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患者低热数年，以劳累后为著，伴头痛头晕，倦怠乏力，舌淡，脉虚。其发热的证候是
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患者劳累后即见低热已五年近旬每日上午低热伴头痛头晕倦怠乏力舌淡苔薄脉细弱证属
阴虚
气虚
血瘀
阳虚
肝郁
患者女每因劳累后低热已数年近来每日低热以上午为著伴有头痛头晕倦怠乏力舌淡苔薄白脉虚无力证属
气虚型内伤发热
血虚型内伤发热
阴虚型内伤发热
瘀血型内伤发热
肝郁型内伤发热
患者劳累后即见低热已5年近来每日上午低热伴头痛头晕倦怠乏力舌淡苔薄脉细弱证属
阴虚
气虚
血瘀
阳虚
肝郁
患者男性劳累后即低热已数年近来每日低热以上午为著伴头痛头晕倦怠乏力舌淡脉虚证属
阴虚发热
气虚发热
血瘀发热
气郁发热
患者头痛头晕劳累则甚伴心悸倦怠乏力面色白舌淡脉细弱其最佳方为
八珍汤
人参养荣丸
加味四物汤
大补阴丸
四君子汤
患者低热数年以劳累后为著伴有头痛头晕倦怠乏力舌淡脉虚其发热的证候是
阴虚
气虚
血虚
肝郁
阳虚
患者劳累后即见低热已5年近来每口上午低热伴头痛头晕倦怠无力舌淡薄白脉细弱证属
阴虚
气虚
血瘀
阳虚
肝郁
患者男性每因劳累后低热已数年近来每日低热上午为著伴有头痛头晕气短懒言倦怠乏力舌淡苔薄白脉虚无力方用
丹栀逍遥散
补中益气汤
血府逐瘀汤
清骨散
金匮肾气丸
患者女性每因劳累后低热已数年近来每日低热上午为著伴有头痛头晕倦怠乏力舌淡苔薄白脉虚无力证属
气虚型内伤发热
血虚型内伤发热
阴虚型内伤发热
瘀血型内伤发热
肝郁型内伤发热
患者低热数年以劳累后为着伴头痛头晕倦怠乏力舌淡脉虚其发热的证候是
阴虚
气虚
血虚
肝郁
阳虚
患者头痛头晕劳累则甚伴心悸倦怠乏力面色觥白舌淡脉细弱其最佳方为
八珍汤
人参养荣丸
加味四物汤
大补阴丸
四君子汤
某男性患者44岁劳累后出现低热数年近来每日低热上午为著伴头痛头晕倦怠乏力气短懒言自汗舌淡脉虚其证型是
阴虚发热
气虚发热
血虚发热
肝郁发热
阳虚发热
患者男61岁劳累后即见低热已5年近旬每日上午低热伴头痛头晕倦怠无力舌淡薄白脉细弱证属
阴虚
气虚
血瘀
阳虚
肝郁
蔡某男43岁劳累后出现低热数年近来每日低热上午为著伴头痛头晕倦怠乏力气短懒言自汗舌淡脉虚其证型是
阴虚发热
气虚发热
血虚发热
肝郁发热
阳虚发热
某男性患者每因劳累后低热已数年近来每日低热上午为著伴有头痛头晕气短懒言倦怠乏力舌淡苔薄白脉虚无力方用
丹栀逍遥散
补中益气汤
血府逐瘀汤
清骨散
金匮肾气丸
患者男性劳累后即低热已数年近来每日低热以上午为著伴头痛头晕倦怠乏力舌淡脉虚证属
阴虚型内伤发热
气虚型内伤发热
血虚型内伤发热
肝郁型内伤发热
阳虚型内伤发热
患者劳累后即见低热已5年近旬每日上午低热伴头痛头晕倦怠无力舌淡薄白脉细弱证属
阴虚
气虚
血瘀
阳虚
肝郁
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IncomeinequalityintheUnitedStateremainedrelativelystableforaperiodofnearlyfortyyears.Beginninginthe1970’showeverthisperiodofstabilityendedasthefirstsignsofwideningincomeinequalitybecameapparent.Overthecourseofthe1970’sand1980’sanincreasinglycleartrendtowardgreaterincomeinequalityemerged.Bytheendofthe1980’sthetop20percentofworkerswerereceivingthelargestshareofincomeeverrecordedbygovernmentfiguresandthebottomthreefifthswerereceivingthelowestshareseverrecorded.Thistrendhascontinuedintothe1990’sandcurrentlyshowsnosignsofdecline.Whentheindicatorsofgrowinginequalitywerefirstobservedinthe1970’ssomeresearchersarguedthattheeffectsweremerelytemporaryartifactsofshort-termlabormarketdisturbances.Thenewoccupationalstructureappearstobeonewithanincreaseofwell-paidtechnicalscientificandprofessionaljobsatthetopaslidingmiddleclassandagrowingpoorly-paidserviceandretailjobsatthebottom.Severalimportantlabor-forcechangesappearedtobecontributingtotheshiftingoccupationalstructure. Asoccupationalreconstructingandgrowingincomeinequalityhavebecomeincreasinglyevidentaheateddebateastothecausesandmagnitudeofthesechangesarose.Twodominantbodiesofthoughtemergedaroundtheissue:thejob-skillmismatchthesisandthepolarizationthesis.Mismatchtheoristsarguethatthereisanincreasingdistancebetweenthehighskillrequirementsofpost-industrialjobsandtheinadequatetrainingandmediocrequalificationsofworkers.Theyseethepost-industrialeconomyleavingbehindunskilledworkersespeciallywomenandminorities.Forthemismatchtheoristthetrendtowardgreaterinequalityistemporaryaridwilldissipateoncethesupplyofworkersacquirestheskillsdemandedbyapost-industrialeconomy.Andtheypredictthattheworkerswillexperienceanupgradingintheirwagesoverthelongrun.Polarizationtheoristsontheotherhandbelievethattheriseininequalityispermanentaresultoftheshifttoaservice-basedeconomy.Thisvisionofthepostindustrialeconomyischaracteristicallypolarized.Theproblemaccordingtothesetheoristsisthetypeofjobsbeinggeneratedintheneweconomynotworkerattributes.Becausetheybelievethecausesarestructuralandpermanentpolarizationtheoristswoulddenytheefficacyofpublicpoliciesdesignedtoeducateandtrainunskilledworkers.Theypredictalong-termcontinuationofthetrendtowardsincreasingincomeinequality. Studiesshowthatthelong-runincreaseinincomeinequalityisalsorelatedtochangesintheNation’slabormarketanditshouseholdcomposition.Thewagedistributionhasbecomeconsiderablymoreunequalwithmorehighlyskilledtrainedandeducatedworkersatthetopexperiencingrealwagegainsandthoseatthebottomrealwagelosses.Onefactoristheshiftinemploymentfromthosegoods-producingindustriesthathavedisproportionatelyprovidedhigh-wageopportunitiesforlow-skilledworkerstowardsservicesthatdisproportionatelyemploycollegegraduatesandtowardslow-wagesectorssuchasretailtrade.Butwithinindustryshiftsinlabordemandawayfromless-educatedworkersareperhapsamoreimportantexplanationoferodingwagesthantheshiftoutofmanufacturing. Alsocitedasputtingdownwardpressureonthewagesofless-educatedworkersareintensifyingglobalcompetitionandimmigrationthedeclineoftheproportionofworkersbelongingtounionsthedeclineintherealvalueoftheminimumwagetheincreasingneedforcomputerskillsandtheincreasinguseoftemporaryworkers. Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe
IncomeinequalityintheUnitedStateremainedrelativelystableforaperiodofnearlyfortyyears.Beginninginthe1970’showeverthisperiodofstabilityendedasthefirstsignsofwideningincomeinequalitybecameapparent.Overthecourseofthe1970’sand1980’sanincreasinglycleartrendtowardgreaterincomeinequalityemerged.Bytheendofthe1980’sthetop20percentofworkerswerereceivingthelargestshareofincomeeverrecordedbygovernmentfiguresandthebottomthreefifthswerereceivingthelowestshareseverrecorded.Thistrendhascontinuedintothe1990’sandcurrentlyshowsnosignsofdecline.Whentheindicatorsofgrowinginequalitywerefirstobservedinthe1970’ssomeresearchersarguedthattheeffectsweremerelytemporaryartifactsofshort-termlabormarketdisturbances.Thenewoccupationalstructureappearstobeonewithanincreaseofwell-paidtechnicalscientificandprofessionaljobsatthetopaslidingmiddleclassandagrowingpoorly-paidserviceandretailjobsatthebottom.Severalimportantlabor-forcechangesappearedtobecontributingtotheshiftingoccupationalstructure. Asoccupationalreconstructingandgrowingincomeinequalityhavebecomeincreasinglyevidentaheateddebateastothecausesandmagnitudeofthesechangesarose.Twodominantbodiesofthoughtemergedaroundtheissue:thejob-skillmismatchthesisandthepolarizationthesis.Mismatchtheoristsarguethatthereisanincreasingdistancebetweenthehighskillrequirementsofpost-industrialjobsandtheinadequatetrainingandmediocrequalificationsofworkers.Theyseethepost-industrialeconomyleavingbehindunskilledworkersespeciallywomenandminorities.Forthemismatchtheoristthetrendtowardgreaterinequalityistemporaryaridwilldissipateoncethesupplyofworkersacquirestheskillsdemandedbyapost-industrialeconomy.Andtheypredictthattheworkerswillexperienceanupgradingintheirwagesoverthelongrun.Polarizationtheoristsontheotherhandbelievethattheriseininequalityispermanentaresultoftheshifttoaservice-basedeconomy.Thisvisionofthepostindustrialeconomyischaracteristicallypolarized.Theproblemaccordingtothesetheoristsisthetypeofjobsbeinggeneratedintheneweconomynotworkerattributes.Becausetheybelievethecausesarestructuralandpermanentpolarizationtheoristswoulddenytheefficacyofpublicpoliciesdesignedtoeducateandtrainunskilledworkers.Theypredictalong-termcontinuationofthetrendtowardsincreasingincomeinequality. Studiesshowthatthelong-runincreaseinincomeinequalityisalsorelatedtochangesintheNation’slabormarketanditshouseholdcomposition.Thewagedistributionhasbecomeconsiderablymoreunequalwithmorehighlyskilledtrainedandeducatedworkersatthetopexperiencingrealwagegainsandthoseatthebottomrealwagelosses.Onefactoristheshiftinemploymentfromthosegoods-producingindustriesthathavedisproportionatelyprovidedhigh-wageopportunitiesforlow-skilledworkerstowardsservicesthatdisproportionatelyemploycollegegraduatesandtowardslow-wagesectorssuchasretailtrade.Butwithinindustryshiftsinlabordemandawayfromless-educatedworkersareperhapsamoreimportantexplanationoferodingwagesthantheshiftoutofmanufacturing. Alsocitedasputtingdownwardpressureonthewagesofless-educatedworkersareintensifyingglobalcompetitionandimmigrationthedeclineoftheproportionofworkersbelongingtounionsthedeclineintherealvalueoftheminimumwagetheincreasingneedforcomputerskillsandtheincreasinguseoftemporaryworkers. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
