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Text 3 Over the last twenty years, scholarly and popular writers have analyzed and celebrated t...
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[A]Meanwhilestudieshaveshownthatthecarbondioxideconcentrationinouratmospherehasbeensteadilyincreasingsince1958.Eventhoughtherateofemissionsfromfossilfuelshasbeenreducedconcentrationhasrisenconsistently. [B]ProofofwarmingincludesadecreaseintheamountofsnowthatcoverstheNorthernHemisphereasimultaneousdecreaseinArcticSeaicecontinuedmeltingofalpineglaciersandariseinsealevel.RainhasevenbeenreportedforthefirsttimeinAntarcticaandanice-freepatchofoceanaboutamilewidehasrecentlyopenedneartheNorthPole. [C]ButtherealbenefitofEarthHomeswillbethelong-termsustainabilityofourplanet.ItshouldbenosecretthattheplanetisexperiencingunusualWeatherandclimateabnormalities.The10hottestyearsinrecordedhistoryhaveallbeeninthelast15years;the1990swerethehottestdecadeonrecord.TheMid-westernheatwaveof1995killed669peopleinChicago.In1996wehadaseasonofrecordheatspellsand1997wasthesinglewarmestyearonrecord--until1998shatteredglobaltemperaturerecords.Record-hightemperaturesthroughoutthesouthernUnitedStatesduringthesummerof1998forcedtheshutdownofWaltDisneyWorld’swaterparksbecauseofthethreatofaviralencephalitisoutbreak.TheUnitedNationsandinsurersblameunusualweatherforthousandsofdeathsandbillionsofdollarsindamage. [D]In1995thesizeoftheozoneholeoverAntarcticadoubledtoaboutthesizeofEurope.ForthefirsttimeinrecordedhistorytheholestretchedoverpopulatedareasexposingresidentsinsouthernChileandArgentinatoveryhighlevelsofultravioletUVradiation.Studieshaveshownthata1%decreaseinozoneinthestratosphereproducesa2%increaseinUVradiationreachingthegroundposingmoreriskstohumans.IntheUnitedStatesforinstancebetweenathirdandahalfofallcancersareskincancerswidelyblamedonUVexposure.Australiahasthehighestrateofskincancerintheworldwithestimatesthattwooutofthreepeoplewillgetatleastoneskincancerintheirlifetime. [E]"Manyscientistsagreethattheemissionsresultingfromhumanactivitiesaresubstantiallyincreasingtheatmosphericconcentrationofthegreenhousegases"writesJeremyLeggettinhisbookGlobalWarming:TheGreenpeaceReportOxfordUniversityPress1990."Theseincreaseswillenhancethegreenhouseeffectresultinginwarmingoftheearth’ssurface."In1990scientistspredictedthatifgreenhousegasemissionsarenotsharplydecreasedwemightexperiencea1℃to3℃riseinglobaltemperatures.Theysuggestedthatwewouldhavetocutinhalfouruseofcoaloilandgasinordertolowerouremissionsenoughtomaintainconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesatthecurrentlevels. [F]Avarietyofsignificantattractiveshort-termbenefitswilldrivethedevelopmentofmodernself-sufficienthomes.Theseincludesecurityfromsevereweatherclimatechangesandnaturaldisasters;securityfrominfectiousdiseasesandrelatedhealthproblems;afreshandnutritiousdiet;adependablefoodsupply;andsecurityfromglobalunrest. [G]Addtothisscenariothepossibilityofnaturaldisasterssuchasvolcanicactivitycometssolarwindssunspotactivityorearthquakesthatcoulddrasticallyaffectworldsecurity.HowlongisthestabilityoftheplanetgoingtobeimmunefromthesetypesofsignificantoccurrencesWinterstormsandrandomweatherextremessuchasrecord-breakingextremehotcoldandwindsaresignalsthatweshouldactontheresultsofclimatechange.Throughitsinnovationstheself-sufficienthomeisonewayofhelpinglimithumanenvironmentaldegradationandincreasingresourcesustainability. 42
Text4 Boldfacedwithahyphenandendingintheadjectival-edwascoinedbyShakespeareinHenryVIPartIwhenLordTalbotrescuinghissononaFrenchbattlefieldspokeofhis"prouddesireofbold-facedVictorie".Itwaspickedupinthe19thcenturybytypesetterstodescribeatype-likeClarendonAntiqueorathickversionofBodoni--thatstoodoutconfidentlyevenimpudentlyfromthepage.Theadjectivewasusedinan1880articleinTheNewYorkTimeswewerehyphenatedthen:"Oneofthehandbills"distributedbytheKuKluxKlannotedadisapprovingreporterwas"printedinbold-facedtypeonyellowpaper". Newspapergossipcolumnistsinthe30’stocatchthereader’seyebeganusingthisboldtypeforthenamesthatmadenewsinwhatwasthencalled"cafesociety"incontrastto"high"societywhosemembersclaimedtoprefertostayoutofthosecolumns. Inourtimethetypefacemetaphorwasappliedtoasetoffamoushumanfaces.Afashionreporter--JohnDukaofTheTimes--wasanearlyuserofthephraseashewroteacerbicallyonSept.221981:"AttheoverheatedpartiesatCalvinKlein’sapartmentSaksFifthAvenueBergdorfGoodmanandStudio54thebold-facednamessaidtheweekhadbeensocrammedthattheywerefeelingalittleunderthebreathyouknow." RitaKempleyofTheWashingtonPostnotedin1987thesought-afterstatusof"abold-facednameinPeoplemagazine";by1999AlanPeppardofTheDallasMorningNewsrecalledtoTexasMonthlythathebeganwitha"socialcolumn"but"nowweliveinanageofcelebrityandthereareveryfewpeoplewhocareaboutwhatthedebutantesaredoing.SoIcallitcelebritysocietyfamouspeoplerichpeoplebold-facednames". TheNewYorkTimeswhichneverhaddoesnothaveandisgrimlydeterminednevertohavea"gossipcolumn"introduceda"peoplecolumn"in2001.WhenitscurrenteditorJoyceWadlertookasix-weekbreakrecentlyshesubheadedthatitemwithaself-mocking"AirKiss!Smooch!Ciao!"Thecolumncoversthedoingsofcelebritiesmediabiggiesfashionplatesshow-bizstarshautmondenotablesperennialpersonagesandothersfamousfortheirfame.Itsconfidentfashionableandmodernmonikerbecamethedrivingforcebehindtherecentpopularizationofthephrasewiththeformercompoundadjectivenowanattributivenoun:Bold-facedNames. Whichofthefollowingmayserveasthebesttitleofthepassage
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points12
Text2 EversinceJohnBurrowsandhiswifeCarolopenedtheirfirsthairsalonin1983theyhavebeentakingonapprentices. "Inmygenerationanapprenticeshipwasthewaytolearnatradesoitwastheobviouswayforustogettheskilledstaffweneeded"Mr.Burrowssays. TodaytheBurrows’salonUpperCutinWeston-super-Mareemploys35people.Ofthe16stylists13progressedthroughapprenticeshipsandMr.Burrowsbelievesastrongcultureoftrainingisintegraltothecompany’ssuccess. "Withouttheapprenticeshipsschemeourbusinesswouldn’tbeanythinglikethesizeitistoday"Mr.Burrowssays.Thehigh-qualitytrainingtheapprenticeshipsprovideguaranteesgrowth.Themoreskillsstaffhavethemoreeffectiveabusinesswillbecome. AlthoughMr.Burrowsisanadvocateoftheschemeheconcedesthatoccasionallyhehassufferedproblems. Theyhaveexperiencedepisodesoftheftpoortimekeepingandbaddisciplinebutthesearethesortofthingyougetwhenyouemployanynumberofstaff. "Sometimeswehavetoaskapprenticestoleavebutoftentheysortthemselvesout.Oneyearwehad100percentcompletionratebutouraverageisaround80percentwhichisdoublethenationalrate." "Thereisariskforsmallbusinessesbutyoucanhelpminimisethepotentialforproblemsbylookingattheperson’shistoryandbackground." IfMr.BurrowshadonecriticismoftheschemeitisthattheNationalVocationalQualificationcertificatesareverydifficultformanyoftheapprenticestopass."Thequalificationsarenoteasy--manyoftheyoungstersontheschemearenotacademicallygreatandtheyfinditdifficult.Theyneedalotofone-to-onecoachingandalotofhelptobeabletopass.Butwhentheydoitcanbeextremelygratifying." Oneofourapprenticeswasagirlwhowasdyslexicandhadbeenexpelledfromacoupleofschools.ShewasdifficultatfirstbuttheothergirlsinthesalonhelpedherdevelopandshewentontoachieveNVQlevelfour.Nowsheisworkingfull-timeandhelpingothergirlsthroughthescheme. AnothersmallcompanymakinguseoftheapprenticeshipschemeistheTopiaryTreeafloristrybusinesswithtwoshopsinMaltonandHelmsleyNorthYorkshire.Withonlythreefull-timeemployeesitisoneofthesmallestbusinessesinthecountrytohavetakenonanapprentice. GemmaMagsonthemanagerofthebusinesswantedanapprenticebecauseshewasonceoneherselfandwantedtooffersomeoneelsetheopportunityshehad.HerapprenticealsocalledGemmaspendsfourdaysaweekattheshopinMaltonandonedayaweekattheAskhamBryanTrainingCollegeinYork."ThebusinesshasreallybenefitedfromhavingGemmaaround"Ms.Magsonsays. Fromthetextwecaninferthat
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points14
Text1 RarelyhasanationalsecurityissueofmajorimportancebecomeasubjectofdistortionandspinlikethedebateovertheintelligencereformbillonCapitolHill--theoutcomeofwhichwilldeterminehowUSintelligenceagenciesandtheirmilitaryfunctionforagenerationtocome.Thisisparticularlytrueoftheheateddebatenowtakingplaceoverhowmuchpowershouldbegiventoanewdirectorofnationalintelligence. AlongwithHouseArmedServicesCommitteeChairmanDuncanHunteroneofthemostrespecteddefenseexpertsonCapitolHilltheJointChiefsofStaffandotherelementswithintheDefenseDepartmenthaveraisedseriousquestionsaboutthefarreachingauthoritygrantedtotheintelligencedirectorundertheSenateversionofthebill.SpecificallyMr.HunterbelievesthattheSenatebillwouldinterferewiththemilitary’saccesstointelligenceonthebattlefield. RightnowMr.HunterpointsoutArmyunitsMarinesandUSspecialforcesuseintelligencegleanedfromoverheadsatellitestotargetenemytroops.InordertodothistheyneedtoworkcloselywithcombatsupportagenciesliketheNationalSecurityAgencyandNationalReconnaissanceOffice.Itisessentialthattherebeawell-functioningchainofcommandbetweentheAmericantroopsonthegroundtheDefenseDepartmentandthepeoplewhooperatethesatellites.ThiswasparticularlycriticalduringtherecentfightinginFallujahwhereAmericantroopsreliedonsatellitephotostowatchtheterroriststheywereseekingtokill. AlthoughPresidentBushhasagreedtotheSenateproposaladministrationofficialsacknowledgethereisrealconcernthatitsversionofthebillcouldundercutasystemthatisworkingwell.AsoneofficialtoldthisnewspaperonMondaytheSenatemeasurecouldproducethefollowingscenario:Everytimethegeneralswanttomoveasatellitetohelpacommanderquicklyobtainoverheadimagesoftheenemyorinterceptedcommunicationstheywouldhavetogettheapprovalofthenewdirectorofnationalintelligence.NotingtheFallujahexperienceMr.HunteraddsthattheSenatebill"translatesintoineffectivenessonthebattlefieldandatworsecombatcasualties". WhenaskedtogivehisopinionontheSenatebillandanalternativemeasureproposedbyMr.HunterthatwouldpreservethecurrentchainofcommandGen.RichardMyersthechairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaffendorsedtheCaliforniaRepublicanlawmaker’sversion.SotoohavetheheadsoftheAirForceArmyMarineCorpsandNavy.ThetruthisthattheveryideaofshiftingcontrolofdefenseintelligenceagenciesawayfromthePentagonasembodiedintheSenatebillisaproposalto"fix"anon-existentproblemWhenThomasKeanandLeeHamiltonchairmanandvicechairmanoftheSeptember11commissiontestifiedonCapitolHillbothacknowledgedinresponsetoaquestionfromMr.HuntertheirpanelhadcomeacrossnospecificinstanceofafailureornegligenceonthepartofaDepartmentofDefenseagency. UnfortunatelytheresponsefromsomesenatorsandsomesectorsofthepresstoMr.Hunter’ssubstantiveconcernshasbeentoportrayhimasunderminingnationalsecurityinordertopreservehisbureaucraticturf.AtonelevelthesechargesareslanderousgiventhatMr.Hunter’ssonaMarinejustcompletedatourofdutyinIraq.ChairmanHunteristryingtoprotecthissonandallotheryoungheroes--nothisturf.IfsupportersoftheSenatebillhavesubstantiveargumentstomakethatwouldexplainwhytheyarerightandtheJointChiefsandMr.Hunterarewrongtheyshouldmakethem.IfnottheyshouldaccedetotheHouseposition.IftheSenaterefusestobudgethenthebestcourseofactionwouldbetore-visittheissuenextyear. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage
BillGatesthebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegreeisbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitletheMBAMasterofBusinessAdministration. 46TheMBAa20th-centuryproductalwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreedonthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature. Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduatesabout79000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.47Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday. "Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone"saidDonaldMorrisonprofessorofmarketingandmanagementscience."Butinthelastfiveyearsorsowhensomeonesays’ShouldIattempttogetanMBA’theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends." 48ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAssuchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskills’canbetaught. TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalivelyfictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders. 49ThearticlecalledMBAhires"extremelydisappointing"andsaid"MBAswanttomoveuptoofasttheydon’tunderstandpoliticsandpeopleandtheyaren’tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythenthey’reoutlookingforotherjobs." TheproblemmostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledgeisthattheMBAhasacquiredanauraoffuturefichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness. Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedtheassumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledbyabacklashagainsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewoman’smovement. 50BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaythosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople."Theydon’tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness"saidJamesShaffervice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinmanagementconsultingfirm. ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAssuchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskills’canbetaught.
