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Ragtime is a musical form that synthesizes folk melodies and musical techniques into a brief quad...
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Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodie
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Directions:YouwanttorecommendMr.CollinstoProfessorSmithtofindapositionfortheformer.Writealetterbasedonthefollowingoutline:1PersonalinformationaboutMr.Collinscurriculumvitaepersonalityjobcapabilitiesetc.2Yoursincerehope.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points17
Text1 Indiahasaboutabillionpeopleandadozenmajorlanguagesofitsown.Onelanguageandonlyoneisunderstood-bytheelite-acrossthecountry:thatoftheforeignerswhoruledIndiaforlessthan200yearsandleft52yearsago. TodayIndia.Tomorrowunofficiallytheworld.Thatiswellunderway;atfirstbecausetheBritishnotonlybuiltglobalempirebutalsoitwassettledbyAmericaandnowbecausetheworldandnotablyAmericahasacquireditsfirsttrulyglobal--andinteractive--mediumtheInternet. Itisestimatedthatsome350millionpeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.Maybe250-350milliondoorcanuseitasasecondlanguage;inexcolonialcountriesnotablyorinEnglish--majorityoneslike30millionrecentlyimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesorCanada’s6millionfrancophoneQuebeckers.Andelsewhere.’Theguessis100million--1billiondependinghowyoudefine"can".Letusbehold:inall20-25%ofearth’s6billionpeoplecanuseEnglish;nottheEnglishofEnglandletaloneofDr.JohnsonbutEnglish. Thatnumberissoaringaseachyearbringsnewpupilstoschoolandcarriesofmonolingualoldies--andnowastheInternetspreads.Andtheprocessisself-reinforcing.AsbusinessspreadsacrossfrontiersthecompanythatwantstomoveitsexecutivesaroundandtopromotethebestofthemregardlessofnationalityencouragestheusesofEnglish.Sotheexecutivewhowantstobeintheframeor’tomovetoanotheremployerlearnstouseit.Englishhaslongdominatedlearnedjournals:GermanRussianorFrenchdependingonthefieldmaybeusefultotheirexpertreadersbutEnglishisessential.Soifyouwantyourownworkpublished--andwidelyreadbyyourpeers--thenEnglishisthelanguageofchoice. Thegrowthofthecinemaandstillmoresooftelevisionhasspreadthedominantlanguage.Foreignmoviesorsitcomsmaybedubbedintomajorlanguagesbutforsmalleraudiencestheyareusuallysubtitled.Result:aDutchorDanishorevenArabfamilyhasanaudio-visuallearningaidinitsliving-roomandusuallythelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish. ThebirthofthecomputeranditsAmericanoperatingsystemsgaveEnglishanudgeahead:thatoftheInternethasgivenitahugepush.Anyweb-linkedhouseholdtodayhasalibraryofinformationavailableattheclickofamouse.Andunlikethebooksonitsownshelvesorinthepubliclibrarymaybefour-fifthsiswritteninEnglish.Thatproportionmaylessenasmorenon-Englishsitesspringup.ButEnglishwillsurelydominate. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedwhentheauthorexplainsthereasonsoftherapidgrowingnumberofEnglishspeaker
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points19
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points5
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowareluctantconsensus舆论thatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployer41___________________________________________. Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.42___________________________________________.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom. Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.43___________________________________________. Laterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.44___________________________________________.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. 45___________________________________________.Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcludedaproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheutopian空想的goalofcreatingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. A.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife. B.Should.wenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentresofproductionandwork C.Menandwomenareallequalwhenapplyingforajob. D.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheunemploymentproblem. E.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureofwork. F.Itwasnotonly-womenwhosework’statussuffered. G.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes. 43
