首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been ...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
FrederickBaileywasbornaround1818inMarylanD.Hewasbo
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofth
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofth
热门试题
更多
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit. Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.46Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth. "Anthropology"derivesfromtheGreekwords"anthropos":"human"and"logos":"thestudyof".Byitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind. Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.47Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena. Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology. Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.48Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience. Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.49Tylordefinedcultureas"...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety."Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior. 50Thustheanthropologicalconceptof"culture"liketheconceptof"set"inmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding. Thustheanthropologicalconceptofcultureliketheconceptofsetinmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.
Text2 TheSupremeCourt’srecentdecisionallowingregionalinterstatebankshasdoneawaywithonerestrictioninAmerica’sbankingoperationalthoughmanyothersstillremain.Althoughtherulingdoesnotapplytoverylargemoney-centerbanksitisamoveinaliberalizingdirectionthatcouldatlastpushCongressintoframingasensiblelegalandregulatorysystemthatallowsbankstoplantheirfuturebeyondthenextcourtcase. Therestrictivelawsthatthecourtsareinterpretingaremainlyalegacyofthebankfailuresofthe1930’s.Thecurrenthighrateofbankfailure--higherthanatanytimesincetheGreatDepression--hasmadelegislatorsafraidtoremovetherestrictions.Whiletheirlegislativetimidityisunderstandableitisalsomistaken.OnereasonsomanyAmericanbanksaregettingintotroubleispreciselythattheoldrestrictionsmakeithardforthemtobuildadomesticbaselargeandstrongenoughtosupporttheiractivitiesintoday’stelecommunicatinground-the-clockaround-the-worldfinancialmarkets.Intryingtoescapefromthisrestrictionsbanksaretakingenormousandwhatshouldbeunnecessaryrisks.ForexamplewouldalargebankbebuyingsmallfailedsavingsbanksatinflatedpricesiffederallawsandstatesregulationspermittedthatbanktoexplaininsteadthroughtheacquisitionoffinanciallyhealthybanksintheregionOfcoursenot.Thesolutionisclear.Americanbankswillbesounderwhentheyarenotgeographicallylimited.ThehouseofRepresentative’sbankingcommitteehasshownpartofthewayforwardbyrecommendingcommon-sensethoughlimitedlegislationforafive-yeartransitiontonationwidebanking.Thiswouldgiveregionalbankstimetogrouptogethertoformcounterweightstothebigmoney-centerbanks.Withoutthisbreathingspacethebigmoney-centerbanksmightsoonextendacrossthecountrytodevelop.ButanysuchlegislationshouldberegardedasonlyawaystationontheroadtowardsacompleteexaminationofAmerica’ssuitablebankinglegislation. Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:whatpersonalqualitiesare1inateacherProbablynotwopeoplewould2exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally3.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly4andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically5orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal6.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy--acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13--notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailtyandimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes.ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17.Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact--toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. 10
Text1 IcametoliveherewhereIamnowbetweenWoundedKneeCreekandGrassCreek.Otherscametooandwemadetherelittlegrayhousesoflogsthatyouseeandtheyaresquare.Itisabadwaytolivefortherecanbenopowerinasquare. YouhavenoticedthateverythinganIndiandoesisinacircleandthatisbecausethePoweroftheWorldalwaysworksincirclesandeverythingtriestoberound.Intheolddayswhenwewereastrongandhappypeopleallourpowercametousfromthesacredhoopofthenationandsolongastilehoopwasunbrokenthepeopleflourished.Thefloweringtreewasthelivingcenterofthehoopandthecircleofthefourquartersnourishedit.Theeastgavepeaceandlightthesouthgavewarmththewestgaverainandthenorthwithitscoldandmightywindgavestrengthandendurance.Thisknowledgecametousfromtheouterworldwithourreligion. EverythingthePoweroftheWorlddoesisdoneinacircle.TheskyisroundandIhaveheardthattheearthisroundlikeaballandsoareallthestars.Thewindinitsgreatestpowerwhirls.Birdsmaketheirnestsincirclesfortheirsisthesamereligionasours.Thesuncomesforthandgoesdownagaininacircle.Themoondoesthesameandbothareround.Eventheseasonsformagreatcircleintheirchangingandalwayscomebackagaintowheretheywere.Thelifeofamanisacirclefromchildhoodtochildhoodandsoitisineverythingwherepowermoves.Ourtepeeswereroundlikethenestsofbirdsandthesewerealwayssetinacirclethenation’shoopanestofmanynestswheretheGreatSpiritmeantforustohatchourchildren. ButtheWasichushaveputusinthesesquareboxes.Ourpowerisgoneandwearedyingforthepowerisnotinusanymore.Youcanlookatourboysandseehowitiswithus.Whenwewerelivingbythepowerofthecircleinthewayweshouldboysweremenattwelveorthirteenyearsofage.Butnowittakesthemverymuchlongertomature. FromthepassagewecanseethattheIndians
