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Text 4 LAST month, America’s National Law Journal told its readers that "employment lawy...
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SometimebetweendigestingChristmas dinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthe cranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybright redbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthe tablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolof themodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3from colonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeper understandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmodern eating.Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketis forcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’sflavoured fruitpiecesFFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany 6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.Whymakea cranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7 littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8 theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethe fruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10 .Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothis pointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods. Growing12providedthe13tocreate cheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply 14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreased demand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16 NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.Theothers aretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnames forcranberriesmany17thewordsforbitterormore 18noisy.Theyatetheberriesmostly19 pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andthey introducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621 itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythecraneberry 20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitlike theheadoftheSandhillcrane.
Text1 Peoplehavegoodreasontocareabout thewelfareofanimals.EversincetheEnlightenmenttheirtreatmenthasbeen seenasameasureofmankind’shumanity.ItisnocoincidencethatWilliam WilberforceandSirThomasFoxwellBuxtontwoleadersofthemovementto abolishtheslavetradehelpedfoundtheRoyalSocietyforthePreventionof CrueltytoAnimalsinthe1820s.Anincreasingnumberofpeoplegofurther: mankindhasadutynottocausepaintoanimalsthathavethecapacityto suffer.Bothviewshaveledpeoplegraduallytoextendtreatmentoncereserved formankindtootherspecies.Butwheneverydaylivesare measuredagainstsuchprinciplestheyarefraughtwithcontradictions.Those whowouldneverdreamofcagingtheircatsanddogsguzzlebaconandeggsfrom ghastlyfactoryfarms.Theabattoirandthecattletruckaresecretplaces safelyhiddenfromthemeat-eater’sgazeandthechild’sstorybook.Plentyof peoplewhodenouncethefur-trademuchofwhichisfromfarmedanimalsquite happilywearleatheralsofromfarmedanimals.Perhapsthe inconsistencyisunderstandable.Afterhundredsofyearsofthinkingaboutit peoplecannotagreeonasystemofrightsforeachothersothegroundisbound togetshakierstillwhenanimalsareincluded.Thetroubleisthatconfusion andcontradictionopenthewaytotheextremist.Andbecausescientificresearch isremotefrommostpeople’slivesitisparticularlyvulnerabletotheir campaigns.Infactscienceshouldbethelasttargetwherever youdrawtheboundariesofanimalwelfare.Foronethingthereisrarelyan alternativetousinganimalsinresearch.Iftherewerescientistswouldgrasp itbecauseanimalresearchisexpensiveandencircledbyregulations.Animal researchisalsoforahigherpurposethanafullbellyoranelegantoutfit. Theworldneedsnewmedicinesandsurgicalproceduresjustasitneedsthe unknowablefruitsofpureresearch.Andscienceisbyand largekindtoitsanimals.Thecoupleofmillionmainlyratsandmicethat dieinBritain’slaboratoriesarefarbetterlooked-afterandfarmorehumanely killedthanthebillionorsomainlychickensonBritain’sfarms.Indeedif DarleyOaksmakesupitslossofguineapigswithturkeysordairycowsyoucan befairlysureanimalwelfareinBritainhasjusttakenastep backwards.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat______.
