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The view from the top of the luxurious Morgan Centre down onto Beijing’s Olympic Green is breath-...
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Text4 Thetermdisruptivetechnologyis popularbutiswidelymisused.Itrefersnotsimplytoaclevernewtechnology huttoonethatunderminesanexistingtechnology--andwhichthereforemakes lifeverydifficultforthemanybusinesseswhichdependontheexistingwayof doingthings.Twentyyearsagothepersonalcomputerwasaclassicexample.It sweptasideanoldermainframe-basedstyleofcomputingandeventuallybrought IBMoneoftheworld’smightiestfirmsatthetimetoitsknees.Thisweekhas beenacoming-outpartyofsortsforanotherdisruptivetechnologyvoiceover internetprotocolVOIPwhichpromisestobeevenmoredisruptiveandof evengreaterbenefittoconsumersthanpersonalcomputers. VOIP’sleadingproponentisSkypeasmallfirmwhosesoftwareallows peopletomakefreecallstootherSkypeusersovertheinternetandverycheap callstotraditionaltelephones--allofwhichspellstroubleforincumbent telecomsoperators.OnSeptember12theBaytheleadingonlineauctionhouse announcedthatitwasbuyingSkypefor＄2.6billionplusanadditional＄1.5 billionifSkypehitscertainperformancetargetsincomingyears. Thisseemsavastsumtopayforacompanythathasonly＄60minrevenues andhasyettoturnaprofit.YeteBaywasnottheonlycompanyinterestedin buyingSkype.MicrosoftYahoo!NewsCorporationandGooglewereallsaidto havealsoconsideredtheidea.PerhapseBayratherlikesomeover-excited bidderinoneofitsownauctionshaspaidtoomuch.Thecompanysaysitplans touseSkype’stechnologytomakeiteasierforbuyersandsellersto communicateandtooffernewclicktocalladvertisementsbutmanyanalysts arescepticalthateBayisthebestownerofSkype.Whateverthemeritsofthe dealhoweverthefussoverSkypeinrecentweekshashighlightedthe significanceofVOIPandtheenormousthreatitposestoincumbenttelecoms operators.FortheriseofSkypeandotherVOIPservicesmeans nothinglessthanthedeathofthetraditionaltelephonebusinessestablished overacenturyago.Skypeismerelythemostvisiblemanifestationofadramatic shiftinthetelecomsindustryasvoiceGallingbecomesjustanotherdata servicedeliveredviahigh-speedinternetconnections.Skypewhichhasover54m usershasreceivedthemostattentionbutotherfirmsroutingcallspartially orentirelyovertheinternethavealsosignedupmillionsof customers.Atthebeginningofthetexttheauthor______.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheis widelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinised scientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecame to1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroup calledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyas Homosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmember Homotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered 3hair.Modern4arenot asgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5 andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pan troglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsare humans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanity specialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenot peoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.Thatinturn meanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itishere thatthe10mustoriginate.Onehalfofthe puzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewas publishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthis week’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequenced aswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-old questions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybe somethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobvious genes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristic human16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And 17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2it hadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwo genomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingand AnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedid not19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesat leastshowwheretolookfor20 .
Intheearly1800sgroupsofEnglishworkerswreckedmachines thattheyfeltthreatenedtheirjobs.46TheywerecalledLudditesafter oneoftheirleadersatermthatisnowusedforanyonewhoputsupresistance tonewtechnologies.47Theoddthingaboutnanotechnology’sLuddites isthattheyhavestartedresistingbeforethetechnologyhasreallyestablished itself.Aspeoplestarttobuyproductsinvolving nanotechnologyfromodour-resistantshirtstowindowglassthatrepelsdirt theywillrealisethatmanyofthesenewthingsareusefulandharmless.Andas awarenessofnanotechnologygrowstheywillbegintounderstandthatitcovers arangeofdifferentwaysofdoingthingssomeofwhichcarrysomeriskand othersdonot.Asaresultthetechnology’sdetractorswillprobablybecome morenuancedintheircomplaints.Nanotechnologyhasthe potentialtocauseanindustrialupheavaljustaselectricitydidinitstime. 48Likeelectricitythoughithassomanyandsuchdiverseapplications thatitisunlikelytoarriveinonehugewaveasnanotechnology’scritics fear.Insteadtherewillbeaseriesofsmallerwaves.49Manyofthe innovationsthetechnologymaybringarealongwayoffleavingplentyoftime toprepare.Nanotechnologylikeanynewdiscoveryoffers bothrisksandrewards.Therewillundoubtedlybesomeneedtocontrolits exploitationtominimizetherisksbuttherearealsostrongargumentsfor allowingtheunfetteredpursuitofknowledge:withoutitinnovationcannot flourish.Twentyyearsagonobodycouldhaveforeseenthatthe inventionofanewmicroscopewouldlauncharemarkablenewtechnologyperhaps arevolution.50Scientistsshouldbeallowedtoworkwithaslittle hindranceaspossibletogainabetterunderstandingoftheobjectoftheir study-howeverlargeorsmall.