Directions: ThechartindicatestheamountofmoneyperweekspentondifferenttypesoffastfoodinBritain.Thegraphshowsthetrendsinconsumptionoffastfood. Writeareportforyouruniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationshowninbothcharts. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
IncomeinequalityintheUnitedStateremainedrelativelystableforaperiodofnearlyfortyyears.Beginninginthe1970’showeverthisperiodofstabilityendedasthefirstsignsofwideningincomeinequalitybecameapparent.Overthecourseofthe1970’sand1980’sanincreasinglycleartrendtowardgreaterincomeinequalityemerged.Bytheendofthe1980’sthetop20percentofworkerswerereceivingthelargestshareofincomeeverrecordedbygovernmentfiguresandthebottomthreefifthswerereceivingthelowestshareseverrecorded.Thistrendhascontinuedintothe1990’sandcurrentlyshowsnosignsofdecline.Whentheindicatorsofgrowinginequalitywerefirstobservedinthe1970’ssomeresearchersarguedthattheeffectsweremerelytemporaryartifactsofshort-termlabormarketdisturbances.Thenewoccupationalstructureappearstobeonewithanincreaseofwell-paidtechnicalscientificandprofessionaljobsatthetopaslidingmiddleclassandagrowingpoorly-paidserviceandretailjobsatthebottom.Severalimportantlabor-forcechangesappearedtobecontributingtotheshiftingoccupationalstructure. Asoccupationalreconstructingandgrowingincomeinequalityhavebecomeincreasinglyevidentaheateddebateastothecausesandmagnitudeofthesechangesarose.Twodominantbodiesofthoughtemergedaroundtheissue:thejob-skillmismatchthesisandthepolarizationthesis.Mismatchtheoristsarguethatthereisanincreasingdistancebetweenthehighskillrequirementsofpost-industrialjobsandtheinadequatetrainingandmediocrequalificationsofworkers.Theyseethepost-industrialeconomyleavingbehindunskilledworkersespeciallywomenandminorities.Forthemismatchtheoristthetrendtowardgreaterinequalityistemporaryaridwilldissipateoncethesupplyofworkersacquirestheskillsdemandedbyapost-industrialeconomy.Andtheypredictthattheworkerswillexperienceanupgradingintheirwagesoverthelongrun.Polarizationtheoristsontheotherhandbelievethattheriseininequalityispermanentaresultoftheshifttoaservice-basedeconomy.Thisvisionofthepostindustrialeconomyischaracteristicallypolarized.Theproblemaccordingtothesetheoristsisthetypeofjobsbeinggeneratedintheneweconomynotworkerattributes.Becausetheybelievethecausesarestructuralandpermanentpolarizationtheoristswoulddenytheefficacyofpublicpoliciesdesignedtoeducateandtrainunskilledworkers.Theypredictalong-termcontinuationofthetrendtowardsincreasingincomeinequality. Studiesshowthatthelong-runincreaseinincomeinequalityisalsorelatedtochangesintheNation’slabormarketanditshouseholdcomposition.Thewagedistributionhasbecomeconsiderablymoreunequalwithmorehighlyskilledtrainedandeducatedworkersatthetopexperiencingrealwagegainsandthoseatthebottomrealwagelosses.Onefactoristheshiftinemploymentfromthosegoods-producingindustriesthathavedisproportionatelyprovidedhigh-wageopportunitiesforlow-skilledworkerstowardsservicesthatdisproportionatelyemploycollegegraduatesandtowardslow-wagesectorssuchasretailtrade.Butwithinindustryshiftsinlabordemandawayfromless-educatedworkersareperhapsamoreimportantexplanationoferodingwagesthantheshiftoutofmanufacturing. Alsocitedasputtingdownwardpressureonthewagesofless-educatedworkersareintensifyingglobalcompetitionandimmigrationthedeclineoftheproportionofworkersbelongingtounionsthedeclineintherealvalueoftheminimumwagetheincreasingneedforcomputerskillsandtheincreasinguseoftemporaryworkers. ThewordgroundbreakingParagraph7canbeinterpretedas
ManypeopleinvestinthestockmarkethopingtofindthenextMicrosoftandDell.HoweverIknow1personalexperiencehowdifficultthisreallyis.FormorethanayearIwaw2hundredsandsometimesthousandsofdollarsadayinvestinginthemarket.ItseemedsoeasyIdreamedof3myjobattheendoftheyearofbuyingasmallapartmentinParisoftravelingaroundtheworld.Butthesedreams4toasuddenanddramaticendwhenastockI5Texascellularponewholesalerfellbymorethan75percent6aoneyearperiod.Onthe7dayitplungedbymorethan$15ashare.Therewasarumorthecompanywas8salesfigures.ThatwaswhenIleamedhowquicklyWallstreet9companiesthatmisrepresentthe10. Ina11Isoldallmystockinthecompanypaying12margindebtwithcashadvancesfrommy13card.BecauseIownedsomanysharesI14asmallfortunehalfofitfrommoneyIborrowedfromthebrokeragecompany.OnemonthIama15thenextaloser.Thisonebiglosswasmyfirstlessoninthemarket. Myfatherwasastockbrokeraswaymygrandfather16him.InfacthefoundedoneofChicago’searliestbrokeragefirms.Butlikesomanythingsinlifewedon’tlearnanythinguntilwe17itforourselves.Theonlywaytoreallyunderstandtheinner18ofthestockmarketistoinvestyourownhard-earnedmoney.Whenallyourstocksaredoing19andyoufeellikeawinneryoulearnverylittle.It’swhenallyourstocksarelosingandeveryoneisquestioningyourstock-picking20thatyoufindoutifyouhavewhatittakestoinvestinthemarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
ManypeopleinvestinthestockmarkethopingtofindthenextMicrosoftandDell.HoweverIknow1personalexperiencehowdifficultthisreallyis.FormorethanayearIwaw2hundredsandsometimesthousandsofdollarsadayinvestinginthemarket.ItseemedsoeasyIdreamedof3myjobattheendoftheyearofbuyingasmallapartmentinParisoftravelingaroundtheworld.Butthesedreams4toasuddenanddramaticendwhenastockI5Texascellularponewholesalerfellbymorethan75percent6aoneyearperiod.Onthe7dayitplungedbymorethan$15ashare.Therewasarumorthecompanywas8salesfigures.ThatwaswhenIleamedhowquicklyWallstreet9companiesthatmisrepresentthe10. Ina11Isoldallmystockinthecompanypaying12margindebtwithcashadvancesfrommy13card.BecauseIownedsomanysharesI14asmallfortunehalfofitfrommoneyIborrowedfromthebrokeragecompany.OnemonthIama15thenextaloser.Thisonebiglosswasmyfirstlessoninthemarket. Myfatherwasastockbrokeraswaymygrandfather16him.InfacthefoundedoneofChicago’searliestbrokeragefirms.Butlikesomanythingsinlifewedon’tlearnanythinguntilwe17itforourselves.Theonlywaytoreallyunderstandtheinner18ofthestockmarketistoinvestyourownhard-earnedmoney.Whenallyourstocksaredoing19andyoufeellikeawinneryoulearnverylittle.It’swhenallyourstocksarelosingandeveryoneisquestioningyourstock-picking20thatyoufindoutifyouhavewhatittakestoinvestinthemarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