Text4 Theimpulsetoexcessamongyoung Britonsremainsaspowerfulaseverbuttheforcethatusedtokeeptheimpulse incheckhasallbutdisappearedclaimedanewspaper.Legislationthatmadeit easiertogetholdofadrinkwasanActfortheincreaseofdrunkennessand immoralityassertedapolitician.Thefirststatementcomes from2005thesecondfrom1830.Onbothoccasionstheobjectofscornwasa parliamentarybillthatpromisedtosweepawayantiquatedlicensinglaws.As liberalregulationscameintoforcethisweekBritonsonbothsidesofthe debateunwittinglyfolloweda19th-centuryscript.Reformers thenasnowtookabenignviewofhumannature.Makeboozecheaperandmore readilyavailablesaidtheliberalisersanddrinkerswoulddevelopsensible continentalEuropeanstyleways.Nonsenseretortedthecritics.Habitsarehard tochangerifBritonscandrinkeasilytheywilldrinkmore. Worryinglyformodernadvocatesofliheralisationearlierdoomsayers turnedouttoberight.Between1820and1840consumptionofmaltwhichis usedtomakebeerincreasedbymorethan50%.WorseBritonsdevelopedakeener tasteforwhatThomasCarlylecalledliquidmadness--ginandother spirits.Thebacklashwasfierce.Criticspointedtowidespread debaucheryinthemoredisreputablesectionsoftheworkingclass.Theywere particularlyworriedaboutthepeoplewhoinalateragecametobeknownas ladettes.AnacutefearsaysVirginiaBerridgewhostudiestemperanceatthe LondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicinewasthatwomenwouldpasson theirsinfulwaystotheirchildren.Inthe19thcentury temperanceorganisationssetuptheirownnewspaperstoeducatethepublicabout theconsequencesofexcess.Thatatleasthaschanged:thesedaysthe mainstreammediarailagainstthedemondrinkallby themselves.Whatdothe19thcenturyreformersandpresent-dayreformershaveincommon
Inthepastyearalothaschangedinthefieldofhuman spaceflight.46InJanuaryPresidentGeorgeBushbrushedasidethefact thatAmerica’sentirespace-shuttlefleetwasgroundedwhenheannounced grandioseplanstoputpeoplebackonthemoonandthentolaunchamanned missiontoMars.47InJuneBurtRutananAmericanaeronautical engineershowedthathumanspaceflightwasnolongerthepreserveof governmentsbysendingamantotheedgeofspaceinSpaceShipOneaprivately financedvehiclethatcostaboutthesametobuildasaluxuryyacht.That wasfollowedinSeptemberbySirRichardBransontheBritishentrepreneur behindtheVirginbrandannouncingthathehadsignedadealwithMrRutanto workonplansforafleetoffivesuborbitalvehiclesdevelopedfromSpaceShip One.48NowinthedyingdaysoftheyearAmerica’s Congresshaspassedabillthatunravelsatangleaboutwhowouldberesponsible forregulatingthefledglingindustryandunderwhatterms.49The hillalsoallowspassengerstoflyontheunderstandingthatthisnewgeneration ofvehiclesmaynotbeassafeastakingacommercialflightbetweensayNew YorkandLondon.TheofficiallinefromVirginGalactica asSirRichard’slatestventureismodestlynamedisthatthiscomingchangein thelawmakesnopracticaldifferencetothefirm’splanssincetheydonot intendtoflyunlesstheycanmaketheirspacecraftassafeasaprivatejet. Butitmustsurelycomeassomesortofrelief.InanycaseWillWhitehorn directorofcorporateaffairsatVirgin’sheadquartersinLondonandsoonto becomethepresidentofVirginGalacticasaysthatworkisunderwayonamock upoftheinter[orofanewspacecraftthatwillholdfivepassengers.50 Virginhasalreadycommitted＄20mtowardslicensingtheSpaceShipOne technologyfromMrRutanandhisfinancialbackerPaulAllenasoftware billionaire.
Inthepastyearalothaschangedinthefieldofhuman spaceflight.46InJanuaryPresidentGeorgeBushbrushedasidethefact thatAmerica’sentirespace-shuttlefleetwasgroundedwhenheannounced grandioseplanstoputpeoplebackonthemoonandthentolaunchamanned missiontoMars.47InJuneBurtRutananAmericanaeronautical engineershowedthathumanspaceflightwasnolongerthepreserveof governmentsbysendingamantotheedgeofspaceinSpaceShipOneaprivately financedvehiclethatcostaboutthesametobuildasaluxuryyacht.That wasfollowedinSeptemberbySirRichardBransontheBritishentrepreneur behindtheVirginbrandannouncingthathehadsignedadealwithMrRutanto workonplansforafleetoffivesuborbitalvehiclesdevelopedfromSpaceShip One.48NowinthedyingdaysoftheyearAmerica’s Congresshaspassedabillthatunravelsatangleaboutwhowouldberesponsible forregulatingthefledglingindustryandunderwhatterms.49The hillalsoallowspassengerstoflyontheunderstandingthatthisnewgeneration ofvehiclesmaynotbeassafeastakingacommercialflightbetweensayNew YorkandLondon.TheofficiallinefromVirginGalactica asSirRichard’slatestventureismodestlynamedisthatthiscomingchangein thelawmakesnopracticaldifferencetothefirm’splanssincetheydonot intendtoflyunlesstheycanmaketheirspacecraftassafeasaprivatejet. Butitmustsurelycomeassomesortofrelief.InanycaseWillWhitehorn directorofcorporateaffairsatVirgin’sheadquartersinLondonandsoonto becomethepresidentofVirginGalacticasaysthatworkisunderwayonamock upoftheinter[orofanewspacecraftthatwillholdfivepassengers.50 Virginhasalreadycommitted＄20mtowardslicensingtheSpaceShipOne technologyfromMrRutanandhisfinancialbackerPaulAllenasoftware billionaire.
