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Text4Overthepastfewdecadestherehasbeenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofmathematicalanalysisbothforsolvingeverydayproblemsandfortheoreticaldevelopmentsofmanydisciplines.Forexampleeconomicsbiologygeographyandmedicinehaveallseenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofquantitativetechniques.Twentyyearsagoappliedmathematicsmeanttheapplicationofmathematicstoproblemsinmechanicsandlittleelse--nowappliedmathematicsorasmanypeopleprefertocallitapplicablemathematicscouldrefertotheuseofmathematicsinmanyvariedareas.Theoneunifyingthemethattheseapplicationshaveisthatofmathematicalmodelingbywhichwemeantheconstructionofamathematicalmodeltodescribethesituationunderstudy.Thisprocessofchangingareallifeproblemintoamathematicaloneisnotatalleasywehastentoaddalthoughoneoftheoverallaimsofthisbookistoimproveyourabilityasamathematicalmodeler.Therehavebeenmanybookswrittenduringthepastdecadeonthetopicofmathematicalmodeling;allthesebookshavebeendevotedtoexplaininganddevelopingmathematicalmodelsbutverylittlespacehasbeengiventohowtoconstructmathematicalmodelsthatishowtotakearealproblemandconvertitintoamathematicalone.Althoughweappreciatethatwemightnotyethavethebestmethodsforteachinghowtotacklerealproblemswedoatleastregardthismasteryofmodelformulationasacrucialstepandmuchofthisbookisdevotedtoattemptingtomakeyoumoreproficientinthisprocess.Ourbasicconceptisthatappliedmathematiciansbecomebettermodelersthroughmoreandmoreexperienceoftacklingrealproblems.Soinordertogetthemostoutofthisbookwestressthatyoumustmakeapositiveefforttotacklethemanyproblemsposedbeforelookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Tohelpyoutogainconfidenceintheartofmodelingwehavedividedthebookintofourdistinctsections.Inthefirstsectionwedescribethreedifferentexamplesofhowmathematicalanalysishasbeenusedtosolvepracticalproblems.Thesearealltrueaccountsofhowmathematicalanalysishashelpedtoprovidesolutions.Wearenotexpectingyoutodomuchatthisstageexcepttoreadthroughthecasestudiescarefullypayingparticularattentiontothewayinwhichtheproblemshavebeentackled--theprocessoftranslatingtheproblemintoamathematicalone.Thesecondsectionconsistsofaseriesofrealproblemstogetherwithpossiblesolutionsandrelatedproblems.Eachproblemhasaclearstatementandweverymuchencourageyoutotrytosolvetheseproblemsinthefirstplacewithoutlookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Theproblemsrequireforsolutiondifferentlevelsofmathematicsandyoumightfindyouhavenotyetcoveredsomeofthemathematicaltopicsrequired.Ingeneralwehavetriedtoorderthemsothatthelevelofmathematicsrequiredinthesolutionsincreaseasyoumovethroughtheproblems.Rememberthatweareonlygivingoursolutionsandparticularlyifyoudon’tlookatoursolutionyoumightwellhaveacompletelydifferentapproachwhichmightprovideabettersolution.Hereinthethirdsectionwetrytogiveyousomeadviceastohowtoapproachthetacklingofrealproblemsolvingandwegivesomegeneralconceptsinvolvedinmathematicalmodeling.Itmustthoughagainbestressedthatweareallconvincedthatexperienceistheall-importantingredientneededforconfidenceinmodelformulation.IfyouhavejustreadSectionsIand11withoutmakingatleastattemptsatyourownsolutionstosomeoftheproblemssetyouwillnothavegainedanyrealexperienceintacklingrealproblemsandthissectionwillnotreallybeofmuchhelp.OntheotherhandifyouhavetakentheproblemsolvingseriouslyinSectionⅡyoumightfindthegeneraladvicegivenherehelpful.Providedyouhavegainedsomeconfidenceintacklingrealproblemsolvingintheearlierpartsyouwillbeabletodabblewiththoseproblemsinthissectionwhichappealtoyou.Don’tfeelyoumustworksystematicallythroughthissectionbutlookforproblemsyouwanttosolve--thesearetheonesthatyouwillhavemostsuccessinsolving.Wehopethatthisbookwillatleastpointyouinthisdirection.Weareawarethatthisisnotafinalizedprecisesortoftextbutthenusingmathematicsinpracticalproblemsolvingisnotapreciseart.Itisfullofpitfallsariddifficulties;butdon’tdespairyouwillfindgreatexcitementandsatisfactionwhenyouhavehadyourfirstsuccessatrealproblemsolving! Accordingtothisintroductionthebestwaytousethisbookis
Text4Overthepastfewdecadestherehasbeenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofmathematicalanalysisbothforsolvingeverydayproblemsandfortheoreticaldevelopmentsofmanydisciplines.Forexampleeconomicsbiologygeographyandmedicinehaveallseenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofquantitativetechniques.Twentyyearsagoappliedmathematicsmeanttheapplicationofmathematicstoproblemsinmechanicsandlittleelse--nowappliedmathematicsorasmanypeopleprefertocallitapplicablemathematicscouldrefertotheuseofmathematicsinmanyvariedareas.Theoneunifyingthemethattheseapplicationshaveisthatofmathematicalmodelingbywhichwemeantheconstructionofamathematicalmodeltodescribethesituationunderstudy.Thisprocessofchangingareallifeproblemintoamathematicaloneisnotatalleasywehastentoaddalthoughoneoftheoverallaimsofthisbookistoimproveyourabilityasamathematicalmodeler.Therehavebeenmanybookswrittenduringthepastdecadeonthetopicofmathematicalmodeling;allthesebookshavebeendevotedtoexplaininganddevelopingmathematicalmodelsbutverylittlespacehasbeengiventohowtoconstructmathematicalmodelsthatishowtotakearealproblemandconvertitintoamathematicalone.Althoughweappreciatethatwemightnotyethavethebestmethodsforteachinghowtotacklerealproblemswedoatleastregardthismasteryofmodelformulationasacrucialstepandmuchofthisbookisdevotedtoattemptingtomakeyoumoreproficientinthisprocess.Ourbasicconceptisthatappliedmathematiciansbecomebettermodelersthroughmoreandmoreexperienceoftacklingrealproblems.Soinordertogetthemostoutofthisbookwestressthatyoumustmakeapositiveefforttotacklethemanyproblemsposedbeforelookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Tohelpyoutogainconfidenceintheartofmodelingwehavedividedthebookintofourdistinctsections.Inthefirstsectionwedescribethreedifferentexamplesofhowmathematicalanalysishasbeenusedtosolvepracticalproblems.Thesearealltrueaccountsofhowmathematicalanalysishashelpedtoprovidesolutions.Wearenotexpectingyoutodomuchatthisstageexcepttoreadthroughthecasestudiescarefullypayingparticularattentiontothewayinwhichtheproblemshavebeentackled--theprocessoftranslatingtheproblemintoamathematicalone.Thesecondsectionconsistsofaseriesofrealproblemstogetherwithpossiblesolutionsandrelatedproblems.Eachproblemhasaclearstatementandweverymuchencourageyoutotrytosolvetheseproblemsinthefirstplacewithoutlookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Theproblemsrequireforsolutiondifferentlevelsofmathematicsandyoumightfindyouhavenotyetcoveredsomeofthemathematicaltopicsrequired.Ingeneralwehavetriedtoorderthemsothatthelevelofmathematicsrequiredinthesolutionsincreaseasyoumovethroughtheproblems.Rememberthatweareonlygivingoursolutionsandparticularlyifyoudon’tlookatoursolutionyoumightwellhaveacompletelydifferentapproachwhichmightprovideabettersolution.Hereinthethirdsectionwetrytogiveyousomeadviceastohowtoapproachthetacklingofrealproblemsolvingandwegivesomegeneralconceptsinvolvedinmathematicalmodeling.Itmustthoughagainbestressedthatweareallconvincedthatexperienceistheall-importantingredientneededforconfidenceinmodelformulation.IfyouhavejustreadSectionsIand11withoutmakingatleastattemptsatyourownsolutionstosomeoftheproblemssetyouwillnothavegainedanyrealexperienceintacklingrealproblemsandthissectionwillnotreallybeofmuchhelp.OntheotherhandifyouhavetakentheproblemsolvingseriouslyinSectionⅡyoumightfindthegeneraladvicegivenherehelpful.Providedyouhavegainedsomeconfidenceintacklingrealproblemsolvingintheearlierpartsyouwillbeabletodabblewiththoseproblemsinthissectionwhichappealtoyou.Don’tfeelyoumustworksystematicallythroughthissectionbutlookforproblemsyouwanttosolve--thesearetheonesthatyouwillhavemostsuccessinsolving.Wehopethatthisbookwillatleastpointyouinthisdirection.Weareawarethatthisisnotafinalizedprecisesortoftextbutthenusingmathematicsinpracticalproblemsolvingisnotapreciseart.Itisfullofpitfallsariddifficulties;butdon’tdespairyouwillfindgreatexcitementandsatisfactionwhenyouhavehadyourfirstsuccessatrealproblemsolving! Theauthorofthebookhopesthatbyreadingthebookthereadercan
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutcross-bordermarriage.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsA.TownhallahappybrideandgroomB.TempleandatheisticgroomC.WeddinghallD.AngelschildrenescortingthebrideE.TheforeigngroomandthelocalbrideF.Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfingerOrnamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthe"longmarch".Angelwasneverasoverloadedastodayrunningfromheretotherebusyorderinginvitationcardsandweddingclothesbookingchurchandrestaurantcheckingavailabilityofthephotographerthepastorandtheofficialinthetownhalllookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.Howeverthislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivialdetailsgavemeabigheadache.InFrancemoreandmoreFrenchcohabitinsteadofmarrying.Howeverwhentheydecidetomarrytheystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusuallyfollowtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters.41._____________________________Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthechurchwedding.Afterthechurchweddingthenewly-wedsnormallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartinasumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutesareraisedallaroundthedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstaketheleaddancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredlytrippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelastchapteroftheFrenchmarriage.42._____________________________Igrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeightiesthe"simplewedding"advocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrainedinanymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywishforasimplewedding:"Darlingyourweddingplansarefartoolongandover-elaborate.Let’ssimplifythemandreducethreechapterstoonlyone.It’senoughtogetmarriedinthetownhall!""No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable."Angelrefusedtoconcede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding."HoneyIwasn’tbaptizedandbeinganatheistIamnotallowedtogotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheistlikemeandthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainstchurchrules!"IpresentedmyviewsvehementlybelievingIhadthebestexcuseintheworld."Mydearmarriageisasacredaffair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofoneaspectofathingbutignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.IfoneofthetwoisProtestanttheyarestillallowedtomarryinaProtestantchurch."Iwasrenderedspeechless.43._____________________________Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbridesurroundedbyherfamilymembersarrivedatthemarriagehall."Doyoutakethiswomanasyourwife""Yes!"Amyriadofthoughtswelledupinmymind:"I’dquitmyhighly-covetedjobinChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulationstocometoEuropetojoinmyChineseloverbutIwasjilted.NowI’dfoundanoasisoflovebutfarfrommyhomeland.Thegirlwithmetodaythoughfromadifferentculturalbackgroundwithadifferentwayofthinkingandbehavingissimplepureandkind-heartedlikeanangel.I’dsufferedfromthewanderinglifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafewminutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomelesslife."FullofdeepfeelingIgazedatthiswesternbeautyshiningwithdazzlingsplendorandheldherhandtightinmine.44._____________________________"DoyoutakethismanasyourhusbandT"BrimmingwithtearschokingwithsobsAngelnoddedherapproval.BeingatraditionalFrenchgirlshe’dneverexpectedthatshewouldhavefallenintothetemptationofthe"goodbutcheapChinesemerchandise"beforeherandwouldhavecrossedthefrontierbetweenChineseandFrenchculturestomarryamanwithanexoticaccentandaflatnose!45._____________________________ThechurchwasresoundingwiththeweddingsonataAngelandIwalkeduptothepastortothebeatofthemusic.Handinhandheartwithheartfulloftenderaffectionwegavealltherightanswerstohisquestions.Thegoldenwedding-ringonherleftfingerandpairedupwithherengagementringontherightringfingerbothcomplementingeachother’sradianceandbeauty.Angelnowwithtworingsbecameareal"valuable"bride.Sheslippedmyfingerwithasimpleringontomyfingerandatthesametimecapturingmywanderingheart.ThateveningItheforeigngroomwithmyErrutwo-stringedChineseviolintogetherwithAngelthelocalbridewithherviolinsuccessfullyperformedthemostbeautifulconcertoofcross-bordermarriage."Thespringiscomingtheearthissmiling..."thehallwasresoundingtothestrainsofStrauss’joyfulwaltzwhileWeweretrippingawayinadance.Attheclimaxofthemusicweswirledsoquicklythatbothofusfeltourselvesswoonintheglamourofourcross-bordermarriage. 44
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutcross-bordermarriage.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsA.TownhallahappybrideandgroomB.TempleandatheisticgroomC.WeddinghallD.AngelschildrenescortingthebrideE.TheforeigngroomandthelocalbrideF.Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfingerOrnamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthe"longmarch".Angelwasneverasoverloadedastodayrunningfromheretotherebusyorderinginvitationcardsandweddingclothesbookingchurchandrestaurantcheckingavailabilityofthephotographerthepastorandtheofficialinthetownhalllookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.Howeverthislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivialdetailsgavemeabigheadache.InFrancemoreandmoreFrenchcohabitinsteadofmarrying.Howeverwhentheydecidetomarrytheystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusuallyfollowtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters.41._____________________________Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthechurchwedding.Afterthechurchweddingthenewly-wedsnormallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartinasumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutesareraisedallaroundthedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstaketheleaddancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredlytrippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelastchapteroftheFrenchmarriage.42._____________________________Igrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeightiesthe"simplewedding"advocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrainedinanymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywishforasimplewedding:"Darlingyourweddingplansarefartoolongandover-elaborate.Let’ssimplifythemandreducethreechapterstoonlyone.It’senoughtogetmarriedinthetownhall!""No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable."Angelrefusedtoconcede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding."HoneyIwasn’tbaptizedandbeinganatheistIamnotallowedtogotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheistlikemeandthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainstchurchrules!"IpresentedmyviewsvehementlybelievingIhadthebestexcuseintheworld."Mydearmarriageisasacredaffair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofoneaspectofathingbutignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.IfoneofthetwoisProtestanttheyarestillallowedtomarryinaProtestantchurch."Iwasrenderedspeechless.43._____________________________Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbridesurroundedbyherfamilymembersarrivedatthemarriagehall."Doyoutakethiswomanasyourwife""Yes!"Amyriadofthoughtswelledupinmymind:"I’dquitmyhighly-covetedjobinChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulationstocometoEuropetojoinmyChineseloverbutIwasjilted.NowI’dfoundanoasisoflovebutfarfrommyhomeland.Thegirlwithmetodaythoughfromadifferentculturalbackgroundwithadifferentwayofthinkingandbehavingissimplepureandkind-heartedlikeanangel.I’dsufferedfromthewanderinglifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafewminutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomelesslife."FullofdeepfeelingIgazedatthiswesternbeautyshiningwithdazzlingsplendorandheldherhandtightinmine.44._____________________________"DoyoutakethismanasyourhusbandT"BrimmingwithtearschokingwithsobsAngelnoddedherapproval.BeingatraditionalFrenchgirlshe’dneverexpectedthatshewouldhavefallenintothetemptationofthe"goodbutcheapChinesemerchandise"beforeherandwouldhavecrossedthefrontierbetweenChineseandFrenchculturestomarryamanwithanexoticaccentandaflatnose!45._____________________________ThechurchwasresoundingwiththeweddingsonataAngelandIwalkeduptothepastortothebeatofthemusic.Handinhandheartwithheartfulloftenderaffectionwegavealltherightanswerstohisquestions.Thegoldenwedding-ringonherleftfingerandpairedupwithherengagementringontherightringfingerbothcomplementingeachother’sradianceandbeauty.Angelnowwithtworingsbecameareal"valuable"bride.Sheslippedmyfingerwithasimpleringontomyfingerandatthesametimecapturingmywanderingheart.ThateveningItheforeigngroomwithmyErrutwo-stringedChineseviolintogetherwithAngelthelocalbridewithherviolinsuccessfullyperformedthemostbeautifulconcertoofcross-bordermarriage."Thespringiscomingtheearthissmiling..."thehallwasresoundingtothestrainsofStrauss’joyfulwaltzwhileWeweretrippingawayinadance.Attheclimaxofthemusicweswirledsoquicklythatbothofusfeltourselvesswoonintheglamourofourcross-bordermarriage. 42