IncomeinequalityintheUnitedStateremainedrelativelystableforaperiodofnearlyfortyyears.Beginninginthe1970’showeverthisperiodofstabilityendedasthefirstsignsofwideningincomeinequalitybecameapparent.Overthecourseofthe1970’sand1980’sanincreasinglycleartrendtowardgreaterincomeinequalityemerged.Bytheendofthe1980’sthetop20percentofworkerswerereceivingthelargestshareofincomeeverrecordedbygovernmentfiguresandthebottomthreefifthswerereceivingthelowestshareseverrecorded.Thistrendhascontinuedintothe1990’sandcurrentlyshowsnosignsofdecline.Whentheindicatorsofgrowinginequalitywerefirstobservedinthe1970’ssomeresearchersarguedthattheeffectsweremerelytemporaryartifactsofshort-termlabormarketdisturbances.Thenewoccupationalstructureappearstobeonewithanincreaseofwell-paidtechnicalscientificandprofessionaljobsatthetopaslidingmiddleclassandagrowingpoorly-paidserviceandretailjobsatthebottom.Severalimportantlabor-forcechangesappearedtobecontributingtotheshiftingoccupationalstructure. Asoccupationalreconstructingandgrowingincomeinequalityhavebecomeincreasinglyevidentaheateddebateastothecausesandmagnitudeofthesechangesarose.Twodominantbodiesofthoughtemergedaroundtheissue:thejob-skillmismatchthesisandthepolarizationthesis.Mismatchtheoristsarguethatthereisanincreasingdistancebetweenthehighskillrequirementsofpost-industrialjobsandtheinadequatetrainingandmediocrequalificationsofworkers.Theyseethepost-industrialeconomyleavingbehindunskilledworkersespeciallywomenandminorities.Forthemismatchtheoristthetrendtowardgreaterinequalityistemporaryaridwilldissipateoncethesupplyofworkersacquirestheskillsdemandedbyapost-industrialeconomy.Andtheypredictthattheworkerswillexperienceanupgradingintheirwagesoverthelongrun.Polarizationtheoristsontheotherhandbelievethattheriseininequalityispermanentaresultoftheshifttoaservice-basedeconomy.Thisvisionofthepostindustrialeconomyischaracteristicallypolarized.Theproblemaccordingtothesetheoristsisthetypeofjobsbeinggeneratedintheneweconomynotworkerattributes.Becausetheybelievethecausesarestructuralandpermanentpolarizationtheoristswoulddenytheefficacyofpublicpoliciesdesignedtoeducateandtrainunskilledworkers.Theypredictalong-termcontinuationofthetrendtowardsincreasingincomeinequality. Studiesshowthatthelong-runincreaseinincomeinequalityisalsorelatedtochangesintheNation’slabormarketanditshouseholdcomposition.Thewagedistributionhasbecomeconsiderablymoreunequalwithmorehighlyskilledtrainedandeducatedworkersatthetopexperiencingrealwagegainsandthoseatthebottomrealwagelosses.Onefactoristheshiftinemploymentfromthosegoods-producingindustriesthathavedisproportionatelyprovidedhigh-wageopportunitiesforlow-skilledworkerstowardsservicesthatdisproportionatelyemploycollegegraduatesandtowardslow-wagesectorssuchasretailtrade.Butwithinindustryshiftsinlabordemandawayfromless-educatedworkersareperhapsamoreimportantexplanationoferodingwagesthantheshiftoutofmanufacturing. Alsocitedasputtingdownwardpressureonthewagesofless-educatedworkersareintensifyingglobalcompetitionandimmigrationthedeclineoftheproportionofworkersbelongingtounionsthedeclineintherealvalueoftheminimumwagetheincreasingneedforcomputerskillsandtheincreasinguseoftemporaryworkers. TheaimofNoah’sArkprojectisto
IncomeinequalityintheUnitedStateremainedrelativelystableforaperiodofnearlyfortyyears.Beginninginthe1970’showeverthisperiodofstabilityendedasthefirstsignsofwideningincomeinequalitybecameapparent.Overthecourseofthe1970’sand1980’sanincreasinglycleartrendtowardgreaterincomeinequalityemerged.Bytheendofthe1980’sthetop20percentofworkerswerereceivingthelargestshareofincomeeverrecordedbygovernmentfiguresandthebottomthreefifthswerereceivingthelowestshareseverrecorded.Thistrendhascontinuedintothe1990’sandcurrentlyshowsnosignsofdecline.Whentheindicatorsofgrowinginequalitywerefirstobservedinthe1970’ssomeresearchersarguedthattheeffectsweremerelytemporaryartifactsofshort-termlabormarketdisturbances.Thenewoccupationalstructureappearstobeonewithanincreaseofwell-paidtechnicalscientificandprofessionaljobsatthetopaslidingmiddleclassandagrowingpoorly-paidserviceandretailjobsatthebottom.Severalimportantlabor-forcechangesappearedtobecontributingtotheshiftingoccupationalstructure. Asoccupationalreconstructingandgrowingincomeinequalityhavebecomeincreasinglyevidentaheateddebateastothecausesandmagnitudeofthesechangesarose.Twodominantbodiesofthoughtemergedaroundtheissue:thejob-skillmismatchthesisandthepolarizationthesis.Mismatchtheoristsarguethatthereisanincreasingdistancebetweenthehighskillrequirementsofpost-industrialjobsandtheinadequatetrainingandmediocrequalificationsofworkers.Theyseethepost-industrialeconomyleavingbehindunskilledworkersespeciallywomenandminorities.Forthemismatchtheoristthetrendtowardgreaterinequalityistemporaryaridwilldissipateoncethesupplyofworkersacquirestheskillsdemandedbyapost-industrialeconomy.Andtheypredictthattheworkerswillexperienceanupgradingintheirwagesoverthelongrun.Polarizationtheoristsontheotherhandbelievethattheriseininequalityispermanentaresultoftheshifttoaservice-basedeconomy.Thisvisionofthepostindustrialeconomyischaracteristicallypolarized.Theproblemaccordingtothesetheoristsisthetypeofjobsbeinggeneratedintheneweconomynotworkerattributes.Becausetheybelievethecausesarestructuralandpermanentpolarizationtheoristswoulddenytheefficacyofpublicpoliciesdesignedtoeducateandtrainunskilledworkers.Theypredictalong-termcontinuationofthetrendtowardsincreasingincomeinequality. Studiesshowthatthelong-runincreaseinincomeinequalityisalsorelatedtochangesintheNation’slabormarketanditshouseholdcomposition.Thewagedistributionhasbecomeconsiderablymoreunequalwithmorehighlyskilledtrainedandeducatedworkersatthetopexperiencingrealwagegainsandthoseatthebottomrealwagelosses.Onefactoristheshiftinemploymentfromthosegoods-producingindustriesthathavedisproportionatelyprovidedhigh-wageopportunitiesforlow-skilledworkerstowardsservicesthatdisproportionatelyemploycollegegraduatesandtowardslow-wagesectorssuchasretailtrade.Butwithinindustryshiftsinlabordemandawayfromless-educatedworkersareperhapsamoreimportantexplanationoferodingwagesthantheshiftoutofmanufacturing. Alsocitedasputtingdownwardpressureonthewagesofless-educatedworkersareintensifyingglobalcompetitionandimmigrationthedeclineoftheproportionofworkersbelongingtounionsthedeclineintherealvalueoftheminimumwagetheincreasingneedforcomputerskillsandtheincreasinguseoftemporaryworkers. Accordingtothestatisticsofthe1980swhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue
ManypeopleinvestinthestockmarkethopingtofindthenextMicrosoftandDell.HoweverIknow1personalexperiencehowdifficultthisreallyis.FormorethanayearIwaw2hundredsandsometimesthousandsofdollarsadayinvestinginthemarket.ItseemedsoeasyIdreamedof3myjobattheendoftheyearofbuyingasmallapartmentinParisoftravelingaroundtheworld.Butthesedreams4toasuddenanddramaticendwhenastockI5Texascellularponewholesalerfellbymorethan75percent6aoneyearperiod.Onthe7dayitplungedbymorethan$15ashare.Therewasarumorthecompanywas8salesfigures.ThatwaswhenIleamedhowquicklyWallstreet9companiesthatmisrepresentthe10. Ina11Isoldallmystockinthecompanypaying12margindebtwithcashadvancesfrommy13card.BecauseIownedsomanysharesI14asmallfortunehalfofitfrommoneyIborrowedfromthebrokeragecompany.OnemonthIama15thenextaloser.Thisonebiglosswasmyfirstlessoninthemarket. Myfatherwasastockbrokeraswaymygrandfather16him.InfacthefoundedoneofChicago’searliestbrokeragefirms.Butlikesomanythingsinlifewedon’tlearnanythinguntilwe17itforourselves.Theonlywaytoreallyunderstandtheinner18ofthestockmarketistoinvestyourownhard-earnedmoney.Whenallyourstocksaredoing19andyoufeellikeawinneryoulearnverylittle.It’swhenallyourstocksarelosingandeveryoneisquestioningyourstock-picking20thatyoufindoutifyouhavewhatittakestoinvestinthemarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
