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Text 4 It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as "hard", the social sci...
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△ABC中∠C＝90°AC＝3BC＝4点P是△ABC边上的一点且PC＝2PA则PA的长是．
V4+室外机标准出风静压以及定制最大出风静压分别为
20Pa、81.8Pa
10Pa、81.8Pa
20Pa、78.8Pa
10Pa、78.8Pa
2015年·北京丰台区二模理科如图所示△ABC内接于⊙OPA是⊙O的切线PB⊥PABE＝PE＝2P
在Rt△ABC中∠C=90°BC=3AC=4点P在以C为圆心5为半径的圆上连结PAPB若PB=4则P
如图PAPB分别与⊙O相切于点AB⊙O的切线EF分别交PAPB于点EF切点C在上若PA长为2则△PE
如图所示ab两容器中装入深度相等的水将木块G分别放入容器中时容器底部所受的压强分别为Pa和Pb则P
Pa＞Pb
Pa=Pb
Pa＜Pb
无法确定
如图PAPB是⊙O的两条切线切点是AB．如果OP=4PA=2那么∠AOB=．
如图P为⊙O外一点PAPB分别切⊙O于点ABCD切⊙O于点E且分别交PAPB于点CD若PA=4则△
PB分别切⊙O于点A．B，CD切⊙O于点E且分别交PA．PB于点C，D，若PA=4，则△PCD的周长为（ ）
A．5
7
8
10
LF06S变速箱在漏气试验时初压为7×104Pa30秒后应保持在以上为合格
7×10
4
Pa
6×10
4
Pa
5×10
4
Pa
4×10
4
Pa
工厂制造的真空灭弧室真空度要求达到以下
7.5×10－4Pa
133Pa
6.3Pa
133×10－4Pa
将0.125L压强为6.08×104Pa的气体A与0.150L压强为8.11×104Pa的气体
1.42×10
5
Pa
3.95×10
4
Pa
1.40atm
3.90atm
如图已知PA切⊙O于点APO交⊙O于点B若PA＝6BP＝4则⊙O的半径为．
1bar等于_____
10 3Pa
10 4Pa
10 5Pa
10^6Pa
一封闭水箱如图所示已知水温为80℃密度ρ=971.83kg/m3其表面绝对压强p0=83300Pa
110849Pa、-9524Pa、9524Pa
9524Pa、-91801Pa、91801Pa
92824Pa、-8501Pa、8501Pa
92824Pa、8501Pa、-8501Pa
一辆质量是40t的坦克静止在水平地面上履带着地面积为5m2它对地面的压强是
80pa
8000pa
8×10
4
pa
4×10
4
pa
题48图所示结构支座1处的弯矩为下列何值
Pa/4
Pa/2
Pa
2Pa
空间四个点PABC在同一个球面上PAPBPC两两垂直PA=3PB=4PC=12则球的表面积为．
在Rt△ABC中∠C＝90°BC＝3AC＝4点P在以C为圆心5为半径的圆上连结PAPB．若PB＝4
已知P为⊙O外一点PA切⊙O于A过P点作直线与⊙O相交交点分别为BC若PA=4PB=2则BC=．
金属基底在喷砂处理时所用的气压一般是
1×105～2×105Pa
2×105～4×105Pa
4×105～6×105Pa
6×105～8×105Pa
8～105Pa以上
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Text1 ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBushesfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned——orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstayingpower.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly20%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. TheattitudeofthosewhoarebarkingupthewrongtreetowardstheprimacyofUSinthe21stcenturyseemstobe
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlaterthemcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points17
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points9
[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaginge.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paperwithadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperisinfactprobablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnowwithmassiveincreasesinpaperpricesthetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable. [B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottleswhicharereturnedtothedairieswashedoutandrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.MoreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottlesandithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplasticthenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays! [C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopperwhousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.SowhyisitdoneSomeofitlikethecellophaneonmeatisnecessarybutmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment. [D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshopsasuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks. [E]Littleresearchhoweverisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisitforinstanceforlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaperpulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxesWoulditbecheapertoplantanotherforestPaperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging—20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday—butverylittleissalvaged. [F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandre-useofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackagingintendedtobeusedjustonceandmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythemisclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatisafterallarelativelyunimportantfunction. [G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoffthelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophanepolytheneorpaper. Notescellophane包装用的玻璃纸doup打包装饰polythene聚乙烯refusen．废料废物messup弄脏弄乱salvage回收利用pulp使……成为浆状carton纸板盒encircle环绕mound小丘小堆doawaywith处理掉asopposedto与……对照notsomuch...as与其……倒不如……” Order: 45
Text3 AfterWorldWarIItheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain. Notes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地. AccordingtothetextnomeasureswereresortedtoinenvironmentalprotectionafterWorldWarⅡinJapanbecause
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points13