Text3 Formillions’ofyearswehaveknownaworldwhoseresourceseemedillimitablehoweverfastwecutdowntreesnatureunaidedwouldreplacethem.Howevermanyfishwetookfromtheseanaturewouldrestockit.Howevermuchsewagewedumpedintotherivernaturewouldpurifyitjustasshewouldpurifytheairhowevermuchsmokeandfumesweputintoit.Todaywehavereachedthestageofrealizingthatriverscanbepollutedpastprayingforthatseascanbeoverfishedandtheforestsmustbemanagedandfosterediftheyarenottovanish. Butwestillretainourprimitiveoptimismaboutairandwater.Therewillalwaysbeenoughrainfallingfromtheskiestomeetourneeds.Theaircanabsorballthefilthwecaretoputinit.Stilllessdoweworrywhetherwecouldeverrunshortofoxygen.Surelythereisairenoughtobreathe.WhoeveraskswhereoxygencomesfromtobeginwithTheyshould--forwenowconsumeabout10percentofalltheatmosphericoxygeneveryyearthankstothemanyformsofcombustionwhichdestroyit;everycaraircraftandpowerstationdestroysoxygeninquantitiesfargreaterthanmenconsumebybreathing. Thefactiswearejustbeginningtopressupagainstthelimitsoftheearth’scapacity.Webegintohavetowatchwhatwearedoingtothingslikewaterandoxygenjustaswehavetowatchwhetherweareoverfishingoroverfelling.Therealizationhasdawnedthattheearthistspaceshipwithstrictlylimitedresources.Theseresourcesmustinthelongrunberecycledeitherbynatureorbyman.Justastheastronaut’surineispurifiedtoprovidedrinkingwaterandjust’ashisexpiredairisregeneratedtobebreathedanewsoalltheearth’sresourcesmustberecycledsoonerorlater.Uptonowtheslowpaceofnature’sownrecyclinghasservedcoupledwiththefactthatthe"workingcapital".ofalreadyrecycledmaterialwaslarge.Butthemarginsaregettingsmallerandifmeninevenlargernumbersaregoingtorequireevenlargerquantitiesthepaceofrecyclingwillhavetobeartificiallyquickened. Allwehaveisanarrowbandofusableatmospherenomorethansevenmileshighathincrustoflandonlyoneeighthofthesurfaceofwhichisreallysuitableforpeopletoliveonandalimitedsupplyofdrinkablewaterwhichwecontinuallyreuse.Andintheearthwehaveacapitaloffossilfuelsandoreswhichwesteadilyrundownbillionsoftimesfasterthannaturerestoresit.Theseresourcesaretiedtogetherinacomplexsetoftransactions.Theairhelpspurifythewaterthewaterirrigatestheplantstheplantshelptorenewtheair. Weheedlesslyinterveneinthesetransactions.Forinstancewecutdowntheforestswhichtranspirewaterandoxygenwebuilddamsandpipelinewhichlimitthemovementofanimalswepavetheearthandbuildreservoirsalteringthewatercycle.’Sofarnaturehasbrushedofftheseinjuriesaspinprick.Butnowwearebecomingsostrongsocleverandsonumerousthattheyarebeginningtohurt. Whichofthefollowingbestconveysthe'ideathatmanhasbeencarelessandunconcernedinhisrelationshipwithnature
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points7
Text2 Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectivesonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsinglecelledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcenturyelectronmicroscopehaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.NowanothertypeofmicroscopeonethatutilizesXraysratherthanlightorelectronsoffersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld. ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;itsdevelopmenthoweverwasvirtuallyhaltedinthe1940’sbecausethedevelopmentoftheelectronmicroscopewasprogressingrapidly.Duringthe1940’selectronmicroscopesroutinelyachievedresolutionbetterthanthatpossiblewithavisible-lightmicroscopewhiletheperformanceofX-raymicroscopesresistedimprovement.InrecentyearshoweverinterestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevivedlargelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.AsaresultthebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubeswhichformostofthecenturyweretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftXrays. ThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveontheresolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.Theycanalsobeusedtomapthedistributionofcertainchemicalelements.Somecanformpicturesinextremelyshorttimes;othersholdthepromiseofspecialcapabilitiessuchasthree-dimensionalimaging.UnlikeconventionalelectronmicroscopyX-raymicroscopyenablesspecimenstobekeptinairandinwaterwhichmeansthatbiologicalsamplescanbestudiedunderconditionssimilartotheirnaturalstate.Theilluminationusedso-calledsoftXraysinthewavelengthrangeoftwentytofortyangstromsanangstromisoneten-billionthofameterisalsosufficientlypenetratingtoimageintactbiologicalcellsinmanycases.BecauseofthewavelengthoftheXraysusedsoftX-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.Rathertheirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-and-electron-basedinstruments. Accordingtothepassagetheinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopeallowedscientiststo
46A"scientific"viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisviewitwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworthbecausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightactionitmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedactiontothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.47Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogicastheywerebythese"scientific"thinkersrhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard:forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeingbecausepersuasivediscourseifhonestlyconceivedalwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplotasitwereofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.48Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeelingdesiringactingandsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances--realorfictional--thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.49Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionallywithhopeorfeartoparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears. Rhetoricthenisaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoricwearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachinescreaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanitiessincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe"scientific"viewleavesout.Ifitisweaknesstoharborfeelingsthenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.50Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoactionmusteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive.Purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposesfeelingsanddesiresandtherebyceasedtobepurelogic.447words Notes:rhetoric修辞学discourse论文讲演语篇asitwere可以说是姑且这么说 47
Text1 Indiahasaboutabillionpeopleandadozenmajorlanguagesofitsown.Onelanguageandonlyoneisunderstood-bytheelite-acrossthecountry:thatoftheforeignerswhoruledIndiaforlessthan200yearsandleft52yearsago. TodayIndia.Tomorrowunofficiallytheworld.Thatiswellunderway;atfirstbecausetheBritishnotonlybuiltglobalempirebutalsoitwassettledbyAmericaandnowbecausetheworldandnotablyAmericahasacquireditsfirsttrulyglobal--andinteractive--mediumtheInternet. Itisestimatedthatsome350millionpeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.Maybe250-350milliondoorcanuseitasasecondlanguage;inexcolonialcountriesnotablyorinEnglish--majorityoneslike30millionrecentlyimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesorCanada’s6millionfrancophoneQuebeckers.Andelsewhere.’Theguessis100million--1billiondependinghowyoudefine"can".Letusbehold:inall20-25%ofearth’s6billionpeoplecanuseEnglish;nottheEnglishofEnglandletaloneofDr.JohnsonbutEnglish. Thatnumberissoaringaseachyearbringsnewpupilstoschoolandcarriesofmonolingualoldies--andnowastheInternetspreads.Andtheprocessisself-reinforcing.AsbusinessspreadsacrossfrontiersthecompanythatwantstomoveitsexecutivesaroundandtopromotethebestofthemregardlessofnationalityencouragestheusesofEnglish.Sotheexecutivewhowantstobeintheframeor’tomovetoanotheremployerlearnstouseit.Englishhaslongdominatedlearnedjournals:GermanRussianorFrenchdependingonthefieldmaybeusefultotheirexpertreadersbutEnglishisessential.Soifyouwantyourownworkpublished--andwidelyreadbyyourpeers--thenEnglishisthelanguageofchoice. Thegrowthofthecinemaandstillmoresooftelevisionhasspreadthedominantlanguage.Foreignmoviesorsitcomsmaybedubbedintomajorlanguagesbutforsmalleraudiencestheyareusuallysubtitled.Result:aDutchorDanishorevenArabfamilyhasanaudio-visuallearningaidinitsliving-roomandusuallythelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish. ThebirthofthecomputeranditsAmericanoperatingsystemsgaveEnglishanudgeahead:thatoftheInternethasgivenitahugepush.Anyweb-linkedhouseholdtodayhasalibraryofinformationavailableattheclickofamouse.Andunlikethebooksonitsownshelvesorinthepubliclibrarymaybefour-fifthsiswritteninEnglish.Thatproportionmaylessenasmorenon-Englishsitesspringup.ButEnglishwillsurelydominate. Foreignmovieswon'tbedubbedintomajorlanguagewhen
Text4 Oneofthemostauthoritativespeakingtoustodayisofcoursethevoiceoftheadvertisers.Itsstridentclamordominatesourlives.Itshoutsatusfromthetelevisionscreenandtheradioloudspeakers;wavestousfromeverypageofthenewspaper;plucksatoursleevesontheescalator;signalstousfromtheroadsidebillboards’alldayandflashesmessagestousincolouredlightsallnight.Ithasforcedonusawholenewconceptionofthesuccessfulmanasamannolessthan20%ofwhosemailconsistsofannouncementsofgiantcarpetsales. Advertising.hasbeenamongEngland’sbiggestgrowthindustriessincethewarintermsoftheratioofmoneyearningstodemonstrableachievement.Whyallthisfantasticexpenditure Perhapstheansweristhatadvertisingsavesthemanufacturersfromhavingtothinkaboutthecustomer.Atthestageofdesigninganddevelopingaproductthereisquiteenoughtothinkaboutwithoutworryingoverwhetheranybodywillwanttobuyit.Thedesignerisbusyenoughwithoutaddingcustomerappealtoallhisotherproblemsofman-hoursandmachinetolerancesandstressfactors.Sotheyjustgoaheadandmakethethingandleaveittotheadvertisertofindelevenwaysofmakingitappealtopurchasersaftertheyhavefinisheditbypretendingthatitconfersstatusorattractsloveorsignifiesmanliness.Iftheadvertisingagencycandothisauthoritativelyenoughthemanufacturerisinclover. Othermanufacturersfindadvertisingsavesthemchangingtheirproduct.Andmanufacturershavechange.Theidealproductisonewhichgoesonunchangedforever.Ifthereforeforonereasonoranothersomealterationseemscalledfor--howmuchbettertochangetheimagethepacketorthepitchmadebytheproductratherthangotoalltheinconvenienceofchangingtheproductitself. Theadvertisingmanhastocombinethequalitiesofthethreemostauthoritativeprofessions:ChurchBarandMedicine.Thegreatskillrequiredofourpriestsmosthighlydevelopedinmissionariesbutpresentindeedmandatoryinallistheskillofgettingpeopletobelieveinandcontributemoneytosomethingwhichcanneverbelogicallyproved.AttheBaranessentialabilityisthatofpresentingthemostpersuasivecaseyoucantoajuryofordinarypeoplewithemotionalappealsmasqueradingaslogicalexposition;acaseyoudonotnecessarilyhavetobelieveinyourselfjustoneyouhavestudiouslyavoideddiscoveringtobefalse.AsforMedicineanydoctorwillconfirmthatalargepartofhisjobisnotclinicaltreatmentbutfaithhealing.Hisapparentlyscientificapproachenableshispatientstobelievethatheknowsexactlywhatiswrongwiththemandexactlywhattheyneedtoputthemrightjustasadvertisingdoes--"RundownYouneed...""NoonewilldancewithyouAdab-winmakeyoupopular." Advertisingmenusestatisticsratherlikeadrankusesalamp-post--forsupportratherthanillumination.Theywilldressanyoneupinawhitecoattoappearlikeanunimpeachableauthorityorfailingthattheywillevenbehappywiththeannouncement"Asusedby90%oftheactorswhoplaydoctorsontelevision."Theirengagingqualityisthattheyenjoyhavingtheirlatestrosesuncoveredalmostasmuchasanyoneelse. Advertisingmendresspeopleupinwhitecoatbecause
46A"scientific"viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisviewitwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworthbecausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightactionitmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedactiontothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.47Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogicastheywerebythese"scientific"thinkersrhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard:forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeingbecausepersuasivediscourseifhonestlyconceivedalwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplotasitwereofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.48Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeelingdesiringactingandsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances--realorfictional--thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.49Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionallywithhopeorfeartoparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears. Rhetoricthenisaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoricwearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachinescreaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanitiessincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe"scientific"viewleavesout.Ifitisweaknesstoharborfeelingsthenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.50Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoactionmusteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive.Purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposesfeelingsanddesiresandtherebyceasedtobepurelogic.447words Notes:rhetoric修辞学discourse论文讲演语篇asitwere可以说是姑且这么说 49
Inourincreasinglycomplexworldinformationisbecomingthebasicbuildingblockofthesociety.46Howeveratatimewhentheacquisitionofnewscientificinformationaloneisapproachingarateof250millionpagesannuallythetideofknowledgeis.overwhelmingthehumancapabilityofdealingwithit.Somanmustturntoamachineifhehopestocontainthetideandchannelittobeneficialends. 47TheelectroniccomputerhandlingmillionsoffactswiththeswiftnessoflighthasgivencontemporarymeaningtoAristotle’svisionoftheliberatingpossibilitiesofmachines:"Whenloomsweavebythemselvesman’sslaverywillend."Bytransformingthewayinwhichhegathersstoresretrievesandusesinformationthisversatileinstrumentishelpingmantoovercomehismentalandphysicallimitations.48Itisvastlywideninghisintellectualhorizonenablinghimbettertocomprehendhisuniverseandprovidingthemeanstomasterthatportionofitlyingwithinhisreach. Althoughweareonlyintheseconddecadeofelectronicdateprocessingtheoutlinesofitsinfluenceonourculturearebeginningtoemerge.49Farfromdepersonalizingtheindividualanddehumanizinghissocietythecomputerpromisesadegreeofpersonalizedserviceneverbeforeavailabletomankind. Bytheendofcenturyfortheequipmentofafewdollarsamonththeindividualwillhaveavastcomplexofcomputerservicesathiscommand.Informationutilitieswillmakecomputingpoweravailablelikeelectricitytothousandsofuserssimultaneously.50Thecomputerinthehomewillbejoinedanationalandglobalcomputersystemthatprovidesservicesrangingfrombankingandtravelfacilitiestolibraryresearchandmedicalcare.High-speedcommunicationdeviceslinkedtosatellitesinspacewilltransmitdatatoandfromvirtuallyanypointonearthwiththeeaseofadialsystem. Farfromdepersonalizingtheindividualanddehumanizinghissocietythecomputerpromisesadegreeofpersonalizedserviceneverbeforeavailabletomankind.
