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ThesearetoughtimesforWal-MartAmerica’sbiggestretailer.Longaccusedof1small-townAmericamadcondemnedfortheselfishnessofitspaythecompanyhaslatelycomeunder2foritsmeannessoveremployees’health-carebenefits.Thechargeisarguably3:thefirm’shealthcoveragewhile4lessextensivethantheaverageforbigcompaniesisonequalterms5otherretailers’.Butbadpublicitycoupledwithrisingcostshas6theBentonvillegianttoaction.WalMartismakingchangesthatshouldshiftthegroundinAmerica’shealthcaredebate. One7istoreducethepricesofmanygenericorout-of-patentprescriptiondrugs.Wal-Mart’scriticsdismissthemoveasapublicity8.Thelistofdrugsincludesonly143differentmedicinesandexcludesmanypopulargroup.Truebutshort-sighted.Wal-Marthas9retailingbyusingitssizetosqueezesuppliersand10thegainsontoconsumers.Itcould11thesamewithdrugs.A"Wal-Marteffect"indrugswillnotsolveAmerica’shealth-costsproblem:groupaccountforonlyasmallshareofdrugcostswhichinturnmake12only10%ofoverallhealthspending.Butitwould13. Thefirm’sotherinitiativeismore14.Wal-Martisjoiningthesmallbutfast-growinggroupofemployers15arecontrollingcostsbyshiftingtohealthinsurancewithhighdeductibles. Earlyevidence16theseplansdohelpfirmscontrolthecostofhealthinsurance.Butcriticssaythatthesavingsare17.Theyarguethattheplansshiftcoststosickerworkersdiscouragepreventativecareandwillanywaydolittleto18overallhealthspending19mostofthe$2trillionthatAmerica20healthcareeachyeargoestopeoplewithmultiplechronicdiseases. 20
[A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. [B]Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. [C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. [D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. [E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. [F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther. [G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. 44
ThesearetoughtimesforWal-MartAmerica’sbiggestretailer.Longaccusedof1small-townAmericamadcondemnedfortheselfishnessofitspaythecompanyhaslatelycomeunder2foritsmeannessoveremployees’health-carebenefits.Thechargeisarguably3:thefirm’shealthcoveragewhile4lessextensivethantheaverageforbigcompaniesisonequalterms5otherretailers’.Butbadpublicitycoupledwithrisingcostshas6theBentonvillegianttoaction.WalMartismakingchangesthatshouldshiftthegroundinAmerica’shealthcaredebate. One7istoreducethepricesofmanygenericorout-of-patentprescriptiondrugs.Wal-Mart’scriticsdismissthemoveasapublicity8.Thelistofdrugsincludesonly143differentmedicinesandexcludesmanypopulargroup.Truebutshort-sighted.Wal-Marthas9retailingbyusingitssizetosqueezesuppliersand10thegainsontoconsumers.Itcould11thesamewithdrugs.A"Wal-Marteffect"indrugswillnotsolveAmerica’shealth-costsproblem:groupaccountforonlyasmallshareofdrugcostswhichinturnmake12only10%ofoverallhealthspending.Butitwould13. Thefirm’sotherinitiativeismore14.Wal-Martisjoiningthesmallbutfast-growinggroupofemployers15arecontrollingcostsbyshiftingtohealthinsurancewithhighdeductibles. Earlyevidence16theseplansdohelpfirmscontrolthecostofhealthinsurance.Butcriticssaythatthesavingsare17.Theyarguethattheplansshiftcoststosickerworkersdiscouragepreventativecareandwillanywaydolittleto18overallhealthspending19mostofthe$2trillionthatAmerica20healthcareeachyeargoestopeoplewithmultiplechronicdiseases. 12
ThesearetoughtimesforWal-MartAmerica’sbiggestretailer.Longaccusedof1small-townAmericamadcondemnedfortheselfishnessofitspaythecompanyhaslatelycomeunder2foritsmeannessoveremployees’health-carebenefits.Thechargeisarguably3:thefirm’shealthcoveragewhile4lessextensivethantheaverageforbigcompaniesisonequalterms5otherretailers’.Butbadpublicitycoupledwithrisingcostshas6theBentonvillegianttoaction.WalMartismakingchangesthatshouldshiftthegroundinAmerica’shealthcaredebate. One7istoreducethepricesofmanygenericorout-of-patentprescriptiondrugs.Wal-Mart’scriticsdismissthemoveasapublicity8.Thelistofdrugsincludesonly143differentmedicinesandexcludesmanypopulargroup.Truebutshort-sighted.Wal-Marthas9retailingbyusingitssizetosqueezesuppliersand10thegainsontoconsumers.Itcould11thesamewithdrugs.A"Wal-Marteffect"indrugswillnotsolveAmerica’shealth-costsproblem:groupaccountforonlyasmallshareofdrugcostswhichinturnmake12only10%ofoverallhealthspending.Butitwould13. Thefirm’sotherinitiativeismore14.Wal-Martisjoiningthesmallbutfast-growinggroupofemployers15arecontrollingcostsbyshiftingtohealthinsurancewithhighdeductibles. Earlyevidence16theseplansdohelpfirmscontrolthecostofhealthinsurance.Butcriticssaythatthesavingsare17.Theyarguethattheplansshiftcoststosickerworkersdiscouragepreventativecareandwillanywaydolittleto18overallhealthspending19mostofthe$2trillionthatAmerica20healthcareeachyeargoestopeoplewithmultiplechronicdiseases. 16
"Inthelongrun"asJohnMaynardKeynesobserved"wearealldead."True.Butcanthe1runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemistputanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawaytoturnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfromRiderHaggard’s"She"toFrankHerbert’s"Dune".Andnowwiththegrowthof6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafewresearchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhyorganisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelikemachines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachinecanalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofsparepartscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamousaxethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade. Thequestionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13.Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputitslightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother.Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative.Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolvedresponseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisnosurprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventheappearanceofageingcanbe18.It19therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-sinceitisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlongtohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction. 20
