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以MDEA为主溶剂的混合醇胺溶液只有MDEA-MEA溶液
下列溶剂中碱性最强
MEA
DEA
DIPA
MDEA
MEA在常压下沸点为℃
170
180
150
200
请说出单乙醇胺MEA的质量规格
对于MEA法为了减轻溶液的腐蚀性一般控制酸气负荷不超过摩尔酸气/摩尔MEA
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
15%的MEA溶液的饱和蒸汽压随温度升高而降低
MDEA是一种弱碱但它的碱性比MEA强
MEA脱除CO2是物理吸收法
吸收剂MDEA和MEADEA相比有何优越性
纯MEA的有腐蚀性
MEA法
四种主要脱硫方法中只有MEA法没有选择性
随着温度的升高MEA浓度越高它的表面张力下降的趋势越大
下列MEA的说法正确的是
MEA采用__操作下气相损失更大
MEA采用低压操作气相损失更大
MEA的气相损失与操作压力无关
如果压力升高，MEA的气相损失先增大后减小
MEA溶液在温度上升过程中自身浓度越高则密度下降越慢
当酸气中H2S和CO2含量不高CO2/H2S≤6并且同时脱除H2S和CO2时应采用
MEA
MDEA
MEA和混合胺
DIPA
二甘醇胺法与MEA法相比有何优点
MEA脱硫工艺中溶液的复活操作
MEA脱除CO2是等温吸收
改良二乙醇胺的蒸发损失量比MEA法高
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Stocksfinishedmixedinpost-holidaytradingyesterdayasWallStreetmeanderedthroughashortenedsession.46Themajorindexesendedtheweekhigherasinvestorslookedforwardtotheresultsofthefirstweekendofholidayshoppingandakeyjobsreportnextweek. WallStreetstruggledtocontinueitsbullishstreakalbeitinverylighttradingascontinuedweaknessinthedollarweighedonstocks.47ReportsthattheChinesecentralbankhadsoldoffsomeofitsUSTreasurynotesduetothelowdollarturnedouttobeunsubstantiatedboostingthedollaragainsttheyen.Thedollarreachedanothernewlowagainsttheeurohowever. Thetradingdayendedat1p.m.ESTaspartoftheThanksgivingholidayweekend. Investorsalreadylookedtonextweekforfurthernewshopingthatconsumerspendingovertheholidayswouldhelprevivetheoveralleconomy.TheLaborDepartmentisexpectedtoreleasejob-creationfiguresnextFridaythatWallStreethopeswillshowsignsofstrongerjobgrowth. 48"Traditionallythisisaprettylighttradingdaybutthepeoplewhoareinthemarketreallywanttobehereandthey’recominginwithapositivebias"saidJackCaffreyequitiesstrategistatJ.P.MorganPrivateBank."Mosteveryoneelsewillbelookingaheadtonextweektoseehowtheretailersdidthisweekendandseehowjobgrowthwillprogress." Astheholidayshoppingseasongotunderwaywithearlymorningsalesacrossthecountryretailstocksweremostlyhigher.DowcomponentWal-MartStoresInc.lost18centsto＄55.32tobucktheoveralltrendwhileTargetCorp.added24centsto＄52.21FederatedDepartmentStoresInc.wasup34centsat＄57.33andMayDepartmentStoresCo.rose55centsto＄30.19. 49ChipstocksfailedtogetasubstantialboostfromtheSemiconductorIndustryAssociation’slatestsalesreportwhichshoweda22percentyear-over-yearincreaseinsalesinOctober.Salesrose1.5percentmonth-to-month.DowcomponentIntelCorp.lost40centsto＄23.21onthenewswhileAdvancedMicroDevicesInc.slipped4centsto＄21.53. DeltaAirLinesInc.lost6centsto＄6.92afteritsaidlateWednesdaythatitreachednewagreementswithitslendersandaircraftlessorswrangling＄57millioninconcessionsfrom2005through2009inexchangefor4.4millionsharesofDeltastock. 50OracleCorp.saiditwillnominatefourpeopletotheboardofPeopleSoftInc.partofitsbidtoacquiretherivalsoftwarecompanythatlikelywilltriggeraproxybattle.Oracleslipped13centsto＄12.66whilePeopleSoftwasup2centsat＄23.54. 46Themajorindexesendedtheweekhigherasinvestorslookedforwardtotheresultsofthefirstweekendofholidayshoppingandakeyjobsreportnextweek.
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Stocksfinishedmixedinpost-holidaytradingyesterdayasWallStreetmeanderedthroughashortenedsession.46Themajorindexesendedtheweekhigherasinvestorslookedforwardtotheresultsofthefirstweekendofholidayshoppingandakeyjobsreportnextweek. WallStreetstruggledtocontinueitsbullishstreakalbeitinverylighttradingascontinuedweaknessinthedollarweighedonstocks.47ReportsthattheChinesecentralbankhadsoldoffsomeofitsUSTreasurynotesduetothelowdollarturnedouttobeunsubstantiatedboostingthedollaragainsttheyen.Thedollarreachedanothernewlowagainsttheeurohowever. Thetradingdayendedat1p.m.ESTaspartoftheThanksgivingholidayweekend. Investorsalreadylookedtonextweekforfurthernewshopingthatconsumerspendingovertheholidayswouldhelprevivetheoveralleconomy.TheLaborDepartmentisexpectedtoreleasejob-creationfiguresnextFridaythatWallStreethopeswillshowsignsofstrongerjobgrowth. 48"Traditionallythisisaprettylighttradingdaybutthepeoplewhoareinthemarketreallywanttobehereandthey’recominginwithapositivebias"saidJackCaffreyequitiesstrategistatJ.P.MorganPrivateBank."Mosteveryoneelsewillbelookingaheadtonextweektoseehowtheretailersdidthisweekendandseehowjobgrowthwillprogress." Astheholidayshoppingseasongotunderwaywithearlymorningsalesacrossthecountryretailstocksweremostlyhigher.DowcomponentWal-MartStoresInc.lost18centsto＄55.32tobucktheoveralltrendwhileTargetCorp.added24centsto＄52.21FederatedDepartmentStoresInc.wasup34centsat＄57.33andMayDepartmentStoresCo.rose55centsto＄30.19. 49ChipstocksfailedtogetasubstantialboostfromtheSemiconductorIndustryAssociation’slatestsalesreportwhichshoweda22percentyear-over-yearincreaseinsalesinOctober.Salesrose1.5percentmonth-to-month.DowcomponentIntelCorp.lost40centsto＄23.21onthenewswhileAdvancedMicroDevicesInc.slipped4centsto＄21.53. DeltaAirLinesInc.lost6centsto＄6.92afteritsaidlateWednesdaythatitreachednewagreementswithitslendersandaircraftlessorswrangling＄57millioninconcessionsfrom2005through2009inexchangefor4.4millionsharesofDeltastock. 50OracleCorp.saiditwillnominatefourpeopletotheboardofPeopleSoftInc.partofitsbidtoacquiretherivalsoftwarecompanythatlikelywilltriggeraproxybattle.Oracleslipped13centsto＄12.66whilePeopleSoftwasup2centsat＄23.54. 48Traditionallythisisaprettylighttradingdaybutthepeoplewhoareinthemarketreallywanttobehereandthey’recominginwithapositivebiassaidJackCaffreyequitiesstrategistatJ.P.MorganPrivateBank.