Text2 Tuninginroundtheclockvia satelliteorinternetblogtoanyboutofmayhemanywhereyoumightnotthink theworldwasbecomingamorepeaceableplace.Butinsomewaysitisand measurablyso.ArecentHumanSecurityReportreleasedbytheLiuInstituteat theUniversityofBritishColumbiaregistersa40%dropinthenumberofarmed conflictsbetween1992and2003withtheworstwarsthoseclaimingmorethana thousandlivesinbattledownby80%.While28armedstrugglesfor self-determinationignitedorreignitedbetween1991and2004anencouraging43 otherswerecontainedordoused.Yetmeasuredinadifferent wayfromthepointofviewofthehalfoftheworld’spopulationthatis femalearguestheGenevaCentrefortheDemocraticControloftheArmedForces theworldisanawfullyviolentplaceandnotjustinitswarzones.Menstill fillmostofthebodybagsinwartimeincludingincivilwarsevenonDCAF’s figuresbuttheirsistersmotherswivesanddaughtersitarguesinanew reportentitledWomeninanInsecureWorldfacenothingshortofahidden gendercide.Violenceagainstwomenisnothingnew.DCAF’s contributionistocollatethemanyfiguresandestimates--notallofthem easilyverifiableithastobesaid—oneverythingfrominfanticidetorapein bothwarandpeacedowrydeathssextraffickinganddomesticviolencein richercountriesaswellaspoorerones.AccordingtooneUN estimatecitedbyDCAFbetween113mand200mwomenarenowdemographically missing.Thisgendergapisaresultoftheabortingofgirlfoetusesand infanticideincountrieswhereboysarepreferred;lackoffoodandmedical attentionthatgoesinsteadtobrothersfathershusbandsandsonsso-called honourkillingsanddowrydeaths;andothersortsofdomesticviolence.It impliesthateachyearbetween1.5mand3mwomenandgirlsarelosttogender basedviolence.Inotherwordseverytwotofouryearstheworldlooksaway fromavictimcountonthescaleofHitler’sHolocaust.Women betweentheagesof15and44aremorelikelytobemaimedordiefromviolence inflictedonewayoranotherbytheirmenfolkthanthroughcancermalaria trafficaccidentsorwarcombined.Poorhealthcaremeansthat600000womenare losteachyeartochildbirthatollroughlyequalannuallytothatofthe Rwandangenocide.TheWorldHealthOrganisationestimatesthat6000girlsa daymorethan2mayearmostlyinthepoorworldundergogenitalmutilation. OtherWHOfiguressuggestthataroundtheworldonewomaninfiveislikelyto beavictimofrapeorattemptedrapeinher lifetime.Hitler’sHolocaustandtheRwandangenocidearementionedinthetextwiththeaimto______.
SometimebetweendigestingChristmas dinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthe cranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybright redbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthe tablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolof themodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3from colonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeper understandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmodern eating.Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketis forcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’sflavoured fruitpiecesFFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany 6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.Whymakea cranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7 littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8 theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethe fruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10 .Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothis pointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods. Growing12providedthe13tocreate cheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply 14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreased demand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16 NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.Theothers aretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnames forcranberriesmany17thewordsforbitterormore 18noisy.Theyatetheberriesmostly19 pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andthey introducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621 itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythecraneberry 20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitlike theheadoftheSandhillcrane.
Text2 Tuninginroundtheclockvia satelliteorinternetblogtoanyboutofmayhemanywhereyoumightnotthink theworldwasbecomingamorepeaceableplace.Butinsomewaysitisand measurablyso.ArecentHumanSecurityReportreleasedbytheLiuInstituteat theUniversityofBritishColumbiaregistersa40%dropinthenumberofarmed conflictsbetween1992and2003withtheworstwarsthoseclaimingmorethana thousandlivesinbattledownby80%.While28armedstrugglesfor self-determinationignitedorreignitedbetween1991and2004anencouraging43 otherswerecontainedordoused.Yetmeasuredinadifferent wayfromthepointofviewofthehalfoftheworld’spopulationthatis femalearguestheGenevaCentrefortheDemocraticControloftheArmedForces theworldisanawfullyviolentplaceandnotjustinitswarzones.Menstill fillmostofthebodybagsinwartimeincludingincivilwarsevenonDCAF’s figuresbuttheirsistersmotherswivesanddaughtersitarguesinanew reportentitledWomeninanInsecureWorldfacenothingshortofahidden gendercide.Violenceagainstwomenisnothingnew.DCAF’s contributionistocollatethemanyfiguresandestimates--notallofthem easilyverifiableithastobesaid—oneverythingfrominfanticidetorapein bothwarandpeacedowrydeathssextraffickinganddomesticviolencein richercountriesaswellaspoorerones.AccordingtooneUN estimatecitedbyDCAFbetween113mand200mwomenarenowdemographically missing.Thisgendergapisaresultoftheabortingofgirlfoetusesand infanticideincountrieswhereboysarepreferred;lackoffoodandmedical attentionthatgoesinsteadtobrothersfathershusbandsandsonsso-called honourkillingsanddowrydeaths;andothersortsofdomesticviolence.It impliesthateachyearbetween1.5mand3mwomenandgirlsarelosttogender basedviolence.Inotherwordseverytwotofouryearstheworldlooksaway fromavictimcountonthescaleofHitler’sHolocaust.Women betweentheagesof15and44aremorelikelytobemaimedordiefromviolence inflictedonewayoranotherbytheirmenfolkthanthroughcancermalaria trafficaccidentsorwarcombined.Poorhealthcaremeansthat600000womenare losteachyeartochildbirthatollroughlyequalannuallytothatofthe Rwandangenocide.TheWorldHealthOrganisationestimatesthat6000girlsa daymorethan2mayearmostlyinthepoorworldundergogenitalmutilation. OtherWHOfiguressuggestthataroundtheworldonewomaninfiveislikelyto beavictimofrapeorattemptedrapeinher lifetime.Thewordcontainedinthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans______.