Themid-sixtiessawthestartofaprojectthatalongwithothersimilarresearchwastoteachusagreatdealaboutthechimpanzeemind.ThiswasProjectWashoeconceivedbyTrixieandAllenGardner.TheypurchasedaninfantchimpanzeeandbegantoteachherthesignsofASLtheAmericanSignLanguageusedbythedeaf.TwentyyearsearlieranotherhusbandandwifeteamRichardandCathyHayeshadtriedwithanalmosttotallackofsuccesstoteachayoungchimpVikkitotalk.TheHayes*sundertakingtaughtusalotaboutthechimpanzeemindbutVikkialthoughshedidwellinIQtestsandwasclearlyanintelligentyoungstercouldnotlearnhumanspeech.TheGardnershoweverachievedspectacularsuccesswiththeirpupilWashoe.Notonlydidshelearnsignseasilybutshequicklybegantostringthemtogetherinmeaningfulways.Itwasclearthateachsignevokedinhermindamentalimageoftheobjectitrepresented.Ifforexampleshewasaskedinsignlanguagetofetchanappleshewouldgoandlocateanapplethatwasoutofsightinanotherroom. OtherchimpsenteredtheprojectsomestartingtheirlivesindeafsigningfamiliesbeforejoiningWashoe.AndfinallyWashoeadoptedaninfantLoulis.Hecamefromalabwherenothoughtofteachingsignshadeverpenetrated.WhenhewaswithWashoehewasgivennolessonsinlanguageacquisition—notbyhumansanyway.Yetbythetimehewaseightyearsoldhehadmadefifty-eightsignsintheircorrectcontexts.HowdidhelearnthemMostlyitseemsbyimitatingthebehaviorofWashoeandtheotherthreesigningchimpsDarMojaandTam.SometimesthoughhereceivedtuitionfromWashoeherself.Onedayforexampleshebegantoswaggeraboutbipedallyhairbristlingsigningfood!food!food!ingreatexcitement.Shehadseenahumanapproachingwithabarofchocolate.Loulisonlyeighteenmonthsoldwatchedpassively.SuddenlyWashoestoppedherswaggeringwentovertohimtookhishandandmouldedthesignforfoodfingerspointingtowardsmouth.Anothertimeinasimilarcontextshemadethesignforchewinggum—butwithherhandonhisbody.OnathirdoccasionWashoepickedupasmallchairtookitovertoLoulissetitdowninfrontofhimandverydistinctlymadethechairsignthreetimeswatchinghimcloselyasshedidso.ThetwofoodsignsbecameincorporatedintoLoulis’svocabularybutthesignforchairdidnot.Obviouslytheprioritiesofayoungchimparesimilartothoseofahumanchild! Chimpanzeeswhohavebeentaughtalanguagecancombinesignscreativelyinordertodescribeobjectsforwhichtheyhavenosymbol.Washoeforexamplepuzzledhercaretakersbyaskingrepeatedlyforarockberry.Eventuallyittranspiredthatshewasreferringtobrazilnutswhichshehadencounteredforthefirsttimeawhilebefore.Anotherlanguage-trainedchimpdescribedacucumberasagreenbanana.Theycaneveninventsigns.Lucyasshegotolderhadtobeputonaleashforheroutings.Onedayeagertosetoffbuthavingnosignforleashshesignaledherwishesbyholdingacrookedindexfingertotheringonhercollar.Thissignbecamepartofhervocabulary. ThewordtranspireinParagraph3canprobablymean
ThefindingiscontrarytothecommonbeliefthatallpeoplearemotivatedtoalleviatenegativemoodsaccordingtoJonathonBrownaUniversityofWashingtonpsychologist. 46“Manypeoplewithlowself-esteembelievesadnessispartoflifeandthatyoushouldn’ttrytogetridofitwhilepeoplewithhighself-esteembelieveindoingsomethingtofeelbetteriftheyhaveanegativeexperienceorgetinabadmood”saidBrown. Theresearchersconductedfivestudiesinvolvingnearly900people.47Inthekeyexperimenttheresearcherscreatedasadmoodbyhavingsubjectslistentomusicandfoundthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemweresignificantlylesslikelythanpeoplewithhighself-esteemtoselectacomedyvideofromamongsixtapestobreaktheirmood. “Peoplewithlowself-esteemfeelresignationbecausetheyquestionwhetheranythingwillhelpandsay‘I’mnotgoodatbreakingorchangingamood”Brownsaid.“Theyalsobelievesadnessisnotsomethingyougetridofandthatyoulearnandgrowfromsadness.Theyfeelitisnotappropriatetotrytochangeamood.Thesearenotpeoplewhowouldnecessarilygotothemoviesorshoppingtofeelbetter.” Therearethingsthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemcandotosnapanegativemoodaccordingtoBrown. 48“Ifyouhavelowself-esteemyoushouldactivelytrytoriseabovethesadnessandlearnthatyouwillfeelbetterifyoudonotpassivelyacceptsadness.Youcangetbetterifyouremindyourselftodosomething.Youmayhavetokickyourselfinthebutttogotoamoviebecauseitwillrequireaconsciouseffortratherthansomethingthatcomesautomatically”hesaid. Theotherfourstudiesreinforcedtheideathatlowself-esteempeoplearelessmotivatedtochangeanegativemood.Theinitialstudyaskedstudentstorecordinadiaryapositiveornegativeexperiencethathappenedtotheminthenext7to10daysandwhattheydidafterwards.49Thesecondstudyfoundthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemareequallyknowledgeableasthosewithhighself-esteemaboutstrategiestorepairnegativemoods. Thefinaltwostudiesaskedpeopleabouttheirexperienceswhentheywereinanegativemood.50Thosewithhighself-esteemweremorelikelytoexpresstheneedtodosomethingtochangethemoodandlesslikelytorecallinstanceswhentheydidn’tfindawaytoimprovetheirmood.Thosewithlowself-esteemhoweverweremorelikelytosaysuchmoodsareacceptableandthattheycouldn’tchangeamoodeveniftheytried.Theyalsoweremorelikelytosaythatnegativemoodssappedtheirenergy. 50Thosewithhighself-esteemweremorelikelytoexpresstheneedtodosomethingtochangethemoodandlesslikelytorecallinstanceswhentheydidn’tfindawaytoimprovetheirmood.
ThefindingiscontrarytothecommonbeliefthatallpeoplearemotivatedtoalleviatenegativemoodsaccordingtoJonathonBrownaUniversityofWashingtonpsychologist. 46“Manypeoplewithlowself-esteembelievesadnessispartoflifeandthatyoushouldn’ttrytogetridofitwhilepeoplewithhighself-esteembelieveindoingsomethingtofeelbetteriftheyhaveanegativeexperienceorgetinabadmood”saidBrown. Theresearchersconductedfivestudiesinvolvingnearly900people.47Inthekeyexperimenttheresearcherscreatedasadmoodbyhavingsubjectslistentomusicandfoundthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemweresignificantlylesslikelythanpeoplewithhighself-esteemtoselectacomedyvideofromamongsixtapestobreaktheirmood. “Peoplewithlowself-esteemfeelresignationbecausetheyquestionwhetheranythingwillhelpandsay‘I’mnotgoodatbreakingorchangingamood”Brownsaid.“Theyalsobelievesadnessisnotsomethingyougetridofandthatyoulearnandgrowfromsadness.Theyfeelitisnotappropriatetotrytochangeamood.Thesearenotpeoplewhowouldnecessarilygotothemoviesorshoppingtofeelbetter.” Therearethingsthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemcandotosnapanegativemoodaccordingtoBrown. 48“Ifyouhavelowself-esteemyoushouldactivelytrytoriseabovethesadnessandlearnthatyouwillfeelbetterifyoudonotpassivelyacceptsadness.Youcangetbetterifyouremindyourselftodosomething.Youmayhavetokickyourselfinthebutttogotoamoviebecauseitwillrequireaconsciouseffortratherthansomethingthatcomesautomatically”hesaid. Theotherfourstudiesreinforcedtheideathatlowself-esteempeoplearelessmotivatedtochangeanegativemood.Theinitialstudyaskedstudentstorecordinadiaryapositiveornegativeexperiencethathappenedtotheminthenext7to10daysandwhattheydidafterwards.49Thesecondstudyfoundthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemareequallyknowledgeableasthosewithhighself-esteemaboutstrategiestorepairnegativemoods. Thefinaltwostudiesaskedpeopleabouttheirexperienceswhentheywereinanegativemood.50Thosewithhighself-esteemweremorelikelytoexpresstheneedtodosomethingtochangethemoodandlesslikelytorecallinstanceswhentheydidn’tfindawaytoimprovetheirmood.Thosewithlowself-esteemhoweverweremorelikelytosaysuchmoodsareacceptableandthattheycouldn’tchangeamoodeveniftheytried.Theyalsoweremorelikelytosaythatnegativemoodssappedtheirenergy. 46Manypeoplewithlowself-esteembelievesadnessispartoflifeandthatyoushouldn’ttrytogetridofitwhilepeoplewithhighself-esteembelieveindoingsomethingtofeelbetteriftheyhaveanegativeexperienceorgetinabadmood