Text1 EightmonthsafterSep.11itisbecomingincreasinglyapparentthatvariousarmsoftheUSgovernmenthadpiecesofinformationthatifputtogethermighthaveprovidedsketchyadvancewarningoftheterroriststrikestocome. TheWhiteHousenowacknowledgesthattheCIAtoldPresidentBushinAugustthatsuspectedmembersofA1Qaedahaddiscussedthehijackingofairplanes.AtthesametimeFBIagentswereincreasinglysuspiciousofsomeMiddleEasternmentrainingatUSflightschools.YettheUSgovernmentdidn’tpayattentiontothisinformation. "Therearealwaystheselittleindicatorsthatcomein--ofonesortoranother--thatdon’tgetenoughdecibelstoreceiveattention"sayformerCIADirectorStansfieldTurner. "Thepossibilityofatraditionalhijacking--inthepre-9·11sense---haslongbeenaconcernofthegovernment"WhiteHousespokesmanAriFleischersaid.But"thiswasanewtypeofattackthatwasnotforeseen."IndeedhesaidthewarningsdidnotsuggestcommercialairlinerswouldbeusedasmissilesandthatthegeneralassumptionwasthatanyattackwouldoccurabroadnotintheUS. StilltheWhiteHousesaysitdidquietlyalertseveralgovernmentagenciestothethreat. MeanwhileFBIagentsweregettinghintsoftheterribleplot.AclassifiedmemodraftedbythebureaureportedlywarnedinbluntlanguagethatOsamabinLadenmightbelinkedtoMiddleEasternmentakinglessonsatUSflightschools. Mr.Turnerseesthisasapainfulandavoidablemistake.Thebasicreasonforthelackofcoordinationandcommunicationis"averylargeintelligencebureaucracythatisverycompartmentalized"saysCharlesPeniaaseniordefenseanalystattheCatoInstitute. Todaythedisclosuresraiseacrucialquestion:HaverecentreformsboostedWashington’sabilitytopulltogetherinformationfromitsmanyagencies--andthusdisruptfutureattacksIndeedsinceSep.11thegovernmenthasstruggledtoimprovecoordination. Onechange:FBIdataisnowmergedwithCIAintelligenceinthepresident’sdailybriefing. Another:AnewcommandcenternearWashingtonwassetupbyWhiteHouseHomelandSecurity.It’soneplacetheCIAtheFBItheDefenseIntelligenceAgencyandothersareabletocoordinateandshareinformation.It’snotclearyetwhethertheyactuallywill. ThebasicreasonforthemistakeWashingtonhascommittedisthat
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
AttheendofthefifteenthcenturycelestialnavigationwasjustbeingdevelopedinEuropeprimarilybythePortuguese.Priortothedevelopmentofcelestialnavigationsailorsnavigatedby"deduced"or"dead"reckoninghereaftercalledDR.ThiswasthemethodusedbyColumbusandmostothersailorsofhisera.InDRthenavigatorfindshispositionbymeasuringthecourseanddistancehehassailedfromsomeknownpoint.Startingfromaknownpointsuchasaportthenavigatormeasuresouthiscourseanddistancefromthatpointonachartprickingthechartwithapintomarkthenewposition.Eachday’sendingpositionwouldbethestartingpointforthenextday’scourse-and-distancemeasurement. 41._______________________. Theship’sspeedwasmeasuredbythrowingapieceofflotsamoverthesideoftheship.Thereweretwomarksontheship’srailameasureddistanceapart.Whentheflotsampassedtheforwardmarkthepilotwouldstartaquickchantandwhenitpassedtheaftmarkthepilotwouldstopchanting.Thepilotwouldnotethelastsyllablereachedinthechantandhehadamnemonicthatwouldconvertthatsyllableintoaspeedinmilesperhour.Thismethodwouldnotworkwhentheshipwasmovingveryslowlysincethechantwouldnmtotheendbeforetheflotsamhadreachedtheaftmark. 42.____________________. Columbuswasthefirstsailorthatweknowofwhokeptadetailedlogofhisvoyagesbutonlythelogofthefirstvoyagesurvivesinanydetail.ItisbytheserecordsthatweknowhowColumbusnavigatedandhowweknowthathewasprimarilyaDRnavigator. 43.___________________.IfColumbushadbeenacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseecontinuousrecordsofcelestialobservations;butColumbus’slogdoesnotshowsuchrecordsduringeitherofthetransatlanticportionsofthefirstvoyage. IthasbeensupposedbysomescholarsthatColumbuswasacelestialnavigatoranywayandwasusingunrecordedcelestialchecksonhislatitudeashesailedwestonhisfirstvoyage.44.______________________InotherwordsifColumbuswereacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseeasenseofsmallintermittentcoursecorrectionsinordertostayatacelestiallydeterminedlatitude.Thesecorrectionsshouldoccurabouteverythreeorfourdaysperhapsmoreoften. Butthatisnotwhatthelogshows.45.________________.OnlythreetimesdoesColumbusdepartfromthiscourse:oncebecauseofcontrarywindsandtwicetochasefalsesignsoflandsouthwest.Innoneofthesecasesdoesheshowanydesiretoreturntoacelestially-determinedlatitude.Thisargumentisakillerforthecelestialhypothesis. [A]SinceDRisdependentuponcontinuousmeasurementsofcourseanddistancesailedweshouldexpectthatanylogkeptbyaDRnavigatorwouldhavetheserecords;andthisisexactlywhatColumbus’sloglookslike. [B]Onhisreturnvoyagein1493ColumbusstartedfromSamariaBayonthenorthcoastofHispaniolaandhemadelandfallatSantaMariaIslandintheAzores.WeknowhisentireDRcoursesanddistancesbetweenthesetwopointssincethey’rerecordedinhislog. [C]Inorderforthismethodtoworkthenavigatorneedsawaytomeasurehiscourseandawaytomeasurethedistancesailed.Coursewasmeasuredbyamagneticcompass.Distancewasdeterminedbyatimeandspeedcalculation:thenavigatormultipliedthespeedofthevesselinmilesperhourbythetimetraveledtogetthedistance. [D]OnthefirstvoyagewestboundColumbussticksdoggedlytohismagneticwestwardcourseforweeksatatime. [E]CouldColumbushascorrectedhiscompassesbycheckingthemagainstthestarsandthusavoidstheneedforcoursecorrectionsThiswouldhavebeenpossibleintheorybutweknowthatColumbuscouldnothaveactuallydonethis. [F]Speedanddistancewasmeasuredeveryhour.Theofficerofthewatchwouldkeeptrackofthespeedandcoursesailedeveryhourbyusingapeg-boardwithholesradiatingfromthecenteralongeverypointofthecompass.Thepegwasmovedfromthecenteralongthecoursetraveledforthedistancemadeduringthathour.Afterfourhoursanotherpegwasusedtorepresentthedistancemadegoodinleaguesduringthewholewatch.Attheendofthedaythetotaldistanceandcourseforthedaywastransferredtothechart. [G]Inthatcaseasmagneticvariationpulledhiscoursesouthwardfromtruewesthewouldhavenoticedthediscrepancyfromhiscelestialobservationsandhewouldhavecorrectedit. 44
