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Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Inmostpeople’smindgrowthisassociatedwithprosperity.WejudgehowwelltheeconomyisdoingbythesizeoftheGrossNationalProductGNPameasuresupposedlyofgrowth.Equallyaxiomatichoweveristhenotionthatincreasedpressureondecliningnaturalresourcesmustinevitablyleadtoadeclineinprosperityespeciallywhenaccompaniedbyagrowthinpopulation.Sowhichiscorrect Whatgrowthadvocatesmeanprimarilywhentheysaygrowthisnecessaryforprosperityisthatgrowthisnecessaryforthesmoothfunctioningoftheeconomicsystem.InonefieldtheargumentinfavorofgrowthisparticularlycompellingandthatiswithregardtotheThirdWorld.ToargueagainstgrowthinlightofThirdWorldpovertyanddegradationseemsunsympathetic.ButisitCoulditbethatgrowthespeciallythegrowthofthewealthiercountrieshascontributedtotheimpoverishmentnottheadvancementofThirdWorldcountriesIfnothowdoweaccountforthedesperatestraitsthesecountriesfindthemselvesintodayafteracenturyofdedicationtogrowth ToseehowthismightbethecasewemustlookattheimpactofgrowthonThirdWorldcountries—therealitynottheabstractstages-of-economic-growththeoryadvocatedthroughrosecoloredglassesbyacademiciansofthedevelopedworld.WhatgoodisgrowthtothepeopleoftheThirdWorldifitmeanstheconversionofpeasantfarmsintomechanizedagri-businessesproducingcommoditiesnotforlocalconsumptionbutforexportifitmeansthestrippingoftheirlandofitsmineralandothernaturaltreasurestothebenefitofforeigninvestorsandahandfuloftheirlocalcollaboratorsifitmeanstheassumptionofacrushingforeignindebtedness Admittedlythisisanoversimplification.ButthepointIbelieveremainsvalid:thatgrowthinunderdevelopedcountriescannotsimplybejudgedintheabstract;itmustbejudgedbasedonthetruenatureofgrowthinthesesocietiesonwhobenefitsandwhoisharmedonwheregrowthisleadingthesepeopleandwhereithasleftthem.Whenconsideredinthiswayitjustmightbethatinthepresentcontextgrowthismoredetrimentaltothewell-beingofthewretchedoftheearththanbeneficial. SodoweneedgrowthforprosperityOnlytheadoptionofzerogrowthcanprovidetheanswer.Butthatisatestnoteasilyundertaken.Modemeconomiesareincrediblycomplexphenomenaatributetoman’sabilitytoorganizeandachallengetohisabilitytounderstand.Anythingthataffectstheirfunctioningsuchasapolicyofzerogrowthshouldnotbeproposedwithoutawarycarefulnessandself-doubtinghumility.Butiftheprospectofleapingintotheeconomicunknownisfear-inspiringequallysoistheprospectoflettingthatfearpreventusfromactingwhenthefailuretoactcouldmeanuntoldmiseryforfuturegenerationsandperhapsenvironmentaldisasterwhichthreatenourveryexistence. Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthoragreewith
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
ITisastartlingclaimbutonethatCongresswomanDeborahPryceusestogoodeffect:theequivalentoftwoclassroomsfullofchildrenarediagnosedwithcancereveryday.MrsPrycelostherown9-year-olddaughtertocancerin1999.Pediatriccancerremainsalittle-understoodissueinAmericawherethehealth-caredebateisconsumedwiththeillspillsandmedicalbillsoftheelderly. CancerkillsmorechildrenthananyotherdiseaseinAmerica.Althoughtherehavebeentremendousgainsincancersurvivalratesinrecentdecadestheproportionofchildrenandteensdiagnosedwithdifferentformsofthediseaseincreasedbyalmostathirdbetween1975and2001. Grislythoughthesestatisticsaretheyarestilltinywhensetbesidethenumberofadultliveslosttobreastcancer41000eachyearandlungcancer164000.Advocatesformoremoneyforchildcancerprefertolookatlife-yearslost.Theaverageageforcancerdiagnosisinayoungchildissixwhiletheaverageadultisdiagnosedintheirlate60s.RobertArceci.apediatriccancerexpertatJohnsHopkinspointsoutthatintermsoftotallife-yearssavedthebenefitfromcuringpediatriccancervictimsisroughlythesameascuringadultswithbreastcancer. Thereisanobviouselementofspecialpleadinginsuchcalculations.Allthesamebreastcancerhasattractedaflurryofpublicityprivatefund-raisingandmoneyfromgovernment.Childhoodcancerhasreceivedlessattentionandcash.Pediatriccanceratermwhichcoverspeopleupto20yearsoldreceivesone-twentiethofthefederalresearchmoneydoledoutbytheNationalCancerInstitute.FundingmoanpediatricresearchershasnotkeptpacewithrisingcostsmthefieldandNCImoneyforcollaborativeresearchwillactuallybecutby3%thisyear. Thereisnonationalpediatriccancerregistrythatwouldletresearcherstrackchildandteenagepatientsthroughtheirlivesastheycandointhecaseofadultsufferers.Apilotchildhood-cancerregistryisintheworks.GroupslikeMrReaman’snowgetcashdirectlyfromCongress.Butitisplainlyaproblemmostpoliticiansdon’tknowmuchabout. Thebiggestproblemcouldliewith15-19-year-olds.Thosediagnosedwithcancerhavenotseenthesameimprovementintheirchancesasyoungerchildrenandolderadultshavedone.Therearesomephysicalexplanationsforthis:teenagerswhohavepassedadolescencearemorevulnerabletodifferentsortsofcancer.ButArchieBleyerapediatriconcologistattheM.D.AndersonCancerCentreinTexashasproducedsomedataimplyingthatlackofhealthinsuranceplaysarole.Olderteenagersandyoungadultsarelesslikelytobecoveredandcheckedregularly. AccordingtoRobertArcecichildcancerresearchisalsoworthfundingbecause
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewerecountermovementtotraditionalorientation.OneofthefamousspokesmenofJapan’s"Enlightenment"claimed"theConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere."AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarⅠwhenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Againintheearly1930snationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant. FollowingtheendofWorldWarⅡsubstantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestraints.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachersstudentsintellectualsandoldliberalsbutitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvaluesandnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar. TodaydemocraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;hutinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistortedparticularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones. MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianismbutleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipinmanyinstitutionsincludingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesisthe"oyabun-kobun"orparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.The"oyabun-kohun"createsladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascendrisingasfarasabilitiespermitsolongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannelthelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequencethereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeopleevenwiththesameprofession. TodayinJapandemocraticvalues
ITisastartlingclaimbutonethatCongresswomanDeborahPryceusestogoodeffect:theequivalentoftwoclassroomsfullofchildrenarediagnosedwithcancereveryday.MrsPrycelostherown9-year-olddaughtertocancerin1999.Pediatriccancerremainsalittle-understoodissueinAmericawherethehealth-caredebateisconsumedwiththeillspillsandmedicalbillsoftheelderly. CancerkillsmorechildrenthananyotherdiseaseinAmerica.Althoughtherehavebeentremendousgainsincancersurvivalratesinrecentdecadestheproportionofchildrenandteensdiagnosedwithdifferentformsofthediseaseincreasedbyalmostathirdbetween1975and2001. Grislythoughthesestatisticsaretheyarestilltinywhensetbesidethenumberofadultliveslosttobreastcancer41000eachyearandlungcancer164000.Advocatesformoremoneyforchildcancerprefertolookatlife-yearslost.Theaverageageforcancerdiagnosisinayoungchildissixwhiletheaverageadultisdiagnosedintheirlate60s.RobertArceci.apediatriccancerexpertatJohnsHopkinspointsoutthatintermsoftotallife-yearssavedthebenefitfromcuringpediatriccancervictimsisroughlythesameascuringadultswithbreastcancer. Thereisanobviouselementofspecialpleadinginsuchcalculations.Allthesamebreastcancerhasattractedaflurryofpublicityprivatefund-raisingandmoneyfromgovernment.Childhoodcancerhasreceivedlessattentionandcash.Pediatriccanceratermwhichcoverspeopleupto20yearsoldreceivesone-twentiethofthefederalresearchmoneydoledoutbytheNationalCancerInstitute.FundingmoanpediatricresearchershasnotkeptpacewithrisingcostsmthefieldandNCImoneyforcollaborativeresearchwillactuallybecutby3%thisyear. Thereisnonationalpediatriccancerregistrythatwouldletresearcherstrackchildandteenagepatientsthroughtheirlivesastheycandointhecaseofadultsufferers.Apilotchildhood-cancerregistryisintheworks.GroupslikeMrReaman’snowgetcashdirectlyfromCongress.Butitisplainlyaproblemmostpoliticiansdon’tknowmuchabout. Thebiggestproblemcouldliewith15-19-year-olds.Thosediagnosedwithcancerhavenotseenthesameimprovementintheirchancesasyoungerchildrenandolderadultshavedone.Therearesomephysicalexplanationsforthis:teenagerswhohavepassedadolescencearemorevulnerabletodifferentsortsofcancer.ButArchieBleyerapediatriconcologistattheM.D.AndersonCancerCentreinTexashasproducedsomedataimplyingthatlackofhealthinsuranceplaysarole.Olderteenagersandyoungadultsarelesslikelytobecoveredandcheckedregularly. Theauthorwritesthispassageto