Text1 IcametoliveherewhereIamnowbetweenWoundedKneeCreekandGrassCreek.Otherscametooandwemadetherelittlegrayhousesoflogsthatyouseeandtheyaresquare.Itisabadwaytolivefortherecanbenopowerinasquare. YouhavenoticedthateverythinganIndiandoesisinacircleandthatisbecausethePoweroftheWorldalwaysworksincirclesandeverythingtriestoberound.Intheolddayswhenwewereastrongandhappypeopleallourpowercametousfromthesacredhoopofthenationandsolongastilehoopwasunbrokenthepeopleflourished.Thefloweringtreewasthelivingcenterofthehoopandthecircleofthefourquartersnourishedit.Theeastgavepeaceandlightthesouthgavewarmththewestgaverainandthenorthwithitscoldandmightywindgavestrengthandendurance.Thisknowledgecametousfromtheouterworldwithourreligion. EverythingthePoweroftheWorlddoesisdoneinacircle.TheskyisroundandIhaveheardthattheearthisroundlikeaballandsoareallthestars.Thewindinitsgreatestpowerwhirls.Birdsmaketheirnestsincirclesfortheirsisthesamereligionasours.Thesuncomesforthandgoesdownagaininacircle.Themoondoesthesameandbothareround.Eventheseasonsformagreatcircleintheirchangingandalwayscomebackagaintowheretheywere.Thelifeofamanisacirclefromchildhoodtochildhoodandsoitisineverythingwherepowermoves.Ourtepeeswereroundlikethenestsofbirdsandthesewerealwayssetinacirclethenation’shoopanestofmanynestswheretheGreatSpiritmeantforustohatchourchildren. ButtheWasichushaveputusinthesesquareboxes.Ourpowerisgoneandwearedyingforthepowerisnotinusanymore.Youcanlookatourboysandseehowitiswithus.Whenwewerelivingbythepowerofthecircleinthewayweshouldboysweremenattwelveorthirteenyearsofage.Butnowittakesthemverymuchlongertomature. Tothenarratorroundnessstandsfor
Text3 Advertisingisaformofselling.Forthousandsofyearstherehavebeenindividualswhohavetriedtopersuadeotherstobuythefoodtheyhaveproducedorthegoodstheyhavemadeortheservicestheycanperform. ButthemassproductionofgoodsresultingfromtheIndustrialRevolutioninthe19thcenturymadeperson-to-personsellinglessefficientthanitpreviouslywasformostproducts.Themassdistributionofgoodsthatfollowedthedevelopmentofrailandhighwaysystemsmadeperson-to-personsellingtooslowandexpensiveforalmostallcompanies.Atthesametimehoweveragrowthinmasscommunicationoccurredfirstinnewspapersandmagazinesthenradioandtelevisionthatmademasssellingpossible.Advertisingthenismerelysellingorsalesmanshipfunctioninginthepaidspaceortimeofvariousmasscommunicationmedia. Theobjectiveofanyadvertisementistoconvincepeoplethatitisintheirbestintereststotakeanactiontheadvertiserisrecommending.Theactionmaybetopurchaseaproductgotoashowroomtotrytheproductuseaservicevoteforapoliticalcandidatemakeacontributionoreventojointhearmy.Likeanypersonalsalespersontheadvertisementtriestopersuade.Thedecisionistheprospect’s. Whileadvertisingbringstheeconomiesofmasssellingtothemanufactureritproducesbenefitsfortheconsumeraswell.Someofthoseeconomiesarepassedalongtothepurchasersothatthecost5faproductsoldprimarilythroughadvertisingisusuallyfarlessthanonesoldthroughpersonalsalespeople.Advertisingalsobringspeopleimmediatenewsaboutproductsthathavejustcomeonthemarket.Finallyadvertisingpaysfortheprogramsoncommercialtelevisionandradioandforabouttwothirdsofthecostpublishingmagazinesandnewspapers. Whichstatementisrightaccordingtothepassage
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit. Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.46Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth. "Anthropology"derivesfromtheGreekwords"anthropos":"human"and"logos":"thestudyof".Byitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind. Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.47Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena. Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology. Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.48Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience. Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.49Tylordefinedcultureas"...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety."Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior. 50Thustheanthropologicalconceptof"culture"liketheconceptof"set"inmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding. Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.
Text4 Historiansmaywelllookbackonthe1980sintheUnitedStatesasatimeofrisingaffluencesidebysidewithrisingpoverty.Thegrowthinaffluenceisattributabletoanincreaseinprofessionalandtechnicaljobsalongwithmoretwocareercoupleswhosecombinedincomesprovidea"comfortableliving".Yetsimultaneouslythenation’spovertyraterosebetween1973and1983from11.1percentofthepopulationto15.2orbywelloverathird.Althoughthepovertyratedeclinedsomewhatafter1983itwasstillheldat13.5percentin1987comprisingapopulationof32:5millionAmericans. Thedefinitionofpovertyisamatterofdebate.In1795agroupofEnglishmagistratesdecidedthataminimumincomeshouldbe"thecostofagallonloafofbreadmultipliedbythreeplusanallowanceforeachdependent".TodaytheCensusBureaudefinesthethresholdofpovertyintheUnitedStatesastheminimumamountofmoneythatfamiliesneedtopurchaseanutritionallyadequatedietassumingtheyuseonethirdoftheirincomeforfood.UsingthisdefinitionroughlyhalftheAmericanpopulationwaspoorintheaftermathoftheGreatDepressionofthe1930s.By1950theproportionofthepoorhadfallento30percentandby1964to20percent.WiththeadoptionoftheJohnsonadministration’santipovertyprogramsthepovertyratedroppedto12percentin1969.Butsincethenithasstoppedfalling.Liberalscontendthatthepovertylineistoolowbecauseitfailstotakeintoaccountchangesinthestandardofliving. Conservativessaythatitistoohighbecausethepoorreceiveotherformsofpublicassistanceincludingfoodstampspublichousingsubsidiesandhealthcare. IntheeightiestheAmericansasawhole
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:whatpersonalqualitiesare1inateacherProbablynotwopeoplewould2exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally3.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly4andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically5orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal6.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy--acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13--notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailtyandimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes.ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17.Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact--toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. 6