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
FewoutsideofCongressrecognizetheimportanceofleadershippositionspersonalitiesandpowersinadvancingalegislativeagenda.SkilledleadersinboththeHouseandSenatemakethedifferencebetweensuccessandgridlockinthedanceoflegislation.41______. FormerSenateMajorityLeaderHowardBakerofTennesseewasfondofmetaphoricallydescribingleadingtheupperbodyasakinto"herdingcats".42______. Lastweek’sRepublicanruleschangeweakenstheoldsenioritysystemprovidingMajorityLeaderBillFristwithnewpowerstoappointatleasthalfofthevacanciesonthe13mostimportantandsoughtaftercommitteessuchasFinanceAppropriationsandForeignRelations.BeforetheruleschangeRepublicansfilledtheseopeningspurelybasedonseniority--themostseniormemberwouldgetthefirstshotatavacancy.43______. ThisisanewprocessfortheRepublicansallowingtheleadertofillkeycommitteeslotsbasedonfactorssuchaspartyloyaltysubstantivebackgroundregionalfactorsorpoliticalimperatives--notjustseniority. 44______.Mr.SantorumworkedwithsevenofhiscolleaguestoenhancethepowersoftheSenateRepublicanleaderandmodifythosepowerstoreflectthewaytheDemocratshaveoperatedformanyyears.MembersofMr.Santorum’staskforceincludingSens.MikeCrapoofIdahoJonKylofArizonaTrentLottofMississippiandJimTalentofMissouridevelopedtheultimateplanadoptedlastweek. 45______.YetitisastepintherightdirectiongivingtheRepublicanleaderadditionaltoolstoinstallsomepartyloyalistsonallofthekeycommitteesatatimewhenoperatingasa"team"iscriticaltoRepublicansuccess. [A]Newobligationsaccompanythisnewreality:Theresponsibilitytoproduce.AndtowardthatendRepublicanstookanimportantsteplastweektodojustthatbyenhancingthepoweroftheSenateMajorityLeaderposition. [B]Nowbycontrastiffourvacanciesexisttheleaderselectstwoandtheothertwoarebasedonseniority.Ifthreevacanciesexisttheleaderpickstwoofthethree.Andifonlyoneexiststheleaderfillsitwithhischoice. [C]DemocratsintheSenatetakeadifferentapproachtofillvacanciesusingavarietyofvariablessuchasregionalbalancepartyloyaltypolicyviewsandoccupationalbackground.TheSenateDemocraticLeadernowHarryReidofNevadaappointseachmemberoftheSteeringandCoordinationCommitteeandthisbodymakesallappointments. [D]YetunliketheHousewhereaunifiedmajorityevenanarrowone--canefficientlymovethelawmakingprocessforwardtheSenateisadifferentbreedofcat. [E]Theruleschangewon’talterthebasicoperationalproceduresoftheSenateandit’sbynomeansasilverbullettoradicallyenhancethepowersofthemajorityleader. [F]TheruleschangeisthehandiworkofataskforceconvenedthissummerbySen.RickSantorumofPennsylvania. [G]GiventherulesandprecedentsoftheSenatealegislativeleader’sarsenalofweaponstocompelpartyunityislimitedtonon-existence. 44
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Text3 Overthelasttwentyyearsscholarlyandpopularwritershaveanalyzedandcelebratedtheworldsofleisureandentertainmentintheburgeoningcitiesofmid-nineteenth-centuryAmericagreatlyexpandingtheliteratureonthesesubjects.Theyhavefoundanenthusiasticreadershipbyofferingglimpsesofmodesofleisureperformanceandcharlatanismthatpassedfromthesceneintheearly20thcenturyindicatinghowlivelytheywereandhowcomparativelyimpoverishedourownentertainmentchoiceshavebecomeinaneradominatedbycorporateelectronicmedia. Manyscholarshavebeenluredintoafascinationwiththeextinctdemimondeofdimemuseumsexhibitionhailssaloonsandindustrialexhibitions.Duringthisperiodentertainmentrelieduponartfuldeceptioncomparableinimportancetosuchcontemporaryformsofamusementasminstrelsyandmelodrama.Theculturalactivitieswereformsofrepresentationalplayinwhichspectatorsarecausedtodoubttheirperceptionsandjudgement.EntertainmentsthattrickedordupedthepayingpublicflourishedinAmerica’scitiesinthe19thcentury.Whatdistinguishedthesecohortsofentertainerswasnottheirabilitytoperpetratefraudbutthattheyunderstoodthedynamicsofanewurbanaudiencethatenjoyeddistinguishingthegenuinefromthefakeandtheauthenticfromtheconcocted.Thewillingaudienceforartfuldeceptionsmaintainedadoubleconsciousnessinwhichitsimultaneouslymarveledatthequalitiesoftheobjectoractiondisplayedwhileenjoyingtheactofappraisingthequalityaudacityandperformanceofthedeception. ByofferingsemioticanalysesofarangeofVictorianperformanceswelearntherewasmoretotheseexhibitionsthanappearedatfirstviewing.ThetricksandluresoftheseentertainersdeserveamorethanmarginalpositioninAmericanculturalhistory. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextisthat
Text4 ThomasHuxley“Darwin’sbulldog"issaidtohavecomeupwiththemostfamousdefenseoftheatheistbeliefthatlifewascreatedbychance.InadebateatOxfordheisreportedtohavestatedthatifenoughmonkeysrandomlypressedtypewriterkeysforalongenoughtimesoonerorlaterPsalm23wouldemerge.Notallatheistsusethisargumentbutitaccuratelyrepresentstheatheistbeliefthatwithenoughtimeandenoughsolarsystemsyou’llgetyouBach’scellosuitesandme.ThisbeliefhasalwaysstruckmeasimplausibleandalthoughIfullyacknowledgethegreatchallengetotheism--therampantandseeminglyrandomunfairnessbuiltintohumanlifenointellectuallyhonestatheistshoulddenythegreatchallengetoatheism--theexistenceofdesignandintelligence. ScientistshavetakenupHuxley’spropositionandfoundfromexperimentswithmonkeysnearatypewriterthatveryfewevenendeduphittinganykey.Aftertheexperimentmathematiciansthencalculatedthateachmonkeytypedasteady120charactersaminuteitwouldtake10tothe813thpower10followedby813zerosmonkeysaboutfiveyearstoknockoutadecentversionofShakespeare’sSonnet.Thefinitenumberofyearsintheuniverse’sexistencewouldnotcomeclosetoproducingafewsentencesletaloneaShakespeareplay. ProfessorRobertJastrowoneofthegreatestlivingastronomersheadoftheMountWilsonObservatoryandanagnosticbestexplainedtheatheismofmanyscientists.JastrowtellsofhissurprisewhensomanyfellowastronomersrefusedtoaccepttheBigBanghypothesisfortheoriginsoftheuniverse.InfactJastrowwritesmanyastronomerswereactuallyunhappyaboutit.WhyBecausetheBigBangimpliedabeginningtotheuniverseandabeginningimpliesaCreatorsomethingmanyscientistspassionatelyreject.ThisledJastrowtothesoberingconclusionthatmanyscientistshavevestednonscientificinterestsinsomeoftheirbeliefsespeciallythenon-existenceofaCreator.NeithermathsnorsciencearguesthatallcameaboutrandomlywithoutaCreator.Onlyakeendesiretodenyoneexplainssuchabeliefabeliefthatshouldbelaidtorest. Thelastparagraphindicatesthat
AttheendofthefifteenthcenturycelestialnavigationwasjustbeingdevelopedinEuropeprimarilybythePortuguese.Priortothedevelopmentofcelestialnavigationsailorsnavigatedby"deduced"or"dead"reckoninghereaftercalledDR.ThiswasthemethodusedbyColumbusandmostothersailorsofhisera.InDRthenavigatorfindshispositionbymeasuringthecourseanddistancehehassailedfromsomeknownpoint.Startingfromaknownpointsuchasaportthenavigatormeasuresouthiscourseanddistancefromthatpointonachartprickingthechartwithapintomarkthenewposition.Eachday’sendingpositionwouldbethestartingpointforthenextday’scourse-and-distancemeasurement. 41._______________________. Theship’sspeedwasmeasuredbythrowingapieceofflotsamoverthesideoftheship.Thereweretwomarksontheship’srailameasureddistanceapart.Whentheflotsampassedtheforwardmarkthepilotwouldstartaquickchantandwhenitpassedtheaftmarkthepilotwouldstopchanting.Thepilotwouldnotethelastsyllablereachedinthechantandhehadamnemonicthatwouldconvertthatsyllableintoaspeedinmilesperhour.Thismethodwouldnotworkwhentheshipwasmovingveryslowlysincethechantwouldnmtotheendbeforetheflotsamhadreachedtheaftmark. 42.____________________. Columbuswasthefirstsailorthatweknowofwhokeptadetailedlogofhisvoyagesbutonlythelogofthefirstvoyagesurvivesinanydetail.ItisbytheserecordsthatweknowhowColumbusnavigatedandhowweknowthathewasprimarilyaDRnavigator. 43.___________________.IfColumbushadbeenacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseecontinuousrecordsofcelestialobservations;butColumbus’slogdoesnotshowsuchrecordsduringeitherofthetransatlanticportionsofthefirstvoyage. IthasbeensupposedbysomescholarsthatColumbuswasacelestialnavigatoranywayandwasusingunrecordedcelestialchecksonhislatitudeashesailedwestonhisfirstvoyage.44.______________________InotherwordsifColumbuswereacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseeasenseofsmallintermittentcoursecorrectionsinordertostayatacelestiallydeterminedlatitude.Thesecorrectionsshouldoccurabouteverythreeorfourdaysperhapsmoreoften. Butthatisnotwhatthelogshows.45.________________.OnlythreetimesdoesColumbusdepartfromthiscourse:oncebecauseofcontrarywindsandtwicetochasefalsesignsoflandsouthwest.Innoneofthesecasesdoesheshowanydesiretoreturntoacelestially-determinedlatitude.Thisargumentisakillerforthecelestialhypothesis. [A]SinceDRisdependentuponcontinuousmeasurementsofcourseanddistancesailedweshouldexpectthatanylogkeptbyaDRnavigatorwouldhavetheserecords;andthisisexactlywhatColumbus’sloglookslike. [B]Onhisreturnvoyagein1493ColumbusstartedfromSamariaBayonthenorthcoastofHispaniolaandhemadelandfallatSantaMariaIslandintheAzores.WeknowhisentireDRcoursesanddistancesbetweenthesetwopointssincethey’rerecordedinhislog. [C]Inorderforthismethodtoworkthenavigatorneedsawaytomeasurehiscourseandawaytomeasurethedistancesailed.Coursewasmeasuredbyamagneticcompass.Distancewasdeterminedbyatimeandspeedcalculation:thenavigatormultipliedthespeedofthevesselinmilesperhourbythetimetraveledtogetthedistance. [D]OnthefirstvoyagewestboundColumbussticksdoggedlytohismagneticwestwardcourseforweeksatatime. [E]CouldColumbushascorrectedhiscompassesbycheckingthemagainstthestarsandthusavoidstheneedforcoursecorrectionsThiswouldhavebeenpossibleintheorybutweknowthatColumbuscouldnothaveactuallydonethis. [F]Speedanddistancewasmeasuredeveryhour.Theofficerofthewatchwouldkeeptrackofthespeedandcoursesailedeveryhourbyusingapeg-boardwithholesradiatingfromthecenteralongeverypointofthecompass.Thepegwasmovedfromthecenteralongthecoursetraveledforthedistancemadeduringthathour.Afterfourhoursanotherpegwasusedtorepresentthedistancemadegoodinleaguesduringthewholewatch.Attheendofthedaythetotaldistanceandcourseforthedaywastransferredtothechart. [G]Inthatcaseasmagneticvariationpulledhiscoursesouthwardfromtruewesthewouldhavenoticedthediscrepancyfromhiscelestialobservationsandhewouldhavecorrectedit. 42
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3giveyourcomments.