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3offeryoursuggestions. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheis widelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinised scientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecame to1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroup calledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyas Homosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmember Homotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered 3hair.Modern4arenot asgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5 andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pan troglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsare humans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanity specialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenot peoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.Thatinturn meanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itishere thatthe10mustoriginate.Onehalfofthe puzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewas publishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthis week’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequenced aswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-old questions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybe somethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobvious genes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristic human16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And 17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2it hadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwo genomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingand AnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedid not19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesat leastshowwheretolookfor20 .
Text1 JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBob Woodward.OneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogle forsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactually beinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageand itschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr. Battellethannottodoso.Theresultisahighlyreadable accountofGoogle’sastonishingrise—thesteepestincorporatehistory—fromits originsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutandits currentstruggletobecomeagrownupcompanywhilestayingtruetoits youthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevilMr.Battellemakesthereaderwarmto Google’srulingtriumvirate—theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions—andfear fortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthe mostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.Ithasadecentshotat displacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Its ambition—toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationon theworldwideweb--isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrightening.Beyond thisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsand Holly3voodcelebritiesareinteresting—forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimply itself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebegins tryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuture development.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurried andoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreally havingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonly themiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.Googleiseye-catchingduetoits______.
Text3 Soonafterhisappointmentas secretary-generaloftheUnitedNationsin1997KofiAnnanlamentedthathewas beingaccusedoffailingtoreformtheworldbodyinsixweeks.Butwhatare youcomplainingaboutaskedtheRussianambassador:You’vehadmoretimethan God.AhMr.AnnanquippedbackbutGodhadonebigadvantage.Heworked alonewithoutaGeneralAssemblyaSecurityCounciland[all]the committees.RecountingthatanecdotetojournalistsinNewYork thisweekMr.AnnansoughttoexplainwhyadraftdeclarationonUNreformand tacklingworldpovertyduetobeendorsedbysome150headsofstateand governmentataworldsummitinthecityonSeptember14th-16thhadturned intosuchapaleshadowoftheproposalsthathehimselfhadputforwardin March.With191memberstateshesighedit’snoteasytogetan agreement.MostcountriesputtheblameontheUnitedStates intheformofitsabrasivenewambassadorJohnBoltonforinsistingatthe endofAugustonhundredsoflastminuteamendmentsandaline-by-line renegotiationofatextmostothershadthoughtwasalmostsettled.Butagroup ofmiddle-incomedevelopingnationsincludingPakistanCubaIranEgypt SyriaandVenezuelaalsocameupwithplentyoflast-minutechangesoftheir own.Theriskofhavingnodocumentatallandthusnothingfortheworld’s leaderstocometoNewYorkforwasavertedonlybymarathonall-nightand all-weekendtalks.The35-pagefinaldocumentisnotwholly devoidofsubstance.ItcallsforthecreationofaPeacebuildingCommissionto supervisethereconstructionofcountriesafterwars;thereplacementofthe discreditedUNCommissiononHumanRightsbyasupposedlytougherHumanRights Council;therecognitionofanewresponsibilitytoprotectpeoplesfrom genocideandotheratrocitieswhennationalauthoritiesfailtotakeaction includingifnecessarybyforce;andanearlyreformoftheSecurity Council.Althoughmuchpareddownalltheseproposalshaveatleast survived.Othershavenot.Eithertheyprovodsocontentious thattheywereomittedaltogethersuchasthesectionsondisarmamentand non-proliferationandtheInternationalCriminalCourtortheywerewatered downtolittlemorethanemptyplatitudes.Theimportantsectiononcollective securityandtheuseofforcenolongerevenmentionsthevexedissueof pre-emptivestrikes;meanwhilethesectiononterrorismcondemnsitinallits formsandmanifestationscommittedbywhomeverwhereverandforwhatever purposesbutfailstoprovidethecleardefinitiontheAmericans wanted.BothMr.AnnanandmoresurprisinglyGeorgeBushhave neverthelesssoughttoputagoodfaceonthingswithMr.Annandescribingthe summitdocumentasanimportantstepforwardandMr.BushsayingtheUNhad takenthefirststepstowardsreform.Mr.AnnanandMr.Boltonaredetermined togoalotfurther.ItisnowuptotheGeneralAssemblytofleshoutthe document’sskeletonproposalsandproposenewones.Butitschancesofsuccess appearslim.Accordingtothetextemptyplatitudesmightbefoundinthesectionon______.