Text2 TheSupremeCourt’srecentdecisionallowingregionalinterstatebankshasdoneawaywithonerestrictioninAmerica’sbankingoperationalthoughmanyothersstillremain.Althoughtherulingdoesnotapplytoverylargemoney-centerbanksitisamoveinaliberalizingdirectionthatcouldatlastpushCongressintoframingasensiblelegalandregulatorysystemthatallowsbankstoplantheirfuturebeyondthenextcourtcase. Therestrictivelawsthatthecourtsareinterpretingaremainlyalegacyofthebankfailuresofthe1930’s.Thecurrenthighrateofbankfailure--higherthanatanytimesincetheGreatDepression--hasmadelegislatorsafraidtoremovetherestrictions.Whiletheirlegislativetimidityisunderstandableitisalsomistaken.OnereasonsomanyAmericanbanksaregettingintotroubleispreciselythattheoldrestrictionsmakeithardforthemtobuildadomesticbaselargeandstrongenoughtosupporttheiractivitiesintoday’stelecommunicatinground-the-clockaround-the-worldfinancialmarkets.Intryingtoescapefromthisrestrictionsbanksaretakingenormousandwhatshouldbeunnecessaryrisks.ForexamplewouldalargebankbebuyingsmallfailedsavingsbanksatinflatedpricesiffederallawsandstatesregulationspermittedthatbanktoexplaininsteadthroughtheacquisitionoffinanciallyhealthybanksintheregionOfcoursenot.Thesolutionisclear.Americanbankswillbesounderwhentheyarenotgeographicallylimited.ThehouseofRepresentative’sbankingcommitteehasshownpartofthewayforwardbyrecommendingcommon-sensethoughlimitedlegislationforafive-yeartransitiontonationwidebanking.Thiswouldgiveregionalbankstimetogrouptogethertoformcounterweightstothebigmoney-centerbanks.Withoutthisbreathingspacethebigmoney-centerbanksmightsoonextendacrossthecountrytodevelop.ButanysuchlegislationshouldberegardedasonlyawaystationontheroadtowardsacompleteexaminationofAmerica’ssuitablebankinglegislation. Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthecurrentbankinglawsisbestdescribedasoneof
[A]Heisunlikelytoproducesuchabighitinthenearfuturesomoreofhisattentionisdirectedtorevisingtheoldsongandsellingittomorepeople. [B]Backinthe1950shesaysperformersgotonlyone-tenthoftheshareofroyaltiesthattheydonow.Foryearsartistshavewithgoodreasonaccusedbigrecordlabelsofrippingthemoff. [C]ThismonthearlyrecordingsbyElvishimselfstartedtoenterEurope’spublicdomain.OverthenextfewdecadesatorrentofthemostpopulartracksfromtheBeatlestheRollingStonesandmanyotherartistswillbecomepublicpropertyinEurope—tothepleasureoffansandtheconsternationofthemusicindustry. [D]ThemusicindustryalsopointsoutthatAmericagivesartistsalmosttwiceasmuchcopyrightprotectionasEurope.AmericahasrepeatedlylengthenedcopyrighttermswiththelatestreprievetheSonnyBonoCopyrightTermExtensionActof1998givingperformersprotectionfor95yearsafterpublication. [E]ButwhentheattentionisshiftedfromEuropetoAmericaartistsshouldfeelmuchbetterbecausethelengthofcopyrightprotectionthereisevenshorter.ItseemsthattheAmericangovernmentismoreinterestedinservingthepublicthanthealreadyveryrichartists. [F]MusicexecutiveswanttheEuropeanCommissiontoprotectthemfromsuchunwelcomecomecompetitionbyextendingthecopyrightterm [G]Andthatestimateaccountsonlyforsongsuptotheendofthe1950s.Farmorewillbeatriskasmusicfromthe1960sand1970smovesoutofcopyright. "Everythreemonthsfromthebeginningof2008"saysCliffRichardwhowasonceBritain’sanswertoElvisPresley"Iwillloseasong."ThereasonisthatinmostEuropeancountriescopyrightprotectiononsoundrecordingslastsfor50yearsandnowSirCliffrecordedhisfirsthitsingle"MoveIt"in1958.41______ Oneofthebigfourmusicfirmsestimatesthatabout100m"deepcatalogue"ieoldalbumsnowsoldinEuropeeachyearwillhaveenteredthepublicdomainbytheendof2010.Assumingacurrentwholesalepriceof$10thatcouldjeopardise$1billionofrevenuesorabout3%ofannualrecordedmusicsales.42______ EvenoncemuchofthebackcataloguehasenteredthepublicdomainthebigmusicfirmscancarryonsellingitonCD.Theywillevenbenefitfromnothavingtopayanythingtotheartistortohisestate.Theywillinmanycasesstillowncopyrightontheoriginalcoverart.ButtheywillfacenewcompetitionfromahostofprovidersofCDswhomayundercutthem.Andontheinternetpublicdomainmusicislikelytobefreeasmuchofthecopyrightedstuffalreadyisonpeer-to-peernetworks. 43______Artistshaveralliedtothecause:U2StatusQuoandCharlesAznavourallwantthe50-yearlimitincreased.Manymoreactswillsignapetitionthisspring.SirCliffhasspenthourscomplainingtothecommissionthatcomposersofsongsgetcopyrightfor70yearsaftertheirdeath:morethanperformers. 44______ ManypeoplebelievethatAmericahasgonetoofarinprotectingcopyrightattheexpenseofthepublicgoodincludingitseemsthecommissionwhichsaidlastyearthatitsawnoneedtoliftitsown50-yearlimit.Itsdeadlineforproposalsoncopyrightlawhasslippedfromthisyearto2006.Butgovernmentsarelikelytoweighinontheissue.FranceItalyandPortugalhaveindicatedthattheysupportanextensionofthetermandBritainislikelytostickupforitsownmusicmajorEMI. AlthoughartistsandtheirestateswantlongercopyrightthebigmusicfirmswouldbenefitfromitthemostespeciallyinthenextcoupleofdecadessaysStephenKingchairmanoftheAssociationofUnitedRecordingArtistsandmanageroftheLibertines.45______Nowtheyhavewisedupaboutmakingdeals.Thebestguaranteeoffinancialsecurity—saferthanclingingontocopyright—ishiringagoodlawyerearlyon. 44