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowareluctantconsensus舆论thatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployer41___________________________________________. Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.42___________________________________________.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom. Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.43___________________________________________. Laterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.44___________________________________________.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. 45___________________________________________.Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcludedaproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheutopian空想的goalofcreatingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. A.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife. B.Should.wenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentresofproductionandwork C.Menandwomenareallequalwhenapplyingforajob. D.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheunemploymentproblem. E.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureofwork. F.Itwasnotonly-womenwhosework’statussuffered. G.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes. 41
Inourincreasinglycomplexworldinformationisbecomingthebasicbuildingblockofthesociety.46Howeveratatimewhentheacquisitionofnewscientificinformationaloneisapproachingarateof250millionpagesannuallythetideofknowledgeis.overwhelmingthehumancapabilityofdealingwithit.Somanmustturntoamachineifhehopestocontainthetideandchannelittobeneficialends. 47TheelectroniccomputerhandlingmillionsoffactswiththeswiftnessoflighthasgivencontemporarymeaningtoAristotle’svisionoftheliberatingpossibilitiesofmachines:"Whenloomsweavebythemselvesman’sslaverywillend."Bytransformingthewayinwhichhegathersstoresretrievesandusesinformationthisversatileinstrumentishelpingmantoovercomehismentalandphysicallimitations.48Itisvastlywideninghisintellectualhorizonenablinghimbettertocomprehendhisuniverseandprovidingthemeanstomasterthatportionofitlyingwithinhisreach. Althoughweareonlyintheseconddecadeofelectronicdateprocessingtheoutlinesofitsinfluenceonourculturearebeginningtoemerge.49Farfromdepersonalizingtheindividualanddehumanizinghissocietythecomputerpromisesadegreeofpersonalizedserviceneverbeforeavailabletomankind. Bytheendofcenturyfortheequipmentofafewdollarsamonththeindividualwillhaveavastcomplexofcomputerservicesathiscommand.Informationutilitieswillmakecomputingpoweravailablelikeelectricitytothousandsofuserssimultaneously.50Thecomputerinthehomewillbejoinedanationalandglobalcomputersystemthatprovidesservicesrangingfrombankingandtravelfacilitiestolibraryresearchandmedicalcare.High-speedcommunicationdeviceslinkedtosatellitesinspacewilltransmitdatatoandfromvirtuallyanypointonearthwiththeeaseofadialsystem. TheelectroniccomputerhandlingmillionsoffactswiththeswiftnessoflighthasgivencontemporarymeaningtoAristotle’svisionoftheliberatingpossibilitiesofmachines:Whenloomsweavebythemselvesman’sslaverywillend.
Text3 Formillions’ofyearswehaveknownaworldwhoseresourceseemedillimitablehoweverfastwecutdowntreesnatureunaidedwouldreplacethem.Howevermanyfishwetookfromtheseanaturewouldrestockit.Howevermuchsewagewedumpedintotherivernaturewouldpurifyitjustasshewouldpurifytheairhowevermuchsmokeandfumesweputintoit.Todaywehavereachedthestageofrealizingthatriverscanbepollutedpastprayingforthatseascanbeoverfishedandtheforestsmustbemanagedandfosterediftheyarenottovanish. Butwestillretainourprimitiveoptimismaboutairandwater.Therewillalwaysbeenoughrainfallingfromtheskiestomeetourneeds.Theaircanabsorballthefilthwecaretoputinit.Stilllessdoweworrywhetherwecouldeverrunshortofoxygen.Surelythereisairenoughtobreathe.WhoeveraskswhereoxygencomesfromtobeginwithTheyshould--forwenowconsumeabout10percentofalltheatmosphericoxygeneveryyearthankstothemanyformsofcombustionwhichdestroyit;everycaraircraftandpowerstationdestroysoxygeninquantitiesfargreaterthanmenconsumebybreathing. Thefactiswearejustbeginningtopressupagainstthelimitsoftheearth’scapacity.Webegintohavetowatchwhatwearedoingtothingslikewaterandoxygenjustaswehavetowatchwhetherweareoverfishingoroverfelling.Therealizationhasdawnedthattheearthistspaceshipwithstrictlylimitedresources.Theseresourcesmustinthelongrunberecycledeitherbynatureorbyman.Justastheastronaut’surineispurifiedtoprovidedrinkingwaterandjust’ashisexpiredairisregeneratedtobebreathedanewsoalltheearth’sresourcesmustberecycledsoonerorlater.Uptonowtheslowpaceofnature’sownrecyclinghasservedcoupledwiththefactthatthe"workingcapital".ofalreadyrecycledmaterialwaslarge.Butthemarginsaregettingsmallerandifmeninevenlargernumbersaregoingtorequireevenlargerquantitiesthepaceofrecyclingwillhavetobeartificiallyquickened. Allwehaveisanarrowbandofusableatmospherenomorethansevenmileshighathincrustoflandonlyoneeighthofthesurfaceofwhichisreallysuitableforpeopletoliveonandalimitedsupplyofdrinkablewaterwhichwecontinuallyreuse.Andintheearthwehaveacapitaloffossilfuelsandoreswhichwesteadilyrundownbillionsoftimesfasterthannaturerestoresit.Theseresourcesaretiedtogetherinacomplexsetoftransactions.Theairhelpspurifythewaterthewaterirrigatestheplantstheplantshelptorenewtheair. Weheedlesslyinterveneinthesetransactions.Forinstancewecutdowntheforestswhichtranspirewaterandoxygenwebuilddamsandpipelinewhichlimitthemovementofanimalswepavetheearthandbuildreservoirsalteringthewatercycle.’Sofarnaturehasbrushedofftheseinjuriesaspinprick.Butnowwearebecomingsostrongsocleverandsonumerousthattheyarebeginningtohurt. Todaytherehasbeenachangeofattitudetowardsnature.Thisisshownin