Text1 EightmonthsafterSep.11itisbecomingincreasinglyapparentthatvariousarmsoftheUSgovernmenthadpiecesofinformationthatifputtogethermighthaveprovidedsketchyadvancewarningoftheterroriststrikestocome. TheWhiteHousenowacknowledgesthattheCIAtoldPresidentBushinAugustthatsuspectedmembersofA1Qaedahaddiscussedthehijackingofairplanes.AtthesametimeFBIagentswereincreasinglysuspiciousofsomeMiddleEasternmentrainingatUSflightschools.YettheUSgovernmentdidn’tpayattentiontothisinformation. "Therearealwaystheselittleindicatorsthatcomein--ofonesortoranother--thatdon’tgetenoughdecibelstoreceiveattention"sayformerCIADirectorStansfieldTurner. "Thepossibilityofatraditionalhijacking--inthepre-9·11sense---haslongbeenaconcernofthegovernment"WhiteHousespokesmanAriFleischersaid.But"thiswasanewtypeofattackthatwasnotforeseen."IndeedhesaidthewarningsdidnotsuggestcommercialairlinerswouldbeusedasmissilesandthatthegeneralassumptionwasthatanyattackwouldoccurabroadnotintheUS. StilltheWhiteHousesaysitdidquietlyalertseveralgovernmentagenciestothethreat. MeanwhileFBIagentsweregettinghintsoftheterribleplot.AclassifiedmemodraftedbythebureaureportedlywarnedinbluntlanguagethatOsamabinLadenmightbelinkedtoMiddleEasternmentakinglessonsatUSflightschools. Mr.Turnerseesthisasapainfulandavoidablemistake.Thebasicreasonforthelackofcoordinationandcommunicationis"averylargeintelligencebureaucracythatisverycompartmentalized"saysCharlesPeniaaseniordefenseanalystattheCatoInstitute. Todaythedisclosuresraiseacrucialquestion:HaverecentreformsboostedWashington’sabilitytopulltogetherinformationfromitsmanyagencies--andthusdisruptfutureattacksIndeedsinceSep.11thegovernmenthasstruggledtoimprovecoordination. Onechange:FBIdataisnowmergedwithCIAintelligenceinthepresident’sdailybriefing. Another:AnewcommandcenternearWashingtonwassetupbyWhiteHouseHomelandSecurity.It’soneplacetheCIAtheFBItheDefenseIntelligenceAgencyandothersareabletocoordinateandshareinformation.It’snotclearyetwhethertheyactuallywill. Thegovernmenthasmadegreateffortto
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Text4 ThegrowthofcellphoneusersintheUShastaperedofffromthebreakneckpaceof50%annuallyinthelate1990stowhatanalystsprojectwillbea15%to20%risein2002andnomorethanthatin2003.Tosomeextentnumeroussurveyshavefoundslowergrowthindemandreflectsconsumerdisillusionmentwithjustabouteveryaspectofcell-phoneservice--itsreliabilityqualityandnotoriouscustomerservice. Thecoolingoffindemandthreatenstocascadethroughtheindustry:ThebigsixUScell-phonecarriers--VerizonWirelessCingularWirelessAT＆TWirelessSprintPCSVoiceStreamandNextelCommunications--areengagedinafiercepricewarthatimperilstheirtimetablesforbecomingprofitablenottomentiontheireffortstowhittledowntheirmountainsofdebt.Asthecarriershavebeguntocutcostswirelessequipmentmakers--companiessuchasLucentNokiaandEricssonhavebeenleftwithamarketthat’sboundtobesmallerthantheyhadanticipated.Handsetmakershavebeeninsulatedsofarbuttheytoofaceanagginguncertainty.They’llsoonintroduceadvancedphonestotheUSmarketthatwillrunonthenewnetworksthecarriersarestartingupoverthenextyearortwo.Butthequestionthenwillbe:WillAmericansembracethesesnazzydatafeaturesandtheirhighercosts--withthewildenthusiasmthatEuropeansandAsianshave Longbeforetheoutcomeincleartheindustrywillhavetoadoptanewmind-set."Intheolddaysitwasallaboutconnectivity."saysAndrewColeananalystwithwirelessconsultancyAdventis.Buildthenetworkandcustomerswillcome.Fromnowonthestakeswillbehigher.Thenewmantra:Pleasecustomersoryoumaynotsurvive. Toworktheirwayoutofthisboxthecarriersarespendinghugesumstoaddresstheproblem.MuchofSprintPCS’s＄3.4billionincapitaloutlaysthisyearwillbefornewstations.Andinfactthenewhigh-speedhigh-capacitynationwidenetworksduetorolloutlaterthisyearshouldhelpeasethecallingcapacitycrunchthathascausedmanyconsumercomplaints.Inthemeantimesomecompaniesareusingbettertrainingandorganizationtokeepcustomershappy.Thenation’slargestruraloperatorAlltelATrecentlyreorganizeditscallcenterssothatacustomer’squerygoestothefirstoperatorwho’savailableanywhereinthecountryinsteadofthefirstoneavailableinthecustomer’shomearea.Thatshouldcutwaitingtimetooneminutefromthreetofiveminutespreviously. Accordingtotheauthorthecell-phoneindustrymustadoptamind-setinorderto
Text2 DietarystudieshavesuggestedthatpeoplewhoconsumelargeamountsofvitaminAinfoodsmultivitaminsorbotharemorelikelytosufferhipfracturesthanarepeoplewhoingestmodestamounts. Newevidencebolstersthesefindings.Researchershavenowcorrelatedmen’sbloodconcentrationsofvitaminAwithalaterincidenceofbrokenbones:acomparisonthatavoidsthevagariesthatplaguediet-recallstudies. TakentogetherthenewworkandthedietstudiesraiseknottyquestionsaboutthemaximumamountofvitaminAthatapersoncansafelyingesteachdaysaysstudycoauthorKarlMichassonanorthopedicsurgeonatUniversityHospitalinUppsalaSweden.HeandhiscolleaguesreportthenewfindingsinJan.23NewEnglandJournalofMedicine. IntheUnitedStatestheaveragedailyintakeofvitaminAthroughfoodspeciallyfisheggsandmeatisroughly2600IUinternationalunitsformenandmanymulti-vitaminscontain5000IU.TheUSInstituteofMedicinerecommendsthatpeopleget2300to3000IUofvitaminAeachdayandsetsthesafeupperlimitaround10000IU. "Ibelievetiffsupperlevelshouldbelowered"Michassonsays.Whenheandhiscolleaguesgavethemendietaryquestionnairestheylearnedthatmeningestingaslittleas5000IUofvitaminAperdayweremorepronetofracturesthanweremengettingless.ManufacturersshouldlowertheamountofvitaminAinmulti-vitamintabletsandfortifiedfoodssuchascerealssaysMichasson. Thenewstudybeganintheearly1970swhenresearchersstoredbloodsamplesfrom2047menabout50yearsold.Sincethen266ofthemenhavehadatleastonebonefracture.AfterdividingthemenintofiveequalgroupsaccordingtotheirbloodvitaminAconcentrationstheresearchersfoundthatmeninthetopgroupwerenearlytwiceaslikelyasthoseinthemiddlegrouptohavebrokenabone.Thecorrelationwasparticularlystrongwithfracturesofthehip. "Ithinkit’sprettyconclusivenowthatthere’sabadeffectofvitaminAsupplementation"saysMargoA.DenkeanendocrinologistattheUniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedicalCenterinDallas.Elderlypeoplemaybeatspecialriskbecausethey’reslowtoclearthevitaminfromtheirbodies.StudiesofanimalshaveestablishedthatexcessvitaminAstimulatestheformationofcellsthatdissolvebone. HoweversincesomevitaminAisnecessarytomaintaingoodeyesightandgeneralhealthDenkeandMichassonagreethatfullyfortifiedfoodsandsupplementsshouldremainavailableincountrieswherepoornutritionputspeopleatriskofavitaminAdeficiency. Thepassageismainlyabout