Text4 Historiansmaywelllookbackonthe1980sintheUnitedStatesasatimeofrisingaffluencesidebysidewithrisingpoverty.Thegrowthinaffluenceisattributabletoanincreaseinprofessionalandtechnicaljobsalongwithmoretwocareercoupleswhosecombinedincomesprovidea"comfortableliving".Yetsimultaneouslythenation’spovertyraterosebetween1973and1983from11.1percentofthepopulationto15.2orbywelloverathird.Althoughthepovertyratedeclinedsomewhatafter1983itwasstillheldat13.5percentin1987comprisingapopulationof32:5millionAmericans. Thedefinitionofpovertyisamatterofdebate.In1795agroupofEnglishmagistratesdecidedthataminimumincomeshouldbe"thecostofagallonloafofbreadmultipliedbythreeplusanallowanceforeachdependent".TodaytheCensusBureaudefinesthethresholdofpovertyintheUnitedStatesastheminimumamountofmoneythatfamiliesneedtopurchaseanutritionallyadequatedietassumingtheyuseonethirdoftheirincomeforfood.UsingthisdefinitionroughlyhalftheAmericanpopulationwaspoorintheaftermathoftheGreatDepressionofthe1930s.By1950theproportionofthepoorhadfallento30percentandby1964to20percent.WiththeadoptionoftheJohnsonadministration’santipovertyprogramsthepovertyratedroppedto12percentin1969.Butsincethenithasstoppedfalling.Liberalscontendthatthepovertylineistoolowbecauseitfailstotakeintoaccountchangesinthestandardofliving. Conservativessaythatitistoohighbecausethepoorreceiveotherformsofpublicassistanceincludingfoodstampspublichousingsubsidiesandhealthcare. Thosewhoconsiderthepovertylinehighpointoutthat
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit. Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.46Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth. "Anthropology"derivesfromtheGreekwords"anthropos":"human"and"logos":"thestudyof".Byitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind. Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.47Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena. Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology. Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.48Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience. Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.49Tylordefinedcultureas"...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety."Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior. 50Thustheanthropologicalconceptof"culture"liketheconceptof"set"inmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding. Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:whatpersonalqualitiesare1inateacherProbablynotwopeoplewould2exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally3. Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly4andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically5orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal6.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality. Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy--acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13--notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailtyandimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes. ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17.Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact--toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. 2
Text4 Historiansmaywelllookbackonthe1980sintheUnitedStatesasatimeofrisingaffluencesidebysidewithrisingpoverty.Thegrowthinaffluenceisattributabletoanincreaseinprofessionalandtechnicaljobsalongwithmoretwocareercoupleswhosecombinedincomesprovidea"comfortableliving".Yetsimultaneouslythenation’spovertyraterosebetween1973and1983from11.1percentofthepopulationto15.2orbywelloverathird.Althoughthepovertyratedeclinedsomewhatafter1983itwasstillheldat13.5percentin1987comprisingapopulationof32:5millionAmericans. Thedefinitionofpovertyisamatterofdebate.In1795agroupofEnglishmagistratesdecidedthataminimumincomeshouldbe"thecostofagallonloafofbreadmultipliedbythreeplusanallowanceforeachdependent".TodaytheCensusBureaudefinesthethresholdofpovertyintheUnitedStatesastheminimumamountofmoneythatfamiliesneedtopurchaseanutritionallyadequatedietassumingtheyuseonethirdoftheirincomeforfood.UsingthisdefinitionroughlyhalftheAmericanpopulationwaspoorintheaftermathoftheGreatDepressionofthe1930s.By1950theproportionofthepoorhadfallento30percentandby1964to20percent.WiththeadoptionoftheJohnsonadministration’santipovertyprogramsthepovertyratedroppedto12percentin1969.Butsincethenithasstoppedfalling.Liberalscontendthatthepovertylineistoolowbecauseitfailstotakeintoaccountchangesinthestandardofliving. Conservativessaythatitistoohighbecausethepoorreceiveotherformsofpublicassistanceincludingfoodstampspublichousingsubsidiesandhealthcare. Itcanbeinferredthatpoverty
Directions: Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessayyoushould: 1describethepicturesbriefly 2interpretthemeaningand 3giveyourcomment
Text3 Advertisingisaformofselling.Forthousandsofyearstherehavebeenindividualswhohavetriedtopersuadeotherstobuythefoodtheyhaveproducedorthegoodstheyhavemadeortheservicestheycanperform. ButthemassproductionofgoodsresultingfromtheIndustrialRevolutioninthe19thcenturymadeperson-to-personsellinglessefficientthanitpreviouslywasformostproducts.Themassdistributionofgoodsthatfollowedthedevelopmentofrailandhighwaysystemsmadeperson-to-personsellingtooslowandexpensiveforalmostallcompanies.Atthesametimehoweveragrowthinmasscommunicationoccurredfirstinnewspapersandmagazinesthenradioandtelevisionthatmademasssellingpossible.Advertisingthenismerelysellingorsalesmanshipfunctioninginthepaidspaceortimeofvariousmasscommunicationmedia. Theobjectiveofanyadvertisementistoconvincepeoplethatitisintheirbestintereststotakeanactiontheadvertiserisrecommending.Theactionmaybetopurchaseaproductgotoashowroomtotrytheproductuseaservicevoteforapoliticalcandidatemakeacontributionoreventojointhearmy.Likeanypersonalsalespersontheadvertisementtriestopersuade.Thedecisionistheprospect’s. Whileadvertisingbringstheeconomiesofmasssellingtothemanufactureritproducesbenefitsfortheconsumeraswell.Someofthoseeconomiesarepassedalongtothepurchasersothatthecost5faproductsoldprimarilythroughadvertisingisusuallyfarlessthanonesoldthroughpersonalsalespeople.Advertisingalsobringspeopleimmediatenewsaboutproductsthathavejustcomeonthemarket.Finallyadvertisingpaysfortheprogramsoncommercialtelevisionandradioandforabouttwothirdsofthecostpublishingmagazinesandnewspapers. Fromthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphwelearn
46Classicalphysicsdefinesthevacuumasastateofabsencewhichissaidtoexistinaregionofspaceifthereisnothinginit.Inthequantumfieldtheoriesthatdescribethephysicsofelementaryparticlesthevacuumbecomessomewhatmorecomplicated.Eveninemptyspaceparticlescanappearspontaneouslyasaresultoffluctuationsofthevacuum.Forexampleanelectronandapositronoranti-electroncanbecreatedoutofthevoid.Particlescreatedinthiswayhaveonlyafleetingexistence;theyareannihilatedalmostassoonastheyappearandtheirpresencecanneverbedetecteddirectly.47Theyarecalledvirtualparticlesinordertodistinguishthemfromrealparticleswhoselifetimesarenotconstrainedinthesamewayandwhichcanbedetected.Thusitisstillpossibletodefinethatvacuumasaspacethathasnorealparticlesinit. Onemightexpectthatthevacuumwouldalwaysbethestateoflowestpossibleenergyforagivenregionofspace.Ifanareaisinitiallyemptyandarealparticleisputintoitthetotalenergyitseemsshouldberaisedbyatleasttheenergyequivalentofthemassoftheaddedparticle.48Asurprisingresultofsomerecenttheoreticalinvestigationsisthatthisassumptionisnotinvariablytrueandthereareconditionsunderwhichtheintroductionofarealparticleoffinitemassintoanemptyregionofspacecanreducethetotalenergy.Ifthereductioninenergyisgreatenoughanelectronandapositronwillbespontaneouslycreated.Undertheseconditionstheelectronandpositronarenotaresultofvacuumfluctuationsbutarerealparticleswhichexistindefinitelyandcanbedetected.Inotherwordsundertheseconditionsthevacuumisanunstablestateandcandecayintoastateoflowerenergy;i.e.oneinwhichrealparticlesarecreated. Theessentialconditionforthedecayofthevacuumisthepresenceofanintenseelectricfield.49Asaresultofthedecayofthevacuumthespacepermeatedbysuchafieldcanbesaidtoacquireanelectricchargeanditcanbecalledachargedvacuum.Theparticlesthatmaterializeinthespacemakethechargemanifest.Anelectricfieldofsufficientintensitytocreateachargedvacuumislikelytobefoundinonlyoneplace:intheimmediatevicinityofasuperheavyatomicnucleusonewithabouttwiceasmanyprotonsastheheaviestnaturalnucleiknown.50Anucleusthatlargecannotbestablebutitmightbepossibletoassembleonenexttoavacuumforlongenoughtoobservethedecayofthevacuum.Experimentsattemptingtoachievethisarenowunderway. Anucleusthatlargecannotbestablebutitmightbepossibletoassembleonenexttoavacuumforlongenoughtoobservethedecayofthevacuum.Experimentsattemptingtoachievethisarenowunderway.
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:whatpersonalqualitiesare1inateacherProbablynotwopeoplewould2exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally3.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly4andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically5orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal6.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy--acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13--notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailtyandimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes.ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17.Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact--toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. 12
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:whatpersonalqualitiesare1inateacherProbablynotwopeoplewould2exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally3.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly4andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically5orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal6.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy--acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13--notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailtyandimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes.ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17.Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact--toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. 18
Text2 TheSupremeCourt’srecentdecisionallowingregionalinterstatebankshasdoneawaywithonerestrictioninAmerica’sbankingoperationalthoughmanyothersstillremain.Althoughtherulingdoesnotapplytoverylargemoney-centerbanksitisamoveinaliberalizingdirectionthatcouldatlastpushCongressintoframingasensiblelegalandregulatorysystemthatallowsbankstoplantheirfuturebeyondthenextcourtcase. Therestrictivelawsthatthecourtsareinterpretingaremainlyalegacyofthebankfailuresofthe1930’s.Thecurrenthighrateofbankfailure--higherthanatanytimesincetheGreatDepression--hasmadelegislatorsafraidtoremovetherestrictions.Whiletheirlegislativetimidityisunderstandableitisalsomistaken.OnereasonsomanyAmericanbanksaregettingintotroubleispreciselythattheoldrestrictionsmakeithardforthemtobuildadomesticbaselargeandstrongenoughtosupporttheiractivitiesintoday’stelecommunicatinground-the-clockaround-the-worldfinancialmarkets.Intryingtoescapefromthisrestrictionsbanksaretakingenormousandwhatshouldbeunnecessaryrisks.ForexamplewouldalargebankbebuyingsmallfailedsavingsbanksatinflatedpricesiffederallawsandstatesregulationspermittedthatbanktoexplaininsteadthroughtheacquisitionoffinanciallyhealthybanksintheregionOfcoursenot.Thesolutionisclear.Americanbankswillbesounderwhentheyarenotgeographicallylimited.ThehouseofRepresentative’sbankingcommitteehasshownpartofthewayforwardbyrecommendingcommon-sensethoughlimitedlegislationforafive-yeartransitiontonationwidebanking.Thiswouldgiveregionalbankstimetogrouptogethertoformcounterweightstothebigmoney-centerbanks.Withoutthisbreathingspacethebigmoney-centerbanksmightsoonextendacrossthecountrytodevelop.ButanysuchlegislationshouldberegardedasonlyawaystationontheroadtowardsacompleteexaminationofAmerica’ssuitablebankinglegislation. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribeswhytherestrictivebankingtawsofthe1930'sarestillonthebook