Text1 JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBob Woodward.OneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogle forsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactually beinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageand itschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr. Battellethannottodoso.Theresultisahighlyreadable accountofGoogle’sastonishingrise—thesteepestincorporatehistory—fromits originsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutandits currentstruggletobecomeagrownupcompanywhilestayingtruetoits youthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevilMr.Battellemakesthereaderwarmto Google’srulingtriumvirate—theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions—andfear fortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthe mostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.Ithasadecentshotat displacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Its ambition—toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationon theworldwideweb--isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrightening.Beyond thisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsand Holly3voodcelebritiesareinteresting—forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimply itself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebegins tryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuture development.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurried andoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreally havingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonly themiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.Accordingtothetexttheauthor’sattitudetowardMr.Battelle’sworkis______.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheis widelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinised scientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecame to1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroup calledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyas Homosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmember Homotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered 3hair.Modern4arenot asgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5 andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pan troglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsare humans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanity specialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenot peoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.Thatinturn meanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itishere thatthe10mustoriginate.Onehalfofthe puzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewas publishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthis week’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequenced aswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-old questions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybe somethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobvious genes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristic human16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And 17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2it hadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwo genomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingand AnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedid not19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesat leastshowwheretolookfor20 .
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheis widelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinised scientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecame to1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroup calledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyas Homosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmember Homotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered 3hair.Modern4arenot asgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5 andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pan troglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsare humans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanity specialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenot peoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.Thatinturn meanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itishere thatthe10mustoriginate.Onehalfofthe puzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewas publishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthis week’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequenced aswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-old questions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybe somethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobvious genes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristic human16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And 17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2it hadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwo genomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingand AnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedid not19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesat leastshowwheretolookfor20 .
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheis widelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinised scientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecame to1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroup calledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyas Homosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmember Homotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered 3hair.Modern4arenot asgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5 andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pan troglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsare humans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanity specialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenot peoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.Thatinturn meanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itishere thatthe10mustoriginate.Onehalfofthe puzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewas publishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthis week’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequenced aswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-old questions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybe somethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobvious genes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristic human16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And 17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2it hadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwo genomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingand AnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedid not19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesat leastshowwheretolookfor20 .
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheis widelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinised scientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecame to1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroup calledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyas Homosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmember Homotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered 3hair.Modern4arenot asgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5 andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pan troglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsare humans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanity specialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenot peoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.Thatinturn meanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itishere thatthe10mustoriginate.Onehalfofthe puzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewas publishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthis week’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequenced aswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-old questions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybe somethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobvious genes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristic human16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And 17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2it hadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwo genomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingand AnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedid not19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesat leastshowwheretolookfor20 .
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheis widelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinised scientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecame to1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroup calledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyas Homosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmember Homotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered 3hair.Modern4arenot asgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5 andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pan troglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsare humans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanity specialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenot peoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.Thatinturn meanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itishere thatthe10mustoriginate.Onehalfofthe puzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewas publishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthis week’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequenced aswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-old questions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybe somethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobvious genes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristic human16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And 17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2it hadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwo genomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingand AnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedid not19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesat leastshowwheretolookfor20 .
Text2 I’matotalgeekallaroundsays AngelaBYrona27-year-oldcomputerprlogrammerwhohasjustgraduatedfrom NovaScotiaCommunityCollege.Andyetlikemanyotherstudentssheneverhad theconfidencetoapproachanyofthevariousopen-sourcesoftwarecommunities ontheinternet--distributedteamsofvolunteerswhocollaboratetobuild softwarethatisthenmadefreelyavailable.ButthankstoGoogletheworld’s mostpopularsearchengineandoneofthebiggestproponentsofopen-source softwareMsByronspentthesummercontributingcodetoDrupalanopen-source projectthatautomatesthemanagementofwebsites.It’sawesomeshe says.MsByronisoneof419studentsoutof8744whoapplied whowereacceptedforGoogle’ssummerofcode.Whileitsoundslikea hyper-nerdysummercampthestudentsneitherwenttoGoogle’scampusin MountainViewCalifornianortowherevertheirmentorsatthe41participating open-sourceprojectshappenedtobelocated.InsteadGoogleactedasa matchmakerandsponsor.Eachoftheparticipatingopen-sourceprojectsreceived ＄500foreverystudentittookon;andeachstudentreceived＄4500＄500right awayand＄4000oncompletionoftheirwork.OhandaT-shirt. AllofthisistheideaofChrisDiBonaGoogle’sopen-sourcebosswho wasbrainstormingwithLarryPageandSergeyBrinGoogle’sfounderslastyear. Theyrealisedthatalotofprogrammingtalentgoestowasteeverysummer becausestudentstakesummerjobsflippingburgerstomakemoneyandlettheir codingskillsdegrade.Wewanttomakeitbetterforstudentsinthesummer saysMr.DiBonaaddingthatitalsohelpstheopen-sourcecommunityandthus indirectlyGooglewhichuseslotsofopensourcesoftwarebehindthescenes. PlussaysMr.DiBonaitdoesbecomeanopportunityforrecruiting. ElliotCohenastudentatBerkeleyspenthissummerwritingaBayesian networktoolboxforPythonanopen-sourceprogramminglanguage.I’ma prettybigfanofGooglehesays.Hehasaninterviewscheduledwith MicrosoftbutGoogleistheonlybigcompanythatIwouldworkathesays. Andifthatdoesn’tworkouthenowknowspeopleintheopen-sourcecommunity andit’salotlessintimidating.Theworkoftheparticipatingopen-sourceprojectsconductedbystudentsaccordingtothetextis______.