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
FewoutsideofCongressrecognizetheimportanceofleadershippositionspersonalitiesandpowersinadvancingalegislativeagenda.SkilledleadersinboththeHouseandSenatemakethedifferencebetweensuccessandgridlockinthedanceoflegislation.41______. FormerSenateMajorityLeaderHowardBakerofTennesseewasfondofmetaphoricallydescribingleadingtheupperbodyasakinto"herdingcats".42______. Lastweek’sRepublicanruleschangeweakenstheoldsenioritysystemprovidingMajorityLeaderBillFristwithnewpowerstoappointatleasthalfofthevacanciesonthe13mostimportantandsoughtaftercommitteessuchasFinanceAppropriationsandForeignRelations.BeforetheruleschangeRepublicansfilledtheseopeningspurelybasedonseniority--themostseniormemberwouldgetthefirstshotatavacancy.43______. ThisisanewprocessfortheRepublicansallowingtheleadertofillkeycommitteeslotsbasedonfactorssuchaspartyloyaltysubstantivebackgroundregionalfactorsorpoliticalimperatives--notjustseniority. 44______.Mr.SantorumworkedwithsevenofhiscolleaguestoenhancethepowersoftheSenateRepublicanleaderandmodifythosepowerstoreflectthewaytheDemocratshaveoperatedformanyyears.MembersofMr.Santorum’staskforceincludingSens.MikeCrapoofIdahoJonKylofArizonaTrentLottofMississippiandJimTalentofMissouridevelopedtheultimateplanadoptedlastweek. 45______.YetitisastepintherightdirectiongivingtheRepublicanleaderadditionaltoolstoinstallsomepartyloyalistsonallofthekeycommitteesatatimewhenoperatingasa"team"iscriticaltoRepublicansuccess. [A]Newobligationsaccompanythisnewreality:Theresponsibilitytoproduce.AndtowardthatendRepublicanstookanimportantsteplastweektodojustthatbyenhancingthepoweroftheSenateMajorityLeaderposition. [B]Nowbycontrastiffourvacanciesexisttheleaderselectstwoandtheothertwoarebasedonseniority.Ifthreevacanciesexisttheleaderpickstwoofthethree.Andifonlyoneexiststheleaderfillsitwithhischoice. [C]DemocratsintheSenatetakeadifferentapproachtofillvacanciesusingavarietyofvariablessuchasregionalbalancepartyloyaltypolicyviewsandoccupationalbackground.TheSenateDemocraticLeadernowHarryReidofNevadaappointseachmemberoftheSteeringandCoordinationCommitteeandthisbodymakesallappointments. [D]YetunliketheHousewhereaunifiedmajorityevenanarrowone--canefficientlymovethelawmakingprocessforwardtheSenateisadifferentbreedofcat. [E]Theruleschangewon’talterthebasicoperationalproceduresoftheSenateandit’sbynomeansasilverbullettoradicallyenhancethepowersofthemajorityleader. [F]TheruleschangeisthehandiworkofataskforceconvenedthissummerbySen.RickSantorumofPennsylvania. [G]GiventherulesandprecedentsoftheSenatealegislativeleader’sarsenalofweaponstocompelpartyunityislimitedtonon-existence. 42
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Text4 ThegrowthofcellphoneusersintheUShastaperedofffromthebreakneckpaceof50%annuallyinthelate1990stowhatanalystsprojectwillbea15%to20%risein2002andnomorethanthatin2003.Tosomeextentnumeroussurveyshavefoundslowergrowthindemandreflectsconsumerdisillusionmentwithjustabouteveryaspectofcell-phoneservice--itsreliabilityqualityandnotoriouscustomerservice. Thecoolingoffindemandthreatenstocascadethroughtheindustry:ThebigsixUScell-phonecarriers--VerizonWirelessCingularWirelessAT＆TWirelessSprintPCSVoiceStreamandNextelCommunications--areengagedinafiercepricewarthatimperilstheirtimetablesforbecomingprofitablenottomentiontheireffortstowhittledowntheirmountainsofdebt.Asthecarriershavebeguntocutcostswirelessequipmentmakers--companiessuchasLucentNokiaandEricssonhavebeenleftwithamarketthat’sboundtobesmallerthantheyhadanticipated.Handsetmakershavebeeninsulatedsofarbuttheytoofaceanagginguncertainty.They’llsoonintroduceadvancedphonestotheUSmarketthatwillrunonthenewnetworksthecarriersarestartingupoverthenextyearortwo.Butthequestionthenwillbe:WillAmericansembracethesesnazzydatafeaturesandtheirhighercosts--withthewildenthusiasmthatEuropeansandAsianshave Longbeforetheoutcomeincleartheindustrywillhavetoadoptanewmind-set."Intheolddaysitwasallaboutconnectivity."saysAndrewColeananalystwithwirelessconsultancyAdventis.Buildthenetworkandcustomerswillcome.Fromnowonthestakeswillbehigher.Thenewmantra:Pleasecustomersoryoumaynotsurvive. Toworktheirwayoutofthisboxthecarriersarespendinghugesumstoaddresstheproblem.MuchofSprintPCS’s＄3.4billionincapitaloutlaysthisyearwillbefornewstations.Andinfactthenewhigh-speedhigh-capacitynationwidenetworksduetorolloutlaterthisyearshouldhelpeasethecallingcapacitycrunchthathascausedmanyconsumercomplaints.Inthemeantimesomecompaniesareusingbettertrainingandorganizationtokeepcustomershappy.Thenation’slargestruraloperatorAlltelATrecentlyreorganizeditscallcenterssothatacustomer’squerygoestothefirstoperatorwho’savailableanywhereinthecountryinsteadofthefirstoneavailableinthecustomer’shomearea.Thatshouldcutwaitingtimetooneminutefromthreetofiveminutespreviously. Itcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthat
Text3 Overthelasttwentyyearsscholarlyandpopularwritershaveanalyzedandcelebratedtheworldsofleisureandentertainmentintheburgeoningcitiesofmid-nineteenth-centuryAmericagreatlyexpandingtheliteratureonthesesubjects.Theyhavefoundanenthusiasticreadershipbyofferingglimpsesofmodesofleisureperformanceandcharlatanismthatpassedfromthesceneintheearly20thcenturyindicatinghowlivelytheywereandhowcomparativelyimpoverishedourownentertainmentchoiceshavebecomeinaneradominatedbycorporateelectronicmedia. Manyscholarshavebeenluredintoafascinationwiththeextinctdemimondeofdimemuseumsexhibitionhailssaloonsandindustrialexhibitions.Duringthisperiodentertainmentrelieduponartfuldeceptioncomparableinimportancetosuchcontemporaryformsofamusementasminstrelsyandmelodrama.Theculturalactivitieswereformsofrepresentationalplayinwhichspectatorsarecausedtodoubttheirperceptionsandjudgement.EntertainmentsthattrickedordupedthepayingpublicflourishedinAmerica’scitiesinthe19thcentury.Whatdistinguishedthesecohortsofentertainerswasnottheirabilitytoperpetratefraudbutthattheyunderstoodthedynamicsofanewurbanaudiencethatenjoyeddistinguishingthegenuinefromthefakeandtheauthenticfromtheconcocted.Thewillingaudienceforartfuldeceptionsmaintainedadoubleconsciousnessinwhichitsimultaneouslymarveledatthequalitiesoftheobjectoractiondisplayedwhileenjoyingtheactofappraisingthequalityaudacityandperformanceofthedeception. ByofferingsemioticanalysesofarangeofVictorianperformanceswelearntherewasmoretotheseexhibitionsthanappearedatfirstviewing.ThetricksandluresoftheseentertainersdeserveamorethanmarginalpositioninAmericanculturalhistory. Theauthorthinkscurrententertainmentisrelativelypoorbecause
Text4 ThegrowthofcellphoneusersintheUShastaperedofffromthebreakneckpaceof50%annuallyinthelate1990stowhatanalystsprojectwillbea15%to20%risein2002andnomorethanthatin2003.Tosomeextentnumeroussurveyshavefoundslowergrowthindemandreflectsconsumerdisillusionmentwithjustabouteveryaspectofcell-phoneservice--itsreliabilityqualityandnotoriouscustomerservice. Thecoolingoffindemandthreatenstocascadethroughtheindustry:ThebigsixUScell-phonecarriers--VerizonWirelessCingularWirelessAT＆TWirelessSprintPCSVoiceStreamandNextelCommunications--areengagedinafiercepricewarthatimperilstheirtimetablesforbecomingprofitablenottomentiontheireffortstowhittledowntheirmountainsofdebt.Asthecarriershavebeguntocutcostswirelessequipmentmakers--companiessuchasLucentNokiaandEricssonhavebeenleftwithamarketthat’sboundtobesmallerthantheyhadanticipated.Handsetmakershavebeeninsulatedsofarbuttheytoofaceanagginguncertainty.They’llsoonintroduceadvancedphonestotheUSmarketthatwillrunonthenewnetworksthecarriersarestartingupoverthenextyearortwo.Butthequestionthenwillbe:WillAmericansembracethesesnazzydatafeaturesandtheirhighercosts--withthewildenthusiasmthatEuropeansandAsianshave Longbeforetheoutcomeincleartheindustrywillhavetoadoptanewmind-set."Intheolddaysitwasallaboutconnectivity."saysAndrewColeananalystwithwirelessconsultancyAdventis.Buildthenetworkandcustomerswillcome.Fromnowonthestakeswillbehigher.Thenewmantra:Pleasecustomersoryoumaynotsurvive. Toworktheirwayoutofthisboxthecarriersarespendinghugesumstoaddresstheproblem.MuchofSprintPCS’s＄3.4billionincapitaloutlaysthisyearwillbefornewstations.Andinfactthenewhigh-speedhigh-capacitynationwidenetworksduetorolloutlaterthisyearshouldhelpeasethecallingcapacitycrunchthathascausedmanyconsumercomplaints.Inthemeantimesomecompaniesareusingbettertrainingandorganizationtokeepcustomershappy.Thenation’slargestruraloperatorAlltelATrecentlyreorganizeditscallcenterssothatacustomer’squerygoestothefirstoperatorwho’savailableanywhereinthecountryinsteadofthefirstoneavailableinthecustomer’shomearea.Thatshouldcutwaitingtimetooneminutefromthreetofiveminutespreviously. Whatisthetextmainlyabout
Stocksfinishedmixedinpost-holidaytradingyesterdayasWallStreetmeanderedthroughashortenedsession.46Themajorindexesendedtheweekhigherasinvestorslookedforwardtotheresultsofthefirstweekendofholidayshoppingandakeyjobsreportnextweek. WallStreetstruggledtocontinueitsbullishstreakalbeitinverylighttradingascontinuedweaknessinthedollarweighedonstocks.47ReportsthattheChinesecentralbankhadsoldoffsomeofitsUSTreasurynotesduetothelowdollarturnedouttobeunsubstantiatedboostingthedollaragainsttheyen.Thedollarreachedanothernewlowagainsttheeurohowever. Thetradingdayendedat1p.m.ESTaspartoftheThanksgivingholidayweekend. Investorsalreadylookedtonextweekforfurthernewshopingthatconsumerspendingovertheholidayswouldhelprevivetheoveralleconomy.TheLaborDepartmentisexpectedtoreleasejob-creationfiguresnextFridaythatWallStreethopeswillshowsignsofstrongerjobgrowth. 48"Traditionallythisisaprettylighttradingdaybutthepeoplewhoareinthemarketreallywanttobehereandthey’recominginwithapositivebias"saidJackCaffreyequitiesstrategistatJ.P.MorganPrivateBank."Mosteveryoneelsewillbelookingaheadtonextweektoseehowtheretailersdidthisweekendandseehowjobgrowthwillprogress." Astheholidayshoppingseasongotunderwaywithearlymorningsalesacrossthecountryretailstocksweremostlyhigher.DowcomponentWal-MartStoresInc.lost18centsto＄55.32tobucktheoveralltrendwhileTargetCorp.added24centsto＄52.21FederatedDepartmentStoresInc.wasup34centsat＄57.33andMayDepartmentStoresCo.rose55centsto＄30.19. 49ChipstocksfailedtogetasubstantialboostfromtheSemiconductorIndustryAssociation’slatestsalesreportwhichshoweda22percentyear-over-yearincreaseinsalesinOctober.Salesrose1.5percentmonth-to-month.DowcomponentIntelCorp.lost40centsto＄23.21onthenewswhileAdvancedMicroDevicesInc.slipped4centsto＄21.53. DeltaAirLinesInc.lost6centsto＄6.92afteritsaidlateWednesdaythatitreachednewagreementswithitslendersandaircraftlessorswrangling＄57millioninconcessionsfrom2005through2009inexchangefor4.4millionsharesofDeltastock. 50OracleCorp.saiditwillnominatefourpeopletotheboardofPeopleSoftInc.partofitsbidtoacquiretherivalsoftwarecompanythatlikelywilltriggeraproxybattle.Oracleslipped13centsto＄12.66whilePeopleSoftwasup2centsat＄23.54. 50OracleCorp.saiditwillnominatefourpeopletotheboardofPeopleSoftInc.partofitsbidtoacquiretherivalsoftwarecompanythatlikelywilltriggeraproxybattle.
