiesinvolvedandthepurpose. Plasticmoneyisbigbusiness:therearemorethan420millionVisacardsaloneontheplanetworthsomethingintheregionof700billionpoundsandthetotalofplastictransactionsisexpectedtoreach4.8billionpoundsinBritainbytheendofthecentury.CommontoallcardsisthattheyaremadeofPVCplasticandhaveferromagneticstripontheback--thesamestuffasvideotape.42____.WhatisneverrecordedonthestripisthePINpersonalidentificationnumber--theholder’ssecretpasswordforwithdrawingmoney. WhenacardisplacedinanATMamotorizedreaderscansthemagneticstriprequeststheuser’sPINchecksthebalanceandallbeingwelldispensesthecash.43______. Astoday’stechnologygoesthemagneticstripthatallowsallthistohappenisprettyprimitive:OKfortravelcardsandseasonticketsbutnotareliableanti--securitymeasure.44_______. Withtheintroductionofsmartcardsandelectronicmoneysecuritywillceasetobeaproblem--atleastforawhile--andallothercardswillbeirrelevant.45_______. A.IftheuserentersthreewrongPINsthecardisretainedandrecordedstolen. B.The.walletofthefuturemaybeslimmerbutthedatainitwillbedenserthanever. C.Somanypeopleliketopaytheirbillsusingthesmartcards. D.Itcanbereadbysimplescanningmachinesthatcanbeboughtoverthecounteratelectronicstores. E.ThenumberoffinancialtransactionsintheUKhasrisenenormouslyinrecentyears. F.Onthesurfaceofthecardswecanseeallkindsofpictureslabelofthecompanyorevensomescenicspots. G.Onmoststripsinformationsuch’asthecurrentaccountnumberisencodedbylaserontwoorthreetracks. 42
Text2 Einstein’sconnectionwiththepoliticsofthenuclearbombiswellknown:hesignedthefamouslettertoPresidentFranklinRooseveltthatpersuadedtheUnitedStatestotaketheideaseriouslyandheengagedinpostwareffortstopreventnuclearwar.Butthesewerenotjusttheisolatedactionsofascientistdraggedintotheworldofpolitics.Einstein’slifewasinfacttousehisownwords"dividedbetweenpoliticsandequations." Einstein’searliestpoliticalactivitycameduringtheFirstWorldWarwhenhewasaprofessorinBerlin.Sickenedbywhathesawasthewasteofhumanliveshebecameinvolvedinanti-wardemonstrations.Hisadvocacyofcivildisobedienceandpublicencouragementofpeopletorefuseconscriptiondidlittletoendearhimtohiscolleagues.Thenfollowingthewarhedirectedhiseffortstowardreconciliationandimprovinginternationalrelations.ThistoodidnotmakehimpopularandsoonhispoliticsweremakingitdifficultforhimtovisittheUnitedStateseven’togivelectures. Einstein’ssecondgreatcausewasZionism.AlthoughhewasJewishbydescentEinsteinrejectedthebiblicalideaofGod.Howeveragrowingawarenessofanti-SemitismbothbeforeandduringtheFirstWorldWarledhimgraduallytoidentifywiththeJewishcommunityandlatertobecomeanoutspokensupporterofZionism.Oncemoreunpopularitydidnotstophimfromspeakinghismind.Histheoriescameunderattack;ananti-Einsteinorganizationwasevensetup.OnemanwasconvictedofincitingotherstomurderEinsteinandfinedameresixdollars.ButEinsteinwasphlegmatic:whenabookwaspublishedentitled100AuthorsAgainstEinsteinheretorted"IfIwerewrongthenonewouldhavebeenenough!" In1933Hitlercametopower.EinsteinwasinAmericaanddeclaredhewouldnotreturntoGermany.ThenwhileNazimilitiaraidedhishouseandconfiscatedhisbankaccountaBerlinnewspaperdisplayedtheheadline"GoodNewsfromEinstein--He’sNotComingBack."InthefaceoftheNazithreatEinsteinrenouncedpacifismandeventuallyfearingthatGermanscientistswouldbuildanuclearbombproposedthattheUnitedStatesshoulddevelop’itsown.Butevenbeforethefirstatomicbombhadbeendetonatedhewaspubliclywarningofthedangersofnuclearwarandproposinginternationalcontrolofnuclearweaponry. ThroughouthislifeEinstein’Seffortstowardpeaceprobablyachievedlittlethatwouldlast--andcertainlywonhimfewfriends.HisvocalsupportoftheZionistcausehoweverwasdulyrecognizedin1952whenhewasofferedthepresidencyofIsrael.Hedeclinedsayinghethoughthewastoonaiveinpolitics.Butperhapshisrealreasonwasdifferent:toquotehimagain"Equationsaremoreimportanttomebecausepoliticsisforthepresentbutanequationissomethingforeternity." Thewriterwantstotellusthat