ManypeopleinvestinthestockmarkethopingtofindthenextMicrosoftandDell.HoweverIknow1personalexperiencehowdifficultthisreallyis.FormorethanayearIwaw2hundredsandsometimesthousandsofdollarsadayinvestinginthemarket.ItseemedsoeasyIdreamedof3myjobattheendoftheyearofbuyingasmallapartmentinParisoftravelingaroundtheworld.Butthesedreams4toasuddenanddramaticendwhenastockI5Texascellularponewholesalerfellbymorethan75percent6aoneyearperiod.Onthe7dayitplungedbymorethan$15ashare.Therewasarumorthecompanywas8salesfigures.ThatwaswhenIleamedhowquicklyWallstreet9companiesthatmisrepresentthe10. Ina11Isoldallmystockinthecompanypaying12margindebtwithcashadvancesfrommy13card.BecauseIownedsomanysharesI14asmallfortunehalfofitfrommoneyIborrowedfromthebrokeragecompany.OnemonthIama15thenextaloser.Thisonebiglosswasmyfirstlessoninthemarket. Myfatherwasastockbrokeraswaymygrandfather16him.InfacthefoundedoneofChicago’searliestbrokeragefirms.Butlikesomanythingsinlifewedon’tlearnanythinguntilwe17itforourselves.Theonlywaytoreallyunderstandtheinner18ofthestockmarketistoinvestyourownhard-earnedmoney.Whenallyourstocksaredoing19andyoufeellikeawinneryoulearnverylittle.It’swhenallyourstocksarelosingandeveryoneisquestioningyourstock-picking20thatyoufindoutifyouhavewhatittakestoinvestinthemarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
ManypeopleinvestinthestockmarkethopingtofindthenextMicrosoftandDell.HoweverIknow1personalexperiencehowdifficultthisreallyis.FormorethanayearIwaw2hundredsandsometimesthousandsofdollarsadayinvestinginthemarket.ItseemedsoeasyIdreamedof3myjobattheendoftheyearofbuyingasmallapartmentinParisoftravelingaroundtheworld.Butthesedreams4toasuddenanddramaticendwhenastockI5Texascellularponewholesalerfellbymorethan75percent6aoneyearperiod.Onthe7dayitplungedbymorethan$15ashare.Therewasarumorthecompanywas8salesfigures.ThatwaswhenIleamedhowquicklyWallstreet9companiesthatmisrepresentthe10. Ina11Isoldallmystockinthecompanypaying12margindebtwithcashadvancesfrommy13card.BecauseIownedsomanysharesI14asmallfortunehalfofitfrommoneyIborrowedfromthebrokeragecompany.OnemonthIama15thenextaloser.Thisonebiglosswasmyfirstlessoninthemarket. Myfatherwasastockbrokeraswaymygrandfather16him.InfacthefoundedoneofChicago’searliestbrokeragefirms.Butlikesomanythingsinlifewedon’tlearnanythinguntilwe17itforourselves.Theonlywaytoreallyunderstandtheinner18ofthestockmarketistoinvestyourownhard-earnedmoney.Whenallyourstocksaredoing19andyoufeellikeawinneryoulearnverylittle.It’swhenallyourstocksarelosingandeveryoneisquestioningyourstock-picking20thatyoufindoutifyouhavewhatittakestoinvestinthemarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
ItisincongruousthatthenumberofBritishinstitutionsofferingMBAcoursesshouldhavegrownby254percentduringaperiodwhentheeconomyhasbeenslidingintodeeperrecession.Optimistsorthosegiventospeedassumptionsmightthinkitmarveloustohavesucharesourceofbusinessschoolgraduatesreadyfortherecovery.UnfortunatelythereisnowmuchdoubtaboutthevalueofthedegreenotleastamongMBAgraduatesthemselvessufferingastheyarefromtheeffectsofrecessionandfacingtheprospectofshrinkingmanagementstructures. Whatwastakensomeyearsagoasaticketofcertainadmissiontosuccessisnowbeingexposedtothescrutinyofcost-consciousemployerswhoseek"can-dos"ratherthan"might-dos"andwhofeelthatacademiabasnotbeensufficientlyappreciativeoftheneedsofindustryoroftheemployers’possiblecontribution. ItiscuriousgiventhenameofthedegreethatthereshouldbenoleaguetableforUKbusinessschools;nounanimityaboutwhatthedegreeshouldencompass;andnoagreedsystemofaccreditation.Surelythereissomethingwrong.Onewonderswhereallthetutorsforthismassiveinfusionofbusinessexpertisecamefromandwhyallthismushroomingtookplace. PerhapscompaniesthatmadelargeinvestmentswouldhavebeenwisertoinvestinalreadyexistingmanagersperchedanxiouslyontheirowninternalladdersTheInstituteofManagement’s1992surveywhichrevealedthateighty-onepercentofmanagersthoughttheypersonallywouldbemoreeffectiveiftheyreceivedmoretrainingsuggeststhatthismightbethecase.Thereistoothefactthattrainingalonedoesnotmakesuccessfulmanagers.Theyneedtheinherentqualifications.Ofcharacter;adegreeofself-subjugation;andabovealltheabilitytocommunicateandlead;moresonowwhenempowermentisabuzzwordthatisatleastgeneratinggenuflexionsifnottotalconviction. Onecaneasilythinkofpeoplesomecomparativelyunletteredwhoarenotlaudedcaptainsofindustry.WemaythereforenotneedtobetooconcernedaboutthefallinapplicationsforbusinessschoolplacesoreventhedoubtaboutMBAs.Theproliferationandsubsequentquestioningmayhavebeenaninevitableevolution.IftheManagementCharterInitiativenowexploringtheintroductionofaseniormanagementqualificationissuccessfultherewillbeapowerfulcorrective. Webelievenowthatmanagementisallaboutchange.Onehopestherewillbesomeofthatinrelationshipbetweenmanagementandsciencewithinindustrycurrentlycausingconcernandwhichisoverdueforattention.No-onedoubtsthatweneedmorescientistsandinnovationtogiveusanedgeinanincreasinglycompetitiveworld.Ifscientistsfeelthemselvesundervaluedandunder-usedworkinginindustrialghettosthatisnotapromisingauguryforthefuture.Itseemswehavetoresolvethesemisapprehensionsbetweenscienceand.industry.Aboveallwehavetomakesurethatmanagementisnotitselfsmugaboutitsstatusandthatitdoesnotissuemissionstatementsaboutcommunicationwithoutrealizingthattheessenceofitisadialogue.Moreempowermentisrequiredandweshouldstrivetoachieveit. Accordingtothepassageemployers
Nuclearpower’sdangertohealthsafetyandevenlifeitselfcanbesummedupinoneword:radiation. Nuclearradiationhasacertainmysteryaboutitpartlybecauseitcannotbedetectedbyhumansenses.Itcan’tbeseenorheardortouchedortastedeventhoughitmaybeallaroundus.Thereareotherthingslikethat.Forexampleradiowavesareallaroundusbutwecan’tdetectthemsensethemwithoutaradioreceiver.Similarlywecan’tsenseradioactivitywithoutaradiationdetector.Butunlikecommonradiowavesnuclearradiationisnotharmlesstohumanbeingsandotherlivingthings. Atveryhighlevelsradiationcankillananimalorhumanbeingoutrightbykillingmassesofcellsinvitalorgans.Buteventhelowestlevelscandoseriousdamage.Thereisnolevelofradiationthatiscompletelysafe.Iftheradiationdoesnothitanythingimportantthedamagemaynotbesignificant.Thisisthecasewhenonlyafewcellsarehit.Andiftheyarekilledoutrightyourbodywillreplacethedeadcellswithhealthyones.Butifthefewcellsareonlydamagedandiftheyreproducethemselvesyoumaybeintrouble.Theyreproducethemselvesinadeformedway.Theycangrowintocancer.Sometimesthisdoesnotshowupformanyyears. Thisisanotherreasonforsomeofthemysteryaboutnuclearradiation.Seriousdamagecanbedonewithoutthevictimbeingawareatthetimethatdamagehasoccurred.Apersoncanheirradiatedandfeelfinethendieofcancerfivetenortwentyyearslaterasaresult.Orachildcanbebornweakorliabletoseriousillnessasaresultofradiationabsorbedbyitsgrandparents. Radiationcanhurtus.Wemustknowthetruth. Accordingtothepassagethedangerofnuclearpowerliesin