ThesearetoughtimesforWal-MartAmerica’sbiggestretailer.Longaccusedof1small-townAmericamadcondemnedfortheselfishnessofitspaythecompanyhaslatelycomeunder2foritsmeannessoveremployees’health-carebenefits.Thechargeisarguably3:thefirm’shealthcoveragewhile4lessextensivethantheaverageforbigcompaniesisonequalterms5otherretailers’.Butbadpublicitycoupledwithrisingcostshas6theBentonvillegianttoaction.WalMartismakingchangesthatshouldshiftthegroundinAmerica’shealthcaredebate. One7istoreducethepricesofmanygenericorout-of-patentprescriptiondrugs.Wal-Mart’scriticsdismissthemoveasapublicity8.Thelistofdrugsincludesonly143differentmedicinesandexcludesmanypopulargroup.Truebutshort-sighted.Wal-Marthas9retailingbyusingitssizetosqueezesuppliersand10thegainsontoconsumers.Itcould11thesamewithdrugs.A"Wal-Marteffect"indrugswillnotsolveAmerica’shealth-costsproblem:groupaccountforonlyasmallshareofdrugcostswhichinturnmake12only10%ofoverallhealthspending.Butitwould13. Thefirm’sotherinitiativeismore14.Wal-Martisjoiningthesmallbutfast-growinggroupofemployers15arecontrollingcostsbyshiftingtohealthinsurancewithhighdeductibles. Earlyevidence16theseplansdohelpfirmscontrolthecostofhealthinsurance.Butcriticssaythatthesavingsare17.Theyarguethattheplansshiftcoststosickerworkersdiscouragepreventativecareandwillanywaydolittleto18overallhealthspending19mostofthe$2trillionthatAmerica20healthcareeachyeargoestopeoplewithmultiplechronicdiseases. 18
[A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. [B]Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. [C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. [D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. [E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. [F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther. [G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. 42
TheEuropeanUnion’sBarcelonasummitwhichendedonMarch16thwasplayedoutagainsttheusualbackdropofnoisy"anti-globalization"demonstrationsandmassivesecurity.IfnothingelsethedemonstrationsillustratedthateconomicliberalizationinEurope--themeeting’smaintopic--presentsgenuinepoliticaldifficulties.Influentialsectionsofpublicopinioncontinuetoopposeanythingthattheyimaginethreatens"socialEurope"theidealofacradle-to-gravewelfarestate. InthisclimateofpublicopinionitisnotsurprisingthattheoutcomeinBarcelonawasmodest.ThetotemicissuewasopeningupEurope’senergymarkets.TheFrenchgovernmenthasfoughthardtopreserveaprotectedmarketathomeforitsstate-ownednationalchampionElectricitedeFranceEDF.AtBarcelonaitmadeawell-flaggedtacticalretreat.Thesummiteersconcludedthatfrom2004industrialusersacrossEuropewouldbeabletochoosefromcompetingenergysupplierswhichshouldaccountfor"atleast"60%ofthemarket. SinceEurope’senergymarketisworth350billion$309billionayearandaffectsjustabouteverybusinessthisisabreakthrough.Buteventheenergydealhasdisappointingaspects.Confiningcompetitiontobusinessusersmakesithardertoshowthateconomicliberalizationisthefriendratherthanthefoeoftheordinaryperson.ItalsoallowsEDFtokeepitsmonopolyinthemostprofitablechunkoftheFrenchmarket. InotherareasespeciallytodowithEurope’stoughlabormarketstheEUisactuallygoingbackwards.Thesummiteersdeclaredthat"disincentivesagainsttakingupjobs"shouldberemoved;20mjobsshouldbecreatedwithintheEUby2010.ButonlythreedaysafteraBarcelonajamboreetheEuropeanCommissionendorsedanewlawthatwouldgivealltemporary-agencyworkersthesamerightsasfull-timerswithinsixweeksofgettingtheirfeetunderthedesk.Sixoutof20commissionersdidunusuallyvoteagainstthemeasure--ablatantpieceofre-regulation--butthesocialaffairscommissionerAnnaDiamantopoulouwasunrepentantindeedtriumphant.Adissatisfiedliberaliserinthecommissioncalledthedirective"anabsolutedisaster". Thesummit’sotherachievementsarestillmorefragile.Europe’sleaderspromisedtoincreasespendingon"researchanddevelopment"fromitscurrentfigureof1.9%ofGDPayearto3%.ButhowwillEuropeanpoliticianscompelbusinessestoinvestmoreinresearchNobodyseemstoknow.AndtheonebigresearchprojectagreedonatBarcelonatheGalileosatellite-positioningsystemwhichissupposedtocost3.2billionofpublicmoneyisofdubiouscommercialvaluesincetheEuropeansalreadyenjoyfreeaccesstotheAmericans’GPAsystem.EdwardBannermanheadofeconomicsattheCentreforEuropeanReformaBlairitethink-tankcallsGalileo"thecommonagriculturalpolicyinspace./ Thepubliclaunchedademonstrationsagainstthesummitwithrespectto
TheEuropeanUnion’sBarcelonasummitwhichendedonMarch16thwasplayedoutagainsttheusualbackdropofnoisy"anti-globalization"demonstrationsandmassivesecurity.IfnothingelsethedemonstrationsillustratedthateconomicliberalizationinEurope--themeeting’smaintopic--presentsgenuinepoliticaldifficulties.Influentialsectionsofpublicopinioncontinuetoopposeanythingthattheyimaginethreatens"socialEurope"theidealofacradle-to-gravewelfarestate. InthisclimateofpublicopinionitisnotsurprisingthattheoutcomeinBarcelonawasmodest.ThetotemicissuewasopeningupEurope’senergymarkets.TheFrenchgovernmenthasfoughthardtopreserveaprotectedmarketathomeforitsstate-ownednationalchampionElectricitedeFranceEDF.AtBarcelonaitmadeawell-flaggedtacticalretreat.Thesummiteersconcludedthatfrom2004industrialusersacrossEuropewouldbeabletochoosefromcompetingenergysupplierswhichshouldaccountfor"atleast"60%ofthemarket. SinceEurope’senergymarketisworth350billion$309billionayearandaffectsjustabouteverybusinessthisisabreakthrough.Buteventheenergydealhasdisappointingaspects.Confiningcompetitiontobusinessusersmakesithardertoshowthateconomicliberalizationisthefriendratherthanthefoeoftheordinaryperson.ItalsoallowsEDFtokeepitsmonopolyinthemostprofitablechunkoftheFrenchmarket. InotherareasespeciallytodowithEurope’stoughlabormarketstheEUisactuallygoingbackwards.Thesummiteersdeclaredthat"disincentivesagainsttakingupjobs"shouldberemoved;20mjobsshouldbecreatedwithintheEUby2010.ButonlythreedaysafteraBarcelonajamboreetheEuropeanCommissionendorsedanewlawthatwouldgivealltemporary-agencyworkersthesamerightsasfull-timerswithinsixweeksofgettingtheirfeetunderthedesk.Sixoutof20commissionersdidunusuallyvoteagainstthemeasure--ablatantpieceofre-regulation--butthesocialaffairscommissionerAnnaDiamantopoulouwasunrepentantindeedtriumphant.Adissatisfiedliberaliserinthecommissioncalledthedirective"anabsolutedisaster". Thesummit’sotherachievementsarestillmorefragile.Europe’sleaderspromisedtoincreasespendingon"researchanddevelopment"fromitscurrentfigureof1.9%ofGDPayearto3%.ButhowwillEuropeanpoliticianscompelbusinessestoinvestmoreinresearchNobodyseemstoknow.AndtheonebigresearchprojectagreedonatBarcelonatheGalileosatellite-positioningsystemwhichissupposedtocost3.2billionofpublicmoneyisofdubiouscommercialvaluesincetheEuropeansalreadyenjoyfreeaccesstotheAmericans’GPAsystem.EdwardBannermanheadofeconomicsattheCentreforEuropeanReformaBlairitethink-tankcallsGalileo"thecommonagriculturalpolicyinspace./ WelearnfromthetextthatEdwardBannermanisprobably
Themid-sixtiessawthestartofaprojectthatalongwithothersimilarresearchwastoteachusagreatdealaboutthechimpanzeemind.ThiswasProjectWashoeconceivedbyTrixieandAllenGardner.TheypurchasedaninfantchimpanzeeandbegantoteachherthesignsofASLtheAmericanSignLanguageusedbythedeaf.TwentyyearsearlieranotherhusbandandwifeteamRichardandCathyHayeshadtriedwithanalmosttotallackofsuccesstoteachayoungchimpVikkitotalk.TheHayes*sundertakingtaughtusalotaboutthechimpanzeemindbutVikkialthoughshedidwellinIQtestsandwasclearlyanintelligentyoungstercouldnotlearnhumanspeech.TheGardnershoweverachievedspectacularsuccesswiththeirpupilWashoe.Notonlydidshelearnsignseasilybutshequicklybegantostringthemtogetherinmeaningfulways.Itwasclearthateachsignevokedinhermindamentalimageoftheobjectitrepresented.Ifforexampleshewasaskedinsignlanguagetofetchanappleshewouldgoandlocateanapplethatwasoutofsightinanotherroom. OtherchimpsenteredtheprojectsomestartingtheirlivesindeafsigningfamiliesbeforejoiningWashoe.AndfinallyWashoeadoptedaninfantLoulis.Hecamefromalabwherenothoughtofteachingsignshadeverpenetrated.WhenhewaswithWashoehewasgivennolessonsinlanguageacquisition—notbyhumansanyway.Yetbythetimehewaseightyearsoldhehadmadefifty-eightsignsintheircorrectcontexts.HowdidhelearnthemMostlyitseemsbyimitatingthebehaviorofWashoeandtheotherthreesigningchimpsDarMojaandTam.SometimesthoughhereceivedtuitionfromWashoeherself.Onedayforexampleshebegantoswaggeraboutbipedallyhairbristlingsigningfood!food!food!ingreatexcitement.Shehadseenahumanapproachingwithabarofchocolate.Loulisonlyeighteenmonthsoldwatchedpassively.SuddenlyWashoestoppedherswaggeringwentovertohimtookhishandandmouldedthesignforfoodfingerspointingtowardsmouth.Anothertimeinasimilarcontextshemadethesignforchewinggum—butwithherhandonhisbody.OnathirdoccasionWashoepickedupasmallchairtookitovertoLoulissetitdowninfrontofhimandverydistinctlymadethechairsignthreetimeswatchinghimcloselyasshedidso.ThetwofoodsignsbecameincorporatedintoLoulis’svocabularybutthesignforchairdidnot.Obviouslytheprioritiesofayoungchimparesimilartothoseofahumanchild! Chimpanzeeswhohavebeentaughtalanguagecancombinesignscreativelyinordertodescribeobjectsforwhichtheyhavenosymbol.Washoeforexamplepuzzledhercaretakersbyaskingrepeatedlyforarockberry.Eventuallyittranspiredthatshewasreferringtobrazilnutswhichshehadencounteredforthefirsttimeawhilebefore.Anotherlanguage-trainedchimpdescribedacucumberasagreenbanana.Theycaneveninventsigns.Lucyasshegotolderhadtobeputonaleashforheroutings.Onedayeagertosetoffbuthavingnosignforleashshesignaledherwishesbyholdingacrookedindexfingertotheringonhercollar.Thissignbecamepartofhervocabulary. TheexampleofWashoebeingsenttofetchanapplewhichisinanotherroomindicatesthat
ThefindingiscontrarytothecommonbeliefthatallpeoplearemotivatedtoalleviatenegativemoodsaccordingtoJonathonBrownaUniversityofWashingtonpsychologist. 46“Manypeoplewithlowself-esteembelievesadnessispartoflifeandthatyoushouldn’ttrytogetridofitwhilepeoplewithhighself-esteembelieveindoingsomethingtofeelbetteriftheyhaveanegativeexperienceorgetinabadmood”saidBrown. Theresearchersconductedfivestudiesinvolvingnearly900people.47Inthekeyexperimenttheresearcherscreatedasadmoodbyhavingsubjectslistentomusicandfoundthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemweresignificantlylesslikelythanpeoplewithhighself-esteemtoselectacomedyvideofromamongsixtapestobreaktheirmood. “Peoplewithlowself-esteemfeelresignationbecausetheyquestionwhetheranythingwillhelpandsay‘I’mnotgoodatbreakingorchangingamood”Brownsaid.“Theyalsobelievesadnessisnotsomethingyougetridofandthatyoulearnandgrowfromsadness.Theyfeelitisnotappropriatetotrytochangeamood.Thesearenotpeoplewhowouldnecessarilygotothemoviesorshoppingtofeelbetter.” Therearethingsthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemcandotosnapanegativemoodaccordingtoBrown. 48“Ifyouhavelowself-esteemyoushouldactivelytrytoriseabovethesadnessandlearnthatyouwillfeelbetterifyoudonotpassivelyacceptsadness.Youcangetbetterifyouremindyourselftodosomething.Youmayhavetokickyourselfinthebutttogotoamoviebecauseitwillrequireaconsciouseffortratherthansomethingthatcomesautomatically”hesaid. Theotherfourstudiesreinforcedtheideathatlowself-esteempeoplearelessmotivatedtochangeanegativemood.Theinitialstudyaskedstudentstorecordinadiaryapositiveornegativeexperiencethathappenedtotheminthenext7to10daysandwhattheydidafterwards.49Thesecondstudyfoundthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemareequallyknowledgeableasthosewithhighself-esteemaboutstrategiestorepairnegativemoods. Thefinaltwostudiesaskedpeopleabouttheirexperienceswhentheywereinanegativemood.50Thosewithhighself-esteemweremorelikelytoexpresstheneedtodosomethingtochangethemoodandlesslikelytorecallinstanceswhentheydidn’tfindawaytoimprovetheirmood.Thosewithlowself-esteemhoweverweremorelikelytosaysuchmoodsareacceptableandthattheycouldn’tchangeamoodeveniftheytried.Theyalsoweremorelikelytosaythatnegativemoodssappedtheirenergy. 48Ifyouhavelowself-esteemyoushouldactivelytrytoriseabovethesadnessandlearnthatyouwillfeelbetterifyoudonotpassivelyacceptsadness.