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsTheterm"remotesensing"referstothetechniquesofmeasurementandinterpretationofphenomenafromadistance.Priortothemid-1960’stheinterpretationof.filmimagewastheprimarymeansforremotesensingoftheEarth’sgeologicfeatures.Withthedevelopmentoftheoptmechanicalscannerscientistsbegantoconstructdigitalmulti-spectralimagesusingdatabeyondthesensitivityrangeofvisiblelightphotography.46TheselineagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrumtherefractionofradiowavesandthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth’ssurface.Digitalmulti-spectralimaginghasnowbedomethebasictoolingeologicremotesensingfromsatellites.47Theadvantageofdigitaloverphotographicimagingisevident:theresultingnumericaldataarepreciselyknownanddigitaldataarenotsubjecttothevagariesofdifficult-to-controlchemicalprocessing.Withdigitalprocessingitispossibletocombinealargenumberofspectralimages.Theacquisitionofthefirstmulti-spectraldigitaldatasentfromthemulti-spectralscannerMSSaboardthesatelliteLandsatin1972consequentlyattractedtheattentionoftheentiregeologiccommunity.LandsatMSSdataarenowbeingappliedtoavarietyofgeologicproblemsthataredifficulttosolveby-conventionalmethodsalone.Theseincludespecificproblemsinmineralandenergyresourceexplorationandthechartingofglaciersandshallowseas.Amorefundamentalapplicationofremotesensingistoaugmentconventionalmethodsforgeologicmappingoflargeareas.Regionalmapspresentcompositionalstructuralandchronologicalinformationforreconstructinggeologicevolution.48Suchreconstructionshaveimportantpracticalapplicationsbecausetheconditionsunderwhichrockunitsandotherstructuralfeaturesareformedinfluencethecurrencyoforeandpetroleumdepositsandaffectthethicknessandintegrityofthegeologicmediainwhichthedepositsarefound.Geologicmapsincorporatealargevariedbodyofspecificfieldandlaboratorymeasurementsbutthemapsmustbeinterpretativebecausefieldmeasurementsarealwayslimitedbyrockexposureaccessibilityandlaborresources.49Withremote-sensingtechniquesitispossibletoobtainmuchgeologicinformationmoreefficientlythanitcanbeobtainedontheground.Thesetechniquesalsofacilitateoverallinterpretation.SincedetailedgeologicmappingisgenerallyconductedinsmallareasthecontinuityofregionalfeaturesthathaveintermittentandvariableexpressionsisoftennotrecognizedbutinthecomprehensiveviewsofLandsatimagesthesecontinuitiesareapparent.HoweversomecriticalinformationCannotbeobtainedthroughremotesensingandseveralcharacteristicsoftheLand3atMSSimposelimitationsontheacquisitionofdiagnosticdata.50Someoftheselimitationscanbeovercomebydesigningsatellitesystemsspecificallyforgeologicpurposes;buttobemosteffectiveremote-sensingdatamuststillbecombinedwithdatafromfieldsurveysandlaboratoryteststhetechniquesoftheearliertwentiethcentury. TheselineagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrumtherefractionofradiowavesandthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth’ssurface
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1MorethantwocenturiesafterBenjaminFranklinusedonetostudylightningateamofatmosphericscientistshasfoundthatkitesareapotentresearchtoolforstudyingairconditionsathighaltitudes.BenBalsleyandJohnBriksattheUniversityofColoradohavedevelopedakiteandinstrumentpackagetosampletheatmosphereupto3.5kilometershighforuptotwodaysatatime.Thekiteischeaperandmoreflexiblethanballoonsandaircraftthetraditionalvehiclesforatmosphericresearch.Withintwoyearstheteamexpectstoflykitesupto10kilometershighandBrikshopestousethesetomeasurecarbondioxideandmethaneemissionsovertheBrazilianrainforestandthetransportofairpollutantsovertheAtlanticOcean.Thekiteisa15-square-meterParafoilmadeofMylarwhich’isnotonlystrongbutunlikenylonJoesnotabsorbwater.Thekite"string"ismadeofKevlarfamousforitsuseinbullet-proofvestswhichissostrongthat6kilometersofitweighsjust18kilogramsyetcanwithstandaloadingof430kilograms.ThemostinnovativecomponentofthesystemistheTRAMorTetheredRoverforAtmosphericMeasurementswhichcanmovethesamplinginstruments’upanddownthetetherwhilethekitemaintainsaconstantaltitude."Ourinstrumentsmeasuresuchthingsastemperaturepressurehumidityandconcentrationsofozoneandotherairpollutants"Beasleyexplains."Weneedtogetcontinuousmeasurementsoverthecourseofdaysfromvariousaltitudes.Conventionalfreeballoonmethodscansamplesuchparametersbuttheycannotstayinanyonepositionandarelimitedtoaltitudesoftwokilometers.Aircraftcansampleatanyaltitudebuttheyareveryexpensivetooperateandcannotremaininonepositionformorethanfourhours."TheTRAMwhichisactuallyakite-likeaerofoilconnectedbysmallwheelstothekite’stethercanbeoperatedfromtheground.Itwillmoveupanddownthetetherormaintainagivenaltitudewhiletheinstrumentssampletheair."Animportantcostofballoonsamplingistheinstrumentpackagewhichtypicallycostsabout$1000andisalwayslost."Baselysays"NowwecanusetheinstrumentsontheTRAMandnotonlygetmoredatabutreuseitagainandagain"TheTRAMwithitsinstrumentsincludingtheradiotelemetrylinktothescientistsonthegroundweighs6kilogramsincludingbatteriesthatcanpoweritfortwodays.BaselyandhiscolleaguesarecontinuingtoimprovethekiteandTRMAandexpanditscapacitiesbutBaselynotesthatitdoeshaveitslimitations:"Thekitecanonlyliftabout10kilogramsandthismeanstheequipment’spowerrequirementsmustbelowtoo.Weneedlocationswithsteadyrelativelystrongwindsandmustalsoavoidairtraffic." ThekiteislimitedbythefollowingconditionsEXCEPTfor
