首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Directions: A. Study the following picture carefully and write an essay of about 160-200 words. B. ...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Thecompany____threefactoriesandacoalminE.Whichofth
runs
operates
manages
organizes
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
foll
ow
thr
ow
someh
ow
bl
ow
thr
ow
n
foll
ow
bro
wn
sho
wn
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
A.powder B.own C.meadow D.follow
now.
h
ow
foll
ow
yell
ow
wind
ow
A．yellow B．down C．window D．follow
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
A．now B．allow C．follow D．how
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
发音不同的是
fl
ow
er
foll
ow
h
ow
br
ow
n
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
A.own B.follow C.know D.knowledge
A．follow B．throw C．somehow D．blow
热门试题
更多
Themassmediaisabigpartofourcultureyetitcanalsobeahelperadviserandteachertoouryounggeneration.Themassmediaaffectsthelivesofouryoungbyactingasaan1foranumberofinstitutionsandsocialcontacts.Inthiswayit2avarietyoffunctionsinhumanlife. Thetimespentinfrontofthetelevisionscreenisusuallyatthe3ofleisure:thereislesstimeforgamesamusementandrest.4bywhatishappeningonthescreenchildrennotonlyimitatewhattheyseebutdirectly5themselveswithdifferentcharacters.Americanshavebeenconcernedaboutthe6ofviolenceinthemediaandits7harmtochildrenandadolescentsforatleastfortyyears.Duringthisperiodnewmedia8suchasvideogamescabletelevisionmusicvideosandtheInternet.Astheycontinuetogainpopularitythesemedia9television10publicconcernandresearchattention. Anotherlargesocietalconcernonouryounggeneration11bythemediaisbodyimage.12forcescaninfluencebodyimagepositivelyornegatively.13onesocietalandculturalnormsandmassmediamarketing14ourconceptsofbeauty.Inthemassmediatheimagesof15beautyfillmagazinesandnewspapers16fromourtelevisionsandentertainus17themovies.Eveninadvertisingthemassmedia18onacceptedculturalvaluesofthinnessandfitnessforcommercialgain.Youngadultsarepresentedwitha19definedstandardofattractivenessan20thatcarriesunrealisticphysicalexpectations. 10
Childrenattendingschoolslocatedinhigh-trafficzoneshavea45percentincreasedriskofdevelopingasthmaeventhoughtimespentatschoolonlyaccountsforaboutone-thirdofachild’swakinghoursaccordingtonewresearch. Asthmaisthemostcommonchronicchildhoodillnessindevelopedcountriesandhasbeenlinkedtoenvironmentalfactorssuchastraffic-relatedairpollution."Whileresidentialtraffic-relatedpollutionhasbeenassociatedwithasthmatherehasbeenlittlestudyoftheeffectsoftrafficexposureatschoolonnewonsetasthma"saysRobMcConnellprofessorofpreventivemedicineatUSC’sKeckSchoolofMedicine."Exposuretopollutionatlocationsotherthanhomeespeciallywherechildrenspendalargeportionoftheirdayandmayengageinphysicalactivityappearstoinfluenceasthmariskaswell." ThestudyappearsonlineinthejournalEnvironmentalHealthPerspectives.ThestudydrewupondatafromtheChildren’sHealthStudyCHSalongitudinalstudyofchildreninSouthernCaliforniacommunitiesthatwasdesignedtoinvestigatethechroniceffectsofairpollutiononrespiratoryhealth.Usingacohortof2497kindergartenandfirstgradechildrenwhowereasthma-freewhentheyenteredthestudyresearchersexaminedtherelationshipoflocaltrafficaroundschoolsandhomestodiagnosisnewonsetasthmathatoccurredduringthreeyearsoffollow-up.Traffic-relatedpollutionexposurewasassessedbasedonamodelthattookintoaccounttrafficvolumedistancetomajorroadwaysfromhomeandschoolandlocalweatherconditions. Regionalambientozonenitrogendioxide二氧化氮andparticulatematterweremeasuredcontinuouslyatonecentralsiteineachofthe13studycommunities.Thedesignallowedinvestigatorstoexaminethejointeffectsoflocaltraffic-relatedpollutionexposureatschoolandathomeandofregionalpollutionexposureaffectingtheentirecommunity.Researchersfound120casesofnewasthma.Theriskassociatedwithtraffic-relatedpollutionexposureatschoolswasalmostashighasforresidentialexposureandcombinedexposureaccountingfortimespentathomeandatschoolhadaslightlylargereffect.AlthoughchildrenspendlesstimeatschoolthanathomephysicaleducationandotheractivitiesthattakeplaceatschoolmayincreaseventilationratesandthedoseofpollutantsgettingintothelungsMcConnellnotes.Traffic-relatedpollutantlevelsmayalsobehigherduringthemorninghourswhenchildrenarearrivingatschool. Despiteastatelawthatprohibitsschooldistrictsfrombuildingcampuseswithin500feetofafreewaymanySouthernCaliforniaschoolsarelocatednearhigh-trafficareasincludingbusysurfacestreets. "It’simportanttounderstandhowthesemicro-environmentswherechildrenspentalotoftheirtimeoutsideofthehomeareimpactingtheirhealth"McConnellsays."Policiesthatreduceexposuretohigh-trafficenvironmentsmayhelptopreventthisdisease."ThestudywasfundedbygrantsfromtheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciencestheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgencytheSouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrictandtheHastingsFoundation. Themethodofpreventingasthmaisto
Supportersofabortionrightsheldalunchrecentlyinhonorofamomentousvictoryfortheircause:40yearsagoNewYorkbecamethefirststatetofullylegalizeabortion.That1970lawbegantoreducethedeathandinjurytollfromback-alleyabortionsandsetthestagefortheSupremeCourt’sRoev.Wadedecisionin1973whichmadeabortionlegalnationwideandrecognizedaconstitutionalrighttoprivacy. Butabortion-rightsgroupsarenewlyanxiousaboutnewassaultsonwomen’sreproductiverightsincludingafightoverabortionthatsnarledthelastdaysofthehealthcarereformdebate.Anti-abortiongroupsarenewlyemboldened.KelliConlinheadofNaralPro-ChoiceNewYorktoldguestsatthelunchthat"anti-choiceforcesaremobilizingineverysinglestatetolimitawoman’saccesstoabortioninmoreinsidiouswaysthanwecanimagine." AsMs.ConlinwasspeakingmembersoftheOklahomaHouseweregettingreadytooverridevetoesoftwopunishingabortionmeasures.Thestate’sDemocraticgovernorBradHenryrightlyviewedtheseintrusionsintowomen’slivesanddecision-makingasunconstitutional.Oneofthemeasureswhichseemsdestinedtospawncopycatbillsinotherstatesrequireswomentoundergoanultrasoundbeforegettinganabortionandfurthermandatesthatadoctorortechniciansetupthemonitorsothewomancanseeitandhearadetaileddescriptionofthefetus.Theotherlawgrantsprotectionfromlawsuitstodoctorswhodeliberatelywithholdfetaltestingresultsthatmightaffectawoman’sdecisionaboutwhethertocarryherpregnancytoterm. Severalstateshaveeitherpassedorareconsideringbillsthatwouldbanabortioncoverageininsuranceplanssoldthroughthestateexchangesestablishedbythefederalhealthcarelaw.AnewUtahlawcriminalizescertainbehaviorbywomenthatresultsinmiscarriage.EmbarkingonaroadthatcouldleadtotheSupremeCourtNebraskalastmonthbannedmostabortionsatthe20thweekofpregnancybasedonaquestionabletheoryoffetalpain.Abouttwodozenstatesarelookingatbillstoincreasecounselingrequirementsorwaitingperiodspriortoabortions.About20statesareconsideringnewultrasoundrequirements."Oneinthreewomeninthiscountrywillhaveanabortioninherlifetimeandyetwe’rehavingexactlythesamediscussionsanddebateswewerehavingfortyyearsago"Ms.Conlinsaid. Anti-abortionforcesaimultimatelytomakeabortionillegal.Sofarbyreducingthenumberofabortionprovidersmakinginsurancecoveragemoreexpensiveandhardertogetandthrowingupotherobstaclestheyhaveprimarilysucceededinmakingitharderforwomenofmodestandmeagermeanstoobtainasafeandlegalmedicalprocedure. Thepainfuldecisiontoendapregnancyshouldbemadeinprivatebetweenawomanandherdoctor—notinpoliticallydrivendebateamongmembersofCongressandstatelegislatures. MembersoftheOklahomaHouseweretryingto