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points6
BillGatesthebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegreeisbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitletheMBAMasterofBusinessAdministration. 46TheMBAa20th-centuryproductalwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreedonthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature. Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduatesabout79000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.47Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday. "Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone"saidDonaldMorrisonprofessorofmarketingandmanagementscience."Butinthelastfiveyearsorsowhensomeonesays’ShouldIattempttogetanMBA’theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends." 48ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAssuchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskills’canbetaught. TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalivelyfictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders. 49ThearticlecalledMBAhires"extremelydisappointing"andsaid"MBAswanttomoveuptoofasttheydon’tunderstandpoliticsandpeopleandtheyaren’tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythenthey’reoutlookingforotherjobs." TheproblemmostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledgeisthattheMBAhasacquiredanauraoffuturefichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness. Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedtheassumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledbyabacklashagainsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewoman’smovement. 50BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaythosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople."Theydon’tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness"saidJamesShaffervice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinmanagementconsultingfirm. BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaythosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points18
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points4
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Text4 Boldfacedwithahyphenandendingintheadjectival-edwascoinedbyShakespeareinHenryVIPartIwhenLordTalbotrescuinghissononaFrenchbattlefieldspokeofhis"prouddesireofbold-facedVictorie".Itwaspickedupinthe19thcenturybytypesetterstodescribeatype-likeClarendonAntiqueorathickversionofBodoni--thatstoodoutconfidentlyevenimpudentlyfromthepage.Theadjectivewasusedinan1880articleinTheNewYorkTimeswewerehyphenatedthen:"Oneofthehandbills"distributedbytheKuKluxKlannotedadisapprovingreporterwas"printedinbold-facedtypeonyellowpaper". Newspapergossipcolumnistsinthe30’stocatchthereader’seyebeganusingthisboldtypeforthenamesthatmadenewsinwhatwasthencalled"cafesociety"incontrastto"high"societywhosemembersclaimedtoprefertostayoutofthosecolumns. Inourtimethetypefacemetaphorwasappliedtoasetoffamoushumanfaces.Afashionreporter--JohnDukaofTheTimes--wasanearlyuserofthephraseashewroteacerbicallyonSept.221981:"AttheoverheatedpartiesatCalvinKlein’sapartmentSaksFifthAvenueBergdorfGoodmanandStudio54thebold-facednamessaidtheweekhadbeensocrammedthattheywerefeelingalittleunderthebreathyouknow." RitaKempleyofTheWashingtonPostnotedin1987thesought-afterstatusof"abold-facednameinPeoplemagazine";by1999AlanPeppardofTheDallasMorningNewsrecalledtoTexasMonthlythathebeganwitha"socialcolumn"but"nowweliveinanageofcelebrityandthereareveryfewpeoplewhocareaboutwhatthedebutantesaredoing.SoIcallitcelebritysocietyfamouspeoplerichpeoplebold-facednames". TheNewYorkTimeswhichneverhaddoesnothaveandisgrimlydeterminednevertohavea"gossipcolumn"introduceda"peoplecolumn"in2001.WhenitscurrenteditorJoyceWadlertookasix-weekbreakrecentlyshesubheadedthatitemwithaself-mocking"AirKiss!Smooch!Ciao!"Thecolumncoversthedoingsofcelebritiesmediabiggiesfashionplatesshow-bizstarshautmondenotablesperennialpersonagesandothersfamousfortheirfame.Itsconfidentfashionableandmodernmonikerbecamethedrivingforcebehindtherecentpopularizationofthephrasewiththeformercompoundadjectivenowanattributivenoun:Bold-facedNames. ThecontentsofpeoplecolumninTheNewYorkTimesinclude
Text3 AskedwhathewoulddotoimproveagovernmenttheancientChinesesageConfuciusansweredthathisfirstmeasurewouldbe"tocorrectlanguage".Hemeantthatifwordsdon’tmeanwhattheyseemtomeanpeoplecannotputanyplanintoactionasintended.Thestateoflanguageatthedawnofthetwenty-firstcenturyappearstobemoreconfusedthanever--thanksinlargeparttotheenormousinfluenceoftelevisionradioandprintmediaoverwhatwetinydesireandbelieve. BenjaminRadfordmanagingeditorofTheSkepticalInquirermagazineoffershundredsofexamplesofdeceptivepracticesinjournalismadvertisingpoliticalactivismpublicrelationsandcharityappeals.Therealdangertothepublicheinsistscomesnotfromoutrightliesabouteventsorindividualsbecauseinmostcasesfactscallultimatelybeprovenandmistakescorrected.Buttheemotionalpowerofimagessoundbitesandsloganscanexertdeepandlastinginfluenceonouropinionsandbehaviorasconsumersvotersandcitizens. ThedetailedcoverageofviolentcrimesdominatinglocalTVnewsshowsseldomincludesanylargercontext.Thecumulativeimpressionleftinthemindsofviewetsisthatviolentcrimeisrampantandontherise.Asaresultmanypeopleliveinfearandmanymoresupporttheideaofever-largerpoliceforcestougherlawsandbiggerprisonswithoutconsideringtheactualcrimeratesintheircommunityoracrossthenation. DramaticincidentslikethesniperattacksintheWashingtonD.C.areainthefallof2002receivesomuchmediaattentionthatagaintheactualnumbersofpeopleaffectedandthelikelihoodofsuchattacksbeingrepeatedanywhereelsebecomewildlyexaggeratedinpeople’sminds.Inthemedia-fueledemotionalstatefollowingsuchspectaculardisasterstheeffortandexpenseofturningschoolsinfolockedfortressesorputtingcamerasoneverystreettomonitorsuspiciousindividualscanseeminsignificantcomparedtothehopeofkeepingourchildrensafefromharm.Yettrulyeffectivemeasuresrequireclearthinkingandclearlywordedpoliciesthatcitizensnotonlylawyersandpoliticians--canunderstand.Toooftenthelongtermfutureimplicationsofnewanticrimelawsandpoliciesarenotevenconsideredintherushtofeelsaferbytakingrapidandvisibleaction. Misleadingpracticesbyadvertisersareanothersubjectofpublicconcern.Governmentshavelonglimitedadsforalcoholandtobaccoproductsandexaminedclaimsbydrugcompaniescarmakersfoodsuppliersandtoymanufacturerstoprotectthepublichealth.Butadvertisingusesemotionalappealstoshifttheviewer’sfocusawayfromfacts.Viewerswhodonottakethetroubletodistinguishbetweenprovableclaimsandpleasantbutmeaninglesswordplayendupbuying"thesizzlenotthesteak"andoftenpayinghigh. Confuciusiscitedbytheauthorinthefirstparagraphtoimplythat