[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaginge.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paperwithadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperisinfactprobablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnowwithmassiveincreasesinpaperpricesthetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable. [B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottleswhicharereturnedtothedairieswashedoutandrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.MoreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottlesandithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplasticthenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays! [C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopperwhousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.SowhyisitdoneSomeofitlikethecellophaneonmeatisnecessarybutmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment. [D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshopsasuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks. [E]Littleresearchhoweverisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisitforinstanceforlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaperpulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxesWoulditbecheapertoplantanotherforestPaperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging--20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday--butverylittleissalvaged. [F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandre-useofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackagingintendedtobeusedjustonceandmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythemisclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatisafterallarelativelyunimportantfunction. [G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpackingtheboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoffthelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophanepolytheneorpaper.539words Notes:cellophane包装用的玻璃纸doup打包装饰polythene聚乙烯refusen.废料废物messup型脏弄乱salvage回收利用pulp使……成为浆状carton纸板盒encircle环绕mound小丘小堆doawaywith处理掉asopposedto与……对照notsomuch...as与其……倒不如…… Order: 45
Text3 Formillions’ofyearswehaveknownaworldwhoseresourceseemedillimitablehoweverfastwecutdowntreesnatureunaidedwouldreplacethem.Howevermanyfishwetookfromtheseanaturewouldrestockit.Howevermuchsewagewedumpedintotherivernaturewouldpurifyitjustasshewouldpurifytheairhowevermuchsmokeandfumesweputintoit.Todaywehavereachedthestageofrealizingthatriverscanbepollutedpastprayingforthatseascanbeoverfishedandtheforestsmustbemanagedandfosterediftheyarenottovanish. Butwestillretainourprimitiveoptimismaboutairandwater.Therewillalwaysbeenoughrainfallingfromtheskiestomeetourneeds.Theaircanabsorballthefilthwecaretoputinit.Stilllessdoweworrywhetherwecouldeverrunshortofoxygen.Surelythereisairenoughtobreathe.WhoeveraskswhereoxygencomesfromtobeginwithTheyshould--forwenowconsumeabout10percentofalltheatmosphericoxygeneveryyearthankstothemanyformsofcombustionwhichdestroyit;everycaraircraftandpowerstationdestroysoxygeninquantitiesfargreaterthanmenconsumebybreathing. Thefactiswearejustbeginningtopressupagainstthelimitsoftheearth’scapacity.Webegintohavetowatchwhatwearedoingtothingslikewaterandoxygenjustaswehavetowatchwhetherweareoverfishingoroverfelling.Therealizationhasdawnedthattheearthistspaceshipwithstrictlylimitedresources.Theseresourcesmustinthelongrunberecycledeitherbynatureorbyman.Justastheastronaut’surineispurifiedtoprovidedrinkingwaterandjust’ashisexpiredairisregeneratedtobebreathedanewsoalltheearth’sresourcesmustberecycledsoonerorlater.Uptonowtheslowpaceofnature’sownrecyclinghasservedcoupledwiththefactthatthe"workingcapital".ofalreadyrecycledmaterialwaslarge.Butthemarginsaregettingsmallerandifmeninevenlargernumbersaregoingtorequireevenlargerquantitiesthepaceofrecyclingwillhavetobeartificiallyquickened. Allwehaveisanarrowbandofusableatmospherenomorethansevenmileshighathincrustoflandonlyoneeighthofthesurfaceofwhichisreallysuitableforpeopletoliveonandalimitedsupplyofdrinkablewaterwhichwecontinuallyreuse.Andintheearthwehaveacapitaloffossilfuelsandoreswhichwesteadilyrundownbillionsoftimesfasterthannaturerestoresit.Theseresourcesaretiedtogetherinacomplexsetoftransactions.Theairhelpspurifythewaterthewaterirrigatestheplantstheplantshelptorenewtheair. Weheedlesslyinterveneinthesetransactions.Forinstancewecutdowntheforestswhichtranspirewaterandoxygenwebuilddamsandpipelinewhichlimitthemovementofanimalswepavetheearthandbuildreservoirsalteringthewatercycle.’Sofarnaturehasbrushedofftheseinjuriesaspinprick.Butnowwearebecomingsostrongsocleverandsonumerousthattheyarebeginningtohurt. Theanalogydrawnbetweentheearthandaspaceshipistoillustratetheideaofonearth.