Themassmediaisabigpartofourcultureyetitcanalsobeahelperadviserandteachertoouryounggeneration.Themassmediaaffectsthelivesofouryoungbyactingasaan1foranumberofinstitutionsandsocialcontacts.Inthiswayit2avarietyoffunctionsinhumanlife. Thetimespentinfrontofthetelevisionscreenisusuallyatthe3ofleisure:thereislesstimeforgamesamusementandrest.4bywhatishappeningonthescreenchildrennotonlyimitatewhattheyseebutdirectly5themselveswithdifferentcharacters.Americanshavebeenconcernedaboutthe6ofviolenceinthemediaandits7harmtochildrenandadolescentsforatleastfortyyears.Duringthisperiodnewmedia8suchasvideogamescabletelevisionmusicvideosandtheInternet.Astheycontinuetogainpopularitythesemedia9television10publicconcernandresearchattention. Anotherlargesocietalconcernonouryounggeneration11bythemediaisbodyimage.12forcescaninfluencebodyimagepositivelyornegatively.13onesocietalandculturalnormsandmassmediamarketing14ourconceptsofbeauty.Inthemassmediatheimagesof15beautyfillmagazinesandnewspapers16fromourtelevisionsandentertainus17themovies.Eveninadvertisingthemassmedia18onacceptedculturalvaluesofthinnessandfitnessforcommercialgain.Youngadultsarepresentedwitha19definedstandardofattractivenessan20thatcarriesunrealisticphysicalexpectations. 20
Withaseriesofwell-timeddealsprivate-equityfirmsaregivingtraditionalmedia-managerscausetobeenvious.TheWarnerMusictransactioninwhichEdgarBronfmanjuniorandthreeprivate-equityfirmspaidTimeWarner$2.6billionfortheunitin2003isalreadyjudgedafinancialtriumphforthebuyers.Theirsuccessislikelytodrawstillmoreprivate-equityintotheindustry.Andtheinvestmentsarelikelytogetbigger:individualprivate-equityfundsaregrowing--a$10billionfundislikelythisyear--soeventhebiggestmediafirmscouldcomewithinrangeespeciallyifprivate-equityinvestorsclubtogether. Someprivate-equityfirmshavelongputmoneyinmediaassetsbutmostlyreliablerelativelyobscurebusinesseswithstablecashflows.Nowsomeofthemareplacingbigstrategicbetsonthemorevolatilebitssuchasmusicandmovies.Andtheyarecurrentlyfarmoreconfidentthanthemediaoldguardthattheadvertisingcycleisabouttoturnsharplyupwards. Onereasonwhyprivate-equityismakingitspresencefeltinmediaisthatithasalotofmoneytoinvest.Otherindustriesarefeelingitsweighttoo.Butprivate-equity’sbuyingspree狂购乱买revealsalotaboutthemediabusinessinparticular.Mediaconglomerates联合公司lacktheconfidencetomakebigacquisitionsafterthelastwaveofdealswentwrong.ExecutivesatTimeWarnerforinstancewhichdisastrouslymergedwithAOLin2000wantedtobuyMGMamoviestudiobuttheboarditissaidweretoonervous.Insteadprivate-equityfirmscombinedwithSonyaconsumer-electronicsgianttobuyMGMlatelastyear. Private-equity’sinterestalsoreflectsthefactthatrevenuegrowthinmediabusinessessuchasbroadcastTVandradioisnowhardtocomeby.Theaverageannualgrowthratefor12categoriesofestablishedAmericanmediabusinessesin1998-2003excludingtheinternetwasjust3.4%saysVeronisSuhlerStevensonaninvestmentbank.Private-equityputsahighervalueonlow-growthhighcashflowassetsthanthepublicstockmarketsaysJonathanNelsonfounderofProvidenceEquityPartnersamedia-focusedprivate-equityfirm. Whatprivate-equitymennowbringtothemediabusinesstheyliketothinkisfinancialdisciplineplusanenthusiasticattitudetowardsnewtechnology.Old-stylemediamanagersclaimthenewcomersarestillindenialabouthowtechnologyistransformingtheirindustry. Traditionalmediamanagersgrudginglyagreethatsofarprivate-equityinvestorsaredoingverynicelyindeedfromtheirentertainmentdeals.ThebuyersofWarnerMusichavealreadygotbackmostoftheir$2.6billionfromthefirmbycuttingcostsissuingdebtandmakingspecialpayoutstoshareholders.Thisyearitsinvestorsareexpectedtolaunchaninitialpublicofferingwhichcouldbringthemhundredsofmillionsmore. Thebesttitleforthetextmightbe
Themassmediaisabigpartofourcultureyetitcanalsobeahelperadviserandteachertoouryounggeneration.Themassmediaaffectsthelivesofouryoungbyactingasaan1foranumberofinstitutionsandsocialcontacts.Inthiswayit2avarietyoffunctionsinhumanlife. Thetimespentinfrontofthetelevisionscreenisusuallyatthe3ofleisure:thereislesstimeforgamesamusementandrest.4bywhatishappeningonthescreenchildrennotonlyimitatewhattheyseebutdirectly5themselveswithdifferentcharacters.Americanshavebeenconcernedaboutthe6ofviolenceinthemediaandits7harmtochildrenandadolescentsforatleastfortyyears.Duringthisperiodnewmedia8suchasvideogamescabletelevisionmusicvideosandtheInternet.Astheycontinuetogainpopularitythesemedia9television10publicconcernandresearchattention. Anotherlargesocietalconcernonouryounggeneration11bythemediaisbodyimage.12forcescaninfluencebodyimagepositivelyornegatively.13onesocietalandculturalnormsandmassmediamarketing14ourconceptsofbeauty.Inthemassmediatheimagesof15beautyfillmagazinesandnewspapers16fromourtelevisionsandentertainus17themovies.Eveninadvertisingthemassmedia18onacceptedculturalvaluesofthinnessandfitnessforcommercialgain.Youngadultsarepresentedwitha19definedstandardofattractivenessan20thatcarriesunrealisticphysicalexpectations. 2