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.T here’sahumanliversittinginalabdishinMadisonWis.Alsoaheartabrainandeveryboneinthehumanbodyeventhoughthecontentsofthedishareafewcellstoosmalltobeseenwithoutamicroscope.Butthesearestemcellsthemostimmaturehumancellseverdiscoveredtakenfromembryosbeforetheyhaddecidedupontheircareerpathinthebody.46Ifscientistscouldonlyfigureouthowtogivethemjusttherightkickinjusttherightdirectioneachcouldbecomealiveraheartabrainorabone.47WhenateamfromtheUniversityofWisconsinannouncedtheirdiscoverydoctorsaroundtheworldlookedforwardtoaneweraofmedicineonewithoutorgan-donorshortagesorthetissues-rejectionproblemsthatbedeviltransplantpatientstoday. Doctorsalsosawobstaclesthough.OneofthemwasaU.S.Congressskittishaboutresearchonstemcellstakenfromunwantedhumanembryosandabortedfetuses.Indeed70lawmakersaskedinafirmlywordedletterthattheFederalGovernmentbanallsuchwork. Yettheeraof"growyourown"organsisalreadyuponusasresearchershavesidesteppedthestemcellcontroversybymakingcleveruseofordinarycells.TodayamachinistinMassachusettsisusinghisowncellstogrowanewthumbafterhelostpartofhischestwallinanaccident.Ateenagerbornwithouthalfofhischestwallisgrowinganewcageofboneandcartilagewithinhischestcavity.Scientistsannouncedthatbladdersgrownfrombladdercellsinalabhavebeenimplantedindogsandareworking.Meanwhilepatchesofskinthefirst"tissue-engineered"organtobeapprovedbytheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationarehealingsoresandskinulcersonhundredsofpatientsacrosstheU.S. HowhavescientistsmanagedtodoallthiswithoutthoseproteanstemcellsPartoftheanswerissmartengineering.48Usingmaterialssuchaspolymerswithporesnowiderthanatoothbrushbristleresearchershavelearnedtosculptscaffoldsinshapesintowhichcellscansettle.Theotherpartoftheanswerisjustplaincellbiology.49Scientistshavediscoveredthattheydon’thavetoteacholdcellsnewtricks;giventherightframeworkandtherightnutrientscellswillorganizethemselvesintorealtissuesasthescaffoldsdissolve."I’magreatbelieverinthecells.They’renotjustlyingtherelookingstupidlyateachother"saysFrancoisAugeraninfectiousdiseasespecialistandbuilderofartificialbloodvesselsatLavalUniversityinQuebecCity."Theywilldotheworkforyouifyoutreatthemright." Replacementhearts—orevenreplacementheartparts—areatleastadecadeoffestimatesKikiHellmanwhomonitorstissue-engineeringeffortsfortheFDA."Anyproblemthatrequireslotsofcelltypes’talking’tooneanotherisreallyhard"shenotes.Boneandcartilageeffortsaremuchclosertofruitionandcouldbereadyforhumantrialswithintwoyears.50Andwhatofthosemagicalstemcellsthatcangrowintoanyorganyouhappentoneed—ifthelawandbiologists’knowledgepermit"Usingthem"saysSefton"isreallytheHolyGrail." Andwhatofthosemagicalstemcellsthatcangrowintoanyorganyouhappentoneed—ifthelawandbiologists’knowledgepermit
ManypeopleinvestinthestockmarkethopingtofindthenextMicrosoftandDell.HoweverIknow1personalexperiencehowdifficultthisreallyis.FormorethanayearIwaw2hundredsandsometimesthousandsofdollarsadayinvestinginthemarket.ItseemedsoeasyIdreamedof3myjobattheendoftheyearofbuyingasmallapartmentinParisoftravelingaroundtheworld.Butthesedreams4toasuddenanddramaticendwhenastockI5Texascellularponewholesalerfellbymorethan75percent6aoneyearperiod.Onthe7dayitplungedbymorethan$15ashare.Therewasarumorthecompanywas8salesfigures.ThatwaswhenIleamedhowquicklyWallstreet9companiesthatmisrepresentthe10. Ina11Isoldallmystockinthecompanypaying12margindebtwithcashadvancesfrommy13card.BecauseIownedsomanysharesI14asmallfortunehalfofitfrommoneyIborrowedfromthebrokeragecompany.OnemonthIama15thenextaloser.Thisonebiglosswasmyfirstlessoninthemarket. Myfatherwasastockbrokeraswaymygrandfather16him.InfacthefoundedoneofChicago’searliestbrokeragefirms.Butlikesomanythingsinlifewedon’tlearnanythinguntilwe17itforourselves.Theonlywaytoreallyunderstandtheinner18ofthestockmarketistoinvestyourownhard-earnedmoney.Whenallyourstocksaredoing19andyoufeellikeawinneryoulearnverylittle.It’swhenallyourstocksarelosingandeveryoneisquestioningyourstock-picking20thatyoufindoutifyouhavewhatittakestoinvestinthemarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. here’sahumanliversittinginalabdishinMadisonWis.Alsoaheartabrainandeveryboneinthehumanbodyeventhoughthecontentsofthedishareafewcellstoosmalltobeseenwithoutamicroscope.Butthesearestemcellsthemostimmaturehumancellseverdiscoveredtakenfromembryosbeforetheyhaddecidedupontheircareerpathinthebody.46Ifscientistscouldonlyfigureouthowtogivethemjusttherightkickinjusttherightdirectioneachcouldbecomealiveraheartabrainorabone.47WhenateamfromtheUniversityofWisconsinannouncedtheirdiscoverydoctorsaroundtheworldlookedforwardtoaneweraofmedicineonewithoutorgan-donorshortagesorthetissues-rejectionproblemsthatbedeviltransplantpatientstoday. Doctorsalsosawobstaclesthough.OneofthemwasaU.S.Congressskittishaboutresearchonstemcellstakenfromunwantedhumanembryosandabortedfetuses.Indeed70lawmakersaskedinafirmlywordedletterthattheFederalGovernmentbanallsuchwork. Yettheeraof"growyourown"organsisalreadyuponusasresearchershavesidesteppedthestemcellcontroversybymakingcleveruseofordinarycells.TodayamachinistinMassachusettsisusinghisowncellstogrowanewthumbafterhelostpartofhischestwallinanaccident.Ateenagerbornwithouthalfofhischestwallisgrowinganewcageofboneandcartilagewithinhischestcavity.Scientistsannouncedthatbladdersgrownfrombladdercellsinalabhavebeenimplantedindogsandareworking.Meanwhilepatchesofskinthefirst"tissue-engineered"organtobeapprovedbytheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationarehealingsoresandskinulcersonhundredsofpatientsacrosstheU.S. HowhavescientistsmanagedtodoallthiswithoutthoseproteanstemcellsPartoftheanswerissmartengineering.48Usingmaterialssuchaspolymerswithporesnowiderthanatoothbrushbristleresearchershavelearnedtosculptscaffoldsinshapesintowhichcellscansettle.Theotherpartoftheanswerisjustplaincellbiology.49Scientistshavediscoveredthattheydon’thavetoteacholdcellsnewtricks;giventherightframeworkandtherightnutrientscellswillorganizethemselvesintorealtissuesasthescaffoldsdissolve."I’magreatbelieverinthecells.They’renotjustlyingtherelookingstupidlyateachother"saysFrancoisAugeraninfectiousdiseasespecialistandbuilderofartificialbloodvesselsatLavalUniversityinQuebecCity."Theywilldotheworkforyouifyoutreatthemright." Replacementhearts—orevenreplacementheartparts—areatleastadecadeoffestimatesKikiHellmanwhomonitorstissue-engineeringeffortsfortheFDA."Anyproblemthatrequireslotsofcelltypes’talking’tooneanotherisreallyhard"shenotes.Boneandcartilageeffortsaremuchclosertofruitionandcouldbereadyforhumantrialswithintwoyears.50Andwhatofthosemagicalstemcellsthatcangrowintoanyorganyouhappentoneed—ifthelawandbiologists’knowledgepermit"Usingthem"saysSefton"isreallytheHolyGrail." Ifscientistscouldonlyfigureouthowtogivethemjusttherightkickinjusttherightdirectioneachcouldbecomealiveraheartabrainorabone.