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points9
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points15
1thereasonforyourletter;2theimportanceofhersupport;3howyoumakeyourlivingintheU.S.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseWangLinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Text1 Indiahasaboutabillionpeopleandadozenmajorlanguagesofitsown.Onelanguageandonlyoneisunderstood-bytheelite-acrossthecountry:thatoftheforeignerswhoruledIndiaforlessthan200yearsandleft52yearsago. TodayIndia.Tomorrowunofficiallytheworld.Thatiswellunderway;atfirstbecausetheBritishnotonlybuiltglobalempirebutalsoitwassettledbyAmericaandnowbecausetheworldandnotablyAmericahasacquireditsfirsttrulyglobal--andinteractive--mediumtheInternet. Itisestimatedthatsome350millionpeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.Maybe250-350milliondoorcanuseitasasecondlanguage;inexcolonialcountriesnotablyorinEnglish--majorityoneslike30millionrecentlyimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesorCanada’s6millionfrancophoneQuebeckers.Andelsewhere.’Theguessis100million--1billiondependinghowyoudefine"can".Letusbehold:inall20-25%ofearth’s6billionpeoplecanuseEnglish;nottheEnglishofEnglandletaloneofDr.JohnsonbutEnglish. Thatnumberissoaringaseachyearbringsnewpupilstoschoolandcarriesofmonolingualoldies--andnowastheInternetspreads.Andtheprocessisself-reinforcing.AsbusinessspreadsacrossfrontiersthecompanythatwantstomoveitsexecutivesaroundandtopromotethebestofthemregardlessofnationalityencouragestheusesofEnglish.Sotheexecutivewhowantstobeintheframeor’tomovetoanotheremployerlearnstouseit.Englishhaslongdominatedlearnedjournals:GermanRussianorFrenchdependingonthefieldmaybeusefultotheirexpertreadersbutEnglishisessential.Soifyouwantyourownworkpublished--andwidelyreadbyyourpeers--thenEnglishisthelanguageofchoice. Thegrowthofthecinemaandstillmoresooftelevisionhasspreadthedominantlanguage.Foreignmoviesorsitcomsmaybedubbedintomajorlanguagesbutforsmalleraudiencestheyareusuallysubtitled.Result:aDutchorDanishorevenArabfamilyhasanaudio-visuallearningaidinitsliving-roomandusuallythelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish. ThebirthofthecomputeranditsAmericanoperatingsystemsgaveEnglishanudgeahead:thatoftheInternethasgivenitahugepush.Anyweb-linkedhouseholdtodayhasalibraryofinformationavailableattheclickofamouse.Andunlikethebooksonitsownshelvesorinthepubliclibrarymaybefour-fifthsiswritteninEnglish.Thatproportionmaylessenasmorenon-Englishsitesspringup.ButEnglishwillsurelydominate. Thewordnudgeinthefirstsentenceofparagraphsixmeans
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points13
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points3
Text2 Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectivesonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsinglecelledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcenturyelectronmicroscopehaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.NowanothertypeofmicroscopeonethatutilizesXraysratherthanlightorelectronsoffersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld. ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;itsdevelopmenthoweverwasvirtuallyhaltedinthe1940’sbecausethedevelopmentoftheelectronmicroscopewasprogressingrapidly.Duringthe1940’selectronmicroscopesroutinelyachievedresolutionbetterthanthatpossiblewithavisible-lightmicroscopewhiletheperformanceofX-raymicroscopesresistedimprovement.InrecentyearshoweverinterestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevivedlargelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.AsaresultthebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubeswhichformostofthecenturyweretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftXrays. ThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveontheresolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.Theycanalsobeusedtomapthedistributionofcertainchemicalelements.Somecanformpicturesinextremelyshorttimes;othersholdthepromiseofspecialcapabilitiessuchasthree-dimensionalimaging.UnlikeconventionalelectronmicroscopyX-raymicroscopyenablesspecimenstobekeptinairandinwaterwhichmeansthatbiologicalsamplescanbestudiedunderconditionssimilartotheirnaturalstate.Theilluminationusedso-calledsoftXraysinthewavelengthrangeoftwentytofortyangstromsanangstromisoneten-billionthofameterisalsosufficientlypenetratingtoimageintactbiologicalcellsinmanycases.BecauseofthewavelengthoftheXraysusedsoftX-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.Rathertheirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-and-electron-basedinstruments. Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowareluctantconsensus舆论thatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployer41___________________________________________. Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.42___________________________________________.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom. Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.43___________________________________________. Laterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.44___________________________________________.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. 45___________________________________________.Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcludedaproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheutopian空想的goalofcreatingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. A.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife. B.Should.wenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentresofproductionandwork C.Menandwomenareallequalwhenapplyingforajob. D.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheunemploymentproblem. E.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureofwork. F.Itwasnotonly-womenwhosework’statussuffered. G.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes. 45
Text4 Oneofthemostauthoritativespeakingtoustodayisofcoursethevoiceoftheadvertisers.Itsstridentclamordominatesourlives.Itshoutsatusfromthetelevisionscreenandtheradioloudspeakers;wavestousfromeverypageofthenewspaper;plucksatoursleevesontheescalator;signalstousfromtheroadsidebillboards’alldayandflashesmessagestousincolouredlightsallnight.Ithasforcedonusawholenewconceptionofthesuccessfulmanasamannolessthan20%ofwhosemailconsistsofannouncementsofgiantcarpetsales. Advertising.hasbeenamongEngland’sbiggestgrowthindustriessincethewarintermsoftheratioofmoneyearningstodemonstrableachievement.Whyallthisfantasticexpenditure Perhapstheansweristhatadvertisingsavesthemanufacturersfromhavingtothinkaboutthecustomer.Atthestageofdesigninganddevelopingaproductthereisquiteenoughtothinkaboutwithoutworryingoverwhetheranybodywillwanttobuyit.Thedesignerisbusyenoughwithoutaddingcustomerappealtoallhisotherproblemsofman-hoursandmachinetolerancesandstressfactors.Sotheyjustgoaheadandmakethethingandleaveittotheadvertisertofindelevenwaysofmakingitappealtopurchasersaftertheyhavefinisheditbypretendingthatitconfersstatusorattractsloveorsignifiesmanliness.Iftheadvertisingagencycandothisauthoritativelyenoughthemanufacturerisinclover. Othermanufacturersfindadvertisingsavesthemchangingtheirproduct.Andmanufacturershavechange.Theidealproductisonewhichgoesonunchangedforever.Ifthereforeforonereasonoranothersomealterationseemscalledfor--howmuchbettertochangetheimagethepacketorthepitchmadebytheproductratherthangotoalltheinconvenienceofchangingtheproductitself. Theadvertisingmanhastocombinethequalitiesofthethreemostauthoritativeprofessions:ChurchBarandMedicine.Thegreatskillrequiredofourpriestsmosthighlydevelopedinmissionariesbutpresentindeedmandatoryinallistheskillofgettingpeopletobelieveinandcontributemoneytosomethingwhichcanneverbelogicallyproved.AttheBaranessentialabilityisthatofpresentingthemostpersuasivecaseyoucantoajuryofordinarypeoplewithemotionalappealsmasqueradingaslogicalexposition;acaseyoudonotnecessarilyhavetobelieveinyourselfjustoneyouhavestudiouslyavoideddiscoveringtobefalse.AsforMedicineanydoctorwillconfirmthatalargepartofhisjobisnotclinicaltreatmentbutfaithhealing.Hisapparentlyscientificapproachenableshispatientstobelievethatheknowsexactlywhatiswrongwiththemandexactlywhattheyneedtoputthemrightjustasadvertisingdoes--"RundownYouneed...""NoonewilldancewithyouAdab-winmakeyoupopular." Advertisingmenusestatisticsratherlikeadrankusesalamp-post--forsupportratherthanillumination.Theywilldressanyoneupinawhitecoattoappearlikeanunimpeachableauthorityorfailingthattheywillevenbehappywiththeannouncement"Asusedby90%oftheactorswhoplaydoctorsontelevision."Theirengagingqualityisthattheyenjoyhavingtheirlatestrosesuncoveredalmostasmuchasanyoneelse. Accordingtothepassagemodemadvertisingisauthoritativebecauseofthewayit
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points11
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points1
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