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobswhichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbledallowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley’sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthe"globallabourarbitrage"ismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentresthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountriesbutalsosoftwareprogrammingmedicaldiagnosticsengineeringdesignlawaccountingfinanceandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworldexposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition. Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroadbutthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shoredwheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies. AlanBlinderaneconomistatPrincetonUniversitybelievesthatmosteconomistsareunderestimatingthedisruptiveeffectsofoff-shoringandthatinfuturetwotothreetimesasmanyservicejobswillbesusceptibletooff-shoringasinmanufacturing.Thiswouldimplythatatleast30%ofalljobsmightbeatrisk.Inpracticethenumberofjobsoff-shoredtoChinaorIndiaislikelytoremainfairlymodest.Evensothemerethreatthattheycouldbeshiftedwilldepresswages. MoreoversaysMr.Blindereducationoffersnoprotection.Highlyskilledaccountantsradiologistsorcomputerprogrammersnowhavetocompetewithelectronicallydeliveredcompetitionfromabroadwhereashumbletaxidriversjanitorsandcraneoperatorsremainsafefromoff-shoring.ThismayhelptoexplainwhytherealmedianwageofAmericangraduateshasfallenby6%since9000abiggerdeclinethaninaveragewages. Inthe1980sandearly1990sthepaygapbetweenlow-paidlow-skilledworkersandhigh-paidhigh-skilledWorkerswidenedsignificantly.ButsincethenaccordingtoastudybyDavidAutorLawrenceKatzandMelissaKearneyinAmericaBritainandGermanyworkersatthebottomaswellasatthetophavedonebetterthanthoseinthemiddle-incomegroup.OfficecleaningcannotbedonebyworkersinIndia.Itistheeasilystandardisedskilledjobsinthemiddlesuchasaccountingthatarenowbeingsqueezedhardest.AstudybyBradfordJensenandLoriKletzerattheInstituteforInternationalEconomicsinWashingtonD.C.confirmsthatworkersintradableservicesthatareexposedtoforeigncompetitiontendtobemoreskilledthanworkersinnon-tradableservicesandtradablemanufacturingindustries. Tooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradableresultsfrom
Themassmediaisabigpartofourcultureyetitcanalsobeahelperadviserandteachertoouryounggeneration.Themassmediaaffectsthelivesofouryoungbyactingasaan1foranumberofinstitutionsandsocialcontacts.Inthiswayit2avarietyoffunctionsinhumanlife. Thetimespentinfrontofthetelevisionscreenisusuallyatthe3ofleisure:thereislesstimeforgamesamusementandrest.4bywhatishappeningonthescreenchildrennotonlyimitatewhattheyseebutdirectly5themselveswithdifferentcharacters.Americanshavebeenconcernedaboutthe6ofviolenceinthemediaandits7harmtochildrenandadolescentsforatleastfortyyears.Duringthisperiodnewmedia8suchasvideogamescabletelevisionmusicvideosandtheInternet.Astheycontinuetogainpopularitythesemedia9television10publicconcernandresearchattention. Anotherlargesocietalconcernonouryounggeneration11bythemediaisbodyimage.12forcescaninfluencebodyimagepositivelyornegatively.13onesocietalandculturalnormsandmassmediamarketing14ourconceptsofbeauty.Inthemassmediatheimagesof15beautyfillmagazinesandnewspapers16fromourtelevisionsandentertainus17themovies.Eveninadvertisingthemassmedia18onacceptedculturalvaluesofthinnessandfitnessforcommercialgain.Youngadultsarepresentedwitha19definedstandardofattractivenessan20thatcarriesunrealisticphysicalexpectations. 4
Withaseriesofwell-timeddealsprivate-equityfirmsaregivingtraditionalmedia-managerscausetobeenvious.TheWarnerMusictransactioninwhichEdgarBronfmanjuniorandthreeprivate-equityfirmspaidTimeWarner$2.6billionfortheunitin2003isalreadyjudgedafinancialtriumphforthebuyers.Theirsuccessislikelytodrawstillmoreprivate-equityintotheindustry.Andtheinvestmentsarelikelytogetbigger:individualprivate-equityfundsaregrowing--a$10billionfundislikelythisyear--soeventhebiggestmediafirmscouldcomewithinrangeespeciallyifprivate-equityinvestorsclubtogether. Someprivate-equityfirmshavelongputmoneyinmediaassetsbutmostlyreliablerelativelyobscurebusinesseswithstablecashflows.Nowsomeofthemareplacingbigstrategicbetsonthemorevolatilebitssuchasmusicandmovies.Andtheyarecurrentlyfarmoreconfidentthanthemediaoldguardthattheadvertisingcycleisabouttoturnsharplyupwards. Onereasonwhyprivate-equityismakingitspresencefeltinmediaisthatithasalotofmoneytoinvest.Otherindustriesarefeelingitsweighttoo.Butprivate-equity’sbuyingspree狂购乱买revealsalotaboutthemediabusinessinparticular.Mediaconglomerates联合公司lacktheconfidencetomakebigacquisitionsafterthelastwaveofdealswentwrong.ExecutivesatTimeWarnerforinstancewhichdisastrouslymergedwithAOLin2000wantedtobuyMGMamoviestudiobuttheboarditissaidweretoonervous.Insteadprivate-equityfirmscombinedwithSonyaconsumer-electronicsgianttobuyMGMlatelastyear. Private-equity’sinterestalsoreflectsthefactthatrevenuegrowthinmediabusinessessuchasbroadcastTVandradioisnowhardtocomeby.Theaverageannualgrowthratefor12categoriesofestablishedAmericanmediabusinessesin1998-2003excludingtheinternetwasjust3.4%saysVeronisSuhlerStevensonaninvestmentbank.Private-equityputsahighervalueonlow-growthhighcashflowassetsthanthepublicstockmarketsaysJonathanNelsonfounderofProvidenceEquityPartnersamedia-focusedprivate-equityfirm. Whatprivate-equitymennowbringtothemediabusinesstheyliketothinkisfinancialdisciplineplusanenthusiasticattitudetowardsnewtechnology.Old-stylemediamanagersclaimthenewcomersarestillindenialabouthowtechnologyistransformingtheirindustry. Traditionalmediamanagersgrudginglyagreethatsofarprivate-equityinvestorsaredoingverynicelyindeedfromtheirentertainmentdeals.ThebuyersofWarnerMusichavealreadygotbackmostoftheir$2.6billionfromthefirmbycuttingcostsissuingdebtandmakingspecialpayoutstoshareholders.Thisyearitsinvestorsareexpectedtolaunchaninitialpublicofferingwhichcouldbringthemhundredsofmillionsmore. Thewordvolatileparagraph2mostprobablymeans
Childrenattendingschoolslocatedinhigh-trafficzoneshavea45percentincreasedriskofdevelopingasthmaeventhoughtimespentatschoolonlyaccountsforaboutone-thirdofachild’swakinghoursaccordingtonewresearch. Asthmaisthemostcommonchronicchildhoodillnessindevelopedcountriesandhasbeenlinkedtoenvironmentalfactorssuchastraffic-relatedairpollution."Whileresidentialtraffic-relatedpollutionhasbeenassociatedwithasthmatherehasbeenlittlestudyoftheeffectsoftrafficexposureatschoolonnewonsetasthma"saysRobMcConnellprofessorofpreventivemedicineatUSC’sKeckSchoolofMedicine."Exposuretopollutionatlocationsotherthanhomeespeciallywherechildrenspendalargeportionoftheirdayandmayengageinphysicalactivityappearstoinfluenceasthmariskaswell." ThestudyappearsonlineinthejournalEnvironmentalHealthPerspectives.ThestudydrewupondatafromtheChildren’sHealthStudyCHSalongitudinalstudyofchildreninSouthernCaliforniacommunitiesthatwasdesignedtoinvestigatethechroniceffectsofairpollutiononrespiratoryhealth.Usingacohortof2497kindergartenandfirstgradechildrenwhowereasthma-freewhentheyenteredthestudyresearchersexaminedtherelationshipoflocaltrafficaroundschoolsandhomestodiagnosisnewonsetasthmathatoccurredduringthreeyearsoffollow-up.Traffic-relatedpollutionexposurewasassessedbasedonamodelthattookintoaccounttrafficvolumedistancetomajorroadwaysfromhomeandschoolandlocalweatherconditions. Regionalambientozonenitrogendioxide二氧化氮andparticulatematterweremeasuredcontinuouslyatonecentralsiteineachofthe13studycommunities.Thedesignallowedinvestigatorstoexaminethejointeffectsoflocaltraffic-relatedpollutionexposureatschoolandathomeandofregionalpollutionexposureaffectingtheentirecommunity.Researchersfound120casesofnewasthma.Theriskassociatedwithtraffic-relatedpollutionexposureatschoolswasalmostashighasforresidentialexposureandcombinedexposureaccountingfortimespentathomeandatschoolhadaslightlylargereffect.AlthoughchildrenspendlesstimeatschoolthanathomephysicaleducationandotheractivitiesthattakeplaceatschoolmayincreaseventilationratesandthedoseofpollutantsgettingintothelungsMcConnellnotes.Traffic-relatedpollutantlevelsmayalsobehigherduringthemorninghourswhenchildrenarearrivingatschool. Despiteastatelawthatprohibitsschooldistrictsfrombuildingcampuseswithin500feetofafreewaymanySouthernCaliforniaschoolsarelocatednearhigh-trafficareasincludingbusysurfacestreets. "It’simportanttounderstandhowthesemicro-environmentswherechildrenspentalotoftheirtimeoutsideofthehomeareimpactingtheirhealth"McConnellsays."Policiesthatreduceexposuretohigh-trafficenvironmentsmayhelptopreventthisdisease."ThestudywasfundedbygrantsfromtheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciencestheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgencytheSouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrictandtheHastingsFoundation. Whatkindofillnessdoesasthmabelongto
Themassmediaisabigpartofourcultureyetitcanalsobeahelperadviserandteachertoouryounggeneration.Themassmediaaffectsthelivesofouryoungbyactingasaan1foranumberofinstitutionsandsocialcontacts.Inthiswayit2avarietyoffunctionsinhumanlife. Thetimespentinfrontofthetelevisionscreenisusuallyatthe3ofleisure:thereislesstimeforgamesamusementandrest.4bywhatishappeningonthescreenchildrennotonlyimitatewhattheyseebutdirectly5themselveswithdifferentcharacters.Americanshavebeenconcernedaboutthe6ofviolenceinthemediaandits7harmtochildrenandadolescentsforatleastfortyyears.Duringthisperiodnewmedia8suchasvideogamescabletelevisionmusicvideosandtheInternet.Astheycontinuetogainpopularitythesemedia9television10publicconcernandresearchattention. Anotherlargesocietalconcernonouryounggeneration11bythemediaisbodyimage.12forcescaninfluencebodyimagepositivelyornegatively.13onesocietalandculturalnormsandmassmediamarketing14ourconceptsofbeauty.Inthemassmediatheimagesof15beautyfillmagazinesandnewspapers16fromourtelevisionsandentertainus17themovies.Eveninadvertisingthemassmedia18onacceptedculturalvaluesofthinnessandfitnessforcommercialgain.Youngadultsarepresentedwitha19definedstandardofattractivenessan20thatcarriesunrealisticphysicalexpectations. 6
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 2
Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallowthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment. Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay—ofamateursport—andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursofleisure"viewing"televisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem. 49Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybecalledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork. Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofusworkphysicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;othersworkmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreachingmanagingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure. 50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure.
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobswhichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbledallowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley’sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthe"globallabourarbitrage"ismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentresthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountriesbutalsosoftwareprogrammingmedicaldiagnosticsengineeringdesignlawaccountingfinanceandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworldexposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition. Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroadbutthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shoredwheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies. AlanBlinderaneconomistatPrincetonUniversitybelievesthatmosteconomistsareunderestimatingthedisruptiveeffectsofoff-shoringandthatinfuturetwotothreetimesasmanyservicejobswillbesusceptibletooff-shoringasinmanufacturing.Thiswouldimplythatatleast30%ofalljobsmightbeatrisk.Inpracticethenumberofjobsoff-shoredtoChinaorIndiaislikelytoremainfairlymodest.Evensothemerethreatthattheycouldbeshiftedwilldepresswages. MoreoversaysMr.Blindereducationoffersnoprotection.Highlyskilledaccountantsradiologistsorcomputerprogrammersnowhavetocompetewithelectronicallydeliveredcompetitionfromabroadwhereashumbletaxidriversjanitorsandcraneoperatorsremainsafefromoff-shoring.ThismayhelptoexplainwhytherealmedianwageofAmericangraduateshasfallenby6%since9000abiggerdeclinethaninaveragewages. Inthe1980sandearly1990sthepaygapbetweenlow-paidlow-skilledworkersandhigh-paidhigh-skilledWorkerswidenedsignificantly.ButsincethenaccordingtoastudybyDavidAutorLawrenceKatzandMelissaKearneyinAmericaBritainandGermanyworkersatthebottomaswellasatthetophavedonebetterthanthoseinthemiddle-incomegroup.OfficecleaningcannotbedonebyworkersinIndia.Itistheeasilystandardisedskilledjobsinthemiddlesuchasaccountingthatarenowbeingsqueezedhardest.AstudybyBradfordJensenandLoriKletzerattheInstituteforInternationalEconomicsinWashingtonD.C.confirmsthatworkersintradableservicesthatareexposedtoforeigncompetitiontendtobemoreskilledthanworkersinnon-tradableservicesandtradablemanufacturingindustries. AccordingtothetextForresterResearchPredictionmightbedifferentif
Directions: Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueofcommunicationinanewspaper.Writeanessayofabout200wordstothenewspaperto 1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow 1thecontentofthepicture 2thesymbolicmeaning 3thespecialunderstanding 2.giveaspecificexample/commentand 3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytocommunicate.
Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps. Englishhasbecometheworld’snumberonelanguageinthe20thcentury.IneverycountrywhereEnglishisnotthenativelanguageespeciallyintheThirdWorldpeoplemuststrivetolearnittothebestoftheirabilitiesiftheywanttoparticipatefullyinthedevelopmentoftheircountries.41．______ AcloseexaminationrevealsagreatnumberoflanguageshavefallencasualtytoEnglish.ForexampleithaswipedoutHawaiianWelshScotchGaelicIrishnativeAmericanlanguagesandmanyothers.LuckilysomeoftheselanguagesarenowbeingrevivedsuchasHawaiianandWelshandtheselanguageswillliveagainhopefullyifdedicatedpeoplecontinuetheirworkofrevivingthem.42．______Ifthissituationcontinuesthenativeorofficiallanguagesofthesecountrieswillcertainlydiewithintwoorthreegenerations.Thisphenomenonhasbeencalledlinguisticgenocide.Alanguagediesifitisnotfullyusedinmostactivitiesparticularlyasamediumofinstructioninschools. 43．______Accordingtomanystudiesonlyaround20to25percentofstudentsinthesecountriescanmanagetolearnthelanguageofinstructionEnglishaswellasbasicsubjectsatthesametime.ManyleadersoftheseThirdWorldcountriesareobsessedwithEnglishandforthemEnglishiseverything.TheyseemtobelievethatifthestudentsspeakEnglishtheyarealreadyknowledgeable.TheseleadersspeakandwriteEnglishmuchbetterthantheirnationallanguages.IftheseleadersdeliverspeechesanywhereintheworldtheyuseEnglishandtheyfeelmoreathomewithitandproudoftheirabilityaswell.Thecitizensoftheircountriesdonotunderstandtheirleaders’speechesbecausetheyaremadeinaforeignlanguage. Allthegreatestcountriesoftheworldaregreatbecausetheyconstantlyusetheirownlanguagesinallnationaldevelopmentactivitiesincludingeducation.Fromapsychologicalpointofviewthosewhoaretaughtintheirownlanguagefromthestartwilldevelopbetterself-confidenceandself-reliance.Fromalinguisticpointofviewthebestbrainscanonlybeproducedifstudentsareeducatedintheirownlanguagefromthestart.44. Thereisnothingwronghoweverinlearningaforeignlanguageatadvancedlevelsofeducation.45. [A]ButmanypeopleareconcernedthatEnglish’sdominancewilldestroynativelanguages. [B]Butthebestthingtodoistohaveagoodeducationinone’snativelanguagefirstthengoabroadtohaveauniversityeducationinaforeignlanguage. [C]SupposeyouworkinabigfirmandfindEnglishveryimportantforyourjobbecauseyouoftendealwithforeignbusinessmen.NowyouarelookingforaplacewhereyoucanimproveyourEnglishespeciallyyourspokenEnglish. [D]NonethelessaworldfullofdifferentlanguageswilldisappearifthepresenttrendinmanycountriestouseEnglishtoreplacethenationalorofficiallanguagesineducationtradeandevenpoliticscontinues. [E]Thosewhoaretaughtinaforeignlanguagefromthestartwilltendtobeimitatorsandlackself-confidence.Theywilltendtorelyonforeignconsultants. [F]HerearesomeadvertisementsaboutEnglishlanguagetrainingfromnewspapers.Youmayfindtheinformationyouneed. [G]TheThirdWorldcountriesthatarenowusingEnglishasamediumofinstructionaredepriving75percentoftheirfutureleadersofapropereducation. 42
Supportersofabortionrightsheldalunchrecentlyinhonorofamomentousvictoryfortheircause:40yearsagoNewYorkbecamethefirststatetofullylegalizeabortion.That1970lawbegantoreducethedeathandinjurytollfromback-alleyabortionsandsetthestagefortheSupremeCourt’sRoev.Wadedecisionin1973whichmadeabortionlegalnationwideandrecognizedaconstitutionalrighttoprivacy. Butabortion-rightsgroupsarenewlyanxiousaboutnewassaultsonwomen’sreproductiverightsincludingafightoverabortionthatsnarledthelastdaysofthehealthcarereformdebate.Anti-abortiongroupsarenewlyemboldened.KelliConlinheadofNaralPro-ChoiceNewYorktoldguestsatthelunchthat"anti-choiceforcesaremobilizingineverysinglestatetolimitawoman’saccesstoabortioninmoreinsidiouswaysthanwecanimagine." AsMs.ConlinwasspeakingmembersoftheOklahomaHouseweregettingreadytooverridevetoesoftwopunishingabortionmeasures.Thestate’sDemocraticgovernorBradHenryrightlyviewedtheseintrusionsintowomen’slivesanddecision-makingasunconstitutional.Oneofthemeasureswhichseemsdestinedtospawncopycatbillsinotherstatesrequireswomentoundergoanultrasoundbeforegettinganabortionandfurthermandatesthatadoctorortechniciansetupthemonitorsothewomancanseeitandhearadetaileddescriptionofthefetus.Theotherlawgrantsprotectionfromlawsuitstodoctorswhodeliberatelywithholdfetaltestingresultsthatmightaffectawoman’sdecisionaboutwhethertocarryherpregnancytoterm. Severalstateshaveeitherpassedorareconsideringbillsthatwouldbanabortioncoverageininsuranceplanssoldthroughthestateexchangesestablishedbythefederalhealthcarelaw.AnewUtahlawcriminalizescertainbehaviorbywomenthatresultsinmiscarriage.EmbarkingonaroadthatcouldleadtotheSupremeCourtNebraskalastmonthbannedmostabortionsatthe20thweekofpregnancybasedonaquestionabletheoryoffetalpain.Abouttwodozenstatesarelookingatbillstoincreasecounselingrequirementsorwaitingperiodspriortoabortions.About20statesareconsideringnewultrasoundrequirements."Oneinthreewomeninthiscountrywillhaveanabortioninherlifetimeandyetwe’rehavingexactlythesamediscussionsanddebateswewerehavingfortyyearsago"Ms.Conlinsaid. Anti-abortionforcesaimultimatelytomakeabortionillegal.Sofarbyreducingthenumberofabortionprovidersmakinginsurancecoveragemoreexpensiveandhardertogetandthrowingupotherobstaclestheyhaveprimarilysucceededinmakingitharderforwomenofmodestandmeagermeanstoobtainasafeandlegalmedicalprocedure. Thepainfuldecisiontoendapregnancyshouldbemadeinprivatebetweenawomanandherdoctor—notinpoliticallydrivendebateamongmembersofCongressandstatelegislatures. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasananti-abortionendeavor
Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps. Englishhasbecometheworld’snumberonelanguageinthe20thcentury.IneverycountrywhereEnglishisnotthenativelanguageespeciallyintheThirdWorldpeoplemuststrivetolearnittothebestoftheirabilitiesiftheywanttoparticipatefullyinthedevelopmentoftheircountries.41．______ AcloseexaminationrevealsagreatnumberoflanguageshavefallencasualtytoEnglish.ForexampleithaswipedoutHawaiianWelshScotchGaelicIrishnativeAmericanlanguagesandmanyothers.LuckilysomeoftheselanguagesarenowbeingrevivedsuchasHawaiianandWelshandtheselanguageswillliveagainhopefullyifdedicatedpeoplecontinuetheirworkofrevivingthem.42．______Ifthissituationcontinuesthenativeorofficiallanguagesofthesecountrieswillcertainlydiewithintwoorthreegenerations.Thisphenomenonhasbeencalledlinguisticgenocide.Alanguagediesifitisnotfullyusedinmostactivitiesparticularlyasamediumofinstructioninschools. 43．______Accordingtomanystudiesonlyaround20to25percentofstudentsinthesecountriescanmanagetolearnthelanguageofinstructionEnglishaswellasbasicsubjectsatthesametime.ManyleadersoftheseThirdWorldcountriesareobsessedwithEnglishandforthemEnglishiseverything.TheyseemtobelievethatifthestudentsspeakEnglishtheyarealreadyknowledgeable.TheseleadersspeakandwriteEnglishmuchbetterthantheirnationallanguages.IftheseleadersdeliverspeechesanywhereintheworldtheyuseEnglishandtheyfeelmoreathomewithitandproudoftheirabilityaswell.Thecitizensoftheircountriesdonotunderstandtheirleaders’speechesbecausetheyaremadeinaforeignlanguage. Allthegreatestcountriesoftheworldaregreatbecausetheyconstantlyusetheirownlanguagesinallnationaldevelopmentactivitiesincludingeducation.Fromapsychologicalpointofviewthosewhoaretaughtintheirownlanguagefromthestartwilldevelopbetterself-confidenceandself-reliance.Fromalinguisticpointofviewthebestbrainscanonlybeproducedifstudentsareeducatedintheirownlanguagefromthestart.44. Thereisnothingwronghoweverinlearningaforeignlanguageatadvancedlevelsofeducation.45. [A]ButmanypeopleareconcernedthatEnglish’sdominancewilldestroynativelanguages. [B]Butthebestthingtodoistohaveagoodeducationinone’snativelanguagefirstthengoabroadtohaveauniversityeducationinaforeignlanguage. [C]SupposeyouworkinabigfirmandfindEnglishveryimportantforyourjobbecauseyouoftendealwithforeignbusinessmen.NowyouarelookingforaplacewhereyoucanimproveyourEnglishespeciallyyourspokenEnglish. [D]NonethelessaworldfullofdifferentlanguageswilldisappearifthepresenttrendinmanycountriestouseEnglishtoreplacethenationalorofficiallanguagesineducationtradeandevenpoliticscontinues. [E]Thosewhoaretaughtinaforeignlanguagefromthestartwilltendtobeimitatorsandlackself-confidence.Theywilltendtorelyonforeignconsultants. [F]HerearesomeadvertisementsaboutEnglishlanguagetrainingfromnewspapers.Youmayfindtheinformationyouneed. [G]TheThirdWorldcountriesthatarenowusingEnglishasamediumofinstructionaredepriving75percentoftheirfutureleadersofapropereducation. 44
Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallowthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment. Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay—ofamateursport—andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursofleisure"viewing"televisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem. 49Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybecalledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork. Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofusworkphysicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;othersworkmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreachingmanagingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure. 48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.
Directions: Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethecartoonbriefly 2interpretitsintendedmeaningand 3giveyourviewontheissue. YoushouldwriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Withaseriesofwell-timeddealsprivate-equityfirmsaregivingtraditionalmedia-managerscausetobeenvious.TheWarnerMusictransactioninwhichEdgarBronfmanjuniorandthreeprivate-equityfirmspaidTimeWarner$2.6billionfortheunitin2003isalreadyjudgedafinancialtriumphforthebuyers.Theirsuccessislikelytodrawstillmoreprivate-equityintotheindustry.Andtheinvestmentsarelikelytogetbigger:individualprivate-equityfundsaregrowing--a$10billionfundislikelythisyear--soeventhebiggestmediafirmscouldcomewithinrangeespeciallyifprivate-equityinvestorsclubtogether. Someprivate-equityfirmshavelongputmoneyinmediaassetsbutmostlyreliablerelativelyobscurebusinesseswithstablecashflows.Nowsomeofthemareplacingbigstrategicbetsonthemorevolatilebitssuchasmusicandmovies.Andtheyarecurrentlyfarmoreconfidentthanthemediaoldguardthattheadvertisingcycleisabouttoturnsharplyupwards. Onereasonwhyprivate-equityismakingitspresencefeltinmediaisthatithasalotofmoneytoinvest.Otherindustriesarefeelingitsweighttoo.Butprivate-equity’sbuyingspree狂购乱买revealsalotaboutthemediabusinessinparticular.Mediaconglomerates联合公司lacktheconfidencetomakebigacquisitionsafterthelastwaveofdealswentwrong.ExecutivesatTimeWarnerforinstancewhichdisastrouslymergedwithAOLin2000wantedtobuyMGMamoviestudiobuttheboarditissaidweretoonervous.Insteadprivate-equityfirmscombinedwithSonyaconsumer-electronicsgianttobuyMGMlatelastyear. Private-equity’sinterestalsoreflectsthefactthatrevenuegrowthinmediabusinessessuchasbroadcastTVandradioisnowhardtocomeby.Theaverageannualgrowthratefor12categoriesofestablishedAmericanmediabusinessesin1998-2003excludingtheinternetwasjust3.4%saysVeronisSuhlerStevensonaninvestmentbank.Private-equityputsahighervalueonlow-growthhighcashflowassetsthanthepublicstockmarketsaysJonathanNelsonfounderofProvidenceEquityPartnersamedia-focusedprivate-equityfirm. Whatprivate-equitymennowbringtothemediabusinesstheyliketothinkisfinancialdisciplineplusanenthusiasticattitudetowardsnewtechnology.Old-stylemediamanagersclaimthenewcomersarestillindenialabouthowtechnologyistransformingtheirindustry. Traditionalmediamanagersgrudginglyagreethatsofarprivate-equityinvestorsaredoingverynicelyindeedfromtheirentertainmentdeals.ThebuyersofWarnerMusichavealreadygotbackmostoftheir$2.6billionfromthefirmbycuttingcostsissuingdebtandmakingspecialpayoutstoshareholders.Thisyearitsinvestorsareexpectedtolaunchaninitialpublicofferingwhichcouldbringthemhundredsofmillionsmore. ThecaseoftheexecutivesatTimeWarnerwascitedtoshowthat