[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmune system[B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIV cropup[C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy[D]HowdoesHIV subverttheimmunesystem[E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbe stopped[F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesof cancerandinfectionsInthe20yearssincethefirstcasesof AIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviral diseasethananyother.YetPeterPiotwhodirectstheUnited NationsAIDSprogramandStefanoVellaofRomepresidentoftheInternational AIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldprove usefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases. Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthat remain:41．_____________.Along-standingbeliefisthat cancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmune system.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmore pronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbut nottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates. Thispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthe typethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancersto develop.42．_______________.WhenHIVistransmitted sexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthat happensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbya seriesofdifferentkindsofcells.EventuallyHIVtravels throughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhat isnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatare neededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents.43．_______________. AlthoughHIVkillstheimmuneceilssenttokillthevirusthereis widespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeillwith AIDS.Soscientistsask:Cantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsiblefor thatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressionto AIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirst place44．_______________.Intheoryearlytreatmentshould offerthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.Butthenewdrugsdonot completelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhave dangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschanged tocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbe deferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening. IsavaccinepossibleThereislittlequestionthat aneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehas reachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegree ofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareas oftheworlddiffergenetically.Itisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfrom onetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstother types.45．_______________.Withoutmoreincisivefocused behavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobal epidemic.
Text2 I’matotalgeekallaroundsays AngelaBYrona27-year-oldcomputerprlogrammerwhohasjustgraduatedfrom NovaScotiaCommunityCollege.Andyetlikemanyotherstudentssheneverhad theconfidencetoapproachanyofthevariousopen-sourcesoftwarecommunities ontheinternet--distributedteamsofvolunteerswhocollaboratetobuild softwarethatisthenmadefreelyavailable.ButthankstoGoogletheworld’s mostpopularsearchengineandoneofthebiggestproponentsofopen-source softwareMsByronspentthesummercontributingcodetoDrupalanopen-source projectthatautomatesthemanagementofwebsites.It’sawesomeshe says.MsByronisoneof419studentsoutof8744whoapplied whowereacceptedforGoogle’ssummerofcode.Whileitsoundslikea hyper-nerdysummercampthestudentsneitherwenttoGoogle’scampusin MountainViewCalifornianortowherevertheirmentorsatthe41participating open-sourceprojectshappenedtobelocated.InsteadGoogleactedasa matchmakerandsponsor.Eachoftheparticipatingopen-sourceprojectsreceived ＄500foreverystudentittookon;andeachstudentreceived＄4500＄500right awayand＄4000oncompletionoftheirwork.OhandaT-shirt. AllofthisistheideaofChrisDiBonaGoogle’sopen-sourcebosswho wasbrainstormingwithLarryPageandSergeyBrinGoogle’sfounderslastyear. Theyrealisedthatalotofprogrammingtalentgoestowasteeverysummer becausestudentstakesummerjobsflippingburgerstomakemoneyandlettheir codingskillsdegrade.Wewanttomakeitbetterforstudentsinthesummer saysMr.DiBonaaddingthatitalsohelpstheopen-sourcecommunityandthus indirectlyGooglewhichuseslotsofopensourcesoftwarebehindthescenes. PlussaysMr.DiBonaitdoesbecomeanopportunityforrecruiting. ElliotCohenastudentatBerkeleyspenthissummerwritingaBayesian networktoolboxforPythonanopen-sourceprogramminglanguage.I’ma prettybigfanofGooglehesays.Hehasaninterviewscheduledwith MicrosoftbutGoogleistheonlybigcompanythatIwouldworkathesays. Andifthatdoesn’tworkouthenowknowspeopleintheopen-sourcecommunity andit’salotlessintimidating.ElliotCohenismentionedinthetextsoasto______.