Text2 Einstein’sconnectionwiththepoliticsofthenuclearbombiswellknown:hesignedthefamouslettertoPresidentFranklinRooseveltthatpersuadedtheUnitedStatestotaketheideaseriouslyandheengagedinpostwareffortstopreventnuclearwar.Butthesewerenotjusttheisolatedactionsofascientistdraggedintotheworldofpolitics.Einstein’slifewasinfacttousehisownwords"dividedbetweenpoliticsandequations." Einstein’searliestpoliticalactivitycameduringtheFirstWorldWarwhenhewasaprofessorinBerlin.Sickenedbywhathesawasthewasteofhumanliveshebecameinvolvedinanti-wardemonstrations.Hisadvocacyofcivildisobedienceandpublicencouragementofpeopletorefuseconscriptiondidlittletoendearhimtohiscolleagues.Thenfollowingthewarhedirectedhiseffortstowardreconciliationandimprovinginternationalrelations.ThistoodidnotmakehimpopularandsoonhispoliticsweremakingitdifficultforhimtovisittheUnitedStateseven’togivelectures. Einstein’ssecondgreatcausewasZionism.AlthoughhewasJewishbydescentEinsteinrejectedthebiblicalideaofGod.Howeveragrowingawarenessofanti-SemitismbothbeforeandduringtheFirstWorldWarledhimgraduallytoidentifywiththeJewishcommunityandlatertobecomeanoutspokensupporterofZionism.Oncemoreunpopularitydidnotstophimfromspeakinghismind.Histheoriescameunderattack;ananti-Einsteinorganizationwasevensetup.OnemanwasconvictedofincitingotherstomurderEinsteinandfinedameresixdollars.ButEinsteinwasphlegmatic:whenabookwaspublishedentitled100AuthorsAgainstEinsteinheretorted"IfIwerewrongthenonewouldhavebeenenough!" In1933Hitlercametopower.EinsteinwasinAmericaanddeclaredhewouldnotreturntoGermany.ThenwhileNazimilitiaraidedhishouseandconfiscatedhisbankaccountaBerlinnewspaperdisplayedtheheadline"GoodNewsfromEinstein--He’sNotComingBack."InthefaceoftheNazithreatEinsteinrenouncedpacifismandeventuallyfearingthatGermanscientistswouldbuildanuclearbombproposedthattheUnitedStatesshoulddevelop’itsown.Butevenbeforethefirstatomicbombhadbeendetonatedhewaspubliclywarningofthedangersofnuclearwarandproposinginternationalcontrolofnuclearweaponry. ThroughouthislifeEinstein’Seffortstowardpeaceprobablyachievedlittlethatwouldlast--andcertainlywonhimfewfriends.HisvocalsupportoftheZionistcausehoweverwasdulyrecognizedin1952whenhewasofferedthepresidencyofIsrael.Hedeclinedsayinghethoughthewastoonaiveinpolitics.Butperhapshisrealreasonwasdifferent:toquotehimagain"Equationsaremoreimportanttomebecausepoliticsisforthepresentbutanequationissomethingforeternity." WhichofthefollowingisnotlistedasoneofEinstein'sactivities
Text4 Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.Firstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernwesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotreeunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandstudyasthisbookindicates. Themainideaofthefirstparagraphisthat
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points18
Directions:Writeacompositiononthetopic:DecorationatHomeonthefollowinginstructiongiveninChinese: Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
IcametoliveherewhereIamnowbetweenWoundedKneeCreekandGrassCreek.Otherscametooandwemadetherelittlegrayhousesoflogsthatyouseeandtheyaresquare.41_______________________________________________________ YouhavenoticedthateverythinganIndiandoesisinacircleandthatisbecausethePoweroftheWorldalwaysworksincirclesandeverythingtriestoberound.42_______________________________________________________.Thefloweringtreewasthelivingcenterofthehoopandthecircleofthefourquartersnourishedit.Theeastgavepeaceandlightthesouthgavewarmththewestgaverainandthenorthwithitscoldandmightywindgavestrengthandendurance.Thisknowledgecametousfromtheouterworldwithourreligion. 43_______________________________________________________.TheskyisroundandIhaveheardthattheearthisroundlikeaballandsoareallthestars.Thewindinitsgreatestpowerwhirls.Birdsmaketheirnestsincirclesfortheirsisthesamereligionasours.44_______________________________________________________.Themoondoesthesameandbothareround.Eventheseasonsformagreatcircleintheirchangingandalwayscomebackagaintowheretheywere.Thelifeofamanisacirclefromchildhoodtochildhoodandsoitisineverythingwherepowermoves.Ourtepeeswereroundlikethenestsofbirdsandthesewerealwayssetinacirclethenation’shoopanestofmanynestswheretheGreatSpiritmeantforustohatchourchildren. ButtheWasichushaveputusinthesesquareboxes.Ourpowerisgoneandwearedyingforthepowerisnotinusanymore.Youcanlookatourboysandseehowitiswithus.Whenwewerelivingbythepowerofthecircleinthewayweshouldboysweremenattwelveorthirteenyearsofage.45_______________________________________________________. A.Thesuncomesforthandgoesdownagaininacircle. B.EverythingthePoweroftheWorlddoesisdoneinacircle. C.IntheolddayswhenwewereastrongandhappypeopleallourpowercametousfromthesacredhoopofthenationandsolongasthehoopWasunbrokenthepeopleflourished. D.Itisagoodwaytolivefortherecanbemuchpowerinasquare. E.Thewaterisalsorunninginacirclefallsfromtheskyandreturnsinvaporform. F.Butnowittakesthemverymuchlongertomature. G.Itisabadwaytolivefortherecanbenopowerinasquare. 42
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points4
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