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设系统中有三类资源A．B和C，又设系统中有5个进程P1，P2，P3，P4和P5。在T0时刻系统状态如下： 最大需求量 已分配资源量 剩余资源量 A ...
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假设系统中有三类互斥资源R1R2和R3可用资源数分别为87和4在T0时刻系统中有P1P2P3P
0、1 和0
0、1 和1
1、1 和0
1、1 和1
设系统中A类资源有10个实例B类资源有5个实例又设系统中有5个进程P1P2P3P4P5在某一时刻TO
P2P3P5P4P1
P2P4P5P1P3
P4P3P1P5P2
P5P1P3P4P2
假设系统中有三类互斥资源R1R2和R3可用资源数分别为98和5在T0时刻系统中有P1P2P3P
P1→P2→P4→P5→P3
P2→P1→P4→P5→P3
P2→P4→P5→P1→P3
P4→P2→P4→P1→P3
假设系统中有四类互斥资源R1R2R3和R4可用资源数分别为963和3在T0时刻系统中有P1P2
2、1、0和1
3、1、0和0
3、1、1和1
3、0、1和1
假设系统中有4类互斥资源R1R2R3和R4可用资源数分别为963和3在T0时刻系统中有P1P2P3
2、1、0和1
3、1、0和0
3、1、1和1
3、0、1和1
该系统状态是安全状态下面哪一个不是安全序列第18～19题基于如下描述设系统中有4个进程P1P2P3和
P4，P1，P3，P2
P4，P2，P1，P3
P4，P3，P1，P2
P4，P3，P2，P1
假设系统中有四类互斥资源R1R2R3和R4可用资源数分别为963和3在T0时刻系统中有P1P2
2、1、0 和1
3、1、0 和0
3、1、1 和1
3、0、1 和1
假设系统中有4类互斥资源R1R2R3和R4可用资源数分别为963和3在T0时刻系统中有P1P2
2、1、0和1
3、1、0和0
3、1、1和1
3、0、1和1
设系统中有三种类型的资源ABC和五个进程P0P1P2P3P4某时刻的状态如下根据银行家算法可知该时刻
P1,P3,P0,P4,P2
P2,P4,P1,P3,P0
P4,P1,P0,P3,P2
P3,P1,P2,P4,P0
假设系统中有三类互斥资源R1R2和R3可用资源数分别为98和5在T0时刻系统中有P1P2P3P
P1→P2→P4→P5→P3
P2→P1→P4→P5→P3
P2→P4→P5→P1→P3
P4→P2→P4→P1→P3
第18～19题基于如下描述设系统中有4个进程P1P2P3和P4在某一时刻系统状态如下最大需求量已分配
P4，P1，P3，P2
P4，P2，P1，P3
P4，P3，P1，P2
P4，P3，P2，P1
假设某系统中有三种资源R1R2R3在某时刻系统中共有四个进程进程P1P2P3P4的 最大资源需求数向
设系统中有三种类型的资源ABC和五个进程P1P2P3P4P5A资源的数量17 B资源的数量为5C资源
若系统中有同类资源16个由4个进程P1P2P3和P4共享该资源已知P1P2P3和P4所需的资源总数
②或④
③或⑥
④或⑤
⑤或⑥
假设某系统中有三种资源R1R2R3在某时刻系统中共有四个进程进程P1P2P3P4的最大 资源需求数向
假设系统中有三类互斥资源R1R2和R3可用资源数分别为105和3在T0时刻系统中有P1P2P3
1、1和0
1、1和1
2、1和0
2、0和1
假设系统中有三类互斥资源R1R2和R3可用资源数分别为98和5在T0时刻系统中有P1P2P3P4和
P1→P2→P4→P5→P3
P2→P1→P4→P5→P3
P2→P4→P5→P1→P3
P4→P2→P5→P1→P3
某系统中有三个进程P1P2和P3并发工作其中进程P1运行过程中需使用资源S1和S3进程P2需使用资源
假设系统中有4类互斥资源R1R2R3和R4可用资源数分别为963和3在T0时刻系统中有P1P2
2、1、0和1
3、1、0和0
3、1、1和1
3、0、1和1
假设系统中有三类互斥资源R1R2和R3可用资源数分别为87和4在T0时刻系统中有P1P2P3P
0、1和0
0、1和1
1、1和0
1、1和1
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Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 14
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 12
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 10
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Thehistoryofthecomputerinthetwentiethcenturyisoneofdramaticadaptationandexpansion.Thecomputerhadmodestbeginningsinareaswhereitwasusedasaspecialisttool.Thefirstelectroniccomputerwasbuiltinthe1930sandwassolelyfortheuseofundergraduatestudentsinIowaStateUniversitytohandlemathematicalcomputationsinnuclearphysics.Inthe1960sanearlyversionoftheInternetARPPANETwasusedincomputerscienceandengineeringprojects.Howeveronly10yearslatercomputerswerestartingtochangeourlifestylethewaywedobusinessandmanyotherthingsandbythelate1980s’networkswereexpandingtoembracesectionsofthegeneralpublic. ComputerizationhaschangedUShighschooleducationinmanyways.Threedifferentchangesthatconsiderbeingimportant.Thefirstistheuseofthecomputerasteachingaidforteachers.Thenextisthemassivedatastorageandfastdataretrievalfacilitatedbycomputer.Thencomesthechangesbroughtaboutbytheintroductionofsimulationsoftware. Howprevalentistheuseofcomputersinschools!Asrecentlyastheearly1980sonly20%ofsecondaryscienceteachersintheUSAwereusingmicrocomputers.HoweversincethenhighschoolsintheUShavecomputerzedrapidly.By1987schoolshadacquiredabout1.5millioncomputerswith95%ofpublicschoolshavingatleastonecomputer.Computerscanbeusedasteachingaidsbothinschoolsandinhomes.Inschoolsforexampleteacherscanplugacomputerintoanespeciallyequippedoverheadprojectortobringtextsgraphicssoundandvideosintoaclassroom.Bythesemultimediacomputeranimationsteacherscanmorereadilyattractandretainstudents’attention.Annconcludesthatcomputeraidedteachingcanattractandmotivatestudentswhoweredroppingoutwhenmoretraditionalmethodswerebeingused. LetusnowturntotheInternet.Thisisaglobalnetworkconnectingmanylocalnetworks.OvertheInternethighschoolstudentscanretrieveinformationanddatabasesfromeverynetworkedlibraryaroundtheworldinseconds.TheWorldWideWebprovidesaneasywaytoaccesshard-to-findinformation.Studentscannowreachanylibrarythroughtheglobalnetworkandfindwhattheywant.Thefinalstepistodownloadthescannedimage.Thoughtheslowtransmissionofsignalthroughthenetworkisamajorlimitingfactoritcanstillsaveusmuchtimeinfindingusefulinformationandthusitisaninvaluabletooltobothhighschoolteachersandstudents. Thewordfacilitatedparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 2