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutSexualharassmentfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. HERE’SATALEOFTWOCOMPANIES.Bothareforeignownedbothareembroiledinscandalsareforeignownedbothareembroiledinscandalsinvolvingallegationsofsexualharassment.CompanyAisconfrontedwiththeproblemandpunishestopexecs.CompanyBstonewallsandmountsanaggressivecampaigntodiscredititsaccusersandportrayitselfasavictimofcorporateslander. 41Forbusinessschoolslookingforafewgoodcasestudiesindamagecontrollastweekwasaboutasgoodasitgets.OnewasSwedishpharmaceuticalscompanyAstraUSAamakerofasthmamedicationsandthepopularanestheticXylocaine.FacingsimilarchargesMitsubishiMotormanufacturingofAmericaoptedforinyour-facedenial.WhodiditrightIt’stoosoontoknowforsure.Astra’sstrategymayseemsmarter.FinanciallyspeakingatleastonecanseewhyMitsubishiisreluctanttoissueapublicmeaculpa.Fessingupcouldexposeittoasmuchas$200millionindamages. Suchcontroversiesarenoraritythesedays.TheEqualEmploymentOpportunitycommissionalonereceivedmorethan15000complaintsofsexualharassmentlastyearmorethantwiceasmanyasin1991.ItssuitagainstMitsubishifiledlastmonthmayturnouttobebyfarthebiggestever—andcouldeventuallyinvolveasmanyastwothirdsofthecompany’s900femaleworkers. 42Mitsubishi’sresponsewasclearfromthebeginning.WhentheEEOCannounceditscaseagainsttheIllinoisautomakerthecompanydispatchedbusloadsofworkerstopickettheagency’sChicagooffices.AttorneysforMitsubishiwillnodoubtprobetheprivatelivesofthewomenlodgingcomplaintsandmayevenaccusethemof"Japanbashing."Mitsubishi’sbrassinTokyoseemedabittakenabackbytheferocityofthecounteroffensivetothepointofsuggestingthatmaybethecasecouldbequietlysettled. 43CouldsuchtacticsbeeffectiveIfaggressivePRmakespeopledoubttheallegationsagainstthecompanyorencouragesfederalinvestigatorstosettleonmorefavorabletermsthenthestrategywillhavesucceeded.ButtherearerisksespeciallyforconsumercompanieslikeMitsubishi. 44That’snosmallthreatconsideringthatMitsubishiisstrugglingtoturnaprofitinthiscountry. 45Astra’sstrategyseemssavier.Itsopennessandpromptresponsemighthelpitevadepunitivedamagesshouldanyofthecomplaintsgotoajury.Infactthatmaybeachiefreasonthecompanyactedevenbeforeitcompleteditsowninvestigation.ThatsaidAstraisinthesouptobeginwithbecauseithadnoadequatemechanismsforreportingincidentsandbecauseitfailedtodealwithitsproblemsbeforetheybecamepublic.Womenhavecomplainedofharassmentatthecompanyformorethanadecade.BusinessWeekreportsincidentsrangingfromgropingsatcompanyretreatstosuggestionsthatfemalesalesrepscouldadvancetheircareersbyputtingoutsexuallyfortheirbosses—includingtheheadofthecompanyLarsBildman.Hislawyerdeniestheallegationsasdotheotherexecutives.SofarAstraitselfhasofferednoevidencesuggestinganyofthethreeareguilty.Bothcompaniesnowpromisetodobetter.Astraisoverhaulingitscorporatepersonnelpoliciesandplanstotrainmanagersonhowtohandleissuesofsexualdiscrimination.SoisMitsubishi.Saystheautomaker’sgeneralcounselGaryShultz:"Wearegoingtobecomethemodelinhandingsexual-harassmentand-discriminationcases."Thatremainstobeseen.Ifthesesortsofscandalsforcecompaniestosetuprulesthatactuallyworkthatmaybethebestcasestudyofall. [A]That’spreciselywhatthecompanydidinresponsetoapriorsexual-harassmentsuitfiledby29womenin1994. [B]"Agreatdealofattentionshouldbepaidtotheseaffairs."SaysMitsubishis’sspokesman. [C]But"we’retakingtheseallegationsveryseriously"saysAstraspokesmanBenjaminKincannon. [D]Outragedbytheautomaker’sseemingdisregardofitsproblemsperennialpresidentialhopefulJesseJacksonandtheNationalOrganizationforWomencalledoncarbuyerstoboycottthecompany. [E]WhenbusinessWeekpublishedtalesofwide-rangingabuseatAstra’sAmericansubsidiaryoutsideBostonthecompanyquicklyfaceduptotheproblemandsuspendeditsU.S.chiefexecutivealongwithtwotoplieutenants. [F]Prof.MartinStolleracrisis-managementexpertatNorthwesternUniversitythinksso."Theaimofcrisismanagementistostoptheattackers"hesays. 42
ManypeopleinvestinthestockmarkethopingtofindthenextMicrosoftandDell.HoweverIknow1personalexperiencehowdifficultthisreallyis.FormorethanayearIwaw2hundredsandsometimesthousandsofdollarsadayinvestinginthemarket.ItseemedsoeasyIdreamedof3myjobattheendoftheyearofbuyingasmallapartmentinParisoftravelingaroundtheworld.Butthesedreams4toasuddenanddramaticendwhenastockI5Texascellularponewholesalerfellbymorethan75percent6aoneyearperiod.Onthe7dayitplungedbymorethan$15ashare.Therewasarumorthecompanywas8salesfigures.ThatwaswhenIleamedhowquicklyWallstreet9companiesthatmisrepresentthe10. Ina11Isoldallmystockinthecompanypaying12margindebtwithcashadvancesfrommy13card.BecauseIownedsomanysharesI14asmallfortunehalfofitfrommoneyIborrowedfromthebrokeragecompany.OnemonthIama15thenextaloser.Thisonebiglosswasmyfirstlessoninthemarket. Myfatherwasastockbrokeraswaymygrandfather16him.InfacthefoundedoneofChicago’searliestbrokeragefirms.Butlikesomanythingsinlifewedon’tlearnanythinguntilwe17itforourselves.Theonlywaytoreallyunderstandtheinner18ofthestockmarketistoinvestyourownhard-earnedmoney.Whenallyourstocksaredoing19andyoufeellikeawinneryoulearnverylittle.It’swhenallyourstocksarelosingandeveryoneisquestioningyourstock-picking20thatyoufindoutifyouhavewhatittakestoinvestinthemarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
ManypeopleinvestinthestockmarkethopingtofindthenextMicrosoftandDell.HoweverIknow1personalexperiencehowdifficultthisreallyis.FormorethanayearIwaw2hundredsandsometimesthousandsofdollarsadayinvestinginthemarket.ItseemedsoeasyIdreamedof3myjobattheendoftheyearofbuyingasmallapartmentinParisoftravelingaroundtheworld.Butthesedreams4toasuddenanddramaticendwhenastockI5Texascellularponewholesalerfellbymorethan75percent6aoneyearperiod.Onthe7dayitplungedbymorethan$15ashare.Therewasarumorthecompanywas8salesfigures.ThatwaswhenIleamedhowquicklyWallstreet9companiesthatmisrepresentthe10. Ina11Isoldallmystockinthecompanypaying12margindebtwithcashadvancesfrommy13card.BecauseIownedsomanysharesI14asmallfortunehalfofitfrommoneyIborrowedfromthebrokeragecompany.OnemonthIama15thenextaloser.Thisonebiglosswasmyfirstlessoninthemarket. Myfatherwasastockbrokeraswaymygrandfather16him.InfacthefoundedoneofChicago’searliestbrokeragefirms.Butlikesomanythingsinlifewedon’tlearnanythinguntilwe17itforourselves.Theonlywaytoreallyunderstandtheinner18ofthestockmarketistoinvestyourownhard-earnedmoney.Whenallyourstocksaredoing19andyoufeellikeawinneryoulearnverylittle.It’swhenallyourstocksarelosingandeveryoneisquestioningyourstock-picking20thatyoufindoutifyouhavewhatittakestoinvestinthemarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. here’sahumanliversittinginalabdishinMadisonWis.Alsoaheartabrainandeveryboneinthehumanbodyeventhoughthecontentsofthedishareafewcellstoosmalltobeseenwithoutamicroscope.Butthesearestemcellsthemostimmaturehumancellseverdiscoveredtakenfromembryosbeforetheyhaddecidedupontheircareerpathinthebody.46Ifscientistscouldonlyfigureouthowtogivethemjusttherightkickinjusttherightdirectioneachcouldbecomealiveraheartabrainorabone.47WhenateamfromtheUniversityofWisconsinannouncedtheirdiscoverydoctorsaroundtheworldlookedforwardtoaneweraofmedicineonewithoutorgan-donorshortagesorthetissues-rejectionproblemsthatbedeviltransplantpatientstoday. Doctorsalsosawobstaclesthough.OneofthemwasaU.S.Congressskittishaboutresearchonstemcellstakenfromunwantedhumanembryosandabortedfetuses.Indeed70lawmakersaskedinafirmlywordedletterthattheFederalGovernmentbanallsuchwork. Yettheeraof"growyourown"organsisalreadyuponusasresearchershavesidesteppedthestemcellcontroversybymakingcleveruseofordinarycells.TodayamachinistinMassachusettsisusinghisowncellstogrowanewthumbafterhelostpartofhischestwallinanaccident.Ateenagerbornwithouthalfofhischestwallisgrowinganewcageofboneandcartilagewithinhischestcavity.Scientistsannouncedthatbladdersgrownfrombladdercellsinalabhavebeenimplantedindogsandareworking.Meanwhilepatchesofskinthefirst"tissue-engineered"organtobeapprovedbytheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationarehealingsoresandskinulcersonhundredsofpatientsacrosstheU.S. HowhavescientistsmanagedtodoallthiswithoutthoseproteanstemcellsPartoftheanswerissmartengineering.48Usingmaterialssuchaspolymerswithporesnowiderthanatoothbrushbristleresearchershavelearnedtosculptscaffoldsinshapesintowhichcellscansettle.Theotherpartoftheanswerisjustplaincellbiology.49Scientistshavediscoveredthattheydon’thavetoteacholdcellsnewtricks;giventherightframeworkandtherightnutrientscellswillorganizethemselvesintorealtissuesasthescaffoldsdissolve."I’magreatbelieverinthecells.They’renotjustlyingtherelookingstupidlyateachother"saysFrancoisAugeraninfectiousdiseasespecialistandbuilderofartificialbloodvesselsatLavalUniversityinQuebecCity."Theywilldotheworkforyouifyoutreatthemright." Replacementhearts—orevenreplacementheartparts—areatleastadecadeoffestimatesKikiHellmanwhomonitorstissue-engineeringeffortsfortheFDA."Anyproblemthatrequireslotsofcelltypes’talking’tooneanotherisreallyhard"shenotes.Boneandcartilageeffortsaremuchclosertofruitionandcouldbereadyforhumantrialswithintwoyears.50Andwhatofthosemagicalstemcellsthatcangrowintoanyorganyouhappentoneed—ifthelawandbiologists’knowledgepermit"Usingthem"saysSefton"isreallytheHolyGrail." Usingmaterialssuchaspolymerswithporesnowiderthanatoothbrushbristleresearchershavelearnedtosculptscaffoldsinshapesintowhichcellscansettle
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutSexualharassmentfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. HERE’SATALEOFTWOCOMPANIES.Bothareforeignownedbothareembroiledinscandalsareforeignownedbothareembroiledinscandalsinvolvingallegationsofsexualharassment.CompanyAisconfrontedwiththeproblemandpunishestopexecs.CompanyBstonewallsandmountsanaggressivecampaigntodiscredititsaccusersandportrayitselfasavictimofcorporateslander. 41Forbusinessschoolslookingforafewgoodcasestudiesindamagecontrollastweekwasaboutasgoodasitgets.OnewasSwedishpharmaceuticalscompanyAstraUSAamakerofasthmamedicationsandthepopularanestheticXylocaine.FacingsimilarchargesMitsubishiMotormanufacturingofAmericaoptedforinyour-facedenial.WhodiditrightIt’stoosoontoknowforsure.Astra’sstrategymayseemsmarter.FinanciallyspeakingatleastonecanseewhyMitsubishiisreluctanttoissueapublicmeaculpa.Fessingupcouldexposeittoasmuchas$200millionindamages. Suchcontroversiesarenoraritythesedays.TheEqualEmploymentOpportunitycommissionalonereceivedmorethan15000complaintsofsexualharassmentlastyearmorethantwiceasmanyasin1991.ItssuitagainstMitsubishifiledlastmonthmayturnouttobebyfarthebiggestever—andcouldeventuallyinvolveasmanyastwothirdsofthecompany’s900femaleworkers. 42Mitsubishi’sresponsewasclearfromthebeginning.WhentheEEOCannounceditscaseagainsttheIllinoisautomakerthecompanydispatchedbusloadsofworkerstopickettheagency’sChicagooffices.AttorneysforMitsubishiwillnodoubtprobetheprivatelivesofthewomenlodgingcomplaintsandmayevenaccusethemof"Japanbashing."Mitsubishi’sbrassinTokyoseemedabittakenabackbytheferocityofthecounteroffensivetothepointofsuggestingthatmaybethecasecouldbequietlysettled. 43CouldsuchtacticsbeeffectiveIfaggressivePRmakespeopledoubttheallegationsagainstthecompanyorencouragesfederalinvestigatorstosettleonmorefavorabletermsthenthestrategywillhavesucceeded.ButtherearerisksespeciallyforconsumercompanieslikeMitsubishi. 44That’snosmallthreatconsideringthatMitsubishiisstrugglingtoturnaprofitinthiscountry. 45Astra’sstrategyseemssavier.Itsopennessandpromptresponsemighthelpitevadepunitivedamagesshouldanyofthecomplaintsgotoajury.Infactthatmaybeachiefreasonthecompanyactedevenbeforeitcompleteditsowninvestigation.ThatsaidAstraisinthesouptobeginwithbecauseithadnoadequatemechanismsforreportingincidentsandbecauseitfailedtodealwithitsproblemsbeforetheybecamepublic.Womenhavecomplainedofharassmentatthecompanyformorethanadecade.BusinessWeekreportsincidentsrangingfromgropingsatcompanyretreatstosuggestionsthatfemalesalesrepscouldadvancetheircareersbyputtingoutsexuallyfortheirbosses—includingtheheadofthecompanyLarsBildman.Hislawyerdeniestheallegationsasdotheotherexecutives.SofarAstraitselfhasofferednoevidencesuggestinganyofthethreeareguilty.Bothcompaniesnowpromisetodobetter.Astraisoverhaulingitscorporatepersonnelpoliciesandplanstotrainmanagersonhowtohandleissuesofsexualdiscrimination.SoisMitsubishi.Saystheautomaker’sgeneralcounselGaryShultz:"Wearegoingtobecomethemodelinhandingsexual-harassmentand-discriminationcases."Thatremainstobeseen.Ifthesesortsofscandalsforcecompaniestosetuprulesthatactuallyworkthatmaybethebestcasestudyofall. [A]That’spreciselywhatthecompanydidinresponsetoapriorsexual-harassmentsuitfiledby29womenin1994. [B]"Agreatdealofattentionshouldbepaidtotheseaffairs."SaysMitsubishis’sspokesman. [C]But"we’retakingtheseallegationsveryseriously"saysAstraspokesmanBenjaminKincannon. [D]Outragedbytheautomaker’sseemingdisregardofitsproblemsperennialpresidentialhopefulJesseJacksonandtheNationalOrganizationforWomencalledoncarbuyerstoboycottthecompany. [E]WhenbusinessWeekpublishedtalesofwide-rangingabuseatAstra’sAmericansubsidiaryoutsideBostonthecompanyquicklyfaceduptotheproblemandsuspendeditsU.S.chiefexecutivealongwithtwotoplieutenants. [F]Prof.MartinStolleracrisis-managementexpertatNorthwesternUniversitythinksso."Theaimofcrisismanagementistostoptheattackers"hesays. 44