VilhelmHammershoihasbeenawell-keptsecretsincehisdeathin1916．Allhisbest-knownpaintingsareofhouseholdinteriorsthataredrainedofcolorandtellnostories.46．Hiswindowscannotbeseenthroughhisdoorscannotbeopenedandthefiguresproducenoelementofvitalityintotherooms.Hammershoiisdefiantlyinscrutable;themoodismelancholicandenigmaticbutthepaintingsareoddlycompelling.Quitewhynooneseemssure. Ofthe71paintingsinanewexhibitioninLondon21comefromhisnativeCopenhagen15fromotherScandinaviancollectionsand20fromprivatecollectionsprincipallyDanish.Hammershoi’sfocuswasnotasnarrowasthisshowmightsuggestbuttoseehisnudesitisnecessarytovisittheStatensMuseumforKunstinDenmark.Hedidsomefineifbleaklandscapestoobutitwastheinteriorsthatsoldinhislifetimeandheisbestrememberedforpaintingsofthesunshiningthroughcurtainlesswindow-panescastingshadowsoncarpetlessfloors.47．Anxioustotransformtheprosaicintotheromantichisadmirersspeakofapoetoflightandthepoetryofsilence. Hammershoihimselfwasguileless.48．"WhatmakesmechooseamotifarethelineswhatIliketocallthearchitecturalcontextofanimage"hesaidin1907.Lightwasalsoveryimportantbutitwaslinesheinsistedthathadthegreatestsignificanceforhim.HiswifeIdamakesappearancesintheemptyroomsbutsheisusuallypaintedfromthebackwiththeemphasisonthebarenapeofherneck.Theheroicfiguresarewhitedoorsandwindowsandtableschairsapianoandasofa.Nopaintercanhavegotsomuchpleasurefrompaintingbrownfurniture.Oneworktitled"InteriorwithaWomanataSewingTable"isasymphonyofthreeshadesofshinybrown. HammershoiwasinfluencedbyVermeerandthe17th-centuryDutchgenrepaintersandbyCasparDavidFriedrichaGermanbutthereisnoonelikehim.Hisworkshowstracesofanunexpectedsubversivesenseofhumor.49．FelixKramertheshow’scuratoridentifiesirregularitiesforexamplethatcreateanalmostsurrealquality:apianowithtwolegstablelegscastingshadowsindifferentdirectionschestsofdrawerswithnoknobsorhandles.EvensomeofHammershoi’sadmirerswonderwhatitallmeans. 50．TryingtopinHammershoidownisasprofitlessasWaitingforGodot.HoweverthenewexhibitionattheRoyalAcademyofArtsmightencouragesomeexcitementinthemarketplace.ThehighestpricemadebyaHammershoiinterioris￡520000$1millionin2006andthepriceboomintheauctionhousesispassinghimby.PerhapsthesecretofHammershoihasbeenkeptabittoowell. 50．TryingtopinHammershoidownisasprofitlessasWaitingforGodot
Themassmediaisabigpartofourcultureyetitcanalsobeahelperadviserandteachertoouryounggeneration.Themassmediaaffectsthelivesofouryoungbyactingasaan1foranumberofinstitutionsandsocialcontacts.Inthiswayit2avarietyoffunctionsinhumanlife. Thetimespentinfrontofthetelevisionscreenisusuallyatthe3ofleisure:thereislesstimeforgamesamusementandrest.4bywhatishappeningonthescreenchildrennotonlyimitatewhattheyseebutdirectly5themselveswithdifferentcharacters.Americanshavebeenconcernedaboutthe6ofviolenceinthemediaandits7harmtochildrenandadolescentsforatleastfortyyears.Duringthisperiodnewmedia8suchasvideogamescabletelevisionmusicvideosandtheInternet.Astheycontinuetogainpopularitythesemedia9television10publicconcernandresearchattention. Anotherlargesocietalconcernonouryounggeneration11bythemediaisbodyimage.12forcescaninfluencebodyimagepositivelyornegatively.13onesocietalandculturalnormsandmassmediamarketing14ourconceptsofbeauty.Inthemassmediatheimagesof15beautyfillmagazinesandnewspapers16fromourtelevisionsandentertainus17themovies.Eveninadvertisingthemassmedia18onacceptedculturalvaluesofthinnessandfitnessforcommercialgain.Youngadultsarepresentedwitha19definedstandardofattractivenessan20thatcarriesunrealisticphysicalexpectations. 8
VilhelmHammershoihasbeenawell-keptsecretsincehisdeathin1916．Allhisbest-knownpaintingsareofhouseholdinteriorsthataredrainedofcolorandtellnostories.46．Hiswindowscannotbeseenthroughhisdoorscannotbeopenedandthefiguresproducenoelementofvitalityintotherooms.Hammershoiisdefiantlyinscrutable;themoodismelancholicandenigmaticbutthepaintingsareoddlycompelling.Quitewhynooneseemssure. Ofthe71paintingsinanewexhibitioninLondon21comefromhisnativeCopenhagen15fromotherScandinaviancollectionsand20fromprivatecollectionsprincipallyDanish.Hammershoi’sfocuswasnotasnarrowasthisshowmightsuggestbuttoseehisnudesitisnecessarytovisittheStatensMuseumforKunstinDenmark.Hedidsomefineifbleaklandscapestoobutitwastheinteriorsthatsoldinhislifetimeandheisbestrememberedforpaintingsofthesunshiningthroughcurtainlesswindow-panescastingshadowsoncarpetlessfloors.47．Anxioustotransformtheprosaicintotheromantichisadmirersspeakofapoetoflightandthepoetryofsilence. Hammershoihimselfwasguileless.48．"WhatmakesmechooseamotifarethelineswhatIliketocallthearchitecturalcontextofanimage"hesaidin1907.Lightwasalsoveryimportantbutitwaslinesheinsistedthathadthegreatestsignificanceforhim.HiswifeIdamakesappearancesintheemptyroomsbutsheisusuallypaintedfromthebackwiththeemphasisonthebarenapeofherneck.Theheroicfiguresarewhitedoorsandwindowsandtableschairsapianoandasofa.Nopaintercanhavegotsomuchpleasurefrompaintingbrownfurniture.Oneworktitled"InteriorwithaWomanataSewingTable"isasymphonyofthreeshadesofshinybrown. HammershoiwasinfluencedbyVermeerandthe17th-centuryDutchgenrepaintersandbyCasparDavidFriedrichaGermanbutthereisnoonelikehim.Hisworkshowstracesofanunexpectedsubversivesenseofhumor.49．FelixKramertheshow’scuratoridentifiesirregularitiesforexamplethatcreateanalmostsurrealquality:apianowithtwolegstablelegscastingshadowsindifferentdirectionschestsofdrawerswithnoknobsorhandles.EvensomeofHammershoi’sadmirerswonderwhatitallmeans. 50．TryingtopinHammershoidownisasprofitlessasWaitingforGodot.HoweverthenewexhibitionattheRoyalAcademyofArtsmightencouragesomeexcitementinthemarketplace.ThehighestpricemadebyaHammershoiinterioris￡520000$1millionin2006andthepriceboomintheauctionhousesispassinghimby.PerhapsthesecretofHammershoihasbeenkeptabittoowell. 48．WhatmakesmechooseamotifarethelineswhatIliketocallthearchitecturalcontextofanimagehesaidin1907.