Thehistoryofthecomputerinthetwentiethcenturyisoneofdramaticadaptationandexpansion.Thecomputerhadmodestbeginningsinareaswhereitwasusedasaspecialisttool.Thefirstelectroniccomputerwasbuiltinthe1930sandwassolelyfortheuseofundergraduatestudentsinIowaStateUniversitytohandlemathematicalcomputationsinnuclearphysics.Inthe1960sanearlyversionoftheInternetARPPANETwasusedincomputerscienceandengineeringprojects.Howeveronly10yearslatercomputerswerestartingtochangeourlifestylethewaywedobusinessandmanyotherthingsandbythelate1980s’networkswereexpandingtoembracesectionsofthegeneralpublic. ComputerizationhaschangedUShighschooleducationinmanyways.Threedifferentchangesthatconsiderbeingimportant.Thefirstistheuseofthecomputerasteachingaidforteachers.Thenextisthemassivedatastorageandfastdataretrievalfacilitatedbycomputer.Thencomesthechangesbroughtaboutbytheintroductionofsimulationsoftware. Howprevalentistheuseofcomputersinschools!Asrecentlyastheearly1980sonly20%ofsecondaryscienceteachersintheUSAwereusingmicrocomputers.HoweversincethenhighschoolsintheUShavecomputerzedrapidly.By1987schoolshadacquiredabout1.5millioncomputerswith95%ofpublicschoolshavingatleastonecomputer.Computerscanbeusedasteachingaidsbothinschoolsandinhomes.Inschoolsforexampleteacherscanplugacomputerintoanespeciallyequippedoverheadprojectortobringtextsgraphicssoundandvideosintoaclassroom.Bythesemultimediacomputeranimationsteacherscanmorereadilyattractandretainstudents’attention.Annconcludesthatcomputeraidedteachingcanattractandmotivatestudentswhoweredroppingoutwhenmoretraditionalmethodswerebeingused. LetusnowturntotheInternet.Thisisaglobalnetworkconnectingmanylocalnetworks.OvertheInternethighschoolstudentscanretrieveinformationanddatabasesfromeverynetworkedlibraryaroundtheworldinseconds.TheWorldWideWebprovidesaneasywaytoaccesshard-to-findinformation.Studentscannowreachanylibrarythroughtheglobalnetworkandfindwhattheywant.Thefinalstepistodownloadthescannedimage.Thoughtheslowtransmissionofsignalthroughthenetworkisamajorlimitingfactoritcanstillsaveusmuchtimeinfindingusefulinformationandthusitisaninvaluabletooltobothhighschoolteachersandstudents. AccordingtothepassagethemajoradvantageoftheInternetis
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 20
SevenyearsagoagroupoffemalescientistsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyproducedapieceofresearchshowingthatseniorwomenprofessorsintheinstitute’sschoolofsciencehadlowersalariesandreceivedfewerresourcesforresearchthantheirmalecounterpartsdid.Discriminationagainstfemalescientistshascroppedupelsewhere.Onestudy—conductedinSwedenofallplaces—showedthatfemalemedical-researchscientistshadtobetwiceasgoodasmentowinresearchgrants.Thesepiecesofworkthoughwererelativelysmall-scale.NowamuchlargerstudyhasfoundthatdiscriminationplaysaroleinthepaygapbetweenmaleandfemalescientistsatBritishuniversities. SaraConnollyaresearcherattheUniversityofEastAnglia’sschoolofeconomicshasbeenanalyzingtheresultsofasurveyofover7000scientistsandshehasjustpresentedherfindingsatthisyear’smeetingoftheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinNorwich.Shefoundthattheaveragepaygapbetweenmaleandfemaleacademicsworkinginscienceengineeringandtechnologyisaround￡1500$2850ayear. Thatisnotofcourseirrefutableproofofdiscrimination.Analternativehypothesisisthatthecoursesofmen’sandwomen’slivesmeanthegapiscausedbysomethingelse;womentaking"careerbreaks"tohavechildrenforexampleandthusrisingmoreslowlythroughthehierarchy.UnfortunatelyforthatideaDr.Connollyfoundthatmenarealsolikelytoearnmorewithinanygivengradeofthehierarchy.Maleprofessorsforexampleearnover￡4000ayearmorethanfemaleones. ToprovethepointbeyonddoubtDr.Connollyworkedouthowmuchoftheoverallpaydifferentialwasexplainedbydifferencessuchasseniorityexperienceandageandhowmuchwasunexplainedandthereforesuggestiveofdiscrimination.Explicabledifferencesamountedto77%oftheoverallpaygapbetweenthesexes.Thatstillleftasubstantial23%gapinpaywhichDr.Connollyattributestodiscrimination. Besidespayherstudyalsolookedatthe"glass-ceiling"effect—namelythatatallstagesofawoman’scareersheislesslikelythanhermalecolleaguestobepromoted.Betweenpostdoctoralandlecturerlevelmenaremorelikelytobepromotedthanwomenarebyafactorofbetween1.04and2.45.Suchdifferencesarebiggerathighergradeswiththehardestmoveofallbeingforawomantosettleintoaprofessorialchair. Ofcourseitmightbethatateachgrademendomoreworkthanwomentomakethemselvesmoreeligibleforpromotion.Butthatexplanationtooseemstobewrong.UnlikethepreviousstudiesDr.Connolly’scomparedtheexperienceofscientistsinuniversitieswiththatofthoseinothersortsoflaboratory.Itturnsoutthatfemaleacademicresearchersfacemorebarrierstopromotionandhaveawidergapbetweentheirpayandthatoftheirmalecounterpartsthandotheirsistersinindustryorresearchinstitutesindependentofuniversities.Privateenterpriseinotherwordsdeliversmoreequalitythanthesupposedlyegalitarianworldofacademiadoes. IncontrasttoDr.Connolly’sstudythepreviousonesfailedto
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 18
Theideaisasaudaciousasitaltruistic:provideapersonallaptopcomputertoeveryschoolchild--particularlyinthepoorestpartsoftheworld.Thefirststeptomakingthathappeniswhittlingthepricedownto$100.AndthatisthegoalofagroupofAmericantechno-gurusledbyNicholasNegropontethefounderofthefabledMITMediaLab.WhenheunveiledtheideaattheWorldEconomicForuminJanuaryitseemedwildlyambitious.Butsurprisinglyitisstartingtobecomeareality.Mr.NegroponteplanstodisplaythefirstprototypeinNovemberataUNsummit.Fourcountries--BrazilEgyptThailandandSouthAfrica--havesaidtheywillbuyoverImunitseach.Productionisduetostartinlate2006. HowisthegroupcalledOneLaptopPerChildOLPCabletocreatealaptopsoinexpensivelyItismainlyamatterofcleverlycombiningexistingtechnologiesinnewways.ThelaptopwillhaveabasicprocessormadebyAMDflashmemoryinsteadofaharddiskwillbepoweredbybatteriesorahand-crankandwillrunopen-sourcesoftware.The$100laptopalsoputsallthecomponentsbehindthescreennotunderthekeyboardsothereisnoneedforanexpensivehinge.SofarOLPChasgotthepricedowntoaround$130. Butgoodnewsfortheworld’spoormaynotbesuchgreatnewsfortheworld’scomputermanufacturers.Thenewmachineisnotsimplyofinterestinthedevelopingworld.OnSeptember22ndMittRomneythegovernorofMassachusettssaidthestateshouldpurchaseoneforeverysecondary-schoolstudentwhentheybecomeavailable. Salestoschoolsarejustonewayinwhichthe$100laptopcouldchangethecomputerindustrymorebroadly.Bydepressingpricesandfuellingthetrendfor"good-enoughcomputing"wherecustomersupgradelessoftenitcouldeventuallyputpressureontheworld’sbiggestPC-makers. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
WhatisthepointoftellingyouaboutthissecondbookWellitallhingesonthedatesinvolved.Thelatterstorywaswrittenintheearly1960swhereastheGoosebumpsseriesdatesfromthe1990s.46Thismakesthepointratherdear:Thesandshaveshiftedradicallyin30years.A"debunking"booklikethisisnolongerfashionable.Whotodaywantstoreadaboutanythingasthought-provokingand"uncool"asdebunkingWhereonceamoviewascommonplace47The"magicalrealism"movementwherenaturalandsupernaturaleventshappilyconvergehasbecomeenormouslyinfluentialinseriousliteratureaswell.Movieandtelevisionviewersandreadersofseriousliteraturearegiventhetacitmessagethatmelinebetweenthenaturalandsupernaturalisblurryandperhapsevennonexistent. Notsurprisinglyconcomitantwiththesehigh--andpap--culturetrendscomesaprofoundlydisturbingcollectiveshiftinattitude.48Thegeneralpublicnolongerviewsscienceletalonetheultimatetruthsoftheuniversewithasenseofaweandmysterybutinsteadconsidersitconservativeandmundane"trapped"inlogicalthinking.Itisasiftheshacklesofrigidityhavebeenremovedwhen"open-minded"attitudesareconveyedontelevisioninbooksinmoviesaboutESPUFQoranyofathousandothervarietiesofallegedparanormalphenomena.49Thegreatdangerinmyestimationisnotsomuchthatvastnumbersofchildrenandadultswillgetsuckedwholesaleintotrulygoofybeliefsystemsbutthattheywillbemisledintoacceptingtheimplicitmessagethatscienceisboringconservativedose-mindeddevoidofmysteryandanegativeforceinsociety.Againthismessageisnotovertbuttacitperhapsnotevenconsciouslyintended.Yetitispreciselythissubliminalitythatmakesitsoinsidiousanddangerous. Ihavenoquickfixes.Idonotknowhowtoquicklyandeasilyrepairdecadesofdamage.Idonotevenfullyunderstandwhythesandshaveshiftedsoradically.50AllIcandoislookoninsadnessandworryaboutthefutureofrationalinquirybemoaningthelossofawetowardgenuinemysteriesthatoursocietywasonceluckyenoughtopossess. 50AllIcandoislookoninsadnessandworryaboutthefutureofrationalinquirybemoaningthelossofawetowardgenuinemysteriesthatoursocietywasonceluckyenoughtopossess.