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points10
Text3 PresidentBush’sre-electionalreadyhasresultedinmorefundsforoneoftheelection’spivotal"moralvalues"issues--abstinenceeducation. Congresslastweekendincludedmorethan＄131millionforabstinenceprogramsinits＄388billionspendingbill. Thisrepresentsanincreaseof＄30millionforprogramsthatteachmiddle-andhigh-schoolyouthsthatsexualabstinenceuntilmarriageisthebestchoice. Thenewfundingisfarlessthanthe＄100millionMr.Bushrequestedbutitmarksa"recordleveloffunding"saidleadersoftheNationalAbstinenceClearinghouseinSiouxFallsS.D.. Publicdebatesaboutthemeritsofteachingabstinence-until-marriageversusabstinence-plus-contraceptionarelikelytocontinue:Anationalevaluationofabstinence-until-marriageprogramshasbeendelayedwithafinalreportnotexpecteduntil2006saidaspokesmanfortheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesHHS. TheBushadministrationhasfueledthisdebatebysteadilyincreasingfederalfundsforabstinenceeducationwhichhasbeenoutmatchedfordecadesbyfundingforfamilyplanningHIV/AIDSandothersexeducationthatprimarilyteachesaboutbirthcontrolcondomsanddiseaseprevention. "Wehavesaidthatfundingforabstinenceeducation...oughttobeonatleastequalfootingwithothersexeducationprograms"WhiteHousespokesmanScottMcClellansaidNov.17atthenominationofWhiteHousedomesticpolicyadviserMargaretSpellingsasDepartmentofEducationsecretary. "Thepresidentisanadvocateofabstinence-educationprogramsbecausehewantstofocusonwhatworks"Mr.McClellansaidnotingthatMrs.Spellingssupportsabstinence-basededucationinschools. WilliamSmithoftheSexualityInformationandEducationCounciloftheUnitedStateschallengedtheideathatabstinenceeducationhasbeen"proveneffective". "Nosoundstudyexiststhatshowsthattheseprogramshaveanylong-termbeneficialimpactonyoungpeople’ssexualbehavior"Mr.Smithsaid."Thefactthepresident’snomineeforthenation’stopteachersupportstheseprogramsisparticularlydisturbing." Whenitcomestochildren’ssexualbehaviortheprimarymessagethenationshouldgiveisabstinenceuntilmarriagesaidWadeF.HornHHSassistantsecretaryforchildrenandfamilies. "Wedon’tneedastudyifIremembermybiologycorrectlytoshowusthatthosepeoplewhoaresexuallyabstinenthaveazerochanceofbecomingpregnantorgettingsomeonepregnantorcontractingasexuallytransmitteddisease"saidMr.Horn. Meanwhileopponentsofabstinence-onlyeducationcontinuetowarnagainstflouringmoneyintounprovenprograms.AdvocatesforYouthAFYforinstancerecentlyreleaseda10statestudysayingthatafterfiveyearsand＄45.5millioninfederalfundingabstinenceprogramshaveresultedin"fewshort-termbenefitsandnolastingpositiveimpact". Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthat
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points8
Text2 ThehotelsarelullJapanesetouriststhrongthedesignerstoresofWaikikiandtheunemploymentrateisamere3%oftheworkforce.SowhatcouldpossiblyknockHawaiithe"aloha"or"welcome”stateoffitswaveTheansweristhatHawaii’s1.2mresidentsmayonedaygetfedupwithplayinghosttooverseasvisitors7mofthemthisyear. Indeedsomeresidentsarealreadyfedup.KAHEAanallianceofenvironmentalistsanddefendersofnativeHawaiianculturebemoansthepollutioncausedbythecruiseshipsandtheriskposedbythetouristhordestocreaturessuchasthedark-rumpedpetrelandtheOahutreesnailortoplantsliketheMarsileavillosafern.KAHEAhasapoint:theUSFish＆WildlifeServicecurrentlylistssome317speciesincluding273plantsintheHawaiianislandsasthreatenedorendangeredthehighestnumberofanystateinthenation.Eventhestateflowerthehibiscusbrackenridgeiisonthedangerlist.Thelossofspeciessaysonegovernmentreporthasbeen"staggering".AsfortheimpactoftourismOnHawaiiancultureaKAHEAspokeswomanwrylynotestheelementofexploitation:"NativeHawaiiancultureisusedasasellingpoint--cometothisparadisewherebeautifulwomenaredoingthehulaonyourdinnerplate." SowhatelseisnewHawaii’senvironmentandculturehavebeenunderthreateversinceCaptainCookandhisgerm-carryingsailorsdroppedanchorin1778.Foreignimportshaveinevitablyhadanimpactonspeciesthatevolvedoverthemillenniainisolation.Moreoverwithupto25nonnativespeciesarrivingeachyeartheimpactwillcontinue.ButastheUSGeologicalSurveyarguestheimpactcanaddtobiodiversityaswellaslessenit.TherealchallengethereforeisforHawaiitofindabalancebetweenthecostsandthebenefitsofdevelopmentingeneralandtourisminparticular. TheBenefitsarenottobesneezedat.Thestate’sunemploymentratehasbeenbelowthenationalaverageforthepasttwoand-a-halfyears.EconomistsattheUniversityofHawaiireckonthatHawaiians’realpersonalincomeroseby2.8%lastyearwillriseby2.7%thisyearandwillcontinuethrough2007at2.5%.Accordingtothestate’s"strategicplan"forthenextdecadetourismshouldtakemuchofthecreditaccountingdirectlyandindirectlyforsome22%ofthestate’sjobsby2007morethan17%ofitseconomicoutputandaround26%ofitstaxrevenues. Thetroubleisthatthecostscanbehightoo.Asoneeconomistputsit"WehaveaManhattancostoflivingandPeoriawagerates."ThattranslatesintoamedianhousepricetodayontheislandofOahuhometothree-quartersofthestate’spopulationof＄500000andaneedformanyworkerstotakeonmorethanonejob. Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph
Text2 EversinceJohnBurrowsandhiswifeCarolopenedtheirfirsthairsalonin1983theyhavebeentakingonapprentices. "Inmygenerationanapprenticeshipwasthewaytolearnatradesoitwastheobviouswayforustogettheskilledstaffweneeded"Mr.Burrowssays. TodaytheBurrows’salonUpperCutinWeston-super-Mareemploys35people.Ofthe16stylists13progressedthroughapprenticeshipsandMr.Burrowsbelievesastrongcultureoftrainingisintegraltothecompany’ssuccess. "Withouttheapprenticeshipsschemeourbusinesswouldn’tbeanythinglikethesizeitistoday"Mr.Burrowssays.Thehigh-qualitytrainingtheapprenticeshipsprovideguaranteesgrowth.Themoreskillsstaffhavethemoreeffectiveabusinesswillbecome. AlthoughMr.Burrowsisanadvocateoftheschemeheconcedesthatoccasionallyhehassufferedproblems. Theyhaveexperiencedepisodesoftheftpoortimekeepingandbaddisciplinebutthesearethesortofthingyougetwhenyouemployanynumberofstaff. "Sometimeswehavetoaskapprenticestoleavebutoftentheysortthemselvesout.Oneyearwehad100percentcompletionratebutouraverageisaround80percentwhichisdoublethenationalrate." "Thereisariskforsmallbusinessesbutyoucanhelpminimisethepotentialforproblemsbylookingattheperson’shistoryandbackground." IfMr.BurrowshadonecriticismoftheschemeitisthattheNationalVocationalQualificationcertificatesareverydifficultformanyoftheapprenticestopass."Thequalificationsarenoteasy--manyoftheyoungstersontheschemearenotacademicallygreatandtheyfinditdifficult.Theyneedalotofone-to-onecoachingandalotofhelptobeabletopass.Butwhentheydoitcanbeextremelygratifying." Oneofourapprenticeswasagirlwhowasdyslexicandhadbeenexpelledfromacoupleofschools.ShewasdifficultatfirstbuttheothergirlsinthesalonhelpedherdevelopandshewentontoachieveNVQlevelfour.Nowsheisworkingfull-timeandhelpingothergirlsthroughthescheme. AnothersmallcompanymakinguseoftheapprenticeshipschemeistheTopiaryTreeafloristrybusinesswithtwoshopsinMaltonandHelmsleyNorthYorkshire.Withonlythreefull-timeemployeesitisoneofthesmallestbusinessesinthecountrytohavetakenonanapprentice. GemmaMagsonthemanagerofthebusinesswantedanapprenticebecauseshewasonceoneherselfandwantedtooffersomeoneelsetheopportunityshehad.HerapprenticealsocalledGemmaspendsfourdaysaweekattheshopinMaltonandonedayaweekattheAskhamBryanTrainingCollegeinYork."ThebusinesshasreallybenefitedfromhavingGemmaaround"Ms.Magsonsays. TheapprenticeshipcanbringGemmaMagsonmanybenefitsNOTbecauseit
Text2 EversinceJohnBurrowsandhiswifeCarolopenedtheirfirsthairsalonin1983theyhavebeentakingonapprentices. "Inmygenerationanapprenticeshipwasthewaytolearnatradesoitwastheobviouswayforustogettheskilledstaffweneeded"Mr.Burrowssays. TodaytheBurrows’salonUpperCutinWeston-super-Mareemploys35people.Ofthe16stylists13progressedthroughapprenticeshipsandMr.Burrowsbelievesastrongcultureoftrainingisintegraltothecompany’ssuccess. "Withouttheapprenticeshipsschemeourbusinesswouldn’tbeanythinglikethesizeitistoday"Mr.Burrowssays.Thehigh-qualitytrainingtheapprenticeshipsprovideguaranteesgrowth.Themoreskillsstaffhavethemoreeffectiveabusinesswillbecome. AlthoughMr.Burrowsisanadvocateoftheschemeheconcedesthatoccasionallyhehassufferedproblems. Theyhaveexperiencedepisodesoftheftpoortimekeepingandbaddisciplinebutthesearethesortofthingyougetwhenyouemployanynumberofstaff. "Sometimeswehavetoaskapprenticestoleavebutoftentheysortthemselvesout.Oneyearwehad100percentcompletionratebutouraverageisaround80percentwhichisdoublethenationalrate." "Thereisariskforsmallbusinessesbutyoucanhelpminimisethepotentialforproblemsbylookingattheperson’shistoryandbackground." IfMr.BurrowshadonecriticismoftheschemeitisthattheNationalVocationalQualificationcertificatesareverydifficultformanyoftheapprenticestopass."Thequalificationsarenoteasy--manyoftheyoungstersontheschemearenotacademicallygreatandtheyfinditdifficult.Theyneedalotofone-to-onecoachingandalotofhelptobeabletopass.Butwhentheydoitcanbeextremelygratifying." Oneofourapprenticeswasagirlwhowasdyslexicandhadbeenexpelledfromacoupleofschools.ShewasdifficultatfirstbuttheothergirlsinthesalonhelpedherdevelopandshewentontoachieveNVQlevelfour.Nowsheisworkingfull-timeandhelpingothergirlsthroughthescheme. AnothersmallcompanymakinguseoftheapprenticeshipschemeistheTopiaryTreeafloristrybusinesswithtwoshopsinMaltonandHelmsleyNorthYorkshire.Withonlythreefull-timeemployeesitisoneofthesmallestbusinessesinthecountrytohavetakenonanapprentice. GemmaMagsonthemanagerofthebusinesswantedanapprenticebecauseshewasonceoneherselfandwantedtooffersomeoneelsetheopportunityshehad.HerapprenticealsocalledGemmaspendsfourdaysaweekattheshopinMaltonandonedayaweekattheAskhamBryanTrainingCollegeinYork."ThebusinesshasreallybenefitedfromhavingGemmaaround"Ms.Magsonsays. ThecriticismofMr.Burrowstowardtheschemeimpliesthat
Text3 AskedwhathewoulddotoimproveagovernmenttheancientChinesesageConfuciusansweredthathisfirstmeasurewouldbe"tocorrectlanguage".Hemeantthatifwordsdon’tmeanwhattheyseemtomeanpeoplecannotputanyplanintoactionasintended.Thestateoflanguageatthedawnofthetwenty-firstcenturyappearstobemoreconfusedthanever--thanksinlargeparttotheenormousinfluenceoftelevisionradioandprintmediaoverwhatwetinydesireandbelieve. BenjaminRadfordmanagingeditorofTheSkepticalInquirermagazineoffershundredsofexamplesofdeceptivepracticesinjournalismadvertisingpoliticalactivismpublicrelationsandcharityappeals.Therealdangertothepublicheinsistscomesnotfromoutrightliesabouteventsorindividualsbecauseinmostcasesfactscallultimatelybeprovenandmistakescorrected.Buttheemotionalpowerofimagessoundbitesandsloganscanexertdeepandlastinginfluenceonouropinionsandbehaviorasconsumersvotersandcitizens. ThedetailedcoverageofviolentcrimesdominatinglocalTVnewsshowsseldomincludesanylargercontext.Thecumulativeimpressionleftinthemindsofviewetsisthatviolentcrimeisrampantandontherise.Asaresultmanypeopleliveinfearandmanymoresupporttheideaofever-largerpoliceforcestougherlawsandbiggerprisonswithoutconsideringtheactualcrimeratesintheircommunityoracrossthenation. DramaticincidentslikethesniperattacksintheWashingtonD.C.areainthefallof2002receivesomuchmediaattentionthatagaintheactualnumbersofpeopleaffectedandthelikelihoodofsuchattacksbeingrepeatedanywhereelsebecomewildlyexaggeratedinpeople’sminds.Inthemedia-fueledemotionalstatefollowingsuchspectaculardisasterstheeffortandexpenseofturningschoolsinfolockedfortressesorputtingcamerasoneverystreettomonitorsuspiciousindividualscanseeminsignificantcomparedtothehopeofkeepingourchildrensafefromharm.Yettrulyeffectivemeasuresrequireclearthinkingandclearlywordedpoliciesthatcitizensnotonlylawyersandpoliticians--canunderstand.Toooftenthelongtermfutureimplicationsofnewanticrimelawsandpoliciesarenotevenconsideredintherushtofeelsaferbytakingrapidandvisibleaction. Misleadingpracticesbyadvertisersareanothersubjectofpublicconcern.Governmentshavelonglimitedadsforalcoholandtobaccoproductsandexaminedclaimsbydrugcompaniescarmakersfoodsuppliersandtoymanufacturerstoprotectthepublichealth.Butadvertisingusesemotionalappealstoshifttheviewer’sfocusawayfromfacts.Viewerswhodonottakethetroubletodistinguishbetweenprovableclaimsandpleasantbutmeaninglesswordplayendupbuying"thesizzlenotthesteak"andoftenpayinghigh. AccordingtoBenjaminRadfordtherealdangertothepublicopinionsliesin
Text1 RarelyhasanationalsecurityissueofmajorimportancebecomeasubjectofdistortionandspinlikethedebateovertheintelligencereformbillonCapitolHill--theoutcomeofwhichwilldeterminehowUSintelligenceagenciesandtheirmilitaryfunctionforagenerationtocome.Thisisparticularlytrueoftheheateddebatenowtakingplaceoverhowmuchpowershouldbegiventoanewdirectorofnationalintelligence. AlongwithHouseArmedServicesCommitteeChairmanDuncanHunteroneofthemostrespecteddefenseexpertsonCapitolHilltheJointChiefsofStaffandotherelementswithintheDefenseDepartmenthaveraisedseriousquestionsaboutthefarreachingauthoritygrantedtotheintelligencedirectorundertheSenateversionofthebill.SpecificallyMr.HunterbelievesthattheSenatebillwouldinterferewiththemilitary’saccesstointelligenceonthebattlefield. RightnowMr.HunterpointsoutArmyunitsMarinesandUSspecialforcesuseintelligencegleanedfromoverheadsatellitestotargetenemytroops.InordertodothistheyneedtoworkcloselywithcombatsupportagenciesliketheNationalSecurityAgencyandNationalReconnaissanceOffice.Itisessentialthattherebeawell-functioningchainofcommandbetweentheAmericantroopsonthegroundtheDefenseDepartmentandthepeoplewhooperatethesatellites.ThiswasparticularlycriticalduringtherecentfightinginFallujahwhereAmericantroopsreliedonsatellitephotostowatchtheterroriststheywereseekingtokill. AlthoughPresidentBushhasagreedtotheSenateproposaladministrationofficialsacknowledgethereisrealconcernthatitsversionofthebillcouldundercutasystemthatisworkingwell.AsoneofficialtoldthisnewspaperonMondaytheSenatemeasurecouldproducethefollowingscenario:Everytimethegeneralswanttomoveasatellitetohelpacommanderquicklyobtainoverheadimagesoftheenemyorinterceptedcommunicationstheywouldhavetogettheapprovalofthenewdirectorofnationalintelligence.NotingtheFallujahexperienceMr.HunteraddsthattheSenatebill"translatesintoineffectivenessonthebattlefieldandatworsecombatcasualties". WhenaskedtogivehisopinionontheSenatebillandanalternativemeasureproposedbyMr.HunterthatwouldpreservethecurrentchainofcommandGen.RichardMyersthechairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaffendorsedtheCaliforniaRepublicanlawmaker’sversion.SotoohavetheheadsoftheAirForceArmyMarineCorpsandNavy.ThetruthisthattheveryideaofshiftingcontrolofdefenseintelligenceagenciesawayfromthePentagonasembodiedintheSenatebillisaproposalto"fix"anon-existentproblemWhenThomasKeanandLeeHamiltonchairmanandvicechairmanoftheSeptember11commissiontestifiedonCapitolHillbothacknowledgedinresponsetoaquestionfromMr.HuntertheirpanelhadcomeacrossnospecificinstanceofafailureornegligenceonthepartofaDepartmentofDefenseagency. UnfortunatelytheresponsefromsomesenatorsandsomesectorsofthepresstoMr.Hunter’ssubstantiveconcernshasbeentoportrayhimasunderminingnationalsecurityinordertopreservehisbureaucraticturf.AtonelevelthesechargesareslanderousgiventhatMr.Hunter’ssonaMarinejustcompletedatourofdutyinIraq.ChairmanHunteristryingtoprotecthissonandallotheryoungheroes--nothisturf.IfsupportersoftheSenatebillhavesubstantiveargumentstomakethatwouldexplainwhytheyarerightandtheJointChiefsandMr.Hunterarewrongtheyshouldmakethem.IfnottheyshouldaccedetotheHouseposition.IftheSenaterefusestobudgethenthebestcourseofactionwouldbetore-visittheissuenextyear. Mr.HunterdisagreestotheintelligencereformbillforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT
Text3 PresidentBush’sre-electionalreadyhasresultedinmorefundsforoneoftheelection’spivotal"moralvalues"issues--abstinenceeducation. Congresslastweekendincludedmorethan＄131millionforabstinenceprogramsinits＄388billionspendingbill. Thisrepresentsanincreaseof＄30millionforprogramsthatteachmiddle-andhigh-schoolyouthsthatsexualabstinenceuntilmarriageisthebestchoice. Thenewfundingisfarlessthanthe＄100millionMr.Bushrequestedbutitmarksa"recordleveloffunding"saidleadersoftheNationalAbstinenceClearinghouseinSiouxFallsS.D.. Publicdebatesaboutthemeritsofteachingabstinence-until-marriageversusabstinence-plus-contraceptionarelikelytocontinue:Anationalevaluationofabstinence-until-marriageprogramshasbeendelayedwithafinalreportnotexpecteduntil2006saidaspokesmanfortheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesHHS. TheBushadministrationhasfueledthisdebatebysteadilyincreasingfederalfundsforabstinenceeducationwhichhasbeenoutmatchedfordecadesbyfundingforfamilyplanningHIV/AIDSandothersexeducationthatprimarilyteachesaboutbirthcontrolcondomsanddiseaseprevention. "Wehavesaidthatfundingforabstinenceeducation...oughttobeonatleastequalfootingwithothersexeducationprograms"WhiteHousespokesmanScottMcClellansaidNov.17atthenominationofWhiteHousedomesticpolicyadviserMargaretSpellingsasDepartmentofEducationsecretary. "Thepresidentisanadvocateofabstinence-educationprogramsbecausehewantstofocusonwhatworks"Mr.McClellansaidnotingthatMrs.Spellingssupportsabstinence-basededucationinschools. WilliamSmithoftheSexualityInformationandEducationCounciloftheUnitedStateschallengedtheideathatabstinenceeducationhasbeen"proveneffective". "Nosoundstudyexiststhatshowsthattheseprogramshaveanylong-termbeneficialimpactonyoungpeople’ssexualbehavior"Mr.Smithsaid."Thefactthepresident’snomineeforthenation’stopteachersupportstheseprogramsisparticularlydisturbing." Whenitcomestochildren’ssexualbehaviortheprimarymessagethenationshouldgiveisabstinenceuntilmarriagesaidWadeF.HornHHSassistantsecretaryforchildrenandfamilies. "Wedon’tneedastudyifIremembermybiologycorrectlytoshowusthatthosepeoplewhoaresexuallyabstinenthaveazerochanceofbecomingpregnantorgettingsomeonepregnantorcontractingasexuallytransmitteddisease"saidMr.Horn. Meanwhileopponentsofabstinence-onlyeducationcontinuetowarnagainstflouringmoneyintounprovenprograms.AdvocatesforYouthAFYforinstancerecentlyreleaseda10statestudysayingthatafterfiveyearsand＄45.5millioninfederalfundingabstinenceprogramshaveresultedin"fewshort-termbenefitsandnolastingpositiveimpact". Thepassagemaybetakenfroma