Text3 Ifyouleavealoadedweaponlying arounditisboundtogooffsoonerorlater.Snow-coverednorthernEurope heardthegunshotloudandclearwhenRussiacutsuppliestoUkrainethisweek aspartofarowaboutmoneyandpowerthetwoeternalbattlegroundsofglobal energy.FromcentralEuroperightacrosstoFranceontheAtlanticseaboardgas suppliesfellbymorethanone-third.ForyearsEuropeanshadbeentelling themselvesthatacold-warenemywhichhadsuppliedthemwithoutfailcould stillbedependedonnowitwasanallyofsorts.Suddenlynobodywasquite sosure.Fearingthethreattoitsreputationasasupplier RussiarapidlyrestoredthegasandsettleditsdifferenceswithUkraine.Butit wasanuncomfortableglimpseofthedangersforacontinentthatimportsroughly halfitsgasandthatGerardMestralletbossofSuezaFrenchwaterandpower companyexpectstobeimporting80%ofitsgasby2030muchofitfrom Russia.ItwasscarcelymorewelcomeforAmericawhichcondemnedRussia’s tactics.Andnowonder:itconsumesone-quarteroftheworld’soilbutproduces only3%ofthestuff.Overthecomingyearstheworld’sdependenceonoillooks likelytoconcentrateontheMiddleEastparticularlySaudiArabia.Russianoil hadseemedausefulalternative.Fearoftheenergyweaponhasa longhistory.Whenproducershadtheupperhandintheoilembargoof1973-74 ArabmembersoftheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECcut supplysowingturmoilandaglobalrecession.Whenconsumershadtheupperhand intheearly1990stheembargocuttheotherway.AfterSaddamHusseininvaded Kuwaitin1990theworldshutin5mbarrelsadayb/dofproductionfromthe twocountriesinanattempttoforcehimout.Withoilcosting ＄60abarrelfivetimesmorethanthenominalpricein1999andspotprices fornaturalgasinsomeEuropeanandAmericanmarketsatornearrecordlevels powerhasswungbacktotheproducersforthefirsttimesincetheearly1980s. Nobodyknowshowlongtoday’stightmarketswilllast.Ittookusalongtime togetthereanditwilltakeusalongtimetogetbacksaysRobinWest chairmanofPFCEnergyinWashington.Aclutchofalarmistbookswithtitles suchasTheDeathofOilpredictthatsolittleoilisleftinthegroundthat producerswillalwayshavepricingpower.Thequestionishowworriedconsumers shouldbe.Whatarethethreatstoenergysecurityandwhatshouldtheworlddo aboutthemTheanswerssuggestaneedforplanningandacertainamountofgrim realismbutnotforoutrightpanic.Thewordnowinthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphdenotes______.