InsomewaystheUnitedStateshasmadespectacularprogress.Firesnolongerdestroy18000buildingsastheydidintheGreatChicagoFireof1871orkillhalfatownof2400peopleastheydidthesamenightinPeshtigoWisconsin.OtherthantheBeverlyHillSupperClubfireinKentuckyin1977ithasbeenfourdecadessincemorethan100Americansdiedinafire. ButevenwithsuchsuccessestheUnitedStatesstillhasoneoftheworstfiredeathratesintheworld.Safetyexpertssaytheproblemisneithermoneynortechnologybuttheindifferenceofacountrythatjustwillnottakefiresseriouslyenough.Americanfiredepartmentsaresomeoftheworld’sfastestandbest-equipped.Theyhavetobe.TheUnitedStateshastwiceJapan’spopulationand40timesasmanyfires.Itspendsfarlessonpreventingfiresthanonfightingthem.AndAmericanfire-safetylessonsareaimedalmostentirelyatchildrenwhodieindisproportionatelylargenumbersinfiresbutwhocontrarytopopularmythstartveryfewofthem. Expertssaythefatalerrorisanattitudethatfiresarenotreallyanyone’sfault.Thatisnotsoinothercountrieswherebothpubliceducationandthelawtreatfiresaseitherapersonalfailingoracrime.Japanhasmanywoodhouses;oftheestimated48firesinworldhistorythatburnedmorethan10000buildingsJapanhashad27.Penaltiesforcausingaseverefirebynegligencecanbeashighaslifeimprisonment. IntheUnitedStatesmosteducationdollarsarespentinelementaryschools.Butthelessonsareaimedatatoolimitedaudience;just9percentofallfiredeathsarecausedbychildrenplayingwithmatches. TheUnitedStatescontinuestorelymoreontechnologythanlawsorsocialpressure.Therearesmokedetectorsin85percentofallhomes.Somelocalbuildingcodesnowrequirehomesprinklers.Newheatersandironsshutthemselvesoffiftheyaretipped. TonarrowthegapbetweenthefiredeathrateintheUnitedStatesandthatinothercountriestheauthorsuggests
SevenyearsagoagroupoffemalescientistsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyproducedapieceofresearchshowingthatseniorwomenprofessorsintheinstitute’sschoolofsciencehadlowersalariesandreceivedfewerresourcesforresearchthantheirmalecounterpartsdid.Discriminationagainstfemalescientistshascroppedupelsewhere.Onestudy—conductedinSwedenofallplaces—showedthatfemalemedical-researchscientistshadtobetwiceasgoodasmentowinresearchgrants.Thesepiecesofworkthoughwererelativelysmall-scale.NowamuchlargerstudyhasfoundthatdiscriminationplaysaroleinthepaygapbetweenmaleandfemalescientistsatBritishuniversities. SaraConnollyaresearcherattheUniversityofEastAnglia’sschoolofeconomicshasbeenanalyzingtheresultsofasurveyofover7000scientistsandshehasjustpresentedherfindingsatthisyear’smeetingoftheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinNorwich.Shefoundthattheaveragepaygapbetweenmaleandfemaleacademicsworkinginscienceengineeringandtechnologyisaround￡1500$2850ayear. Thatisnotofcourseirrefutableproofofdiscrimination.Analternativehypothesisisthatthecoursesofmen’sandwomen’slivesmeanthegapiscausedbysomethingelse;womentaking"careerbreaks"tohavechildrenforexampleandthusrisingmoreslowlythroughthehierarchy.UnfortunatelyforthatideaDr.Connollyfoundthatmenarealsolikelytoearnmorewithinanygivengradeofthehierarchy.Maleprofessorsforexampleearnover￡4000ayearmorethanfemaleones. ToprovethepointbeyonddoubtDr.Connollyworkedouthowmuchoftheoverallpaydifferentialwasexplainedbydifferencessuchasseniorityexperienceandageandhowmuchwasunexplainedandthereforesuggestiveofdiscrimination.Explicabledifferencesamountedto77%oftheoverallpaygapbetweenthesexes.Thatstillleftasubstantial23%gapinpaywhichDr.Connollyattributestodiscrimination. Besidespayherstudyalsolookedatthe"glass-ceiling"effect—namelythatatallstagesofawoman’scareersheislesslikelythanhermalecolleaguestobepromoted.Betweenpostdoctoralandlecturerlevelmenaremorelikelytobepromotedthanwomenarebyafactorofbetween1.04and2.45.Suchdifferencesarebiggerathighergradeswiththehardestmoveofallbeingforawomantosettleintoaprofessorialchair. Ofcourseitmightbethatateachgrademendomoreworkthanwomentomakethemselvesmoreeligibleforpromotion.Butthatexplanationtooseemstobewrong.UnlikethepreviousstudiesDr.Connolly’scomparedtheexperienceofscientistsinuniversitieswiththatofthoseinothersortsoflaboratory.Itturnsoutthatfemaleacademicresearchersfacemorebarrierstopromotionandhaveawidergapbetweentheirpayandthatoftheirmalecounterpartsthandotheirsistersinindustryorresearchinstitutesindependentofuniversities.Privateenterpriseinotherwordsdeliversmoreequalitythanthesupposedlyegalitarianworldofacademiadoes. WhichofthefollowingscanbeattributedtoDr.Connolly’sstudy