[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaginge.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paperwithadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperisinfactprobablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnowwithmassiveincreasesinpaperpricesthetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable. [B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottleswhicharereturnedtothedairieswashedoutandrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.MoreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottlesandithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplasticthenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays! [C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopperwhousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.SowhyisitdoneSomeofitlikethecellophaneonmeatisnecessarybutmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment. [D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshopsasuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks. [E]Littleresearchhoweverisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisitforinstanceforlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaperpulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxesWoulditbecheapertoplantanotherforestPaperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging—20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday—butverylittleissalvaged. [F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandre-useofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackagingintendedtobeusedjustonceandmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythemisclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatisafterallarelativelyunimportantfunction. [G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoffthelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophanepolytheneorpaper. Notescellophane包装用的玻璃纸doup打包装饰polythene聚乙烯refusen．废料废物messup弄脏弄乱salvage回收利用pulp使……成为浆状carton纸板盒encircle环绕mound小丘小堆doawaywith处理掉asopposedto与……对照notsomuch...as与其……倒不如……” Order: 43
Text3 WhenandhowmuchThosearethequestionsonthelipsofinvestorsbondholdersandotherFederalReservewatchers.TheFedkeptinterestratesonholdatitsMar.19meeting.ButtheaccompanyingstatementinwhichtheFedabandoneditsviewthateconomicweaknesswasthegreatestriskintheoutlookmakesitclearthatpolicymakersarethinkingaboutthetimingofratehikesinordertobringmonetarypolicybacktoaneutralstance. Evensothereareotherfactorsthatargueforsomeriseinshort-termrates——perhapsasearlyasJuneasWallStreetexpects.WhiletheFed’swordslessenthechancesofaratehikeattheMaymeetingtheydonotsetthecriteriaforapossiblehikeattheJune25-26meeting. Thelatestdataseemtocomedownonthe"evenlymixed"scenario.Businessesarebackingofffromlastyear’sfeverishpaceofstock-cuttingbutdomesticdemandisholdingup.Factoriesarebusierinresponsetorisingorders.Inparticularthemakersoftechequipmentareboostingoutputatarapidclip.AtthesametimethewidertradegapinJanuarysuggeststhatsomeoftheinventoryswingisbenefitingforeignproducers.KeepinmindthatabiggertradegapsubtractsfromeconomicgrowthbutariseinU.S.importsisnecessarytogiverisetoaglobalrebound.Thatwilleventuallyboostexportsaswellandhelptobetteralignmonetarypolicyaroundtheworld. TheFed’sdecisiontoshifttoaneutralstancewasprobablymadeeasierbythelatestgoodnewsonindustrialproduction.Outputatfactoriesutilitiesandminesincreased0.40%inFebruaryontopofa0.2%Januarygainwhichwasfirstreportedasa0.1%loss.Manufacturingoutputrose0.3%ineachmonththebestshowingsincemid-2000. Surprisinglythelong-ailingtechsectorisleadingthecharge.Techproductionisgrowingatadouble-digitannualrateinthefirstquartervs.almostnogainintherestofmanufacturing.Buteventhatsmallriseinnontechmanufacturingisavastimprovementfromthesteepdeclinesoftheprevioussixquarters.JustastechisfuelingthereboundinU.S.factoryactivitytechimportsareleadingtheimportrise.Incomingshipmentsoftechgoodsjumped14.6%inJanuarysuggestingstrongercapitalspending. AsdemandpicksuptheFedwillwanttoremoveitselffromtheequationofeconomicplusesandminuses.StepOnewastheshiftinitsviewoftheoutlook.StepTwowillbeaseriesofratehikesthatwillbringpolicymoreinlinewithsustainableeconomicgrowth. AspointedoutinParagraph3theevenlymixedscenario