Text3 Ifyouleavealoadedweaponlying arounditisboundtogooffsoonerorlater.Snow-coverednorthernEurope heardthegunshotloudandclearwhenRussiacutsuppliestoUkrainethisweek aspartofarowaboutmoneyandpowerthetwoeternalbattlegroundsofglobal energy.FromcentralEuroperightacrosstoFranceontheAtlanticseaboardgas suppliesfellbymorethanone-third.ForyearsEuropeanshadbeentelling themselvesthatacold-warenemywhichhadsuppliedthemwithoutfailcould stillbedependedonnowitwasanallyofsorts.Suddenlynobodywasquite sosure.Fearingthethreattoitsreputationasasupplier RussiarapidlyrestoredthegasandsettleditsdifferenceswithUkraine.Butit wasanuncomfortableglimpseofthedangersforacontinentthatimportsroughly halfitsgasandthatGerardMestralletbossofSuezaFrenchwaterandpower companyexpectstobeimporting80%ofitsgasby2030muchofitfrom Russia.ItwasscarcelymorewelcomeforAmericawhichcondemnedRussia’s tactics.Andnowonder:itconsumesone-quarteroftheworld’soilbutproduces only3%ofthestuff.Overthecomingyearstheworld’sdependenceonoillooks likelytoconcentrateontheMiddleEastparticularlySaudiArabia.Russianoil hadseemedausefulalternative.Fearoftheenergyweaponhasa longhistory.Whenproducershadtheupperhandintheoilembargoof1973-74 ArabmembersoftheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECcut supplysowingturmoilandaglobalrecession.Whenconsumershadtheupperhand intheearly1990stheembargocuttheotherway.AfterSaddamHusseininvaded Kuwaitin1990theworldshutin5mbarrelsadayb/dofproductionfromthe twocountriesinanattempttoforcehimout.Withoilcosting ＄60abarrelfivetimesmorethanthenominalpricein1999andspotprices fornaturalgasinsomeEuropeanandAmericanmarketsatornearrecordlevels powerhasswungbacktotheproducersforthefirsttimesincetheearly1980s. Nobodyknowshowlongtoday’stightmarketswilllast.Ittookusalongtime togetthereanditwilltakeusalongtimetogetbacksaysRobinWest chairmanofPFCEnergyinWashington.Aclutchofalarmistbookswithtitles suchasTheDeathofOilpredictthatsolittleoilisleftinthegroundthat producerswillalwayshavepricingpower.Thequestionishowworriedconsumers shouldbe.Whatarethethreatstoenergysecurityandwhatshouldtheworlddo aboutthemTheanswerssuggestaneedforplanningandacertainamountofgrim realismbutnotforoutrightpanic.USAaccordingtothetextdisapprovedofRussianexpedientinthat______.
SometimebetweendigestingChristmas dinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthe cranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybright redbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthe tablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolof themodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3from colonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeper understandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmodern eating.Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketis forcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’sflavoured fruitpiecesFFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany 6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.Whymakea cranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7 littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8 theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethe fruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10 .Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothis pointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods. Growing12providedthe13tocreate cheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply 14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreased demand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16 NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.Theothers aretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnames forcranberriesmany17thewordsforbitterormore 18noisy.Theyatetheberriesmostly19 pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andthey introducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621 itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythecraneberry 20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitlike theheadoftheSandhillcrane.
Text1 Peoplehavegoodreasontocareabout thewelfareofanimals.EversincetheEnlightenmenttheirtreatmenthasbeen seenasameasureofmankind’shumanity.ItisnocoincidencethatWilliam WilberforceandSirThomasFoxwellBuxtontwoleadersofthemovementto abolishtheslavetradehelpedfoundtheRoyalSocietyforthePreventionof CrueltytoAnimalsinthe1820s.Anincreasingnumberofpeoplegofurther: mankindhasadutynottocausepaintoanimalsthathavethecapacityto suffer.Bothviewshaveledpeoplegraduallytoextendtreatmentoncereserved formankindtootherspecies.Butwheneverydaylivesare measuredagainstsuchprinciplestheyarefraughtwithcontradictions.Those whowouldneverdreamofcagingtheircatsanddogsguzzlebaconandeggsfrom ghastlyfactoryfarms.Theabattoirandthecattletruckaresecretplaces safelyhiddenfromthemeat-eater’sgazeandthechild’sstorybook.Plentyof peoplewhodenouncethefur-trademuchofwhichisfromfarmedanimalsquite happilywearleatheralsofromfarmedanimals.Perhapsthe inconsistencyisunderstandable.Afterhundredsofyearsofthinkingaboutit peoplecannotagreeonasystemofrightsforeachothersothegroundisbound togetshakierstillwhenanimalsareincluded.Thetroubleisthatconfusion andcontradictionopenthewaytotheextremist.Andbecausescientificresearch isremotefrommostpeople’slivesitisparticularlyvulnerabletotheir campaigns.Infactscienceshouldbethelasttargetwherever youdrawtheboundariesofanimalwelfare.Foronethingthereisrarelyan alternativetousinganimalsinresearch.Iftherewerescientistswouldgrasp itbecauseanimalresearchisexpensiveandencircledbyregulations.Animal researchisalsoforahigherpurposethanafullbellyoranelegantoutfit. Theworldneedsnewmedicinesandsurgicalproceduresjustasitneedsthe unknowablefruitsofpureresearch.Andscienceisbyand largekindtoitsanimals.Thecoupleofmillionmainlyratsandmicethat dieinBritain’slaboratoriesarefarbetterlooked-afterandfarmorehumanely killedthanthebillionorsomainlychickensonBritain’sfarms.Indeedif DarleyOaksmakesupitslossofguineapigswithturkeysordairycowsyoucan befairlysureanimalwelfareinBritainhasjusttakenastep backwards.Inthetextacomparisonismadesoasto______.