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobswhichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbledallowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley’sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthe"globallabourarbitrage"ismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentresthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountriesbutalsosoftwareprogrammingmedicaldiagnosticsengineeringdesignlawaccountingfinanceandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworldexposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition. Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroadbutthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shoredwheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies. AlanBlinderaneconomistatPrincetonUniversitybelievesthatmosteconomistsareunderestimatingthedisruptiveeffectsofoff-shoringandthatinfuturetwotothreetimesasmanyservicejobswillbesusceptibletooff-shoringasinmanufacturing.Thiswouldimplythatatleast30%ofalljobsmightbeatrisk.Inpracticethenumberofjobsoff-shoredtoChinaorIndiaislikelytoremainfairlymodest.Evensothemerethreatthattheycouldbeshiftedwilldepresswages. MoreoversaysMr.Blindereducationoffersnoprotection.Highlyskilledaccountantsradiologistsorcomputerprogrammersnowhavetocompetewithelectronicallydeliveredcompetitionfromabroadwhereashumbletaxidriversjanitorsandcraneoperatorsremainsafefromoff-shoring.ThismayhelptoexplainwhytherealmedianwageofAmericangraduateshasfallenby6%since9000abiggerdeclinethaninaveragewages. Inthe1980sandearly1990sthepaygapbetweenlow-paidlow-skilledworkersandhigh-paidhigh-skilledWorkerswidenedsignificantly.ButsincethenaccordingtoastudybyDavidAutorLawrenceKatzandMelissaKearneyinAmericaBritainandGermanyworkersatthebottomaswellasatthetophavedonebetterthanthoseinthemiddle-incomegroup.OfficecleaningcannotbedonebyworkersinIndia.Itistheeasilystandardisedskilledjobsinthemiddlesuchasaccountingthatarenowbeingsqueezedhardest.AstudybyBradfordJensenandLoriKletzerattheInstituteforInternationalEconomicsinWashingtonD.C.confirmsthatworkersintradableservicesthatareexposedtoforeigncompetitiontendtobemoreskilledthanworkersinnon-tradableservicesandtradablemanufacturingindustries. Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthetext
Themassmediaisabigpartofourcultureyetitcanalsobeahelperadviserandteachertoouryounggeneration.Themassmediaaffectsthelivesofouryoungbyactingasaan1foranumberofinstitutionsandsocialcontacts.Inthiswayit2avarietyoffunctionsinhumanlife. Thetimespentinfrontofthetelevisionscreenisusuallyatthe3ofleisure:thereislesstimeforgamesamusementandrest.4bywhatishappeningonthescreenchildrennotonlyimitatewhattheyseebutdirectly5themselveswithdifferentcharacters.Americanshavebeenconcernedaboutthe6ofviolenceinthemediaandits7harmtochildrenandadolescentsforatleastfortyyears.Duringthisperiodnewmedia8suchasvideogamescabletelevisionmusicvideosandtheInternet.Astheycontinuetogainpopularitythesemedia9television10publicconcernandresearchattention. Anotherlargesocietalconcernonouryounggeneration11bythemediaisbodyimage.12forcescaninfluencebodyimagepositivelyornegatively.13onesocietalandculturalnormsandmassmediamarketing14ourconceptsofbeauty.Inthemassmediatheimagesof15beautyfillmagazinesandnewspapers16fromourtelevisionsandentertainus17themovies.Eveninadvertisingthemassmedia18onacceptedculturalvaluesofthinnessandfitnessforcommercialgain.Youngadultsarepresentedwitha19definedstandardofattractivenessan20thatcarriesunrealisticphysicalexpectations. 14
Themassmediaisabigpartofourcultureyetitcanalsobeahelperadviserandteachertoouryounggeneration.Themassmediaaffectsthelivesofouryoungbyactingasaan1foranumberofinstitutionsandsocialcontacts.Inthiswayit2avarietyoffunctionsinhumanlife. Thetimespentinfrontofthetelevisionscreenisusuallyatthe3ofleisure:thereislesstimeforgamesamusementandrest.4bywhatishappeningonthescreenchildrennotonlyimitatewhattheyseebutdirectly5themselveswithdifferentcharacters.Americanshavebeenconcernedaboutthe6ofviolenceinthemediaandits7harmtochildrenandadolescentsforatleastfortyyears.Duringthisperiodnewmedia8suchasvideogamescabletelevisionmusicvideosandtheInternet.Astheycontinuetogainpopularitythesemedia9television10publicconcernandresearchattention. Anotherlargesocietalconcernonouryounggeneration11bythemediaisbodyimage.12forcescaninfluencebodyimagepositivelyornegatively.13onesocietalandculturalnormsandmassmediamarketing14ourconceptsofbeauty.Inthemassmediatheimagesof15beautyfillmagazinesandnewspapers16fromourtelevisionsandentertainus17themovies.Eveninadvertisingthemassmedia18onacceptedculturalvaluesofthinnessandfitnessforcommercialgain.Youngadultsarepresentedwitha19definedstandardofattractivenessan20thatcarriesunrealisticphysicalexpectations. 12
Themassmediaisabigpartofourcultureyetitcanalsobeahelperadviserandteachertoouryounggeneration.Themassmediaaffectsthelivesofouryoungbyactingasaan1foranumberofinstitutionsandsocialcontacts.Inthiswayit2avarietyoffunctionsinhumanlife. Thetimespentinfrontofthetelevisionscreenisusuallyatthe3ofleisure:thereislesstimeforgamesamusementandrest.4bywhatishappeningonthescreenchildrennotonlyimitatewhattheyseebutdirectly5themselveswithdifferentcharacters.Americanshavebeenconcernedaboutthe6ofviolenceinthemediaandits7harmtochildrenandadolescentsforatleastfortyyears.Duringthisperiodnewmedia8suchasvideogamescabletelevisionmusicvideosandtheInternet.Astheycontinuetogainpopularitythesemedia9television10publicconcernandresearchattention. Anotherlargesocietalconcernonouryounggeneration11bythemediaisbodyimage.12forcescaninfluencebodyimagepositivelyornegatively.13onesocietalandculturalnormsandmassmediamarketing14ourconceptsofbeauty.Inthemassmediatheimagesof15beautyfillmagazinesandnewspapers16fromourtelevisionsandentertainus17themovies.Eveninadvertisingthemassmedia18onacceptedculturalvaluesofthinnessandfitnessforcommercialgain.Youngadultsarepresentedwitha19definedstandardofattractivenessan20thatcarriesunrealisticphysicalexpectations. 16
Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallowthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment. Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay—ofamateursport—andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursofleisure"viewing"televisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem. 49Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybecalledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork. Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofusworkphysicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;othersworkmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreachingmanagingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure. 46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment.
Themassmediaisabigpartofourcultureyetitcanalsobeahelperadviserandteachertoouryounggeneration.Themassmediaaffectsthelivesofouryoungbyactingasaan1foranumberofinstitutionsandsocialcontacts.Inthiswayit2avarietyoffunctionsinhumanlife. Thetimespentinfrontofthetelevisionscreenisusuallyatthe3ofleisure:thereislesstimeforgamesamusementandrest.4bywhatishappeningonthescreenchildrennotonlyimitatewhattheyseebutdirectly5themselveswithdifferentcharacters.Americanshavebeenconcernedaboutthe6ofviolenceinthemediaandits7harmtochildrenandadolescentsforatleastfortyyears.Duringthisperiodnewmedia8suchasvideogamescabletelevisionmusicvideosandtheInternet.Astheycontinuetogainpopularitythesemedia9television10publicconcernandresearchattention. Anotherlargesocietalconcernonouryounggeneration11bythemediaisbodyimage.12forcescaninfluencebodyimagepositivelyornegatively.13onesocietalandculturalnormsandmassmediamarketing14ourconceptsofbeauty.Inthemassmediatheimagesof15beautyfillmagazinesandnewspapers16fromourtelevisionsandentertainus17themovies.Eveninadvertisingthemassmedia18onacceptedculturalvaluesofthinnessandfitnessforcommercialgain.Youngadultsarepresentedwitha19definedstandardofattractivenessan20thatcarriesunrealisticphysicalexpectations. 18
热门题库
更多
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号