Nuclearpower’sdangertohealthsafetyandevenlifeitselfcanbesummedupinoneword:radiation. Nuclearradiationhasacertainmysteryaboutitpartlybecauseitcannotbedetectedbyhumansenses.Itcan’tbeseenorheardortouchedortastedeventhoughitmaybeallaroundus.Thereareotherthingslikethat.Forexampleradiowavesareallaroundusbutwecan’tdetectthemsensethemwithoutaradioreceiver.Similarlywecan’tsenseradioactivitywithoutaradiationdetector.Butunlikecommonradiowavesnuclearradiationisnotharmlesstohumanbeingsandotherlivingthings. Atveryhighlevelsradiationcankillananimalorhumanbeingoutrightbykillingmassesofcellsinvitalorgans.Buteventhelowestlevelscandoseriousdamage.Thereisnolevelofradiationthatiscompletelysafe.Iftheradiationdoesnothitanythingimportantthedamagemaynotbesignificant.Thisisthecasewhenonlyafewcellsarehit.Andiftheyarekilledoutrightyourbodywillreplacethedeadcellswithhealthyones.Butifthefewcellsareonlydamagedandiftheyreproducethemselvesyoumaybeintrouble.Theyreproducethemselvesinadeformedway.Theycangrowintocancer.Sometimesthisdoesnotshowupformanyyears. Thisisanotherreasonforsomeofthemysteryaboutnuclearradiation.Seriousdamagecanbedonewithoutthevictimbeingawareatthetimethatdamagehasoccurred.Apersoncanheirradiatedandfeelfinethendieofcancerfivetenortwentyyearslaterasaresult.Orachildcanbebornweakorliabletoseriousillnessasaresultofradiationabsorbedbyitsgrandparents. Radiationcanhurtus.Wemustknowthetruth. Whichofthefollowingcanbebestinferredfromthepassage
Nuclearpower’sdangertohealthsafetyandevenlifeitselfcanbesummedupinoneword:radiation. Nuclearradiationhasacertainmysteryaboutitpartlybecauseitcannotbedetectedbyhumansenses.Itcan’tbeseenorheardortouchedortastedeventhoughitmaybeallaroundus.Thereareotherthingslikethat.Forexampleradiowavesareallaroundusbutwecan’tdetectthemsensethemwithoutaradioreceiver.Similarlywecan’tsenseradioactivitywithoutaradiationdetector.Butunlikecommonradiowavesnuclearradiationisnotharmlesstohumanbeingsandotherlivingthings. Atveryhighlevelsradiationcankillananimalorhumanbeingoutrightbykillingmassesofcellsinvitalorgans.Buteventhelowestlevelscandoseriousdamage.Thereisnolevelofradiationthatiscompletelysafe.Iftheradiationdoesnothitanythingimportantthedamagemaynotbesignificant.Thisisthecasewhenonlyafewcellsarehit.Andiftheyarekilledoutrightyourbodywillreplacethedeadcellswithhealthyones.Butifthefewcellsareonlydamagedandiftheyreproducethemselvesyoumaybeintrouble.Theyreproducethemselvesinadeformedway.Theycangrowintocancer.Sometimesthisdoesnotshowupformanyyears. Thisisanotherreasonforsomeofthemysteryaboutnuclearradiation.Seriousdamagecanbedonewithoutthevictimbeingawareatthetimethatdamagehasoccurred.Apersoncanheirradiatedandfeelfinethendieofcancerfivetenortwentyyearslaterasaresult.Orachildcanbebornweakorliabletoseriousillnessasaresultofradiationabsorbedbyitsgrandparents. Radiationcanhurtus.Wemustknowthetruth. ThewordsignificantinParagraph3mostprobablymeans
ManypeopleinvestinthestockmarkethopingtofindthenextMicrosoftandDell.HoweverIknow1personalexperiencehowdifficultthisreallyis.FormorethanayearIwaw2hundredsandsometimesthousandsofdollarsadayinvestinginthemarket.ItseemedsoeasyIdreamedof3myjobattheendoftheyearofbuyingasmallapartmentinParisoftravelingaroundtheworld.Butthesedreams4toasuddenanddramaticendwhenastockI5Texascellularponewholesalerfellbymorethan75percent6aoneyearperiod.Onthe7dayitplungedbymorethan$15ashare.Therewasarumorthecompanywas8salesfigures.ThatwaswhenIleamedhowquicklyWallstreet9companiesthatmisrepresentthe10. Ina11Isoldallmystockinthecompanypaying12margindebtwithcashadvancesfrommy13card.BecauseIownedsomanysharesI14asmallfortunehalfofitfrommoneyIborrowedfromthebrokeragecompany.OnemonthIama15thenextaloser.Thisonebiglosswasmyfirstlessoninthemarket. Myfatherwasastockbrokeraswaymygrandfather16him.InfacthefoundedoneofChicago’searliestbrokeragefirms.Butlikesomanythingsinlifewedon’tlearnanythinguntilwe17itforourselves.Theonlywaytoreallyunderstandtheinner18ofthestockmarketistoinvestyourownhard-earnedmoney.Whenallyourstocksaredoing19andyoufeellikeawinneryoulearnverylittle.It’swhenallyourstocksarelosingandeveryoneisquestioningyourstock-picking20thatyoufindoutifyouhavewhatittakestoinvestinthemarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
ItisincongruousthatthenumberofBritishinstitutionsofferingMBAcoursesshouldhavegrownby254percentduringaperiodwhentheeconomyhasbeenslidingintodeeperrecession.Optimistsorthosegiventospeedassumptionsmightthinkitmarveloustohavesucharesourceofbusinessschoolgraduatesreadyfortherecovery.UnfortunatelythereisnowmuchdoubtaboutthevalueofthedegreenotleastamongMBAgraduatesthemselvessufferingastheyarefromtheeffectsofrecessionandfacingtheprospectofshrinkingmanagementstructures. Whatwastakensomeyearsagoasaticketofcertainadmissiontosuccessisnowbeingexposedtothescrutinyofcost-consciousemployerswhoseek"can-dos"ratherthan"might-dos"andwhofeelthatacademiabasnotbeensufficientlyappreciativeoftheneedsofindustryoroftheemployers’possiblecontribution. ItiscuriousgiventhenameofthedegreethatthereshouldbenoleaguetableforUKbusinessschools;nounanimityaboutwhatthedegreeshouldencompass;andnoagreedsystemofaccreditation.Surelythereissomethingwrong.Onewonderswhereallthetutorsforthismassiveinfusionofbusinessexpertisecamefromandwhyallthismushroomingtookplace. PerhapscompaniesthatmadelargeinvestmentswouldhavebeenwisertoinvestinalreadyexistingmanagersperchedanxiouslyontheirowninternalladdersTheInstituteofManagement’s1992surveywhichrevealedthateighty-onepercentofmanagersthoughttheypersonallywouldbemoreeffectiveiftheyreceivedmoretrainingsuggeststhatthismightbethecase.Thereistoothefactthattrainingalonedoesnotmakesuccessfulmanagers.Theyneedtheinherentqualifications.Ofcharacter;adegreeofself-subjugation;andabovealltheabilitytocommunicateandlead;moresonowwhenempowermentisabuzzwordthatisatleastgeneratinggenuflexionsifnottotalconviction. Onecaneasilythinkofpeoplesomecomparativelyunletteredwhoarenotlaudedcaptainsofindustry.WemaythereforenotneedtobetooconcernedaboutthefallinapplicationsforbusinessschoolplacesoreventhedoubtaboutMBAs.Theproliferationandsubsequentquestioningmayhavebeenaninevitableevolution.IftheManagementCharterInitiativenowexploringtheintroductionofaseniormanagementqualificationissuccessfultherewillbeapowerfulcorrective. Webelievenowthatmanagementisallaboutchange.Onehopestherewillbesomeofthatinrelationshipbetweenmanagementandsciencewithinindustrycurrentlycausingconcernandwhichisoverdueforattention.No-onedoubtsthatweneedmorescientistsandinnovationtogiveusanedgeinanincreasinglycompetitiveworld.Ifscientistsfeelthemselvesundervaluedandunder-usedworkinginindustrialghettosthatisnotapromisingauguryforthefuture.Itseemswehavetoresolvethesemisapprehensionsbetweenscienceand.industry.Aboveallwehavetomakesurethatmanagementisnotitselfsmugaboutitsstatusandthatitdoesnotissuemissionstatementsaboutcommunicationwithoutrealizingthattheessenceofitisadialogue.Moreempowermentisrequiredandweshouldstrivetoachieveit. Inthewriter’sopinion
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