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:whatpersonalqualitiesare1inateacherProbablynotwopeoplewould2exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally3.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly4andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically5orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal6.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy--acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13--notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailtyandimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes.ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17.Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact--toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. 8
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:whatpersonalqualitiesare1inateacherProbablynotwopeoplewould2exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally3.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly4andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically5orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal6.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy--acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13--notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailtyandimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes.ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17.Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact--toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. 16
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:whatpersonalqualitiesare1inateacherProbablynotwopeoplewould2exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally3.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly4andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically5orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal6.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy--acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13--notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailtyandimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes.ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17.Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact--toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. 4
[A]TheinfluenceofmaplesontheCanadianculture. [B]ThetokenofmaplesinCanada. [C]Contemplationofglobaldistributionofmaples. [D]ThetriumphofNokomisoverthedevilswiththehelpofmaples. [E]Thepopularityofthemapleinafavoritemyth. [F]Themaplesignalstheapproachoffall. ThemaplesmokeofautumnbonfiresisincensetoCanadians.Bestowingperfumeforthenosecolorfortheeyesweetnessforthespringtonguethesugarmaplepromptsthissharingofafavoritemythandoriginaletymologyofthewordmaple. 41.__________________ ThemapleloomslargeinOjibwafolktales.Thetimeofyearforsugaring-offis"intheMapleMoon."AmongOjibwatheprimordialfemalefigureisNokomisawisegrandmother.Inonetaleaboutseasonalchangecannibalwendigos-creaturesofevil-chasedoldNokomisthroughtheautumncountryside.Wendigosthroveinicycold.Whentheyenteredthebodiesofhumansthehumanheartfrozesolid.Herewendigosrepresentoncomingwinter.TheywerehuntingtokillandeatpoorNokomisthewarmembodimentoffemalefecunditywholikethesummerhasgrownold. 42.__________________ KnowingthiswasapursuittothedeathNokomisoutsmartedthecolddevils.Shehidinastandofmapletreesallredandorangeanddeepyellow.Thismaplegrovegrewbesideawaterfallwhosemistblurredthetrees’outline.Astheypeeredthroughthemistslaveringwendigosthoughttheysawaragingfireinwhichtheirpreywasburning.ButitwasonlyoldNokomisbeinghiddenbythebrightredleavesofherfriendsthemaples.AndsodroolingiceandhuffingfrostthewendigosleftherandsoughteasierpreysFortheirserviceinsavingtheearthmother’slifethesemaplesweregivenaspecialgift:theirwateroflifewouldbeforeversweetandCanadianswouldtapitfornourishment. 43.__________________ MapleanditssyrupRowsweetlyintoCanadianhumor.Quebeckershavethestandardsiropd’erableformaplesyrupbutaddafeistyinsulttolabelimitationsyrupsthatarethickwithglucoseglop.TheycallthissugaryimpostersiropdePoteau"telephone-polesyrup"ordeadtreesyrup 44.__________________ ThecontentionthatmaplesyrupisuniquetoNorthAmericaissuspectIbelieveChinahascloseto10speciesofmaplemorethananycountryintheworld.Canadahas10nativespecies.NorthAmericadoeshappentobehometothesugarmaplethespeciesthatproducesthesweetestsapandthemostabundantflow.ButarewetobelievethatinthousandsofyearsofChinesehistorytheseinventivepeoplenevertappedamapletotasteitssapIspeculatethattheydid.CouldProto -AmericaswhocrossedtheBeringlandbridgetopopulatetheAmericashavebroughtwiththemaknowledgeofmaplesyrupIsthereaveryoldChinesephraseformaplesyrupIsmaplesyrupmentionedinChineseliteratureForanon-readerofChinesesuchquestionsaredauntingbutnotimpossibletoanswer. 45.__________________ Whatiscertainisthemaple’sholdfastonournationalimagination.ItsleafwasadoptedasanembleminNewFranceasearlyas1700andinEnglishCanadabythemid-19thcentury.Inthefallof1867aTorontoschoolteachernamedAlexanderMuirwastraipsingastreetatthecityallsquelchyunderfootfromthesoftfeltoffallingleaveswhenamapleleafalightedtohiscoatsleeveandstuckthere.AthomethateveninghewroteapoemandsetittomusicincelebrationofCanada’sConfederation.Muir’ssong"TheMapleLeafForever"waswildlypopularandhelpedfastenthesymbolfirmlytoCanada. Theword"maple"isfrom"mapeltreow"theOldEnglishtermformapletreewith"mapl"-asitsProto-Germanicrootacompoundinwhichthefirst"m"-isIbelievethenearlyworldwide"ma"oneofthefirsthumansoundsthepursingofababy’slipsasitpreparestosuckmilkfrommother’sbreast.The"ma"rootgivesriseinmanyworldlanguagestothousandsofwordslike"mama""mammary""maia"and"Amazon."Hereitwouldmake"mapl"mean"nourishingmothertree"thatistreewhosemaplesapinnourishing.Thesecondpartofthecompound"apl"isavariantofIndo-Europeanable"fruitofanytree"andtheoriginofanotherEnglishfruitwordapple.Sotheprimitiveanalogycomparestheliquidsapwithanothernourishingliquidmother’smilk. 42