Text3 Ifyouleavealoadedweaponlying arounditisboundtogooffsoonerorlater.Snow-coverednorthernEurope heardthegunshotloudandclearwhenRussiacutsuppliestoUkrainethisweek aspartofarowaboutmoneyandpowerthetwoeternalbattlegroundsofglobal energy.FromcentralEuroperightacrosstoFranceontheAtlanticseaboardgas suppliesfellbymorethanone-third.ForyearsEuropeanshadbeentelling themselvesthatacold-warenemywhichhadsuppliedthemwithoutfailcould stillbedependedonnowitwasanallyofsorts.Suddenlynobodywasquite sosure.Fearingthethreattoitsreputationasasupplier RussiarapidlyrestoredthegasandsettleditsdifferenceswithUkraine.Butit wasanuncomfortableglimpseofthedangersforacontinentthatimportsroughly halfitsgasandthatGerardMestralletbossofSuezaFrenchwaterandpower companyexpectstobeimporting80%ofitsgasby2030muchofitfrom Russia.ItwasscarcelymorewelcomeforAmericawhichcondemnedRussia’s tactics.Andnowonder:itconsumesone-quarteroftheworld’soilbutproduces only3%ofthestuff.Overthecomingyearstheworld’sdependenceonoillooks likelytoconcentrateontheMiddleEastparticularlySaudiArabia.Russianoil hadseemedausefulalternative.Fearoftheenergyweaponhasa longhistory.Whenproducershadtheupperhandintheoilembargoof1973-74 ArabmembersoftheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECcut supplysowingturmoilandaglobalrecession.Whenconsumershadtheupperhand intheearly1990stheembargocuttheotherway.AfterSaddamHusseininvaded Kuwaitin1990theworldshutin5mbarrelsadayb/dofproductionfromthe twocountriesinanattempttoforcehimout.Withoilcosting ＄60abarrelfivetimesmorethanthenominalpricein1999andspotprices fornaturalgasinsomeEuropeanandAmericanmarketsatornearrecordlevels powerhasswungbacktotheproducersforthefirsttimesincetheearly1980s. Nobodyknowshowlongtoday’stightmarketswilllast.Ittookusalongtime togetthereanditwilltakeusalongtimetogetbacksaysRobinWest chairmanofPFCEnergyinWashington.Aclutchofalarmistbookswithtitles suchasTheDeathofOilpredictthatsolittleoilisleftinthegroundthat producerswillalwayshavepricingpower.Thequestionishowworriedconsumers shouldbe.Whatarethethreatstoenergysecurityandwhatshouldtheworlddo aboutthemTheanswerssuggestaneedforplanningandacertainamountofgrim realismbutnotforoutrightpanic.BasedontheremarksmadebyRobinWestthecurrentsituationwill______.
Text4 Theimpulsetoexcessamongyoung Britonsremainsaspowerfulaseverbuttheforcethatusedtokeeptheimpulse incheckhasallbutdisappearedclaimedanewspaper.Legislationthatmadeit easiertogetholdofadrinkwasanActfortheincreaseofdrunkennessand immoralityassertedapolitician.Thefirststatementcomes from2005thesecondfrom1830.Onbothoccasionstheobjectofscornwasa parliamentarybillthatpromisedtosweepawayantiquatedlicensinglaws.As liberalregulationscameintoforcethisweekBritonsonbothsidesofthe debateunwittinglyfolloweda19th-centuryscript.Reformers thenasnowtookabenignviewofhumannature.Makeboozecheaperandmore readilyavailablesaidtheliberalisersanddrinkerswoulddevelopsensible continentalEuropeanstyleways.Nonsenseretortedthecritics.Habitsarehard tochangerifBritonscandrinkeasilytheywilldrinkmore. Worryinglyformodernadvocatesofliheralisationearlierdoomsayers turnedouttoberight.Between1820and1840consumptionofmaltwhichis usedtomakebeerincreasedbymorethan50%.WorseBritonsdevelopedakeener tasteforwhatThomasCarlylecalledliquidmadness--ginandother spirits.Thebacklashwasfierce.Criticspointedtowidespread debaucheryinthemoredisreputablesectionsoftheworkingclass.Theywere particularlyworriedaboutthepeoplewhoinalateragecametobeknownas ladettes.AnacutefearsaysVirginiaBerridgewhostudiestemperanceatthe LondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicinewasthatwomenwouldpasson theirsinfulwaystotheirchildren.Inthe19thcentury temperanceorganisationssetuptheirownnewspaperstoeducatethepublicabout theconsequencesofexcess.Thatatleasthaschanged:thesedaysthe mainstreammediarailagainstthedemondrinkallby themselves.Accordingtothetexttheauthor’sattitudetowardlicensinglawsis______.
[A]DrDanielStanleyanoceanographerhasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgypt thathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMike RampinoaclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversityshowthattheresultingash cloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarknessaswellasgeneratinglightning andhailtwoofthe10plagues.[B]Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedthe rainfallcausingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffects oftheeruptionpollutioncouldhaveturneditredashappenedinarecent environmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollutioncouldhavedrivenmillions offrogsontothelandthesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddie removingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice--thethirdand fourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattlethe fifthplagueandboilsandblisterstohumansthesixthplague.[C]Moses whichwillbebroadcastinDecember2002willsuggestthatmuchoftheBible storycanbeexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisasterahugevolcaniceruptionon theGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyBC.[D]Thehourlong documentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSeawhich allowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywas drownedmayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.ItrepeatsthetheorythatRed SeaisamistranslationoftheSeaofReedsamuchshallowerswamp.[E]The programmetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptaftera seriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientific researchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeen triggeredbytheeruptionwhichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerful thananuclearbomb.[F]ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorini eruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwavetravelingatabout400 milesanhourwhichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenit reachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedfor generationsandmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory.[G]Fresh evidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenatural eventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBC documentary.Order:
[A]DrDanielStanleyanoceanographerhasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgypt thathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMike RampinoaclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversityshowthattheresultingash cloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarknessaswellasgeneratinglightning andhailtwoofthe10plagues.[B]Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedthe rainfallcausingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffects oftheeruptionpollutioncouldhaveturneditredashappenedinarecent environmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollutioncouldhavedrivenmillions offrogsontothelandthesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddie removingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice--thethirdand fourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattlethe fifthplagueandboilsandblisterstohumansthesixthplague.[C]Moses whichwillbebroadcastinDecember2002willsuggestthatmuchoftheBible storycanbeexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisasterahugevolcaniceruptionon theGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyBC.[D]Thehourlong documentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSeawhich allowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywas drownedmayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.ItrepeatsthetheorythatRed SeaisamistranslationoftheSeaofReedsamuchshallowerswamp.[E]The programmetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptaftera seriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientific researchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeen triggeredbytheeruptionwhichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerful thananuclearbomb.[F]ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorini eruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwavetravelingatabout400 milesanhourwhichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenit reachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedfor generationsandmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory.[G]Fresh evidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenatural eventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBC documentary.Order:
Text1 Peoplehavegoodreasontocareabout thewelfareofanimals.EversincetheEnlightenmenttheirtreatmenthasbeen seenasameasureofmankind’shumanity.ItisnocoincidencethatWilliam WilberforceandSirThomasFoxwellBuxtontwoleadersofthemovementto abolishtheslavetradehelpedfoundtheRoyalSocietyforthePreventionof CrueltytoAnimalsinthe1820s.Anincreasingnumberofpeoplegofurther: mankindhasadutynottocausepaintoanimalsthathavethecapacityto suffer.Bothviewshaveledpeoplegraduallytoextendtreatmentoncereserved formankindtootherspecies.Butwheneverydaylivesare measuredagainstsuchprinciplestheyarefraughtwithcontradictions.Those whowouldneverdreamofcagingtheircatsanddogsguzzlebaconandeggsfrom ghastlyfactoryfarms.Theabattoirandthecattletruckaresecretplaces safelyhiddenfromthemeat-eater’sgazeandthechild’sstorybook.Plentyof peoplewhodenouncethefur-trademuchofwhichisfromfarmedanimalsquite happilywearleatheralsofromfarmedanimals.Perhapsthe inconsistencyisunderstandable.Afterhundredsofyearsofthinkingaboutit peoplecannotagreeonasystemofrightsforeachothersothegroundisbound togetshakierstillwhenanimalsareincluded.Thetroubleisthatconfusion andcontradictionopenthewaytotheextremist.Andbecausescientificresearch isremotefrommostpeople’slivesitisparticularlyvulnerabletotheir campaigns.Infactscienceshouldbethelasttargetwherever youdrawtheboundariesofanimalwelfare.Foronethingthereisrarelyan alternativetousinganimalsinresearch.Iftherewerescientistswouldgrasp itbecauseanimalresearchisexpensiveandencircledbyregulations.Animal researchisalsoforahigherpurposethanafullbellyoranelegantoutfit. Theworldneedsnewmedicinesandsurgicalproceduresjustasitneedsthe unknowablefruitsofpureresearch.Andscienceisbyand largekindtoitsanimals.Thecoupleofmillionmainlyratsandmicethat dieinBritain’slaboratoriesarefarbetterlooked-afterandfarmorehumanely killedthanthebillionorsomainlychickensonBritain’sfarms.Indeedif DarleyOaksmakesupitslossofguineapigswithturkeysordairycowsyoucan befairlysureanimalwelfareinBritainhasjusttakenastep backwards.Thefirstparagraphiswrittento______.