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points16
[A]Meanwhilestudieshaveshownthatthecarbondioxideconcentrationinouratmospherehasbeensteadilyincreasingsince1958.Eventhoughtherateofemissionsfromfossilfuelshasbeenreducedconcentrationhasrisenconsistently. [B]ProofofwarmingincludesadecreaseintheamountofsnowthatcoverstheNorthernHemisphereasimultaneousdecreaseinArcticSeaicecontinuedmeltingofalpineglaciersandariseinsealevel.RainhasevenbeenreportedforthefirsttimeinAntarcticaandanice-freepatchofoceanaboutamilewidehasrecentlyopenedneartheNorthPole. [C]ButtherealbenefitofEarthHomeswillbethelong-termsustainabilityofourplanet.ItshouldbenosecretthattheplanetisexperiencingunusualWeatherandclimateabnormalities.The10hottestyearsinrecordedhistoryhaveallbeeninthelast15years;the1990swerethehottestdecadeonrecord.TheMid-westernheatwaveof1995killed669peopleinChicago.In1996wehadaseasonofrecordheatspellsand1997wasthesinglewarmestyearonrecord--until1998shatteredglobaltemperaturerecords.Record-hightemperaturesthroughoutthesouthernUnitedStatesduringthesummerof1998forcedtheshutdownofWaltDisneyWorld’swaterparksbecauseofthethreatofaviralencephalitisoutbreak.TheUnitedNationsandinsurersblameunusualweatherforthousandsofdeathsandbillionsofdollarsindamage. [D]In1995thesizeoftheozoneholeoverAntarcticadoubledtoaboutthesizeofEurope.ForthefirsttimeinrecordedhistorytheholestretchedoverpopulatedareasexposingresidentsinsouthernChileandArgentinatoveryhighlevelsofultravioletUVradiation.Studieshaveshownthata1%decreaseinozoneinthestratosphereproducesa2%increaseinUVradiationreachingthegroundposingmoreriskstohumans.IntheUnitedStatesforinstancebetweenathirdandahalfofallcancersareskincancerswidelyblamedonUVexposure.Australiahasthehighestrateofskincancerintheworldwithestimatesthattwooutofthreepeoplewillgetatleastoneskincancerintheirlifetime. [E]"Manyscientistsagreethattheemissionsresultingfromhumanactivitiesaresubstantiallyincreasingtheatmosphericconcentrationofthegreenhousegases"writesJeremyLeggettinhisbookGlobalWarming:TheGreenpeaceReportOxfordUniversityPress1990."Theseincreaseswillenhancethegreenhouseeffectresultinginwarmingoftheearth’ssurface."In1990scientistspredictedthatifgreenhousegasemissionsarenotsharplydecreasedwemightexperiencea1℃to3℃riseinglobaltemperatures.Theysuggestedthatwewouldhavetocutinhalfouruseofcoaloilandgasinordertolowerouremissionsenoughtomaintainconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesatthecurrentlevels. [F]Avarietyofsignificantattractiveshort-termbenefitswilldrivethedevelopmentofmodernself-sufficienthomes.Theseincludesecurityfromsevereweatherclimatechangesandnaturaldisasters;securityfrominfectiousdiseasesandrelatedhealthproblems;afreshandnutritiousdiet;adependablefoodsupply;andsecurityfromglobalunrest. [G]Addtothisscenariothepossibilityofnaturaldisasterssuchasvolcanicactivitycometssolarwindssunspotactivityorearthquakesthatcoulddrasticallyaffectworldsecurity.HowlongisthestabilityoftheplanetgoingtobeimmunefromthesetypesofsignificantoccurrencesWinterstormsandrandomweatherextremessuchasrecord-breakingextremehotcoldandwindsaresignalsthatweshouldactontheresultsofclimatechange.Throughitsinnovationstheself-sufficienthomeisonewayofhelpinglimithumanenvironmentaldegradationandincreasingresourcesustainability. 44
Text2 ThehotelsarelullJapanesetouriststhrongthedesignerstoresofWaikikiandtheunemploymentrateisamere3%oftheworkforce.SowhatcouldpossiblyknockHawaiithe"aloha"or"welcome”stateoffitswaveTheansweristhatHawaii’s1.2mresidentsmayonedaygetfedupwithplayinghosttooverseasvisitors7mofthemthisyear. Indeedsomeresidentsarealreadyfedup.KAHEAanallianceofenvironmentalistsanddefendersofnativeHawaiianculturebemoansthepollutioncausedbythecruiseshipsandtheriskposedbythetouristhordestocreaturessuchasthedark-rumpedpetrelandtheOahutreesnailortoplantsliketheMarsileavillosafern.KAHEAhasapoint:theUSFish＆WildlifeServicecurrentlylistssome317speciesincluding273plantsintheHawaiianislandsasthreatenedorendangeredthehighestnumberofanystateinthenation.Eventhestateflowerthehibiscusbrackenridgeiisonthedangerlist.Thelossofspeciessaysonegovernmentreporthasbeen"staggering".AsfortheimpactoftourismOnHawaiiancultureaKAHEAspokeswomanwrylynotestheelementofexploitation:"NativeHawaiiancultureisusedasasellingpoint--cometothisparadisewherebeautifulwomenaredoingthehulaonyourdinnerplate." SowhatelseisnewHawaii’senvironmentandculturehavebeenunderthreateversinceCaptainCookandhisgerm-carryingsailorsdroppedanchorin1778.Foreignimportshaveinevitablyhadanimpactonspeciesthatevolvedoverthemillenniainisolation.Moreoverwithupto25nonnativespeciesarrivingeachyeartheimpactwillcontinue.ButastheUSGeologicalSurveyarguestheimpactcanaddtobiodiversityaswellaslessenit.TherealchallengethereforeisforHawaiitofindabalancebetweenthecostsandthebenefitsofdevelopmentingeneralandtourisminparticular. TheBenefitsarenottobesneezedat.Thestate’sunemploymentratehasbeenbelowthenationalaverageforthepasttwoand-a-halfyears.EconomistsattheUniversityofHawaiireckonthatHawaiians’realpersonalincomeroseby2.8%lastyearwillriseby2.7%thisyearandwillcontinuethrough2007at2.5%.Accordingtothestate’s"strategicplan"forthenextdecadetourismshouldtakemuchofthecreditaccountingdirectlyandindirectlyforsome22%ofthestate’sjobsby2007morethan17%ofitseconomicoutputandaround26%ofitstaxrevenues. Thetroubleisthatthecostscanbehightoo.Asoneeconomistputsit"WehaveaManhattancostoflivingandPeoriawagerates."ThattranslatesintoamedianhousepricetodayontheislandofOahuhometothree-quartersofthestate’spopulationof＄500000andaneedformanyworkerstotakeonmorethanonejob. Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthat
Text4 Boldfacedwithahyphenandendingintheadjectival-edwascoinedbyShakespeareinHenryVIPartIwhenLordTalbotrescuinghissononaFrenchbattlefieldspokeofhis"prouddesireofbold-facedVictorie".Itwaspickedupinthe19thcenturybytypesetterstodescribeatype-likeClarendonAntiqueorathickversionofBodoni--thatstoodoutconfidentlyevenimpudentlyfromthepage.Theadjectivewasusedinan1880articleinTheNewYorkTimeswewerehyphenatedthen:"Oneofthehandbills"distributedbytheKuKluxKlannotedadisapprovingreporterwas"printedinbold-facedtypeonyellowpaper". Newspapergossipcolumnistsinthe30’stocatchthereader’seyebeganusingthisboldtypeforthenamesthatmadenewsinwhatwasthencalled"cafesociety"incontrastto"high"societywhosemembersclaimedtoprefertostayoutofthosecolumns. Inourtimethetypefacemetaphorwasappliedtoasetoffamoushumanfaces.Afashionreporter--JohnDukaofTheTimes--wasanearlyuserofthephraseashewroteacerbicallyonSept.221981:"AttheoverheatedpartiesatCalvinKlein’sapartmentSaksFifthAvenueBergdorfGoodmanandStudio54thebold-facednamessaidtheweekhadbeensocrammedthattheywerefeelingalittleunderthebreathyouknow." RitaKempleyofTheWashingtonPostnotedin1987thesought-afterstatusof"abold-facednameinPeoplemagazine";by1999AlanPeppardofTheDallasMorningNewsrecalledtoTexasMonthlythathebeganwitha"socialcolumn"but"nowweliveinanageofcelebrityandthereareveryfewpeoplewhocareaboutwhatthedebutantesaredoing.SoIcallitcelebritysocietyfamouspeoplerichpeoplebold-facednames". TheNewYorkTimeswhichneverhaddoesnothaveandisgrimlydeterminednevertohavea"gossipcolumn"introduceda"peoplecolumn"in2001.WhenitscurrenteditorJoyceWadlertookasix-weekbreakrecentlyshesubheadedthatitemwithaself-mocking"AirKiss!Smooch!Ciao!"Thecolumncoversthedoingsofcelebritiesmediabiggiesfashionplatesshow-bizstarshautmondenotablesperennialpersonagesandothersfamousfortheirfame.Itsconfidentfashionableandmodernmonikerbecamethedrivingforcebehindtherecentpopularizationofthephrasewiththeformercompoundadjectivenowanattributivenoun:Bold-facedNames. JudgingfromthecontextcafesocietyLine2Paragraph2refersto
BillGatesthebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegreeisbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitletheMBAMasterofBusinessAdministration. 46TheMBAa20th-centuryproductalwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreedonthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature. Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduatesabout79000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.47Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday. "Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone"saidDonaldMorrisonprofessorofmarketingandmanagementscience."Butinthelastfiveyearsorsowhensomeonesays’ShouldIattempttogetanMBA’theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends." 48ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAssuchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskills’canbetaught. TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalivelyfictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders. 49ThearticlecalledMBAhires"extremelydisappointing"andsaid"MBAswanttomoveuptoofasttheydon’tunderstandpoliticsandpeopleandtheyaren’tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythenthey’reoutlookingforotherjobs." TheproblemmostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledgeisthattheMBAhasacquiredanauraoffuturefichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness. Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedtheassumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledbyabacklashagainsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewoman’smovement. 50BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaythosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople."Theydon’tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness"saidJamesShaffervice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinmanagementconsultingfirm. TheMBAa20th-centuryproductalwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreedonthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature.
Americanstodaybelievethatacceptablesocialbehaviorfollowseffortlesslyfrompersonalvirtue.The1betweenmoralsandmannershasbecomeblurred.2youneedisagoodheartmostpeopleassumeandthe3willtakecareofitself.Youdon’thavetowritethank-younotes. ManyAmericansbelievethatnaturalbehaviorisbeautiful.The"natural"4tohumanrelationspresumesthattoknowanypersonwellenoughistolovehimthatthe5humanproblemisacommunicationproblem.This6thatpeoplemightbeseparatedbybasicallygenerallyirreconcilabledifferences--philosophicalpoliticalorreligious--andassumesthatallsuchdifferencesare7misunderstandings. Indeedithasneverbeeneasiertoinsultpeopleinadvertently.Agentlemanopensadoorforaladybecausehismothertaughthimthatladies8suchcourtesiesbutshe9andspitsinhiseyebecausehehasinsultedherwomanhood.Ayoungladyoffersherseatina10bustoanelderlyfrailgentlemanandhegiveshera11lookbecauseshehasinsultedhis12Mindyouthosearejustpeople13tobenice;theonlyproblemisthattheyare14ondifferentsystemsof15. Curiouslyithasneverbeen16toinsultpeopleintentionally.Ifyousay"YouarenastyandIhateyou"thepersonis17toreply"Ohyou’refeeling18;I’llwaituntilyoufeelbetter." Theideathepeoplecanbehave"naturally"withoutresortingtoan19codetacitlyagreeduponbytheirsocietyisassillyastheideathattheycancommunicatebyusingalanguagewithout20acceptedsemanticandgrammaticalrules. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points20
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