46Classicalphysicsdefinesthevacuumasastateofabsencewhichissaidtoexistinaregionofspaceifthereisnothinginit.Inthequantumfieldtheoriesthatdescribethephysicsofelementaryparticlesthevacuumbecomessomewhatmorecomplicated.Eveninemptyspaceparticlescanappearspontaneouslyasaresultoffluctuationsofthevacuum.Forexampleanelectronandapositronoranti-electroncanbecreatedoutofthevoid.Particlescreatedinthiswayhaveonlyafleetingexistence;theyareannihilatedalmostassoonastheyappearandtheirpresencecanneverbedetecteddirectly.47Theyarecalledvirtualparticlesinordertodistinguishthemfromrealparticleswhoselifetimesarenotconstrainedinthesamewayandwhichcanbedetected.Thusitisstillpossibletodefinethatvacuumasaspacethathasnorealparticlesinit. Onemightexpectthatthevacuumwouldalwaysbethestateoflowestpossibleenergyforagivenregionofspace.Ifanareaisinitiallyemptyandarealparticleisputintoitthetotalenergyitseemsshouldberaisedbyatleasttheenergyequivalentofthemassoftheaddedparticle.48Asurprisingresultofsomerecenttheoreticalinvestigationsisthatthisassumptionisnotinvariablytrueandthereareconditionsunderwhichtheintroductionofarealparticleoffinitemassintoanemptyregionofspacecanreducethetotalenergy.Ifthereductioninenergyisgreatenoughanelectronandapositronwillbespontaneouslycreated.Undertheseconditionstheelectronandpositronarenotaresultofvacuumfluctuationsbutarerealparticleswhichexistindefinitelyandcanbedetected.Inotherwordsundertheseconditionsthevacuumisanunstablestateandcandecayintoastateoflowerenergy;i.e.oneinwhichrealparticlesarecreated. Theessentialconditionforthedecayofthevacuumisthepresenceofanintenseelectricfield.49Asaresultofthedecayofthevacuumthespacepermeatedbysuchafieldcanbesaidtoacquireanelectricchargeanditcanbecalledachargedvacuum.Theparticlesthatmaterializeinthespacemakethechargemanifest.Anelectricfieldofsufficientintensitytocreateachargedvacuumislikelytobefoundinonlyoneplace:intheimmediatevicinityofasuperheavyatomicnucleusonewithabouttwiceasmanyprotonsastheheaviestnaturalnucleiknown.50Anucleusthatlargecannotbestablebutitmightbepossibletoassembleonenexttoavacuumforlongenoughtoobservethedecayofthevacuum.Experimentsattemptingtoachievethisarenowunderway. Classicalphysicsdefinesthevacuumasastateofabsencewhichissaidtoexistinaregionofspaceifthereisnothinginit
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:whatpersonalqualitiesare1inateacherProbablynotwopeoplewould2exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally3.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly4andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically5orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal6.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy--acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13--notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailtyandimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes.ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17.Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact--toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. 14
46Classicalphysicsdefinesthevacuumasastateofabsencewhichissaidtoexistinaregionofspaceifthereisnothinginit.Inthequantumfieldtheoriesthatdescribethephysicsofelementaryparticlesthevacuumbecomessomewhatmorecomplicated.Eveninemptyspaceparticlescanappearspontaneouslyasaresultoffluctuationsofthevacuum.Forexampleanelectronandapositronoranti-electroncanbecreatedoutofthevoid.Particlescreatedinthiswayhaveonlyafleetingexistence;theyareannihilatedalmostassoonastheyappearandtheirpresencecanneverbedetecteddirectly.47Theyarecalledvirtualparticlesinordertodistinguishthemfromrealparticleswhoselifetimesarenotconstrainedinthesamewayandwhichcanbedetected.Thusitisstillpossibletodefinethatvacuumasaspacethathasnorealparticlesinit. Onemightexpectthatthevacuumwouldalwaysbethestateoflowestpossibleenergyforagivenregionofspace.Ifanareaisinitiallyemptyandarealparticleisputintoitthetotalenergyitseemsshouldberaisedbyatleasttheenergyequivalentofthemassoftheaddedparticle.48Asurprisingresultofsomerecenttheoreticalinvestigationsisthatthisassumptionisnotinvariablytrueandthereareconditionsunderwhichtheintroductionofarealparticleoffinitemassintoanemptyregionofspacecanreducethetotalenergy.Ifthereductioninenergyisgreatenoughanelectronandapositronwillbespontaneouslycreated.Undertheseconditionstheelectronandpositronarenotaresultofvacuumfluctuationsbutarerealparticleswhichexistindefinitelyandcanbedetected.Inotherwordsundertheseconditionsthevacuumisanunstablestateandcandecayintoastateoflowerenergy;i.e.oneinwhichrealparticlesarecreated. Theessentialconditionforthedecayofthevacuumisthepresenceofanintenseelectricfield.49Asaresultofthedecayofthevacuumthespacepermeatedbysuchafieldcanbesaidtoacquireanelectricchargeanditcanbecalledachargedvacuum.Theparticlesthatmaterializeinthespacemakethechargemanifest.Anelectricfieldofsufficientintensitytocreateachargedvacuumislikelytobefoundinonlyoneplace:intheimmediatevicinityofasuperheavyatomicnucleusonewithabouttwiceasmanyprotonsastheheaviestnaturalnucleiknown.50Anucleusthatlargecannotbestablebutitmightbepossibletoassembleonenexttoavacuumforlongenoughtoobservethedecayofthevacuum.Experimentsattemptingtoachievethisarenowunderway. Asurprisingresultofsomerecenttheoreticalinvestigationsisthatthisassumptionisnotinvariablytrueandthereareconditionsunderwhichtheintroductionofarealparticleoffinitemassintoanemptyregionofspacecanreducethetotalenergy.