Text3Darwinisbasicallyrightthoughonlytosomeextentthatspeciesandindividualscompetefightkillandsurvivalbelongstothefittest.Thisisoneofthemostimportantmechanismsbywhichlifeevolvesandmaintainsitsquality.Asthehumansocietybuildsuponandisanextensionoftheecosystemdoesitmeanthatforthehumansocietytoworkwellmanmustapplythismechanismtoher/hissocietyalso;sayletthosewhoarenotskillfulenoughtolandajobstarvetodeathWemaybeenlightenedwithrespecttothisquestionthroughtheexaminationofevolutioninanecosystemincomparisontothehumanhistory.TakingthemaritimeswamplandasanexamplethemangrovespeciesKandeliacandlecompetessuccessfullyoverothermangrovespeciesanddominatetheareachieflythroughtheevolutionofdroppersthatotherspeciesdonothave.TheseedsofKandeliacandlegrowintoseedlingsinsidethedroppersbeforeleavingtheirmotherplantbodyandwhenthedroppersstillhangonthebranchesoftheirmotherplant.Thedropper’sshapeislikeapenwithasharpandheavierlowerend.Sowhenitripensitdropsandinsertsitselftogetherwiththeseedlingintothemudbelowasaresultandtheseedlingcangetholdofthegroundstarttotapthemuchfresherwaterunderthemudsurface.ThisadaptiveevolutionofdroppersenablesKandeliacandletohaveamuchgreatersuccessfulrate.Seedsofothermangrovespeciesjustfinditdifficulttolocateasuitablesiteforthemtogrow.Whenitistheindustrialsocietythatdominatesaplaceitalwaysexploitsresourcesfromthelanddrainsoutnutrientsfromthesoilandplaysenvironmentalhavoctotheplaceasaresultofstupidhumanintelligenceandselfishhumanmanipulation.ButwhenthemangrovedominatesamudflatmillionsofNatureevolvedcomplexmechanismscometogetherwithit.Ittapswatermineralsfromthemudandthenletthemtocombinewithcarbondioxideintheairtoformthebuildingmaterialsofitsplantbodyfirstthroughtheprocessofphotosynthesisandthenthroughthesynthesisofvariousorganicmatters.Theeffectendsupprovidingmuchbetterandmorediverselivingenvironmentformorelandwaterandairspeciestodwellinevenforothercompetingmangrovespecies.Whendifferentracesofmancompetetodominatetheearththeendresultiscompletelyoppositeinsense.Oneofthemeanstheyevolvearemoreandmorepowerfulweaponssomeofthehumanracesalsoevolvedroppersbutthosedroppersaredroppersofnuclearbombswhicharealllifedestructivewhenused.Animalsneverburnupaforestorpracticefightingskillstwelvehoursadayinordertodefeattheircompetitors;theyjustletNaturecutouttheweakerorlessfortunateportionoftheirspeciesorthattheirspeciessimplycannotsurviveinthefirstplace.Onthecontrarymancanworkroundtheclockandexhaustallnaturalresourcesjusttodefeattheirenemieswhethermilitaryorcommercialaswecanallseeinourmodernsocieties.Suchpractice’generatesquitegraveproblems:Firstitpusheshumanactivitiesintoaverynarrowgoalofdefeatingtheirenemiesmilitarilyaswellaseconomically.Secondalltheavailabletimeenergyandresourcesofanindividualaswellasthesocietyareexhaustedbythecompetitionverylittleislefttootheractivitiessonearlyallmensufferverymuchintheprocessandcountlessnewproblemsbesiegemodernsocieties.Thirdasallparticipantsinputasmuchtimeenergyandresourcesascanbeexploitedbythemmostoftheseinputsarewasted.Sucheffortcreatesalotofwasteandexhaustsallresourcesasaresult.WeshouldalsoviewhowmanshouldconformtoNatureinsuchawaythatmanhastocompeteforsurvival.InfactthisisNature’swayoftellingmanhowtoact.Ifonlymancouldlistentothisinternalguidancebothmanandtheecosystemcouldlivemuchhappier.SomakingthehumanSocietyDarwinistisnotconformingtoNaturebutlivinginpeacebothmilitarilyandeconomicallywithothermanis. Thismechanisminthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphrefersto
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Text2TherighttoatrialbyjuryisafundamentalpartoftheUnitedStateslegalsystem.Itisarightfirmlyrootedinourdemocratictradition.Thejurysystemprovidesabufferbetweenthecomplexandofteninflexiblelegalsystemandtheaveragecitizenontrial.TherighttobejudgedbyajuryisarightthatmostAmericansfeelverystronglyabout.Howeverduetorecentjurydecisionssomecriticsarequestioningthevalueofthisinstitution.Ourjurysystemisbynomeansflawless.Itissubjecttoconstantscrutinyanddebateconcerningitsmeritanditsdownfalls.Asistrueinallinstitutionsjuriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Psychologicalstudieshavebeendoneonmanyaspectsofjurybehavior.Politicalscientistsarealsointriguedbyjuriesandthemannerinwhichtheyarriveatimportantdecisions.AlthoughmostAmericansbelieveinthejurysystemtherehasbeenconsiderablecontroversysurroundingitlately.Thepublichasbecomeevenmoreconcernedaboutthisinstitutionrecently.TheoutcomesoftheRodneyKingtheO.J.SimpsonandtheMenendezbrotherstrialsinLosAngelesandthedissatisfactionthatfollowedthejury’sdecisionsarethreeexamplesofinstanceswhentheeffectivenessofthejurysystemhascomeunderfierceattack.FromthepublicreactiontothesedecisionsandotherslikethemitisveryclearthatthewayinwhichjuriesreachtheirdecisionsisoftenasimportanttotheAmericanpeopleasitistothespecificpersonontrial.Manypeoplefeelthattheaveragejuristisnotequippedtomakethekindsofdecisionstheyarefacedwith.Thesecritics’suggestionsrangefromrestructuringthesystemuptotallyeliminatingit.MostaverageAmericansIbelievefeelthattherighttoajurytrialisafundamentaloneanditsguaranteesshouldbehonored.Thesepeoplewouldarguethatlawsareinflexible.Theycannotdealwiththeindividualcircumstancesineachcasebutjuriescantaketheseintoaccount.Stillothersbelievethatjuriesarefavorablebecausetheyreflectthemoralsandvaluesofthecommunitytheycomefrom.Indeedmanyproponentsofthejurysupportthesystembecauseofaparticularkindofjurybiasthetendencyforjurorstoplacejusticeabovethelaw.Opponentsofthesystemarguethatjuriesareuneducatedinlegalproceduresandshouldnotbegiventhetypeofresponsibilitytheyhavetraditionallyhad.Thesepeoplealsoarguethatjuriesarebiased.Infactthepsychologicalliteratureprovidesmanyexamplesofthisbias.Jurorsarelesslikelytopunishasadordistresseddefendantasopposedtoajoyfuloneapparentlybecausethedefendantisalreadybeingpunishedemotionally.Someopponentssaythatalthoughjuriesareinstructednottopayattentiontothemediatheyaremoreeasilyinfluencedbythenewsthanjudges.Criticsofthejurysystemalsopointoutthatjuriesareexpensiveandareoftenunabletoreachanagreement.Theyarguethatthedecisionmakingshouldbeleftuptothepeoplewhoknowthelawjudgesandlawyers.Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawholebutfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness.Thesepeoplesuggestthatjuriesreceiveinstructionpriortohearingtestimony.Theyarguethatthiswouldimprovethesystembyprovidingsomeworkinglegalknowledgeforthejuryaswellasgivingthemanideaofwhattheyaretolistenfor.Researchhasshownthatexposingjurorstothelawsinvolvedintheirdecisionmakingresultedinsignificantlyfewerverdictsofguilty.Thisfindingsuggeststhatlawyersandjudgesshouldhavetheresponsibilityofinsuring.thatthejuryisadequatelyinformedofthelegalissuesathandandthelawsavailabletohandlethoseissues.OnthewholethoughIfeelthattheAmericanguaranteeoftrialbyjuryisavaluableone.Idofeelhoweverthatinordertoimproveitsutilityjudgesandlawyersneedtoaccepttheresponsibilityforeducatingthejuryonrelevantlegalissues. Towhichoftheargumentsdoestheauthoragree