Thoughhardlyasunwelcomeasdeathortaxescollegeentranceexamsarejustasinevitableandalmostasdreadedbyhighschoolstudents. AsthetestingdatesloomforjuniorsandseniorsfortheSATformerlycalledtheScholasticAssessmentTestandtheAmericanCollegeTestorACTmoststudentsarelookingforanedgeanyedgeinthecompetition. Andasthenumberofhomeswithcomputerscontinuestorisetestpublishersandsoftwaredevelopershavebeenquicktorecognizeagrowingniche.Withthemarketfortestpreparationmaterialsatalllevelsestimatedat$540millionannuallytheyhavejumpedonthetechbandwagontoproducecomputerizedtutorialsthatpromisetoboostscores. 41"Webelievethatit’simportantforastudenttobepreparedtotakethetests"notesDonPowersaresearchscientistattheEducationalTestingServiceinPrincetonN.J.theorganizationthatadministerstheSATfortheCollegeBoard."It’simportanttoknowhowtotakethetestsothatyouwon’tgetascorethat’slowerthanyoudeserve."Butheadds"noneoftherigorousscientificevidencethatwehaveseensupportsthesepromises"toraisetestscores. 42Severalpointshoweverdoweighinfavorofsoftwareasopposedtotraditionaltest-preparation.Costisabigone. 43ConvenienceisanotherastheCollegeBoardpointsoutintoutingitsnewsofware. Afewpointstorememberwhenevaluatingvarioustest-prepsoftwarepackages: 44Theexamsthoughtheymayseemmysticaltothetesttakerarenotmagicandcertainlynotrandom.Thereislittlevariationinthestrategiestheprogramsusetoboosttestscoresbecausethereislittlevariationinhowthetestaredeveloped. Largelywhatdifferentiatesoneprogramfromanotheristhecomputerinterfacewhichcanmakethesoftwaremore—orless—user-friendlyandsuchfeaturesasautomatedtrackingofstudentprogress. 45Acrashcoursewithtestprepsoftwareisneveranalternativetocarefullong-termpreparationfortakingtheexams.Somestudentsarebetterequippedtorespondtotheself-pacedself-motivatedapproachsoftwareoffersthanothersPowersnotes. Althoughparentsmaybeinthemarketforwhattheyconsider"serious"studyaidstheirchildrenwhoaretheonestakingthetestsmayappreciatetheprogramsthatofferalittlehumor. FinallyasprogramsfrequentlypointouttheSATandACTwhileimportanttocollegeadmissionsofficersareonlyoneelementofasuccessfulcollegeapplication. [A]Atestprepcoursewithaliveinstructorcancostasmuchas$700.Test-prepsoftwarecosts$30to$80. [B]Mostoftheprogramsinfactemphasizetheimportanceof"guessingstrategies"andeliminatingunlikelyanswerstoimprovescores.Manystudentsoftensucceedinexamsinthisway. [C]Unlikemanyprogramsthisonecangiveyouaquickeasyandcomfortablewaytoachieveahighscore.Suchprogramscanturnyourdreampassingexamsintoreality. [D]"IwouldratherusetheprogramthantakeapreparationcoursebecauseIcoulddothisonmyowntimeandinmyownhome"notesonestudentintheCollegeBoardmaterials. [E]Althoughatleastoneofthetestprogramsasksyouhowlongyouhavetopreparetotaketheexaminationinordertocustomizethelearningcurveallrecommendspendingaperiodofweeksnothoursusingthesoftware. [F]Butthoughmanyprogramsoffermoney-backguaranteesprofessionaltestwriterstendtoscoffatthoseclaims.Intheirmindsuchprogramsoveremphasizeitsfunctions. [G]SATandACTispopularwiththeinternationalstudentsespeciallyAsianstudents.ManyAsianstudentschasetheirdreamthroughSATandACT. 44
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 16
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 6
WhatisthepointoftellingyouaboutthissecondbookWellitallhingesonthedatesinvolved.Thelatterstorywaswrittenintheearly1960swhereastheGoosebumpsseriesdatesfromthe1990s.46Thismakesthepointratherdear:Thesandshaveshiftedradicallyin30years.A"debunking"booklikethisisnolongerfashionable.Whotodaywantstoreadaboutanythingasthought-provokingand"uncool"asdebunkingWhereonceamoviewascommonplace47The"magicalrealism"movementwherenaturalandsupernaturaleventshappilyconvergehasbecomeenormouslyinfluentialinseriousliteratureaswell.Movieandtelevisionviewersandreadersofseriousliteraturearegiventhetacitmessagethatmelinebetweenthenaturalandsupernaturalisblurryandperhapsevennonexistent. Notsurprisinglyconcomitantwiththesehigh--andpap--culturetrendscomesaprofoundlydisturbingcollectiveshiftinattitude.48Thegeneralpublicnolongerviewsscienceletalonetheultimatetruthsoftheuniversewithasenseofaweandmysterybutinsteadconsidersitconservativeandmundane"trapped"inlogicalthinking.Itisasiftheshacklesofrigidityhavebeenremovedwhen"open-minded"attitudesareconveyedontelevisioninbooksinmoviesaboutESPUFQoranyofathousandothervarietiesofallegedparanormalphenomena.49Thegreatdangerinmyestimationisnotsomuchthatvastnumbersofchildrenandadultswillgetsuckedwholesaleintotrulygoofybeliefsystemsbutthattheywillbemisledintoacceptingtheimplicitmessagethatscienceisboringconservativedose-mindeddevoidofmysteryandanegativeforceinsociety.Againthismessageisnotovertbuttacitperhapsnotevenconsciouslyintended.Yetitispreciselythissubliminalitythatmakesitsoinsidiousanddangerous. Ihavenoquickfixes.Idonotknowhowtoquicklyandeasilyrepairdecadesofdamage.Idonotevenfullyunderstandwhythesandshaveshiftedsoradically.50AllIcandoislookoninsadnessandworryaboutthefutureofrationalinquirybemoaningthelossofawetowardgenuinemysteriesthatoursocietywasonceluckyenoughtopossess. 46Thismakesthepointratherdear:Thesandshaveshiftedradicallyin30years.Adebunkingbooklikethisisnolongerfashionable.