Intheearly1800sgroupsofEnglishworkerswreckedmachines thattheyfeltthreatenedtheirjobs.46TheywerecalledLudditesafter oneoftheirleadersatermthatisnowusedforanyonewhoputsupresistance tonewtechnologies.47Theoddthingaboutnanotechnology’sLuddites isthattheyhavestartedresistingbeforethetechnologyhasreallyestablished itself.Aspeoplestarttobuyproductsinvolving nanotechnologyfromodour-resistantshirtstowindowglassthatrepelsdirt theywillrealisethatmanyofthesenewthingsareusefulandharmless.Andas awarenessofnanotechnologygrowstheywillbegintounderstandthatitcovers arangeofdifferentwaysofdoingthingssomeofwhichcarrysomeriskand othersdonot.Asaresultthetechnology’sdetractorswillprobablybecome morenuancedintheircomplaints.Nanotechnologyhasthe potentialtocauseanindustrialupheavaljustaselectricitydidinitstime. 48Likeelectricitythoughithassomanyandsuchdiverseapplications thatitisunlikelytoarriveinonehugewaveasnanotechnology’scritics fear.Insteadtherewillbeaseriesofsmallerwaves.49Manyofthe innovationsthetechnologymaybringarealongwayoffleavingplentyoftime toprepare.Nanotechnologylikeanynewdiscoveryoffers bothrisksandrewards.Therewillundoubtedlybesomeneedtocontrolits exploitationtominimizetherisksbuttherearealsostrongargumentsfor allowingtheunfetteredpursuitofknowledge:withoutitinnovationcannot flourish.Twentyyearsagonobodycouldhaveforeseenthatthe inventionofanewmicroscopewouldlauncharemarkablenewtechnologyperhaps arevolution.50Scientistsshouldbeallowedtoworkwithaslittle hindranceaspossibletogainabetterunderstandingoftheobjectoftheir study-howeverlargeorsmall.
Text2 I’matotalgeekallaroundsays AngelaBYrona27-year-oldcomputerprlogrammerwhohasjustgraduatedfrom NovaScotiaCommunityCollege.Andyetlikemanyotherstudentssheneverhad theconfidencetoapproachanyofthevariousopen-sourcesoftwarecommunities ontheinternet--distributedteamsofvolunteerswhocollaboratetobuild softwarethatisthenmadefreelyavailable.ButthankstoGoogletheworld’s mostpopularsearchengineandoneofthebiggestproponentsofopen-source softwareMsByronspentthesummercontributingcodetoDrupalanopen-source projectthatautomatesthemanagementofwebsites.It’sawesomeshe says.MsByronisoneof419studentsoutof8744whoapplied whowereacceptedforGoogle’ssummerofcode.Whileitsoundslikea hyper-nerdysummercampthestudentsneitherwenttoGoogle’scampusin MountainViewCalifornianortowherevertheirmentorsatthe41participating open-sourceprojectshappenedtobelocated.InsteadGoogleactedasa matchmakerandsponsor.Eachoftheparticipatingopen-sourceprojectsreceived ＄500foreverystudentittookon;andeachstudentreceived＄4500＄500right awayand＄4000oncompletionoftheirwork.OhandaT-shirt. AllofthisistheideaofChrisDiBonaGoogle’sopen-sourcebosswho wasbrainstormingwithLarryPageandSergeyBrinGoogle’sfounderslastyear. Theyrealisedthatalotofprogrammingtalentgoestowasteeverysummer becausestudentstakesummerjobsflippingburgerstomakemoneyandlettheir codingskillsdegrade.Wewanttomakeitbetterforstudentsinthesummer saysMr.DiBonaaddingthatitalsohelpstheopen-sourcecommunityandthus indirectlyGooglewhichuseslotsofopensourcesoftwarebehindthescenes. PlussaysMr.DiBonaitdoesbecomeanopportunityforrecruiting. ElliotCohenastudentatBerkeleyspenthissummerwritingaBayesian networktoolboxforPythonanopen-sourceprogramminglanguage.I’ma prettybigfanofGooglehesays.Hehasaninterviewscheduledwith MicrosoftbutGoogleistheonlybigcompanythatIwouldworkathesays. Andifthatdoesn’tworkouthenowknowspeopleintheopen-sourcecommunity andit’salotlessintimidating.MsByron’scommentonherownsummerexperimentis______.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheis widelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinised scientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecame to1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroup calledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyas Homosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmember Homotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered 3hair.Modern4arenot asgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5 andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pan troglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsare humans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanity specialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenot peoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.Thatinturn meanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itishere thatthe10mustoriginate.Onehalfofthe puzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewas publishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthis week’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequenced aswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-old questions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybe somethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobvious genes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristic human16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And 17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2it hadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwo genomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingand AnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedid not19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesat leastshowwheretolookfor20 .