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:whatpersonalqualitiesare1inateacherProbablynotwopeoplewould2exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally3.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly4andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically5orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal6.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy--acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13--notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailtyandimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes.ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17.Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact--toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. 20
[A]TheinfluenceofmaplesontheCanadianculture. [B]ThetokenofmaplesinCanada. [C]Contemplationofglobaldistributionofmaples. [D]ThetriumphofNokomisoverthedevilswiththehelpofmaples. [E]Thepopularityofthemapleinafavoritemyth. [F]Themaplesignalstheapproachoffall. ThemaplesmokeofautumnbonfiresisincensetoCanadians.Bestowingperfumeforthenosecolorfortheeyesweetnessforthespringtonguethesugarmaplepromptsthissharingofafavoritemythandoriginaletymologyofthewordmaple. 41.__________________ ThemapleloomslargeinOjibwafolktales.Thetimeofyearforsugaring-offis"intheMapleMoon."AmongOjibwatheprimordialfemalefigureisNokomisawisegrandmother.Inonetaleaboutseasonalchangecannibalwendigos-creaturesofevil-chasedoldNokomisthroughtheautumncountryside.Wendigosthroveinicycold.Whentheyenteredthebodiesofhumansthehumanheartfrozesolid.Herewendigosrepresentoncomingwinter.TheywerehuntingtokillandeatpoorNokomisthewarmembodimentoffemalefecunditywholikethesummerhasgrownold. 42.__________________ KnowingthiswasapursuittothedeathNokomisoutsmartedthecolddevils.Shehidinastandofmapletreesallredandorangeanddeepyellow.Thismaplegrovegrewbesideawaterfallwhosemistblurredthetrees’outline.Astheypeeredthroughthemistslaveringwendigosthoughttheysawaragingfireinwhichtheirpreywasburning.ButitwasonlyoldNokomisbeinghiddenbythebrightredleavesofherfriendsthemaples.AndsodroolingiceandhuffingfrostthewendigosleftherandsoughteasierpreysFortheirserviceinsavingtheearthmother’slifethesemaplesweregivenaspecialgift:theirwateroflifewouldbeforeversweetandCanadianswouldtapitfornourishment. 43.__________________ MapleanditssyrupRowsweetlyintoCanadianhumor.Quebeckershavethestandardsiropd’erableformaplesyrupbutaddafeistyinsulttolabelimitationsyrupsthatarethickwithglucoseglop.TheycallthissugaryimpostersiropdePoteau"telephone-polesyrup"ordeadtreesyrup 44.__________________ ThecontentionthatmaplesyrupisuniquetoNorthAmericaissuspectIbelieveChinahascloseto10speciesofmaplemorethananycountryintheworld.Canadahas10nativespecies.NorthAmericadoeshappentobehometothesugarmaplethespeciesthatproducesthesweetestsapandthemostabundantflow.ButarewetobelievethatinthousandsofyearsofChinesehistorytheseinventivepeoplenevertappedamapletotasteitssapIspeculatethattheydid.CouldProto -AmericaswhocrossedtheBeringlandbridgetopopulatetheAmericashavebroughtwiththemaknowledgeofmaplesyrupIsthereaveryoldChinesephraseformaplesyrupIsmaplesyrupmentionedinChineseliteratureForanon-readerofChinesesuchquestionsaredauntingbutnotimpossibletoanswer. 45.__________________ Whatiscertainisthemaple’sholdfastonournationalimagination.ItsleafwasadoptedasanembleminNewFranceasearlyas1700andinEnglishCanadabythemid-19thcentury.Inthefallof1867aTorontoschoolteachernamedAlexanderMuirwastraipsingastreetatthecityallsquelchyunderfootfromthesoftfeltoffallingleaveswhenamapleleafalightedtohiscoatsleeveandstuckthere.AthomethateveninghewroteapoemandsetittomusicincelebrationofCanada’sConfederation.Muir’ssong"TheMapleLeafForever"waswildlypopularandhelpedfastenthesymbolfirmlytoCanada. Theword"maple"isfrom"mapeltreow"theOldEnglishtermformapletreewith"mapl"-asitsProto-Germanicrootacompoundinwhichthefirst"m"-isIbelievethenearlyworldwide"ma"oneofthefirsthumansoundsthepursingofababy’slipsasitpreparestosuckmilkfrommother’sbreast.The"ma"rootgivesriseinmanyworldlanguagestothousandsofwordslike"mama""mammary""maia"and"Amazon."Hereitwouldmake"mapl"mean"nourishingmothertree"thatistreewhosemaplesapinnourishing.Thesecondpartofthecompound"apl"isavariantofIndo-Europeanable"fruitofanytree"andtheoriginofanotherEnglishfruitwordapple.Sotheprimitiveanalogycomparestheliquidsapwithanothernourishingliquidmother’smilk. 44
热门题库
更多
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
仲裁法学
湘公网安备 43130202000226号