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticularstereotype.Theclassic1ofawriterforexampleis2aslightlycrazy-lookingperson3inanatticwritingawayfuriouslyfordays4end.Naturallyhehashisfavoritepenandnote-paperorabeat-uptypewriter5whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword. Nowadaysweknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle6toreality.Butaretheycompletely7Inthecaseofatleastonewriteritwouldseemnot.DameMurielSparkwho880inFebruaryinmanywaysresemblesthisstereotypical"writer".Sheiscertainlynot9andshedoesn’tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular10thetoolsofhertrade. Sheinsistsonwritingwitha11typeofpeninacertaintypeofnotebookwhichshebuysfromacertainstationerinEdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infactso12isshethatifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby13sheimmediatelythrowsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe14enormousdifficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan15soldbyJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea16astheshopnolongerstocksthem17DameMuriel’ssupplyof72-pagespiralboundisnearly18. Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterialsMurielSpark19oneothercharacteristicwiththestereotypical"writer":herworkisthemost20thinginherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costheroldfriendsandmadehernewonesanddrivenherfromLondontoNewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceofTuscanywithafriend Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Inmostpeople’smindgrowthisassociatedwithprosperity.WejudgehowwelltheeconomyisdoingbythesizeoftheGrossNationalProductGNPameasuresupposedlyofgrowth.Equallyaxiomatichoweveristhenotionthatincreasedpressureondecliningnaturalresourcesmustinevitablyleadtoadeclineinprosperityespeciallywhenaccompaniedbyagrowthinpopulation.Sowhichiscorrect Whatgrowthadvocatesmeanprimarilywhentheysaygrowthisnecessaryforprosperityisthatgrowthisnecessaryforthesmoothfunctioningoftheeconomicsystem.InonefieldtheargumentinfavorofgrowthisparticularlycompellingandthatiswithregardtotheThirdWorld.ToargueagainstgrowthinlightofThirdWorldpovertyanddegradationseemsunsympathetic.ButisitCoulditbethatgrowthespeciallythegrowthofthewealthiercountrieshascontributedtotheimpoverishmentnottheadvancementofThirdWorldcountriesIfnothowdoweaccountforthedesperatestraitsthesecountriesfindthemselvesintodayafteracenturyofdedicationtogrowth ToseehowthismightbethecasewemustlookattheimpactofgrowthonThirdWorldcountries—therealitynottheabstractstages-of-economic-growththeoryadvocatedthroughrosecoloredglassesbyacademiciansofthedevelopedworld.WhatgoodisgrowthtothepeopleoftheThirdWorldifitmeanstheconversionofpeasantfarmsintomechanizedagri-businessesproducingcommoditiesnotforlocalconsumptionbutforexportifitmeansthestrippingoftheirlandofitsmineralandothernaturaltreasurestothebenefitofforeigninvestorsandahandfuloftheirlocalcollaboratorsifitmeanstheassumptionofacrushingforeignindebtedness Admittedlythisisanoversimplification.ButthepointIbelieveremainsvalid:thatgrowthinunderdevelopedcountriescannotsimplybejudgedintheabstract;itmustbejudgedbasedonthetruenatureofgrowthinthesesocietiesonwhobenefitsandwhoisharmedonwheregrowthisleadingthesepeopleandwhereithasleftthem.Whenconsideredinthiswayitjustmightbethatinthepresentcontextgrowthismoredetrimentaltothewell-beingofthewretchedoftheearththanbeneficial. SodoweneedgrowthforprosperityOnlytheadoptionofzerogrowthcanprovidetheanswer.Butthatisatestnoteasilyundertaken.Modemeconomiesareincrediblycomplexphenomenaatributetoman’sabilitytoorganizeandachallengetohisabilitytounderstand.Anythingthataffectstheirfunctioningsuchasapolicyofzerogrowthshouldnotbeproposedwithoutawarycarefulnessandself-doubtinghumility.Butiftheprospectofleapingintotheeconomicunknownisfear-inspiringequallysoistheprospectoflettingthatfearpreventusfromactingwhenthefailuretoactcouldmeanuntoldmiseryforfuturegenerationsandperhapsenvironmentaldisasterwhichthreatenourveryexistence. throughrose-coloredglassesLines2～3Paragraph3means
TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewerecountermovementtotraditionalorientation.OneofthefamousspokesmenofJapan’s"Enlightenment"claimed"theConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere."AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarⅠwhenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Againintheearly1930snationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant. FollowingtheendofWorldWarⅡsubstantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestraints.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachersstudentsintellectualsandoldliberalsbutitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvaluesandnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar. TodaydemocraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;hutinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistortedparticularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones. MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianismbutleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipinmanyinstitutionsincludingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesisthe"oyabun-kobun"orparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.The"oyabun-kohun"createsladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascendrisingasfarasabilitiespermitsolongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannelthelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequencethereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeopleevenwiththesameprofession. ThespokesmanofJapan’sEnlightenmentthinksthat
Inmostpeople’smindgrowthisassociatedwithprosperity.WejudgehowwelltheeconomyisdoingbythesizeoftheGrossNationalProductGNPameasuresupposedlyofgrowth.Equallyaxiomatichoweveristhenotionthatincreasedpressureondecliningnaturalresourcesmustinevitablyleadtoadeclineinprosperityespeciallywhenaccompaniedbyagrowthinpopulation.Sowhichiscorrect Whatgrowthadvocatesmeanprimarilywhentheysaygrowthisnecessaryforprosperityisthatgrowthisnecessaryforthesmoothfunctioningoftheeconomicsystem.InonefieldtheargumentinfavorofgrowthisparticularlycompellingandthatiswithregardtotheThirdWorld.ToargueagainstgrowthinlightofThirdWorldpovertyanddegradationseemsunsympathetic.ButisitCoulditbethatgrowthespeciallythegrowthofthewealthiercountrieshascontributedtotheimpoverishmentnottheadvancementofThirdWorldcountriesIfnothowdoweaccountforthedesperatestraitsthesecountriesfindthemselvesintodayafteracenturyofdedicationtogrowth ToseehowthismightbethecasewemustlookattheimpactofgrowthonThirdWorldcountries—therealitynottheabstractstages-of-economic-growththeoryadvocatedthroughrosecoloredglassesbyacademiciansofthedevelopedworld.WhatgoodisgrowthtothepeopleoftheThirdWorldifitmeanstheconversionofpeasantfarmsintomechanizedagri-businessesproducingcommoditiesnotforlocalconsumptionbutforexportifitmeansthestrippingoftheirlandofitsmineralandothernaturaltreasurestothebenefitofforeigninvestorsandahandfuloftheirlocalcollaboratorsifitmeanstheassumptionofacrushingforeignindebtedness Admittedlythisisanoversimplification.ButthepointIbelieveremainsvalid:thatgrowthinunderdevelopedcountriescannotsimplybejudgedintheabstract;itmustbejudgedbasedonthetruenatureofgrowthinthesesocietiesonwhobenefitsandwhoisharmedonwheregrowthisleadingthesepeopleandwhereithasleftthem.Whenconsideredinthiswayitjustmightbethatinthepresentcontextgrowthismoredetrimentaltothewell-beingofthewretchedoftheearththanbeneficial. SodoweneedgrowthforprosperityOnlytheadoptionofzerogrowthcanprovidetheanswer.Butthatisatestnoteasilyundertaken.Modemeconomiesareincrediblycomplexphenomenaatributetoman’sabilitytoorganizeandachallengetohisabilitytounderstand.Anythingthataffectstheirfunctioningsuchasapolicyofzerogrowthshouldnotbeproposedwithoutawarycarefulnessandself-doubtinghumility.Butiftheprospectofleapingintotheeconomicunknownisfear-inspiringequallysoistheprospectoflettingthatfearpreventusfromactingwhenthefailuretoactcouldmeanuntoldmiseryforfuturegenerationsandperhapsenvironmentaldisasterwhichthreatenourveryexistence. Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphzerogrowth
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