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheis widelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinised scientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecame to1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroup calledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyas Homosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmember Homotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered 3hair.Modern4arenot asgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5 andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pan troglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsare humans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanity specialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenot peoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.Thatinturn meanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itishere thatthe10mustoriginate.Onehalfofthe puzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewas publishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthis week’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequenced aswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-old questions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybe somethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobvious genes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristic human16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And 17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2it hadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwo genomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingand AnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedid not19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesat leastshowwheretolookfor20 .
Text4 Thetermdisruptivetechnologyis popularbutiswidelymisused.Itrefersnotsimplytoaclevernewtechnology huttoonethatunderminesanexistingtechnology--andwhichthereforemakes lifeverydifficultforthemanybusinesseswhichdependontheexistingwayof doingthings.Twentyyearsagothepersonalcomputerwasaclassicexample.It sweptasideanoldermainframe-basedstyleofcomputingandeventuallybrought IBMoneoftheworld’smightiestfirmsatthetimetoitsknees.Thisweekhas beenacoming-outpartyofsortsforanotherdisruptivetechnologyvoiceover internetprotocolVOIPwhichpromisestobeevenmoredisruptiveandof evengreaterbenefittoconsumersthanpersonalcomputers. VOIP’sleadingproponentisSkypeasmallfirmwhosesoftwareallows peopletomakefreecallstootherSkypeusersovertheinternetandverycheap callstotraditionaltelephones--allofwhichspellstroubleforincumbent telecomsoperators.OnSeptember12theBaytheleadingonlineauctionhouse announcedthatitwasbuyingSkypefor＄2.6billionplusanadditional＄1.5 billionifSkypehitscertainperformancetargetsincomingyears. Thisseemsavastsumtopayforacompanythathasonly＄60minrevenues andhasyettoturnaprofit.YeteBaywasnottheonlycompanyinterestedin buyingSkype.MicrosoftYahoo!NewsCorporationandGooglewereallsaidto havealsoconsideredtheidea.PerhapseBayratherlikesomeover-excited bidderinoneofitsownauctionshaspaidtoomuch.Thecompanysaysitplans touseSkype’stechnologytomakeiteasierforbuyersandsellersto communicateandtooffernewclicktocalladvertisementsbutmanyanalysts arescepticalthateBayisthebestownerofSkype.Whateverthemeritsofthe dealhoweverthefussoverSkypeinrecentweekshashighlightedthe significanceofVOIPandtheenormousthreatitposestoincumbenttelecoms operators.FortheriseofSkypeandotherVOIPservicesmeans nothinglessthanthedeathofthetraditionaltelephonebusinessestablished overacenturyago.Skypeismerelythemostvisiblemanifestationofadramatic shiftinthetelecomsindustryasvoiceGallingbecomesjustanotherdata servicedeliveredviahigh-speedinternetconnections.Skypewhichhasover54m usershasreceivedthemostattentionbutotherfirmsroutingcallspartially orentirelyovertheinternethavealsosignedupmillionsof customers.Accordingtothelastparagraphwithwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorofthetextmostprobablyagree
Intheearly1800sgroupsofEnglishworkerswreckedmachines thattheyfeltthreatenedtheirjobs.46TheywerecalledLudditesafter oneoftheirleadersatermthatisnowusedforanyonewhoputsupresistance tonewtechnologies.47Theoddthingaboutnanotechnology’sLuddites isthattheyhavestartedresistingbeforethetechnologyhasreallyestablished itself.Aspeoplestarttobuyproductsinvolving nanotechnologyfromodour-resistantshirtstowindowglassthatrepelsdirt theywillrealisethatmanyofthesenewthingsareusefulandharmless.Andas awarenessofnanotechnologygrowstheywillbegintounderstandthatitcovers arangeofdifferentwaysofdoingthingssomeofwhichcarrysomeriskand othersdonot.Asaresultthetechnology’sdetractorswillprobablybecome morenuancedintheircomplaints.Nanotechnologyhasthe potentialtocauseanindustrialupheavaljustaselectricitydidinitstime. 48Likeelectricitythoughithassomanyandsuchdiverseapplications thatitisunlikelytoarriveinonehugewaveasnanotechnology’scritics fear.Insteadtherewillbeaseriesofsmallerwaves.49Manyofthe innovationsthetechnologymaybringarealongwayoffleavingplentyoftime toprepare.Nanotechnologylikeanynewdiscoveryoffers bothrisksandrewards.Therewillundoubtedlybesomeneedtocontrolits exploitationtominimizetherisksbuttherearealsostrongargumentsfor allowingtheunfetteredpursuitofknowledge:withoutitinnovationcannot flourish.Twentyyearsagonobodycouldhaveforeseenthatthe inventionofanewmicroscopewouldlauncharemarkablenewtechnologyperhaps arevolution.50Scientistsshouldbeallowedtoworkwithaslittle hindranceaspossibletogainabetterunderstandingoftheobjectoftheir study-howeverlargeorsmall.