ThesearetoughtimesforWal-MartAmerica’sbiggestretailer.Longaccusedof1small-townAmericamadcondemnedfortheselfishnessofitspaythecompanyhaslatelycomeunder2foritsmeannessoveremployees’health-carebenefits.Thechargeisarguably3:thefirm’shealthcoveragewhile4lessextensivethantheaverageforbigcompaniesisonequalterms5otherretailers’.Butbadpublicitycoupledwithrisingcostshas6theBentonvillegianttoaction.WalMartismakingchangesthatshouldshiftthegroundinAmerica’shealthcaredebate. One7istoreducethepricesofmanygenericorout-of-patentprescriptiondrugs.Wal-Mart’scriticsdismissthemoveasapublicity8.Thelistofdrugsincludesonly143differentmedicinesandexcludesmanypopulargroup.Truebutshort-sighted.Wal-Marthas9retailingbyusingitssizetosqueezesuppliersand10thegainsontoconsumers.Itcould11thesamewithdrugs.A"Wal-Marteffect"indrugswillnotsolveAmerica’shealth-costsproblem:groupaccountforonlyasmallshareofdrugcostswhichinturnmake12only10%ofoverallhealthspending.Butitwould13. Thefirm’sotherinitiativeismore14.Wal-Martisjoiningthesmallbutfast-growinggroupofemployers15arecontrollingcostsbyshiftingtohealthinsurancewithhighdeductibles. Earlyevidence16theseplansdohelpfirmscontrolthecostofhealthinsurance.Butcriticssaythatthesavingsare17.Theyarguethattheplansshiftcoststosickerworkersdiscouragepreventativecareandwillanywaydolittleto18overallhealthspending19mostofthe$2trillionthatAmerica20healthcareeachyeargoestopeoplewithmultiplechronicdiseases. 10
ThesearetoughtimesforWal-MartAmerica’sbiggestretailer.Longaccusedof1small-townAmericamadcondemnedfortheselfishnessofitspaythecompanyhaslatelycomeunder2foritsmeannessoveremployees’health-carebenefits.Thechargeisarguably3:thefirm’shealthcoveragewhile4lessextensivethantheaverageforbigcompaniesisonequalterms5otherretailers’.Butbadpublicitycoupledwithrisingcostshas6theBentonvillegianttoaction.WalMartismakingchangesthatshouldshiftthegroundinAmerica’shealthcaredebate. One7istoreducethepricesofmanygenericorout-of-patentprescriptiondrugs.Wal-Mart’scriticsdismissthemoveasapublicity8.Thelistofdrugsincludesonly143differentmedicinesandexcludesmanypopulargroup.Truebutshort-sighted.Wal-Marthas9retailingbyusingitssizetosqueezesuppliersand10thegainsontoconsumers.Itcould11thesamewithdrugs.A"Wal-Marteffect"indrugswillnotsolveAmerica’shealth-costsproblem:groupaccountforonlyasmallshareofdrugcostswhichinturnmake12only10%ofoverallhealthspending.Butitwould13. Thefirm’sotherinitiativeismore14.Wal-Martisjoiningthesmallbutfast-growinggroupofemployers15arecontrollingcostsbyshiftingtohealthinsurancewithhighdeductibles. Earlyevidence16theseplansdohelpfirmscontrolthecostofhealthinsurance.Butcriticssaythatthesavingsare17.Theyarguethattheplansshiftcoststosickerworkersdiscouragepreventativecareandwillanywaydolittleto18overallhealthspending19mostofthe$2trillionthatAmerica20healthcareeachyeargoestopeoplewithmultiplechronicdiseases. 2
Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird—theoddhoursthenonconformitytheclovecigarettes.Howevertheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobsaretoexploreemotionsandyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeellousy.Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofartlikepaintingandmusicarethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcenturymoreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipidphonyorworstofallboring.Inthe20thcenturyclassicalmusicbecamemoreatonalvisualartmoreunsettling. Suretherehavebeenexceptionsbutitwouldnotbeastretchtosaythatforthepastcenturyorsoseriousarthasbeenatwarwithhappiness.In1824Beethovencompletedhis"OdetoJoy".In1962novelistAnthonyBurgessuseditinAClockworkOrangeasthefavoritemusicofhisultra-violentantihero. Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemodemtimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butthereasonmayactuallybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchhappinessintheworldtoday. IntheWestbeforemasscommunicationandliteracythemostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurchwhichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.TodaythemessagesthattheaverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercialandrelentlesslyhappy.Sincethesemessageshaveanagenda—topryourwalletsfromourpockets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseembogus."Celebrate!"commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrexbeforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattack. Whatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.TodaysurroundedbypromisesofeasyhappinessweneedsomeonetotellusthatitisOKnottobehappythatsadnessmakeshappinessdeeper.AsthewineconnoisseurmovieSidewaystellsusitisthekissofdecayandmortalitythatmakesgrapejuiceintoPinotNoir.Weneedarttotellusasreligiononcedidthatyouwilldiethateverythingendsandthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigaretteyetsomehowisabreathoffreshair. ThewordCelebrexintheadvertisement
WhoeversaidthatvictoryhasmanyfathersanddefeatisanorphansurelyhadneverheardoftheWorldTradeOrganizationWTO.InthecaseofthehaplessmultilateraltradebodyanditslongsufferingrepresentativesthetotalfailureoftheopeningmeetingofthesocalledMillenniumtraderoundhaslotsofpeopleboastingoftheirrolesintheviolentphysicalstruggle.Well.That’sjustbrilliant.Theyareproudofbeingpartofamovementthatwantstowreckthemostimportantengineofeconomicgrowthprosperityandoverallglobalrisinglivingstandardswehave--thefreedomoftradeandmovementofpeopleandgoodsbetweennations. The135-memberWTOiscomposedofsovereigngovernmentswishingtofurtherthisgoalandeasethesettlementofinternationaltradedisputes.FromthesoundsemanatingfromSeattlethoughitwouldnowseemtheWTOhasnowreplacedtheTrilateralCommissionandtheFreemasonsascandidateNo.1totakeovertheWorld. EverybodyhashisfavoriteSeattlestory.Thecity’spolicechiefwillhaveplentyoftimetothinkabouthishavingnowresignedindisgraceoverthelossofcontrolofdowntownSeattle.TheSeattlebusinesscommunitymaybemoreinclinedtobroodovertheirs--thepoorfoolsinvested$9milliontoattractthemeetingtotheirfinecity.WhatstandsoutmoreIwouldnominatetheunionofsteelworkerswhoweremarchinginprotest.It’sanimagethatwillbogglethemindforyearstocome. Thedebatenowisoverjusthoweffectivethisanti-globalistcoalitionwillturnouttobe.Intheheatofthemomentitalwayslooksasthoughtheworldasweknowitiscomingtoanend.ButtheoverwhelminglikelihoodisthatwehavenotactuallyseenareplayoftheantiVietnamWarmovementwhichhadmuchclearerfocusobviouslythoughitsconsequenceswerefar-reaching.Howlongafterallcanyouprotestagainstcheapimportswhenthosesameimportsarealloveryourhouse NotherealreasonforthedisasterinSeattleispoliticalandreportscomingoutofthemeetingpointtoPresidentClintonasamajorculprit.Whichmaybebothgoodandbad.Takingthelongviewothertraderoundshavehaddifficultbeginningstoo.IttookyearstogettheUruguayRoundunderwaywhichfinallyhappenedin1986.Thankfullywewillsoonbeelectinganotherpresidentanditshouldbesomeonewhoseactionsmatchhisrhetoric. Stillitisadisgracethattheworld’sgreatesttradingnationi.e.theUnitedStatesiscurrentlyledbyamanwhosemotivationsaresonarrowlypoliticalandegocentricthathehasnowwreckedanychanceofenteringthehistorybooksasachampionoffreetrade. TheauthorisobviouslycriticalofPresidentClintonfor