Theideaisasaudaciousasitaltruistic:provideapersonallaptopcomputertoeveryschoolchild--particularlyinthepoorestpartsoftheworld.Thefirststeptomakingthathappeniswhittlingthepricedownto$100.AndthatisthegoalofagroupofAmericantechno-gurusledbyNicholasNegropontethefounderofthefabledMITMediaLab.WhenheunveiledtheideaattheWorldEconomicForuminJanuaryitseemedwildlyambitious.Butsurprisinglyitisstartingtobecomeareality.Mr.NegroponteplanstodisplaythefirstprototypeinNovemberataUNsummit.Fourcountries--BrazilEgyptThailandandSouthAfrica--havesaidtheywillbuyoverImunitseach.Productionisduetostartinlate2006. HowisthegroupcalledOneLaptopPerChildOLPCabletocreatealaptopsoinexpensivelyItismainlyamatterofcleverlycombiningexistingtechnologiesinnewways.ThelaptopwillhaveabasicprocessormadebyAMDflashmemoryinsteadofaharddiskwillbepoweredbybatteriesorahand-crankandwillrunopen-sourcesoftware.The$100laptopalsoputsallthecomponentsbehindthescreennotunderthekeyboardsothereisnoneedforanexpensivehinge.SofarOLPChasgotthepricedowntoaround$130. Butgoodnewsfortheworld’spoormaynotbesuchgreatnewsfortheworld’scomputermanufacturers.Thenewmachineisnotsimplyofinterestinthedevelopingworld.OnSeptember22ndMittRomneythegovernorofMassachusettssaidthestateshouldpurchaseoneforeverysecondary-schoolstudentwhentheybecomeavailable. Salestoschoolsarejustonewayinwhichthe$100laptopcouldchangethecomputerindustrymorebroadly.Bydepressingpricesandfuellingthetrendfor"good-enoughcomputing"wherecustomersupgradelessoftenitcouldeventuallyputpressureontheworld’sbiggestPC-makers. Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingisbeyondthepublic’santicipation
Peopledon’twanttobuyinformationonline.WhyBecausetheydon’thaveto.Nomorethanthatbecausethey’reusedtonotpayingforit.That’stheconventionalwisdom.SlateMicrosoft’sonlinepolitics-and-culturemagazineisanoft-citedexampleofthefailedattemptstochargeafeeforaccesstocontent.Sofarformostpublishersithasn’tworked. ButnothingontheWebisadonedeal.InSeptembergraphics-soft-warepowerhouseAdobeannouncednewapplicationsthatintegratecommerceintodownloadingbooksandarticlesonlinewithSimon&SchusterBarnesandNobleandSalon.cornamongitshigh-profilepartners.Someanalystsputthemarketfordigitizedpublishingatmorethan$100billion.OfcourseiftheInternetcangeneratethatkindofmoney—somemightsayalmostanykindofmoney—peoplewantin.Andthiscouldn’tcomeatabettertime.Newspaperandmagazinewritersinparticularareincreasinglyfrustratedbytheirpublisherswhichposttheirwritingsonlinebutfrequentlydon’tpaythemextra. Sohere’sthegoodnews:Fathrain.comthethirdbiggestbook-sellerontheNet—afterAmazon.comandBarnesandnoble.corn—isnowdoingjustwhatthepublishingindustrythatmadeitasuccessfears.it’sofferingasecurewaytopayfordownloadablemanuscriptsonline.FatbraincallsitoffshooteMatter.Withitthecompany’sexecutiveshavetheradicalnotionofoustingpublishersfromthebook-sellingbusinessaltogetherbygivingwriters50%ofeachandeverysaleToreelinauthorseMatterisrunninga100%royaltypromotionuntiltheendoftheyear.Suggestedpricestoconsumersrangefromaminimum$2to$20dependingonthesizeofthebooktodownload. "Thiswillchangepublishingforever!"ChrisMaeAskillco-founderandchiefexecutiveofFatbraindeclareswiththebravadoofaninteriordecorator."WitheBayanybodycouldsellantiques.Nowanybodycanbepublished." There’sbeennoshortageofauthorswantingin.Withinafewweeksaccordingtothecompanysome2000writerssignedontopublishtheirworks.Someofthisistechnicalstuff—Fatbraingotwhereitisbyspecializingintechnicalbooks—buttherearesomewell-knownwriterslikeCatherineLaniganauthorofRomancingtheStonewhohasputherout-of-printbooksandanewnovellaonthesite.AnotherpopulardrawisRichardBachwhoagreedtoposta23-pageshortstorytothesite. NoteveryonethinksdownloadabledocumentsarethebiggestthinginpublishingsinceOprah’sBookClub."Ithinkitwillappealtosellersmorethanbuyers"saysMichaelMayadigitalcommerceanalystatJupiterCommunicationswhichreleasedareportthatcastdoubtonthemarket’spotential."Alotofpeoplearegoingtopublishgibberish.Thechallengeistoensurethequalityofthework." BlaineMathieuananalystatGartnerGroup’sDataquestsays"MostpeoplewhowantdigitalcontentwantitimmediatelyIdon’tknowifthismodelwouldsatisfytheirimmediateneed.EvenauthorsmaynotfindthatWebdistributionoftheirworksisgoingtobringthemapotofgold.Foronethingitcouldunderminesalesratherthanenhancethem.Foranotheranybodycoulde-maildownloadedcopiesofmanuscriptsaroundtownoraroundtheworldovertheNetwithoutthewriter’severseeingaproverbialdime."Softlock.comAuthenticaandFatbrainaretryingtoheadthisproblemoffbydevelopingencryptionpadlocksthatwouldallowonlyoneharddrivetoreceiveandprintthemanuscripts.Fornowtheproblempersists. WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasonforsomepeople’sbeliefthate-publisherswillnotsucceed