Text4 Thetermdisruptivetechnologyis popularbutiswidelymisused.Itrefersnotsimplytoaclevernewtechnology huttoonethatunderminesanexistingtechnology--andwhichthereforemakes lifeverydifficultforthemanybusinesseswhichdependontheexistingwayof doingthings.Twentyyearsagothepersonalcomputerwasaclassicexample.It sweptasideanoldermainframe-basedstyleofcomputingandeventuallybrought IBMoneoftheworld’smightiestfirmsatthetimetoitsknees.Thisweekhas beenacoming-outpartyofsortsforanotherdisruptivetechnologyvoiceover internetprotocolVOIPwhichpromisestobeevenmoredisruptiveandof evengreaterbenefittoconsumersthanpersonalcomputers. VOIP’sleadingproponentisSkypeasmallfirmwhosesoftwareallows peopletomakefreecallstootherSkypeusersovertheinternetandverycheap callstotraditionaltelephones--allofwhichspellstroubleforincumbent telecomsoperators.OnSeptember12theBaytheleadingonlineauctionhouse announcedthatitwasbuyingSkypefor＄2.6billionplusanadditional＄1.5 billionifSkypehitscertainperformancetargetsincomingyears. Thisseemsavastsumtopayforacompanythathasonly＄60minrevenues andhasyettoturnaprofit.YeteBaywasnottheonlycompanyinterestedin buyingSkype.MicrosoftYahoo!NewsCorporationandGooglewereallsaidto havealsoconsideredtheidea.PerhapseBayratherlikesomeover-excited bidderinoneofitsownauctionshaspaidtoomuch.Thecompanysaysitplans touseSkype’stechnologytomakeiteasierforbuyersandsellersto communicateandtooffernewclicktocalladvertisementsbutmanyanalysts arescepticalthateBayisthebestownerofSkype.Whateverthemeritsofthe dealhoweverthefussoverSkypeinrecentweekshashighlightedthe significanceofVOIPandtheenormousthreatitposestoincumbenttelecoms operators.FortheriseofSkypeandotherVOIPservicesmeans nothinglessthanthedeathofthetraditionaltelephonebusinessestablished overacenturyago.Skypeismerelythemostvisiblemanifestationofadramatic shiftinthetelecomsindustryasvoiceGallingbecomesjustanotherdata servicedeliveredviahigh-speedinternetconnections.Skypewhichhasover54m usershasreceivedthemostattentionbutotherfirmsroutingcallspartially orentirelyovertheinternethavealsosignedupmillionsof customers.Itcapbeinferredfromthetextthat______.
1995年6月A市某食品公司经理刘某委托去B市办事的某商行负责人张某将该公司的营业执照副本和盖有该公司合同专用章的空白合同书交给公司驻B市办事处的王某张某到B市后因事务缠身一直未将营业执照副本和空白合同书交到王某的手中同年7月2日张某从朋友处得知B市某粮油加工厂欲购买玉米便持营业执照副本和空白合同书与加工厂签订了供应300吨玉米的合同7月4日加工厂按照合同约定将30万元定金汇入A市工商银行张某的账户后因种种原因张某组织货源不成致合同无法履行加工厂便找到刘某要求食品公司承担违约责任刘某以该合同不是本公司人员所签且定金未汇入本公司账户为由拒绝承担责任双方争执不下加工厂诉至法院 请回答 1本案涉及哪些民事法律关系试作简要分析 2食品公司是否应对张某的签约行为承担责任为什么 3本案应如何处理
[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmune system[B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIV cropup[C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy[D]HowdoesHIV subverttheimmunesystem[E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbe stopped[F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesof cancerandinfectionsInthe20yearssincethefirstcasesof AIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviral diseasethananyother.YetPeterPiotwhodirectstheUnited NationsAIDSprogramandStefanoVellaofRomepresidentoftheInternational AIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldprove usefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases. Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthat remain:41．_____________.Along-standingbeliefisthat cancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmune system.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmore pronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbut nottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates. Thispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthe typethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancersto develop.42．_______________.WhenHIVistransmitted sexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthat happensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbya seriesofdifferentkindsofcells.EventuallyHIVtravels throughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhat isnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatare neededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents.43．_______________. AlthoughHIVkillstheimmuneceilssenttokillthevirusthereis widespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeillwith AIDS.Soscientistsask:Cantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsiblefor thatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressionto AIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirst place44．_______________.Intheoryearlytreatmentshould offerthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.Butthenewdrugsdonot completelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhave dangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschanged tocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbe deferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening. IsavaccinepossibleThereislittlequestionthat aneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehas reachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegree ofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareas oftheworlddiffergenetically.Itisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfrom onetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstother types.45．_______________.Withoutmoreincisivefocused behavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobal epidemic.