WhoeversaidthatvictoryhasmanyfathersanddefeatisanorphansurelyhadneverheardoftheWorldTradeOrganizationWTO.InthecaseofthehaplessmultilateraltradebodyanditslongsufferingrepresentativesthetotalfailureoftheopeningmeetingofthesocalledMillenniumtraderoundhaslotsofpeopleboastingoftheirrolesintheviolentphysicalstruggle.Well.That’sjustbrilliant.Theyareproudofbeingpartofamovementthatwantstowreckthemostimportantengineofeconomicgrowthprosperityandoverallglobalrisinglivingstandardswehave--thefreedomoftradeandmovementofpeopleandgoodsbetweennations. The135-memberWTOiscomposedofsovereigngovernmentswishingtofurtherthisgoalandeasethesettlementofinternationaltradedisputes.FromthesoundsemanatingfromSeattlethoughitwouldnowseemtheWTOhasnowreplacedtheTrilateralCommissionandtheFreemasonsascandidateNo.1totakeovertheWorld. EverybodyhashisfavoriteSeattlestory.Thecity’spolicechiefwillhaveplentyoftimetothinkabouthishavingnowresignedindisgraceoverthelossofcontrolofdowntownSeattle.TheSeattlebusinesscommunitymaybemoreinclinedtobroodovertheirs--thepoorfoolsinvested$9milliontoattractthemeetingtotheirfinecity.WhatstandsoutmoreIwouldnominatetheunionofsteelworkerswhoweremarchinginprotest.It’sanimagethatwillbogglethemindforyearstocome. Thedebatenowisoverjusthoweffectivethisanti-globalistcoalitionwillturnouttobe.Intheheatofthemomentitalwayslooksasthoughtheworldasweknowitiscomingtoanend.ButtheoverwhelminglikelihoodisthatwehavenotactuallyseenareplayoftheantiVietnamWarmovementwhichhadmuchclearerfocusobviouslythoughitsconsequenceswerefar-reaching.Howlongafterallcanyouprotestagainstcheapimportswhenthosesameimportsarealloveryourhouse NotherealreasonforthedisasterinSeattleispoliticalandreportscomingoutofthemeetingpointtoPresidentClintonasamajorculprit.Whichmaybebothgoodandbad.Takingthelongviewothertraderoundshavehaddifficultbeginningstoo.IttookyearstogettheUruguayRoundunderwaywhichfinallyhappenedin1986.Thankfullywewillsoonbeelectinganotherpresidentanditshouldbesomeonewhoseactionsmatchhisrhetoric. Stillitisadisgracethattheworld’sgreatesttradingnationi.e.theUnitedStatesiscurrentlyledbyamanwhosemotivationsaresonarrowlypoliticalandegocentricthathehasnowwreckedanychanceofenteringthehistorybooksasachampionoffreetrade. ItisimpliedinthefirstsentencethatthefailureofMillenniumtraderoundcouldbeattributedto
ThesearetoughtimesforWal-MartAmerica’sbiggestretailer.Longaccusedof1small-townAmericamadcondemnedfortheselfishnessofitspaythecompanyhaslatelycomeunder2foritsmeannessoveremployees’health-carebenefits.Thechargeisarguably3:thefirm’shealthcoveragewhile4lessextensivethantheaverageforbigcompaniesisonequalterms5otherretailers’.Butbadpublicitycoupledwithrisingcostshas6theBentonvillegianttoaction.WalMartismakingchangesthatshouldshiftthegroundinAmerica’shealthcaredebate. One7istoreducethepricesofmanygenericorout-of-patentprescriptiondrugs.Wal-Mart’scriticsdismissthemoveasapublicity8.Thelistofdrugsincludesonly143differentmedicinesandexcludesmanypopulargroup.Truebutshort-sighted.Wal-Marthas9retailingbyusingitssizetosqueezesuppliersand10thegainsontoconsumers.Itcould11thesamewithdrugs.A"Wal-Marteffect"indrugswillnotsolveAmerica’shealth-costsproblem:groupaccountforonlyasmallshareofdrugcostswhichinturnmake12only10%ofoverallhealthspending.Butitwould13. Thefirm’sotherinitiativeismore14.Wal-Martisjoiningthesmallbutfast-growinggroupofemployers15arecontrollingcostsbyshiftingtohealthinsurancewithhighdeductibles. Earlyevidence16theseplansdohelpfirmscontrolthecostofhealthinsurance.Butcriticssaythatthesavingsare17.Theyarguethattheplansshiftcoststosickerworkersdiscouragepreventativecareandwillanywaydolittleto18overallhealthspending19mostofthe$2trillionthatAmerica20healthcareeachyeargoestopeoplewithmultiplechronicdiseases. 14
Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird—theoddhoursthenonconformitytheclovecigarettes.Howevertheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobsaretoexploreemotionsandyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeellousy.Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofartlikepaintingandmusicarethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcenturymoreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipidphonyorworstofallboring.Inthe20thcenturyclassicalmusicbecamemoreatonalvisualartmoreunsettling. Suretherehavebeenexceptionsbutitwouldnotbeastretchtosaythatforthepastcenturyorsoseriousarthasbeenatwarwithhappiness.In1824Beethovencompletedhis"OdetoJoy".In1962novelistAnthonyBurgessuseditinAClockworkOrangeasthefavoritemusicofhisultra-violentantihero. Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemodemtimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butthereasonmayactuallybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchhappinessintheworldtoday. IntheWestbeforemasscommunicationandliteracythemostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurchwhichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.TodaythemessagesthattheaverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercialandrelentlesslyhappy.Sincethesemessageshaveanagenda—topryourwalletsfromourpockets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseembogus."Celebrate!"commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrexbeforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattack. Whatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.TodaysurroundedbypromisesofeasyhappinessweneedsomeonetotellusthatitisOKnottobehappythatsadnessmakeshappinessdeeper.AsthewineconnoisseurmovieSidewaystellsusitisthekissofdecayandmortalitythatmakesgrapejuiceintoPinotNoir.Weneedarttotellusasreligiononcedidthatyouwilldiethateverythingendsandthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigaretteyetsomehowisabreathoffreshair. WhatdoestheauthorimplywiththemovieSideways
Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird—theoddhoursthenonconformitytheclovecigarettes.Howevertheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobsaretoexploreemotionsandyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeellousy.Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofartlikepaintingandmusicarethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcenturymoreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipidphonyorworstofallboring.Inthe20thcenturyclassicalmusicbecamemoreatonalvisualartmoreunsettling. Suretherehavebeenexceptionsbutitwouldnotbeastretchtosaythatforthepastcenturyorsoseriousarthasbeenatwarwithhappiness.In1824Beethovencompletedhis"OdetoJoy".In1962novelistAnthonyBurgessuseditinAClockworkOrangeasthefavoritemusicofhisultra-violentantihero. Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemodemtimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butthereasonmayactuallybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchhappinessintheworldtoday. IntheWestbeforemasscommunicationandliteracythemostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurchwhichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.TodaythemessagesthattheaverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercialandrelentlesslyhappy.Sincethesemessageshaveanagenda—topryourwalletsfromourpockets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseembogus."Celebrate!"commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrexbeforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattack. Whatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.TodaysurroundedbypromisesofeasyhappinessweneedsomeonetotellusthatitisOKnottobehappythatsadnessmakeshappinessdeeper.AsthewineconnoisseurmovieSidewaystellsusitisthekissofdecayandmortalitythatmakesgrapejuiceintoPinotNoir.Weneedarttotellusasreligiononcedidthatyouwilldiethateverythingendsandthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigaretteyetsomehowisabreathoffreshair. Whatisthestrangestaboutartists