Thoughhardlyasunwelcomeasdeathortaxescollegeentranceexamsarejustasinevitableandalmostasdreadedbyhighschoolstudents. AsthetestingdatesloomforjuniorsandseniorsfortheSATformerlycalledtheScholasticAssessmentTestandtheAmericanCollegeTestorACTmoststudentsarelookingforanedgeanyedgeinthecompetition. Andasthenumberofhomeswithcomputerscontinuestorisetestpublishersandsoftwaredevelopershavebeenquicktorecognizeagrowingniche.Withthemarketfortestpreparationmaterialsatalllevelsestimatedat$540millionannuallytheyhavejumpedonthetechbandwagontoproducecomputerizedtutorialsthatpromisetoboostscores. 41"Webelievethatit’simportantforastudenttobepreparedtotakethetests"notesDonPowersaresearchscientistattheEducationalTestingServiceinPrincetonN.J.theorganizationthatadministerstheSATfortheCollegeBoard."It’simportanttoknowhowtotakethetestsothatyouwon’tgetascorethat’slowerthanyoudeserve."Butheadds"noneoftherigorousscientificevidencethatwehaveseensupportsthesepromises"toraisetestscores. 42Severalpointshoweverdoweighinfavorofsoftwareasopposedtotraditionaltest-preparation.Costisabigone. 43ConvenienceisanotherastheCollegeBoardpointsoutintoutingitsnewsofware. Afewpointstorememberwhenevaluatingvarioustest-prepsoftwarepackages: 44Theexamsthoughtheymayseemmysticaltothetesttakerarenotmagicandcertainlynotrandom.Thereislittlevariationinthestrategiestheprogramsusetoboosttestscoresbecausethereislittlevariationinhowthetestaredeveloped. Largelywhatdifferentiatesoneprogramfromanotheristhecomputerinterfacewhichcanmakethesoftwaremore—orless—user-friendlyandsuchfeaturesasautomatedtrackingofstudentprogress. 45Acrashcoursewithtestprepsoftwareisneveranalternativetocarefullong-termpreparationfortakingtheexams.Somestudentsarebetterequippedtorespondtotheself-pacedself-motivatedapproachsoftwareoffersthanothersPowersnotes. Althoughparentsmaybeinthemarketforwhattheyconsider"serious"studyaidstheirchildrenwhoaretheonestakingthetestsmayappreciatetheprogramsthatofferalittlehumor. FinallyasprogramsfrequentlypointouttheSATandACTwhileimportanttocollegeadmissionsofficersareonlyoneelementofasuccessfulcollegeapplication. [A]Atestprepcoursewithaliveinstructorcancostasmuchas$700.Test-prepsoftwarecosts$30to$80. [B]Mostoftheprogramsinfactemphasizetheimportanceof"guessingstrategies"andeliminatingunlikelyanswerstoimprovescores.Manystudentsoftensucceedinexamsinthisway. [C]Unlikemanyprogramsthisonecangiveyouaquickeasyandcomfortablewaytoachieveahighscore.Suchprogramscanturnyourdreampassingexamsintoreality. [D]"IwouldratherusetheprogramthantakeapreparationcoursebecauseIcoulddothisonmyowntimeandinmyownhome"notesonestudentintheCollegeBoardmaterials. [E]Althoughatleastoneofthetestprogramsasksyouhowlongyouhavetopreparetotaketheexaminationinordertocustomizethelearningcurveallrecommendspendingaperiodofweeksnothoursusingthesoftware. [F]Butthoughmanyprogramsoffermoney-backguaranteesprofessionaltestwriterstendtoscoffatthoseclaims.Intheirmindsuchprogramsoveremphasizeitsfunctions. [G]SATandACTispopularwiththeinternationalstudentsespeciallyAsianstudents.ManyAsianstudentschasetheirdreamthroughSATandACT. 42
WhatisthepointoftellingyouaboutthissecondbookWellitallhingesonthedatesinvolved.Thelatterstorywaswrittenintheearly1960swhereastheGoosebumpsseriesdatesfromthe1990s.46Thismakesthepointratherdear:Thesandshaveshiftedradicallyin30years.A"debunking"booklikethisisnolongerfashionable.Whotodaywantstoreadaboutanythingasthought-provokingand"uncool"asdebunkingWhereonceamoviewascommonplace47The"magicalrealism"movementwherenaturalandsupernaturaleventshappilyconvergehasbecomeenormouslyinfluentialinseriousliteratureaswell.Movieandtelevisionviewersandreadersofseriousliteraturearegiventhetacitmessagethatmelinebetweenthenaturalandsupernaturalisblurryandperhapsevennonexistent. Notsurprisinglyconcomitantwiththesehigh--andpap--culturetrendscomesaprofoundlydisturbingcollectiveshiftinattitude.48Thegeneralpublicnolongerviewsscienceletalonetheultimatetruthsoftheuniversewithasenseofaweandmysterybutinsteadconsidersitconservativeandmundane"trapped"inlogicalthinking.Itisasiftheshacklesofrigidityhavebeenremovedwhen"open-minded"attitudesareconveyedontelevisioninbooksinmoviesaboutESPUFQoranyofathousandothervarietiesofallegedparanormalphenomena.49Thegreatdangerinmyestimationisnotsomuchthatvastnumbersofchildrenandadultswillgetsuckedwholesaleintotrulygoofybeliefsystemsbutthattheywillbemisledintoacceptingtheimplicitmessagethatscienceisboringconservativedose-mindeddevoidofmysteryandanegativeforceinsociety.Againthismessageisnotovertbuttacitperhapsnotevenconsciouslyintended.Yetitispreciselythissubliminalitythatmakesitsoinsidiousanddangerous. Ihavenoquickfixes.Idonotknowhowtoquicklyandeasilyrepairdecadesofdamage.Idonotevenfullyunderstandwhythesandshaveshiftedsoradically.50AllIcandoislookoninsadnessandworryaboutthefutureofrationalinquirybemoaningthelossofawetowardgenuinemysteriesthatoursocietywasonceluckyenoughtopossess. 48Thegeneralpublicnolongerviewsscienceletalonetheultimatetruthsoftheuniversewithasenseofaweandmysterybutinsteadconsidersitconservativeandmundanetrappedinlogicalthinking.