Text2TherighttoatrialbyjuryisafundamentalpartoftheUnitedStateslegalsystem.Itisarightfirmlyrootedinourdemocratictradition.Thejurysystemprovidesabufferbetweenthecomplexandofteninflexiblelegalsystemandtheaveragecitizenontrial.TherighttobejudgedbyajuryisarightthatmostAmericansfeelverystronglyabout.Howeverduetorecentjurydecisionssomecriticsarequestioningthevalueofthisinstitution.Ourjurysystemisbynomeansflawless.Itissubjecttoconstantscrutinyanddebateconcerningitsmeritanditsdownfalls.Asistrueinallinstitutionsjuriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Psychologicalstudieshavebeendoneonmanyaspectsofjurybehavior.Politicalscientistsarealsointriguedbyjuriesandthemannerinwhichtheyarriveatimportantdecisions.AlthoughmostAmericansbelieveinthejurysystemtherehasbeenconsiderablecontroversysurroundingitlately.Thepublichasbecomeevenmoreconcernedaboutthisinstitutionrecently.TheoutcomesoftheRodneyKingtheO.J.SimpsonandtheMenendezbrotherstrialsinLosAngelesandthedissatisfactionthatfollowedthejury’sdecisionsarethreeexamplesofinstanceswhentheeffectivenessofthejurysystemhascomeunderfierceattack.FromthepublicreactiontothesedecisionsandotherslikethemitisveryclearthatthewayinwhichjuriesreachtheirdecisionsisoftenasimportanttotheAmericanpeopleasitistothespecificpersonontrial.Manypeoplefeelthattheaveragejuristisnotequippedtomakethekindsofdecisionstheyarefacedwith.Thesecritics’suggestionsrangefromrestructuringthesystemuptotallyeliminatingit.MostaverageAmericansIbelievefeelthattherighttoajurytrialisafundamentaloneanditsguaranteesshouldbehonored.Thesepeoplewouldarguethatlawsareinflexible.Theycannotdealwiththeindividualcircumstancesineachcasebutjuriescantaketheseintoaccount.Stillothersbelievethatjuriesarefavorablebecausetheyreflectthemoralsandvaluesofthecommunitytheycomefrom.Indeedmanyproponentsofthejurysupportthesystembecauseofaparticularkindofjurybiasthetendencyforjurorstoplacejusticeabovethelaw.Opponentsofthesystemarguethatjuriesareuneducatedinlegalproceduresandshouldnotbegiventhetypeofresponsibilitytheyhavetraditionallyhad.Thesepeoplealsoarguethatjuriesarebiased.Infactthepsychologicalliteratureprovidesmanyexamplesofthisbias.Jurorsarelesslikelytopunishasadordistresseddefendantasopposedtoajoyfuloneapparentlybecausethedefendantisalreadybeingpunishedemotionally.Someopponentssaythatalthoughjuriesareinstructednottopayattentiontothemediatheyaremoreeasilyinfluencedbythenewsthanjudges.Criticsofthejurysystemalsopointoutthatjuriesareexpensiveandareoftenunabletoreachanagreement.Theyarguethatthedecisionmakingshouldbeleftuptothepeoplewhoknowthelawjudgesandlawyers.Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawholebutfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness.Thesepeoplesuggestthatjuriesreceiveinstructionpriortohearingtestimony.Theyarguethatthiswouldimprovethesystembyprovidingsomeworkinglegalknowledgeforthejuryaswellasgivingthemanideaofwhattheyaretolistenfor.Researchhasshownthatexposingjurorstothelawsinvolvedintheirdecisionmakingresultedinsignificantlyfewerverdictsofguilty.Thisfindingsuggeststhatlawyersandjudgesshouldhavetheresponsibilityofinsuring.thatthejuryisadequatelyinformedofthelegalissuesathandandthelawsavailabletohandlethoseissues.OnthewholethoughIfeelthattheAmericanguaranteeoftrialbyjuryisavaluableone.Idofeelhoweverthatinordertoimproveitsutilityjudgesandlawyersneedtoaccepttheresponsibilityforeducatingthejuryonrelevantlegalissues. Somecriticsarequestioningthevalueofthejurysystemprobablybecause
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text4Overthepastfewdecadestherehasbeenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofmathematicalanalysisbothforsolvingeverydayproblemsandfortheoreticaldevelopmentsofmanydisciplines.Forexampleeconomicsbiologygeographyandmedicinehaveallseenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofquantitativetechniques.Twentyyearsagoappliedmathematicsmeanttheapplicationofmathematicstoproblemsinmechanicsandlittleelse--nowappliedmathematicsorasmanypeopleprefertocallitapplicablemathematicscouldrefertotheuseofmathematicsinmanyvariedareas.Theoneunifyingthemethattheseapplicationshaveisthatofmathematicalmodelingbywhichwemeantheconstructionofamathematicalmodeltodescribethesituationunderstudy.Thisprocessofchangingareallifeproblemintoamathematicaloneisnotatalleasywehastentoaddalthoughoneoftheoverallaimsofthisbookistoimproveyourabilityasamathematicalmodeler.Therehavebeenmanybookswrittenduringthepastdecadeonthetopicofmathematicalmodeling;allthesebookshavebeendevotedtoexplaininganddevelopingmathematicalmodelsbutverylittlespacehasbeengiventohowtoconstructmathematicalmodelsthatishowtotakearealproblemandconvertitintoamathematicalone.Althoughweappreciatethatwemightnotyethavethebestmethodsforteachinghowtotacklerealproblemswedoatleastregardthismasteryofmodelformulationasacrucialstepandmuchofthisbookisdevotedtoattemptingtomakeyoumoreproficientinthisprocess.Ourbasicconceptisthatappliedmathematiciansbecomebettermodelersthroughmoreandmoreexperienceoftacklingrealproblems.Soinordertogetthemostoutofthisbookwestressthatyoumustmakeapositiveefforttotacklethemanyproblemsposedbeforelookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Tohelpyoutogainconfidenceintheartofmodelingwehavedividedthebookintofourdistinctsections.Inthefirstsectionwedescribethreedifferentexamplesofhowmathematicalanalysishasbeenusedtosolvepracticalproblems.Thesearealltrueaccountsofhowmathematicalanalysishashelpedtoprovidesolutions.Wearenotexpectingyoutodomuchatthisstageexcepttoreadthroughthecasestudiescarefullypayingparticularattentiontothewayinwhichtheproblemshavebeentackled--theprocessoftranslatingtheproblemintoamathematicalone.Thesecondsectionconsistsofaseriesofrealproblemstogetherwithpossiblesolutionsandrelatedproblems.Eachproblemhasaclearstatementandweverymuchencourageyoutotrytosolvetheseproblemsinthefirstplacewithoutlookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Theproblemsrequireforsolutiondifferentlevelsofmathematicsandyoumightfindyouhavenotyetcoveredsomeofthemathematicaltopicsrequired.Ingeneralwehavetriedtoorderthemsothatthelevelofmathematicsrequiredinthesolutionsincreaseasyoumovethroughtheproblems.Rememberthatweareonlygivingoursolutionsandparticularlyifyoudon’tlookatoursolutionyoumightwellhaveacompletelydifferentapproachwhichmightprovideabettersolution.Hereinthethirdsectionwetrytogiveyousomeadviceastohowtoapproachthetacklingofrealproblemsolvingandwegivesomegeneralconceptsinvolvedinmathematicalmodeling.Itmustthoughagainbestressedthatweareallconvincedthatexperienceistheall-importantingredientneededforconfidenceinmodelformulation.IfyouhavejustreadSectionsIand11withoutmakingatleastattemptsatyourownsolutionstosomeoftheproblemssetyouwillnothavegainedanyrealexperienceintacklingrealproblemsandthissectionwillnotreallybeofmuchhelp.OntheotherhandifyouhavetakentheproblemsolvingseriouslyinSectionⅡyoumightfindthegeneraladvicegivenherehelpful.Providedyouhavegainedsomeconfidenceintacklingrealproblemsolvingintheearlierpartsyouwillbeabletodabblewiththoseproblemsinthissectionwhichappealtoyou.Don’tfeelyoumustworksystematicallythroughthissectionbutlookforproblemsyouwanttosolve--thesearetheonesthatyouwillhavemostsuccessinsolving.Wehopethatthisbookwillatleastpointyouinthisdirection.Weareawarethatthisisnotafinalizedprecisesortoftextbutthenusingmathematicsinpracticalproblemsolvingisnotapreciseart.Itisfullofpitfallsariddifficulties;butdon’tdespairyouwillfindgreatexcitementandsatisfactionwhenyouhavehadyourfirstsuccessatrealproblemsolving! WhichofthefollowingstatementsinNOTtrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph
Text3Darwinisbasicallyrightthoughonlytosomeextentthatspeciesandindividualscompetefightkillandsurvivalbelongstothefittest.Thisisoneofthemostimportantmechanismsbywhichlifeevolvesandmaintainsitsquality.Asthehumansocietybuildsuponandisanextensionoftheecosystemdoesitmeanthatforthehumansocietytoworkwellmanmustapplythismechanismtoher/hissocietyalso;sayletthosewhoarenotskillfulenoughtolandajobstarvetodeathWemaybeenlightenedwithrespecttothisquestionthroughtheexaminationofevolutioninanecosystemincomparisontothehumanhistory.TakingthemaritimeswamplandasanexamplethemangrovespeciesKandeliacandlecompetessuccessfullyoverothermangrovespeciesanddominatetheareachieflythroughtheevolutionofdroppersthatotherspeciesdonothave.TheseedsofKandeliacandlegrowintoseedlingsinsidethedroppersbeforeleavingtheirmotherplantbodyandwhenthedroppersstillhangonthebranchesoftheirmotherplant.Thedropper’sshapeislikeapenwithasharpandheavierlowerend.Sowhenitripensitdropsandinsertsitselftogetherwiththeseedlingintothemudbelowasaresultandtheseedlingcangetholdofthegroundstarttotapthemuchfresherwaterunderthemudsurface.ThisadaptiveevolutionofdroppersenablesKandeliacandletohaveamuchgreatersuccessfulrate.Seedsofothermangrovespeciesjustfinditdifficulttolocateasuitablesiteforthemtogrow.Whenitistheindustrialsocietythatdominatesaplaceitalwaysexploitsresourcesfromthelanddrainsoutnutrientsfromthesoilandplaysenvironmentalhavoctotheplaceasaresultofstupidhumanintelligenceandselfishhumanmanipulation.ButwhenthemangrovedominatesamudflatmillionsofNatureevolvedcomplexmechanismscometogetherwithit.Ittapswatermineralsfromthemudandthenletthemtocombinewithcarbondioxideintheairtoformthebuildingmaterialsofitsplantbodyfirstthroughtheprocessofphotosynthesisandthenthroughthesynthesisofvariousorganicmatters.Theeffectendsupprovidingmuchbetterandmorediverselivingenvironmentformorelandwaterandairspeciestodwellinevenforothercompetingmangrovespecies.Whendifferentracesofmancompetetodominatetheearththeendresultiscompletelyoppositeinsense.Oneofthemeanstheyevolvearemoreandmorepowerfulweaponssomeofthehumanracesalsoevolvedroppersbutthosedroppersaredroppersofnuclearbombswhicharealllifedestructivewhenused.Animalsneverburnupaforestorpracticefightingskillstwelvehoursadayinordertodefeattheircompetitors;theyjustletNaturecutouttheweakerorlessfortunateportionoftheirspeciesorthattheirspeciessimplycannotsurviveinthefirstplace.Onthecontrarymancanworkroundtheclockandexhaustallnaturalresourcesjusttodefeattheirenemieswhethermilitaryorcommercialaswecanallseeinourmodernsocieties.Suchpractice’generatesquitegraveproblems:Firstitpusheshumanactivitiesintoaverynarrowgoalofdefeatingtheirenemiesmilitarilyaswellaseconomically.Secondalltheavailabletimeenergyandresourcesofanindividualaswellasthesocietyareexhaustedbythecompetitionverylittleislefttootheractivitiessonearlyallmensufferverymuchintheprocessandcountlessnewproblemsbesiegemodernsocieties.Thirdasallparticipantsinputasmuchtimeenergyandresourcesascanbeexploitedbythemmostoftheseinputsarewasted.Sucheffortcreatesalotofwasteandexhaustsallresourcesasaresult.WeshouldalsoviewhowmanshouldconformtoNatureinsuchawaythatmanhastocompeteforsurvival.InfactthisisNature’swayoftellingmanhowtoact.Ifonlymancouldlistentothisinternalguidancebothmanandtheecosystemcouldlivemuchhappier.SomakingthehumanSocietyDarwinistisnotconformingtoNaturebutlivinginpeacebothmilitarilyandeconomicallywithothermanis. AccordingtothepassageallofthefollowingwillresultfromhumancompetitionEXCEPT
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1MorethantwocenturiesafterBenjaminFranklinusedonetostudylightningateamofatmosphericscientistshasfoundthatkitesareapotentresearchtoolforstudyingairconditionsathighaltitudes.BenBalsleyandJohnBriksattheUniversityofColoradohavedevelopedakiteandinstrumentpackagetosampletheatmosphereupto3.5kilometershighforuptotwodaysatatime.Thekiteischeaperandmoreflexiblethanballoonsandaircraftthetraditionalvehiclesforatmosphericresearch.Withintwoyearstheteamexpectstoflykitesupto10kilometershighandBrikshopestousethesetomeasurecarbondioxideandmethaneemissionsovertheBrazilianrainforestandthetransportofairpollutantsovertheAtlanticOcean.Thekiteisa15-square-meterParafoilmadeofMylarwhich’isnotonlystrongbutunlikenylonJoesnotabsorbwater.Thekite"string"ismadeofKevlarfamousforitsuseinbullet-proofvestswhichissostrongthat6kilometersofitweighsjust18kilogramsyetcanwithstandaloadingof430kilograms.ThemostinnovativecomponentofthesystemistheTRAMorTetheredRoverforAtmosphericMeasurementswhichcanmovethesamplinginstruments’upanddownthetetherwhilethekitemaintainsaconstantaltitude."Ourinstrumentsmeasuresuchthingsastemperaturepressurehumidityandconcentrationsofozoneandotherairpollutants"Beasleyexplains."Weneedtogetcontinuousmeasurementsoverthecourseofdaysfromvariousaltitudes.Conventionalfreeballoonmethodscansamplesuchparametersbuttheycannotstayinanyonepositionandarelimitedtoaltitudesoftwokilometers.Aircraftcansampleatanyaltitudebuttheyareveryexpensivetooperateandcannotremaininonepositionformorethanfourhours."TheTRAMwhichisactuallyakite-likeaerofoilconnectedbysmallwheelstothekite’stethercanbeoperatedfromtheground.Itwillmoveupanddownthetetherormaintainagivenaltitudewhiletheinstrumentssampletheair."Animportantcostofballoonsamplingistheinstrumentpackagewhichtypicallycostsabout$1000andisalwayslost."Baselysays"NowwecanusetheinstrumentsontheTRAMandnotonlygetmoredatabutreuseitagainandagain"TheTRAMwithitsinstrumentsincludingtheradiotelemetrylinktothescientistsonthegroundweighs6kilogramsincludingbatteriesthatcanpoweritfortwodays.BaselyandhiscolleaguesarecontinuingtoimprovethekiteandTRMAandexpanditscapacitiesbutBaselynotesthatitdoeshaveitslimitations:"Thekitecanonlyliftabout10kilogramsandthismeanstheequipment’spowerrequirementsmustbelowtoo.Weneedlocationswithsteadyrelativelystrongwindsandmustalsoavoidairtraffic." Whichofthefollowingadvantagesdoesn’ttheTRAMhave
Text2TherighttoatrialbyjuryisafundamentalpartoftheUnitedStateslegalsystem.Itisarightfirmlyrootedinourdemocratictradition.Thejurysystemprovidesabufferbetweenthecomplexandofteninflexiblelegalsystemandtheaveragecitizenontrial.TherighttobejudgedbyajuryisarightthatmostAmericansfeelverystronglyabout.Howeverduetorecentjurydecisionssomecriticsarequestioningthevalueofthisinstitution.Ourjurysystemisbynomeansflawless.Itissubjecttoconstantscrutinyanddebateconcerningitsmeritanditsdownfalls.Asistrueinallinstitutionsjuriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Psychologicalstudieshavebeendoneonmanyaspectsofjurybehavior.Politicalscientistsarealsointriguedbyjuriesandthemannerinwhichtheyarriveatimportantdecisions.AlthoughmostAmericansbelieveinthejurysystemtherehasbeenconsiderablecontroversysurroundingitlately.Thepublichasbecomeevenmoreconcernedaboutthisinstitutionrecently.TheoutcomesoftheRodneyKingtheO.J.SimpsonandtheMenendezbrotherstrialsinLosAngelesandthedissatisfactionthatfollowedthejury’sdecisionsarethreeexamplesofinstanceswhentheeffectivenessofthejurysystemhascomeunderfierceattack.FromthepublicreactiontothesedecisionsandotherslikethemitisveryclearthatthewayinwhichjuriesreachtheirdecisionsisoftenasimportanttotheAmericanpeopleasitistothespecificpersonontrial.Manypeoplefeelthattheaveragejuristisnotequippedtomakethekindsofdecisionstheyarefacedwith.Thesecritics’suggestionsrangefromrestructuringthesystemuptotallyeliminatingit.MostaverageAmericansIbelievefeelthattherighttoajurytrialisafundamentaloneanditsguaranteesshouldbehonored.Thesepeoplewouldarguethatlawsareinflexible.Theycannotdealwiththeindividualcircumstancesineachcasebutjuriescantaketheseintoaccount.Stillothersbelievethatjuriesarefavorablebecausetheyreflectthemoralsandvaluesofthecommunitytheycomefrom.Indeedmanyproponentsofthejurysupportthesystembecauseofaparticularkindofjurybiasthetendencyforjurorstoplacejusticeabovethelaw.Opponentsofthesystemarguethatjuriesareuneducatedinlegalproceduresandshouldnotbegiventhetypeofresponsibilitytheyhavetraditionallyhad.Thesepeoplealsoarguethatjuriesarebiased.Infactthepsychologicalliteratureprovidesmanyexamplesofthisbias.Jurorsarelesslikelytopunishasadordistresseddefendantasopposedtoajoyfuloneapparentlybecausethedefendantisalreadybeingpunishedemotionally.Someopponentssaythatalthoughjuriesareinstructednottopayattentiontothemediatheyaremoreeasilyinfluencedbythenewsthanjudges.Criticsofthejurysystemalsopointoutthatjuriesareexpensiveandareoftenunabletoreachanagreement.Theyarguethatthedecisionmakingshouldbeleftuptothepeoplewhoknowthelawjudgesandlawyers.Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawholebutfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness.Thesepeoplesuggestthatjuriesreceiveinstructionpriortohearingtestimony.Theyarguethatthiswouldimprovethesystembyprovidingsomeworkinglegalknowledgeforthejuryaswellasgivingthemanideaofwhattheyaretolistenfor.Researchhasshownthatexposingjurorstothelawsinvolvedintheirdecisionmakingresultedinsignificantlyfewerverdictsofguilty.Thisfindingsuggeststhatlawyersandjudgesshouldhavetheresponsibilityofinsuring.thatthejuryisadequatelyinformedofthelegalissuesathandandthelawsavailabletohandlethoseissues.OnthewholethoughIfeelthattheAmericanguaranteeoftrialbyjuryisavaluableone.Idofeelhoweverthatinordertoimproveitsutilityjudgesandlawyersneedtoaccepttheresponsibilityforeducatingthejuryonrelevantlegalissues. Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthejurysystemis
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