"Inthelongrun"asJohnMaynardKeynesobserved"wearealldead."True.Butcanthe1runbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrun2AndifsohowandatwhatcostPeoplehavedreamtof3sincetimeimmemorial.Theyhavesoughtitsincethefirstalchemistputanelixirof4onthesameshoppinglistasawaytoturnleadintogold.Theyhave5aboutitinfictionfromRiderHaggard’s"She"toFrankHerbert’s"Dune".Andnowwiththegrowthof6knowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecadesafewresearchersbelieveitmightbewithin7. Tothinkaboutthequestionitisimportanttounderstandwhyorganisms-people8-ageinthefirstplace.Peoplearelikemachines:they9Thatmuchisobvious.Howeveramachinecanalwaysbe10Agoodmechanicwithastockofsparepartscankeepitgoing11.Eventuallynopartofthe12mayremainbutitstillcarriesonlikeLincoln’sfamousaxethathadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblade. Thequestionofcourseiswhetherthemachineisworth13.Itisherethatpeopleandnature14.Ortoputitslightly15twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother.Fromtheindividual’spointofview16isanimperative.Youcannotreproduceunlessyouarealive.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolvedresponseandsince17isasurewayofdyingitisnosurprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreovereventheappearanceofageingcanbe18.It19therangeofpotentialsexualpartnerswhofindyouattractive-sinceitisasignthatyouarenotgoingtobe20allthatlongtohelpbringupbaby-andthusagaincurbsyourreproduction. 18
ThesearetoughtimesforWal-MartAmerica’sbiggestretailer.Longaccusedof1small-townAmericamadcondemnedfortheselfishnessofitspaythecompanyhaslatelycomeunder2foritsmeannessoveremployees’health-carebenefits.Thechargeisarguably3:thefirm’shealthcoveragewhile4lessextensivethantheaverageforbigcompaniesisonequalterms5otherretailers’.Butbadpublicitycoupledwithrisingcostshas6theBentonvillegianttoaction.WalMartismakingchangesthatshouldshiftthegroundinAmerica’shealthcaredebate. One7istoreducethepricesofmanygenericorout-of-patentprescriptiondrugs.Wal-Mart’scriticsdismissthemoveasapublicity8.Thelistofdrugsincludesonly143differentmedicinesandexcludesmanypopulargroup.Truebutshort-sighted.Wal-Marthas9retailingbyusingitssizetosqueezesuppliersand10thegainsontoconsumers.Itcould11thesamewithdrugs.A"Wal-Marteffect"indrugswillnotsolveAmerica’shealth-costsproblem:groupaccountforonlyasmallshareofdrugcostswhichinturnmake12only10%ofoverallhealthspending.Butitwould13. Thefirm’sotherinitiativeismore14.Wal-Martisjoiningthesmallbutfast-growinggroupofemployers15arecontrollingcostsbyshiftingtohealthinsurancewithhighdeductibles. Earlyevidence16theseplansdohelpfirmscontrolthecostofhealthinsurance.Butcriticssaythatthesavingsare17.Theyarguethattheplansshiftcoststosickerworkersdiscouragepreventativecareandwillanywaydolittleto18overallhealthspending19mostofthe$2trillionthatAmerica20healthcareeachyeargoestopeoplewithmultiplechronicdiseases. 6
Themid-sixtiessawthestartofaprojectthatalongwithothersimilarresearchwastoteachusagreatdealaboutthechimpanzeemind.ThiswasProjectWashoeconceivedbyTrixieandAllenGardner.TheypurchasedaninfantchimpanzeeandbegantoteachherthesignsofASLtheAmericanSignLanguageusedbythedeaf.TwentyyearsearlieranotherhusbandandwifeteamRichardandCathyHayeshadtriedwithanalmosttotallackofsuccesstoteachayoungchimpVikkitotalk.TheHayes*sundertakingtaughtusalotaboutthechimpanzeemindbutVikkialthoughshedidwellinIQtestsandwasclearlyanintelligentyoungstercouldnotlearnhumanspeech.TheGardnershoweverachievedspectacularsuccesswiththeirpupilWashoe.Notonlydidshelearnsignseasilybutshequicklybegantostringthemtogetherinmeaningfulways.Itwasclearthateachsignevokedinhermindamentalimageoftheobjectitrepresented.Ifforexampleshewasaskedinsignlanguagetofetchanappleshewouldgoandlocateanapplethatwasoutofsightinanotherroom. OtherchimpsenteredtheprojectsomestartingtheirlivesindeafsigningfamiliesbeforejoiningWashoe.AndfinallyWashoeadoptedaninfantLoulis.Hecamefromalabwherenothoughtofteachingsignshadeverpenetrated.WhenhewaswithWashoehewasgivennolessonsinlanguageacquisition—notbyhumansanyway.Yetbythetimehewaseightyearsoldhehadmadefifty-eightsignsintheircorrectcontexts.HowdidhelearnthemMostlyitseemsbyimitatingthebehaviorofWashoeandtheotherthreesigningchimpsDarMojaandTam.SometimesthoughhereceivedtuitionfromWashoeherself.Onedayforexampleshebegantoswaggeraboutbipedallyhairbristlingsigningfood!food!food!ingreatexcitement.Shehadseenahumanapproachingwithabarofchocolate.Loulisonlyeighteenmonthsoldwatchedpassively.SuddenlyWashoestoppedherswaggeringwentovertohimtookhishandandmouldedthesignforfoodfingerspointingtowardsmouth.Anothertimeinasimilarcontextshemadethesignforchewinggum—butwithherhandonhisbody.OnathirdoccasionWashoepickedupasmallchairtookitovertoLoulissetitdowninfrontofhimandverydistinctlymadethechairsignthreetimeswatchinghimcloselyasshedidso.ThetwofoodsignsbecameincorporatedintoLoulis’svocabularybutthesignforchairdidnot.Obviouslytheprioritiesofayoungchimparesimilartothoseofahumanchild! Chimpanzeeswhohavebeentaughtalanguagecancombinesignscreativelyinordertodescribeobjectsforwhichtheyhavenosymbol.Washoeforexamplepuzzledhercaretakersbyaskingrepeatedlyforarockberry.Eventuallyittranspiredthatshewasreferringtobrazilnutswhichshehadencounteredforthefirsttimeawhilebefore.Anotherlanguage-trainedchimpdescribedacucumberasagreenbanana.Theycaneveninventsigns.Lucyasshegotolderhadtobeputonaleashforheroutings.Onedayeagertosetoffbuthavingnosignforleashshesignaledherwishesbyholdingacrookedindexfingertotheringonhercollar.Thissignbecamepartofhervocabulary. Thebesttitleofthispassagecanbe
September11th2001drewthetransatlanticalliancetogether;butthemooddidnotlastandoverthefiveyearssinceithaspulledeverfurtherapart.ArecentpollfortheGermanMarshallFundshowsthat57%ofEuropeansregardAmericanleadershipinworldaffairsas"undesirable".TheIraqwarismainlytoblame.Butthereisanotherandmoreintractablereasonforthegrowingdivision:God. EuropeansworrythatAmericanforeignpolicyunderGeorgeBushistooinfluencedbyreligion.The"holywarriors"whohijackedtheplanesonSeptember11threintroducedGodintointernationalaffairsinthemostdramaticofways.ItseemsthatGeorgeBushisreplyinginkindencouragingaclashofreligionsthatcouldspellglobalcatastrophe. DominiqueMoisiaspecialadviserattheFrenchInstituteforInternationalRelationsarguesthat"thecombinationofreligionandnationalisminAmericaisfrightening.WefeelbetrayedbyGodandbynationalismwhichiswhywearebuildingtheEuropeanUnionasabarriertoreligiouswarfare."JosefBramloftheGermanInstituteforInternationalandSecurityAffairscomplainsthatinAmerica"religiousattitudeshavemoreofaninfluenceonpoliticalchoicesthaninanyotherwesterndemocracy." ThenotionthatAmericaistooinfluencedbyreligionisnotconfinedtotheelites. ThreeinfiveFrenchpeopleandnearlyasmanyDutchthinkthatAmericansaretooreligious—andthatreligionskewswhatshouldbeseculardecisions.EuropeanswhothinkthatAmericais"tooreligious"aremoreinclinedtoanti-Americanismthantheirfellowcountrymen.38%ofBritonshaveanunfavourableviewofAmericabutthatnumberrisesto50%amongpeoplewhoarewaryofAmericanreligiosity. IsAmericaengagedinafaith-basedforeignpolicyReligioncertainlyexertsagrowinginfluenceonitsactionsintheworldbutinwaysmoresubtleandcomplicatedthanEuropeansimagine.ItistruethatAmericaisundergoingareligiousrevival"Hot"religionssuchasevangelicalProtestantismandhardlineCatholicismaregrowingrapidlywhile"cool"mainlineversionsofChristianityaredeclining.ItisalsotruethattheRepublicanPartyisbeingreshapedbythisrevival.Self-identifiedevangelicalsprovidedalmost40%ofMr.Bush’svotein2004;ifyouaddinothertheologicalconservativessuchasMormonsandtraditionalCatholicsthatnumberrisescloserto60%.AllsixtopRepublicanleadersintheSenatehaveearned100%ratingsfromtheChristianCoalition. ItisalsotruethatMr.Bushfrequentlyusesreligiousrhetoricwhentalkingofforeignaffairs.OnSeptember12thhewasatitagaintellingagroupofconservativejournaliststhatheseesthewaronterroras"aconfrontationbetweengoodandevil"andremarking"Itseemstomethatthere’saThirdAwakening"inotherwordsanoutbreakofChristianevangelicalfervourofthesortthathassweptacrossAmericaatleasttwicebefore.AndChristianAmericaoverallistakingabiggerinterestinforeignpolicy.NewvoicesarebeingheardSuchasSamBrownbackaconservativesenatorfromKansaswhohasledthefightagainstgenocideinDarfurandRickWarrentheauthorofabestsellercalledThePurpose-DrivenLifewhoissending2000missionariestoRwanda. Finallyitistruethatreligiousfigureshavedonesomeprettyoutrageousthings.PatRobertsoncalledfortheassassinationofHugoChavezthepresidentofVenezuela.Lieu-tenant-GeneralWilliam"Jerry"Boykindeputyunder-secretaryofdefenceforintelligencetouredthecountrytellingChristiangroupsthatradicalMuslimshateAmerica"becausewe’reaChristiannationandtheenemyisaguynamedSatan".Heoftenworeuniform. Thephraseinkindinthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphmostprobablydenotes
ThesearetoughtimesforWal-MartAmerica’sbiggestretailer.Longaccusedof1small-townAmericamadcondemnedfortheselfishnessofitspaythecompanyhaslatelycomeunder2foritsmeannessoveremployees’health-carebenefits.Thechargeisarguably3:thefirm’shealthcoveragewhile4lessextensivethantheaverageforbigcompaniesisonequalterms5otherretailers’.Butbadpublicitycoupledwithrisingcostshas6theBentonvillegianttoaction.WalMartismakingchangesthatshouldshiftthegroundinAmerica’shealthcaredebate. One7istoreducethepricesofmanygenericorout-of-patentprescriptiondrugs.Wal-Mart’scriticsdismissthemoveasapublicity8.Thelistofdrugsincludesonly143differentmedicinesandexcludesmanypopulargroup.Truebutshort-sighted.Wal-Marthas9retailingbyusingitssizetosqueezesuppliersand10thegainsontoconsumers.Itcould11thesamewithdrugs.A"Wal-Marteffect"indrugswillnotsolveAmerica’shealth-costsproblem:groupaccountforonlyasmallshareofdrugcostswhichinturnmake12only10%ofoverallhealthspending.Butitwould13. Thefirm’sotherinitiativeismore14.Wal-Martisjoiningthesmallbutfast-growinggroupofemployers15arecontrollingcostsbyshiftingtohealthinsurancewithhighdeductibles. Earlyevidence16theseplansdohelpfirmscontrolthecostofhealthinsurance.Butcriticssaythatthesavingsare17.Theyarguethattheplansshiftcoststosickerworkersdiscouragepreventativecareandwillanywaydolittleto18overallhealthspending19mostofthe$2trillionthatAmerica20healthcareeachyeargoestopeoplewithmultiplechronicdiseases. 8
ThesearetoughtimesforWal-MartAmerica’sbiggestretailer.Longaccusedof1small-townAmericamadcondemnedfortheselfishnessofitspaythecompanyhaslatelycomeunder2foritsmeannessoveremployees’health-carebenefits.Thechargeisarguably3:thefirm’shealthcoveragewhile4lessextensivethantheaverageforbigcompaniesisonequalterms5otherretailers’.Butbadpublicitycoupledwithrisingcostshas6theBentonvillegianttoaction.WalMartismakingchangesthatshouldshiftthegroundinAmerica’shealthcaredebate. One7istoreducethepricesofmanygenericorout-of-patentprescriptiondrugs.Wal-Mart’scriticsdismissthemoveasapublicity8.Thelistofdrugsincludesonly143differentmedicinesandexcludesmanypopulargroup.Truebutshort-sighted.Wal-Marthas9retailingbyusingitssizetosqueezesuppliersand10thegainsontoconsumers.Itcould11thesamewithdrugs.A"Wal-Marteffect"indrugswillnotsolveAmerica’shealth-costsproblem:groupaccountforonlyasmallshareofdrugcostswhichinturnmake12only10%ofoverallhealthspending.Butitwould13. Thefirm’sotherinitiativeismore14.Wal-Martisjoiningthesmallbutfast-growinggroupofemployers15arecontrollingcostsbyshiftingtohealthinsurancewithhighdeductibles. Earlyevidence16theseplansdohelpfirmscontrolthecostofhealthinsurance.Butcriticssaythatthesavingsare17.Theyarguethattheplansshiftcoststosickerworkersdiscouragepreventativecareandwillanywaydolittleto18overallhealthspending19mostofthe$2trillionthatAmerica20healthcareeachyeargoestopeoplewithmultiplechronicdiseases. 4
September11th2001drewthetransatlanticalliancetogether;butthemooddidnotlastandoverthefiveyearssinceithaspulledeverfurtherapart.ArecentpollfortheGermanMarshallFundshowsthat57%ofEuropeansregardAmericanleadershipinworldaffairsas"undesirable".TheIraqwarismainlytoblame.Butthereisanotherandmoreintractablereasonforthegrowingdivision:God. EuropeansworrythatAmericanforeignpolicyunderGeorgeBushistooinfluencedbyreligion.The"holywarriors"whohijackedtheplanesonSeptember11threintroducedGodintointernationalaffairsinthemostdramaticofways.ItseemsthatGeorgeBushisreplyinginkindencouragingaclashofreligionsthatcouldspellglobalcatastrophe. DominiqueMoisiaspecialadviserattheFrenchInstituteforInternationalRelationsarguesthat"thecombinationofreligionandnationalisminAmericaisfrightening.WefeelbetrayedbyGodandbynationalismwhichiswhywearebuildingtheEuropeanUnionasabarriertoreligiouswarfare."JosefBramloftheGermanInstituteforInternationalandSecurityAffairscomplainsthatinAmerica"religiousattitudeshavemoreofaninfluenceonpoliticalchoicesthaninanyotherwesterndemocracy." ThenotionthatAmericaistooinfluencedbyreligionisnotconfinedtotheelites. ThreeinfiveFrenchpeopleandnearlyasmanyDutchthinkthatAmericansaretooreligious—andthatreligionskewswhatshouldbeseculardecisions.EuropeanswhothinkthatAmericais"tooreligious"aremoreinclinedtoanti-Americanismthantheirfellowcountrymen.38%ofBritonshaveanunfavourableviewofAmericabutthatnumberrisesto50%amongpeoplewhoarewaryofAmericanreligiosity. IsAmericaengagedinafaith-basedforeignpolicyReligioncertainlyexertsagrowinginfluenceonitsactionsintheworldbutinwaysmoresubtleandcomplicatedthanEuropeansimagine.ItistruethatAmericaisundergoingareligiousrevival"Hot"religionssuchasevangelicalProtestantismandhardlineCatholicismaregrowingrapidlywhile"cool"mainlineversionsofChristianityaredeclining.ItisalsotruethattheRepublicanPartyisbeingreshapedbythisrevival.Self-identifiedevangelicalsprovidedalmost40%ofMr.Bush’svotein2004;ifyouaddinothertheologicalconservativessuchasMormonsandtraditionalCatholicsthatnumberrisescloserto60%.AllsixtopRepublicanleadersintheSenatehaveearned100%ratingsfromtheChristianCoalition. ItisalsotruethatMr.Bushfrequentlyusesreligiousrhetoricwhentalkingofforeignaffairs.OnSeptember12thhewasatitagaintellingagroupofconservativejournaliststhatheseesthewaronterroras"aconfrontationbetweengoodandevil"andremarking"Itseemstomethatthere’saThirdAwakening"inotherwordsanoutbreakofChristianevangelicalfervourofthesortthathassweptacrossAmericaatleasttwicebefore.AndChristianAmericaoverallistakingabiggerinterestinforeignpolicy.NewvoicesarebeingheardSuchasSamBrownbackaconservativesenatorfromKansaswhohasledthefightagainstgenocideinDarfurandRickWarrentheauthorofabestsellercalledThePurpose-DrivenLifewhoissending2000missionariestoRwanda. Finallyitistruethatreligiousfigureshavedonesomeprettyoutrageousthings.PatRobertsoncalledfortheassassinationofHugoChavezthepresidentofVenezuela.Lieu-tenant-GeneralWilliam"Jerry"Boykindeputyunder-secretaryofdefenceforintelligencetouredthecountrytellingChristiangroupsthatradicalMuslimshateAmerica"becausewe’reaChristiannationandtheenemyisaguynamedSatan".Heoftenworeuniform. Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainit’sintendedmeaningand 3giveyourcomments. YourshouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
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