Text3 Soonafterhisappointmentas secretary-generaloftheUnitedNationsin1997KofiAnnanlamentedthathewas beingaccusedoffailingtoreformtheworldbodyinsixweeks.Butwhatare youcomplainingaboutaskedtheRussianambassador:You’vehadmoretimethan God.AhMr.AnnanquippedbackbutGodhadonebigadvantage.Heworked alonewithoutaGeneralAssemblyaSecurityCounciland[all]the committees.RecountingthatanecdotetojournalistsinNewYork thisweekMr.AnnansoughttoexplainwhyadraftdeclarationonUNreformand tacklingworldpovertyduetobeendorsedbysome150headsofstateand governmentataworldsummitinthecityonSeptember14th-16thhadturned intosuchapaleshadowoftheproposalsthathehimselfhadputforwardin March.With191memberstateshesighedit’snoteasytogetan agreement.MostcountriesputtheblameontheUnitedStates intheformofitsabrasivenewambassadorJohnBoltonforinsistingatthe endofAugustonhundredsoflastminuteamendmentsandaline-by-line renegotiationofatextmostothershadthoughtwasalmostsettled.Butagroup ofmiddle-incomedevelopingnationsincludingPakistanCubaIranEgypt SyriaandVenezuelaalsocameupwithplentyoflast-minutechangesoftheir own.Theriskofhavingnodocumentatallandthusnothingfortheworld’s leaderstocometoNewYorkforwasavertedonlybymarathonall-nightand all-weekendtalks.The35-pagefinaldocumentisnotwholly devoidofsubstance.ItcallsforthecreationofaPeacebuildingCommissionto supervisethereconstructionofcountriesafterwars;thereplacementofthe discreditedUNCommissiononHumanRightsbyasupposedlytougherHumanRights Council;therecognitionofanewresponsibilitytoprotectpeoplesfrom genocideandotheratrocitieswhennationalauthoritiesfailtotakeaction includingifnecessarybyforce;andanearlyreformoftheSecurity Council.Althoughmuchpareddownalltheseproposalshaveatleast survived.Othershavenot.Eithertheyprovodsocontentious thattheywereomittedaltogethersuchasthesectionsondisarmamentand non-proliferationandtheInternationalCriminalCourtortheywerewatered downtolittlemorethanemptyplatitudes.Theimportantsectiononcollective securityandtheuseofforcenolongerevenmentionsthevexedissueof pre-emptivestrikes;meanwhilethesectiononterrorismcondemnsitinallits formsandmanifestationscommittedbywhomeverwhereverandforwhatever purposesbutfailstoprovidethecleardefinitiontheAmericans wanted.BothMr.AnnanandmoresurprisinglyGeorgeBushhave neverthelesssoughttoputagoodfaceonthingswithMr.Annandescribingthe summitdocumentasanimportantstepforwardandMr.BushsayingtheUNhad takenthefirststepstowardsreform.Mr.AnnanandMr.Boltonaredetermined togoalotfurther.ItisnowuptotheGeneralAssemblytofleshoutthe document’sskeletonproposalsandproposenewones.Butitschancesofsuccess appearslim.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat______.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheis widelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinised scientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecame to1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroup calledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyas Homosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmember Homotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered 3hair.Modern4arenot asgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5 andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pan troglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsare humans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanity specialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenot peoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.Thatinturn meanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itishere thatthe10mustoriginate.Onehalfofthe puzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewas publishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthis week’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequenced aswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-old questions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybe somethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobvious genes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristic human16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And 17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2it hadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwo genomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingand AnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedid not19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesat leastshowwheretolookfor20 .
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