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 20
InsomewaystheUnitedStateshasmadespectacularprogress.Firesnolongerdestroy18000buildingsastheydidintheGreatChicagoFireof1871orkillhalfatownof2400peopleastheydidthesamenightinPeshtigoWisconsin.OtherthantheBeverlyHillSupperClubfireinKentuckyin1977ithasbeenfourdecadessincemorethan100Americansdiedinafire. ButevenwithsuchsuccessestheUnitedStatesstillhasoneoftheworstfiredeathratesintheworld.Safetyexpertssaytheproblemisneithermoneynortechnologybuttheindifferenceofacountrythatjustwillnottakefiresseriouslyenough.Americanfiredepartmentsaresomeoftheworld’sfastestandbest-equipped.Theyhavetobe.TheUnitedStateshastwiceJapan’spopulationand40timesasmanyfires.Itspendsfarlessonpreventingfiresthanonfightingthem.AndAmericanfire-safetylessonsareaimedalmostentirelyatchildrenwhodieindisproportionatelylargenumbersinfiresbutwhocontrarytopopularmythstartveryfewofthem. Expertssaythefatalerrorisanattitudethatfiresarenotreallyanyone’sfault.Thatisnotsoinothercountrieswherebothpubliceducationandthelawtreatfiresaseitherapersonalfailingoracrime.Japanhasmanywoodhouses;oftheestimated48firesinworldhistorythatburnedmorethan10000buildingsJapanhashad27.Penaltiesforcausingaseverefirebynegligencecanbeashighaslifeimprisonment. IntheUnitedStatesmosteducationdollarsarespentinelementaryschools.Butthelessonsareaimedatatoolimitedaudience;just9percentofallfiredeathsarecausedbychildrenplayingwithmatches. TheUnitedStatescontinuestorelymoreontechnologythanlawsorsocialpressure.Therearesmokedetectorsin85percentofallhomes.Somelocalbuildingcodesnowrequirehomesprinklers.Newheatersandironsshutthemselvesoffiftheyaretipped. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
Theideaisasaudaciousasitaltruistic:provideapersonallaptopcomputertoeveryschoolchild--particularlyinthepoorestpartsoftheworld.Thefirststeptomakingthathappeniswhittlingthepricedownto$100.AndthatisthegoalofagroupofAmericantechno-gurusledbyNicholasNegropontethefounderofthefabledMITMediaLab.WhenheunveiledtheideaattheWorldEconomicForuminJanuaryitseemedwildlyambitious.Butsurprisinglyitisstartingtobecomeareality.Mr.NegroponteplanstodisplaythefirstprototypeinNovemberataUNsummit.Fourcountries--BrazilEgyptThailandandSouthAfrica--havesaidtheywillbuyoverImunitseach.Productionisduetostartinlate2006. HowisthegroupcalledOneLaptopPerChildOLPCabletocreatealaptopsoinexpensivelyItismainlyamatterofcleverlycombiningexistingtechnologiesinnewways.ThelaptopwillhaveabasicprocessormadebyAMDflashmemoryinsteadofaharddiskwillbepoweredbybatteriesorahand-crankandwillrunopen-sourcesoftware.The$100laptopalsoputsallthecomponentsbehindthescreennotunderthekeyboardsothereisnoneedforanexpensivehinge.SofarOLPChasgotthepricedowntoaround$130. Butgoodnewsfortheworld’spoormaynotbesuchgreatnewsfortheworld’scomputermanufacturers.Thenewmachineisnotsimplyofinterestinthedevelopingworld.OnSeptember22ndMittRomneythegovernorofMassachusettssaidthestateshouldpurchaseoneforeverysecondary-schoolstudentwhentheybecomeavailable. Salestoschoolsarejustonewayinwhichthe$100laptopcouldchangethecomputerindustrymorebroadly.Bydepressingpricesandfuellingthetrendfor"good-enoughcomputing"wherecustomersupgradelessoftenitcouldeventuallyputpressureontheworld’sbiggestPC-makers. Basedonthelastparagraphwhichofthefollowingistrue
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 8
InsomewaystheUnitedStateshasmadespectacularprogress.Firesnolongerdestroy18000buildingsastheydidintheGreatChicagoFireof1871orkillhalfatownof2400peopleastheydidthesamenightinPeshtigoWisconsin.OtherthantheBeverlyHillSupperClubfireinKentuckyin1977ithasbeenfourdecadessincemorethan100Americansdiedinafire. ButevenwithsuchsuccessestheUnitedStatesstillhasoneoftheworstfiredeathratesintheworld.Safetyexpertssaytheproblemisneithermoneynortechnologybuttheindifferenceofacountrythatjustwillnottakefiresseriouslyenough.Americanfiredepartmentsaresomeoftheworld’sfastestandbest-equipped.Theyhavetobe.TheUnitedStateshastwiceJapan’spopulationand40timesasmanyfires.Itspendsfarlessonpreventingfiresthanonfightingthem.AndAmericanfire-safetylessonsareaimedalmostentirelyatchildrenwhodieindisproportionatelylargenumbersinfiresbutwhocontrarytopopularmythstartveryfewofthem. Expertssaythefatalerrorisanattitudethatfiresarenotreallyanyone’sfault.Thatisnotsoinothercountrieswherebothpubliceducationandthelawtreatfiresaseitherapersonalfailingoracrime.Japanhasmanywoodhouses;oftheestimated48firesinworldhistorythatburnedmorethan10000buildingsJapanhashad27.Penaltiesforcausingaseverefirebynegligencecanbeashighaslifeimprisonment. IntheUnitedStatesmosteducationdollarsarespentinelementaryschools.Butthelessonsareaimedatatoolimitedaudience;just9percentofallfiredeathsarecausedbychildrenplayingwithmatches. TheUnitedStatescontinuestorelymoreontechnologythanlawsorsocialpressure.Therearesmokedetectorsin85percentofallhomes.Somelocalbuildingcodesnowrequirehomesprinklers.Newheatersandironsshutthemselvesoffiftheyaretipped. ThereasonwhysomanyAmericansdieinfiresisthat
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