SometimebetweendigestingChristmas dinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthe cranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybright redbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthe tablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolof themodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3from colonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeper understandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmodern eating.Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketis forcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’sflavoured fruitpiecesFFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany 6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.Whymakea cranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7 littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8 theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethe fruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10 .Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothis pointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods. Growing12providedthe13tocreate cheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply 14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreased demand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16 NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.Theothers aretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnames forcranberriesmany17thewordsforbitterormore 18noisy.Theyatetheberriesmostly19 pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andthey introducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621 itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythecraneberry 20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitlike theheadoftheSandhillcrane.
SometimebetweendigestingChristmas dinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthe cranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybright redbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthe tablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolof themodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3from colonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeper understandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmodern eating.Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketis forcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’sflavoured fruitpiecesFFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany 6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.Whymakea cranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7 littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8 theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethe fruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10 .Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothis pointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods. Growing12providedthe13tocreate cheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply 14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreased demand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16 NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.Theothers aretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnames forcranberriesmany17thewordsforbitterormore 18noisy.Theyatetheberriesmostly19 pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andthey introducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621 itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythecraneberry 20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitlike theheadoftheSandhillcrane.
SometimebetweendigestingChristmas dinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthe cranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybright redbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthe tablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolof themodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3from colonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeper understandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmodern eating.Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketis forcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’sflavoured fruitpiecesFFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany 6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.Whymakea cranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7 littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8 theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethe fruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10 .Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothis pointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods. Growing12providedthe13tocreate cheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply 14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreased demand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16 NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.Theothers aretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnames forcranberriesmany17thewordsforbitterormore 18noisy.Theyatetheberriesmostly19 pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andthey introducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621 itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythecraneberry 20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitlike theheadoftheSandhillcrane.
[A]DrDanielStanleyanoceanographerhasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgypt thathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMike RampinoaclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversityshowthattheresultingash cloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarknessaswellasgeneratinglightning andhailtwoofthe10plagues.[B]Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedthe rainfallcausingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffects oftheeruptionpollutioncouldhaveturneditredashappenedinarecent environmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollutioncouldhavedrivenmillions offrogsontothelandthesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddie removingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice--thethirdand fourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattlethe fifthplagueandboilsandblisterstohumansthesixthplague.[C]Moses whichwillbebroadcastinDecember2002willsuggestthatmuchoftheBible storycanbeexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisasterahugevolcaniceruptionon theGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyBC.[D]Thehourlong documentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSeawhich allowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywas drownedmayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.ItrepeatsthetheorythatRed SeaisamistranslationoftheSeaofReedsamuchshallowerswamp.[E]The programmetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptaftera seriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientific researchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeen triggeredbytheeruptionwhichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerful thananuclearbomb.[F]ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorini eruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwavetravelingatabout400 milesanhourwhichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenit reachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedfor generationsandmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory.[G]Fresh evidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenatural eventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBC documentary.Order:
Directions: WritealettertoLiuXiangexpressingcongratulationsforhisnewworldrecord. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead. Donotwritetheaddress.
SometimebetweendigestingChristmas dinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthe cranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybright redbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthe tablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolof themodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3from colonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeper understandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmodern eating.Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketis forcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’sflavoured fruitpiecesFFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany 6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.Whymakea cranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7 littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8 theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethe fruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10 .Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothis pointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods. Growing12providedthe13tocreate cheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply 14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreased demand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16 NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.Theothers aretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnames forcranberriesmany17thewordsforbitterormore 18noisy.Theyatetheberriesmostly19 pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andthey introducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621 itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythecraneberry 20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitlike theheadoftheSandhillcrane.
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