Text2 DietarystudieshavesuggestedthatpeoplewhoconsumelargeamountsofvitaminAinfoodsmultivitaminsorbotharemorelikelytosufferhipfracturesthanarepeoplewhoingestmodestamounts. Newevidencebolstersthesefindings.Researchershavenowcorrelatedmen’sbloodconcentrationsofvitaminAwithalaterincidenceofbrokenbones:acomparisonthatavoidsthevagariesthatplaguediet-recallstudies. TakentogetherthenewworkandthedietstudiesraiseknottyquestionsaboutthemaximumamountofvitaminAthatapersoncansafelyingesteachdaysaysstudycoauthorKarlMichassonanorthopedicsurgeonatUniversityHospitalinUppsalaSweden.HeandhiscolleaguesreportthenewfindingsinJan.23NewEnglandJournalofMedicine. IntheUnitedStatestheaveragedailyintakeofvitaminAthroughfoodspeciallyfisheggsandmeatisroughly2600IUinternationalunitsformenandmanymulti-vitaminscontain5000IU.TheUSInstituteofMedicinerecommendsthatpeopleget2300to3000IUofvitaminAeachdayandsetsthesafeupperlimitaround10000IU. "Ibelievetiffsupperlevelshouldbelowered"Michassonsays.Whenheandhiscolleaguesgavethemendietaryquestionnairestheylearnedthatmeningestingaslittleas5000IUofvitaminAperdayweremorepronetofracturesthanweremengettingless.ManufacturersshouldlowertheamountofvitaminAinmulti-vitamintabletsandfortifiedfoodssuchascerealssaysMichasson. Thenewstudybeganintheearly1970swhenresearchersstoredbloodsamplesfrom2047menabout50yearsold.Sincethen266ofthemenhavehadatleastonebonefracture.AfterdividingthemenintofiveequalgroupsaccordingtotheirbloodvitaminAconcentrationstheresearchersfoundthatmeninthetopgroupwerenearlytwiceaslikelyasthoseinthemiddlegrouptohavebrokenabone.Thecorrelationwasparticularlystrongwithfracturesofthehip. "Ithinkit’sprettyconclusivenowthatthere’sabadeffectofvitaminAsupplementation"saysMargoA.DenkeanendocrinologistattheUniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedicalCenterinDallas.Elderlypeoplemaybeatspecialriskbecausethey’reslowtoclearthevitaminfromtheirbodies.StudiesofanimalshaveestablishedthatexcessvitaminAstimulatestheformationofcellsthatdissolvebone. HoweversincesomevitaminAisnecessarytomaintaingoodeyesightandgeneralhealthDenkeandMichassonagreethatfullyfortifiedfoodsandsupplementsshouldremainavailableincountrieswherepoornutritionputspeopleatriskofavitaminAdeficiency. HighconcentrationofvitaminAmayleadtofracturebecause
Text4 ThomasHuxley“Darwin’sbulldog"issaidtohavecomeupwiththemostfamousdefenseoftheatheistbeliefthatlifewascreatedbychance.InadebateatOxfordheisreportedtohavestatedthatifenoughmonkeysrandomlypressedtypewriterkeysforalongenoughtimesoonerorlaterPsalm23wouldemerge.Notallatheistsusethisargumentbutitaccuratelyrepresentstheatheistbeliefthatwithenoughtimeandenoughsolarsystemsyou’llgetyouBach’scellosuitesandme.ThisbeliefhasalwaysstruckmeasimplausibleandalthoughIfullyacknowledgethegreatchallengetotheism--therampantandseeminglyrandomunfairnessbuiltintohumanlifenointellectuallyhonestatheistshoulddenythegreatchallengetoatheism--theexistenceofdesignandintelligence. ScientistshavetakenupHuxley’spropositionandfoundfromexperimentswithmonkeysnearatypewriterthatveryfewevenendeduphittinganykey.Aftertheexperimentmathematiciansthencalculatedthateachmonkeytypedasteady120charactersaminuteitwouldtake10tothe813thpower10followedby813zerosmonkeysaboutfiveyearstoknockoutadecentversionofShakespeare’sSonnet.Thefinitenumberofyearsintheuniverse’sexistencewouldnotcomeclosetoproducingafewsentencesletaloneaShakespeareplay. ProfessorRobertJastrowoneofthegreatestlivingastronomersheadoftheMountWilsonObservatoryandanagnosticbestexplainedtheatheismofmanyscientists.JastrowtellsofhissurprisewhensomanyfellowastronomersrefusedtoaccepttheBigBanghypothesisfortheoriginsoftheuniverse.InfactJastrowwritesmanyastronomerswereactuallyunhappyaboutit.WhyBecausetheBigBangimpliedabeginningtotheuniverseandabeginningimpliesaCreatorsomethingmanyscientistspassionatelyreject.ThisledJastrowtothesoberingconclusionthatmanyscientistshavevestednonscientificinterestsinsomeoftheirbeliefsespeciallythenon-existenceofaCreator.NeithermathsnorsciencearguesthatallcameaboutrandomlywithoutaCreator.Onlyakeendesiretodenyoneexplainssuchabeliefabeliefthatshouldbelaidtorest. Atheistsseemtobelievethat
Text2 DietarystudieshavesuggestedthatpeoplewhoconsumelargeamountsofvitaminAinfoodsmultivitaminsorbotharemorelikelytosufferhipfracturesthanarepeoplewhoingestmodestamounts. Newevidencebolstersthesefindings.Researchershavenowcorrelatedmen’sbloodconcentrationsofvitaminAwithalaterincidenceofbrokenbones:acomparisonthatavoidsthevagariesthatplaguediet-recallstudies. TakentogetherthenewworkandthedietstudiesraiseknottyquestionsaboutthemaximumamountofvitaminAthatapersoncansafelyingesteachdaysaysstudycoauthorKarlMichassonanorthopedicsurgeonatUniversityHospitalinUppsalaSweden.HeandhiscolleaguesreportthenewfindingsinJan.23NewEnglandJournalofMedicine. IntheUnitedStatestheaveragedailyintakeofvitaminAthroughfoodspeciallyfisheggsandmeatisroughly2600IUinternationalunitsformenandmanymulti-vitaminscontain5000IU.TheUSInstituteofMedicinerecommendsthatpeopleget2300to3000IUofvitaminAeachdayandsetsthesafeupperlimitaround10000IU. "Ibelievetiffsupperlevelshouldbelowered"Michassonsays.Whenheandhiscolleaguesgavethemendietaryquestionnairestheylearnedthatmeningestingaslittleas5000IUofvitaminAperdayweremorepronetofracturesthanweremengettingless.ManufacturersshouldlowertheamountofvitaminAinmulti-vitamintabletsandfortifiedfoodssuchascerealssaysMichasson. Thenewstudybeganintheearly1970swhenresearchersstoredbloodsamplesfrom2047menabout50yearsold.Sincethen266ofthemenhavehadatleastonebonefracture.AfterdividingthemenintofiveequalgroupsaccordingtotheirbloodvitaminAconcentrationstheresearchersfoundthatmeninthetopgroupwerenearlytwiceaslikelyasthoseinthemiddlegrouptohavebrokenabone.Thecorrelationwasparticularlystrongwithfracturesofthehip. "Ithinkit’sprettyconclusivenowthatthere’sabadeffectofvitaminAsupplementation"saysMargoA.DenkeanendocrinologistattheUniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedicalCenterinDallas.Elderlypeoplemaybeatspecialriskbecausethey’reslowtoclearthevitaminfromtheirbodies.StudiesofanimalshaveestablishedthatexcessvitaminAstimulatestheformationofcellsthatdissolvebone. HoweversincesomevitaminAisnecessarytomaintaingoodeyesightandgeneralhealthDenkeandMichassonagreethatfullyfortifiedfoodsandsupplementsshouldremainavailableincountrieswherepoornutritionputspeopleatriskofavitaminAdeficiency. Wecanlearnfromthetextthat
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
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