Directions:YouwanttorecommendMr.CollinstoProfessorSmithtofindapositionfortheformer.Writealetterbasedonthefollowingoutline..1PersonalinformationaboutMr.Coilinscurriculumvitaepersonalityjobcapabilitiesetc.2Yoursincerehope.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaginge.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paperwithadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperisinfactprobablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnowwithmassiveincreasesinpaperpricesthetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable. [B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottleswhicharereturnedtothedairieswashedoutandrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.MoreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottlesandithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplasticthenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays! [C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopperwhousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.SowhyisitdoneSomeofitlikethecellophaneonmeatisnecessarybutmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment. [D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshopsasuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks. [E]Littleresearchhoweverisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisitforinstanceforlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaperpulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxesWoulditbecheapertoplantanotherforestPaperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging—20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday—butverylittleissalvaged. [F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandre-useofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackagingintendedtobeusedjustonceandmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythemisclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatisafterallarelativelyunimportantfunction. [G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoffthelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophanepolytheneorpaper. Notescellophane包装用的玻璃纸doup打包装饰polythene聚乙烯refusen．废料废物messup弄脏弄乱salvage回收利用pulp使……成为浆状carton纸板盒encircle环绕mound小丘小堆doawaywith处理掉asopposedto与……对照notsomuch...as与其……倒不如……” Order: 41
Text4 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewailsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofI.ondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel——andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. WhenthewritersaysthattheLondonBridgeTowerwouldnotstandinManhattanhemeans
46A"scientific’viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisviewitwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworthbecausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightactionitmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedactiontothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.47Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogicastheywerebythese"scientific"thinkersrhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard.forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeingbecausepersuasivediscourseifhonestlyconceivedalwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplotasitwereofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.48Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeelingdesiringactingandsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances—realorfictional—thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.49Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionallywithhopeorfeartoparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears. Rhetoricthenisaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoricwearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachinescreaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanitiessincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe"scientific"viewleavesout.Ifitisweaknesstoharborfeelingsthenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.50Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoactionmusteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive.Purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposesfeelingsanddesiresandtherebyceasedtobepurelogic. Notes:rhetoric修辞学discourse论文讲演语篇asitwere可以说是姑且这么说 Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionallywithhopeorfeartoparticularcircumstances.
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points5
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points11
Text3 WhenandhowmuchThosearethequestionsonthelipsofinvestorsbondholdersandotherFederalReservewatchers.TheFedkeptinterestratesonholdatitsMar.19meeting.ButtheaccompanyingstatementinwhichtheFedabandoneditsviewthateconomicweaknesswasthegreatestriskintheoutlookmakesitclearthatpolicymakersarethinkingaboutthetimingofratehikesinordertobringmonetarypolicybacktoaneutralstance. Evensothereareotherfactorsthatargueforsomeriseinshort-termrates——perhapsasearlyasJuneasWallStreetexpects.WhiletheFed’swordslessenthechancesofaratehikeattheMaymeetingtheydonotsetthecriteriaforapossiblehikeattheJune25-26meeting. Thelatestdataseemtocomedownonthe"evenlymixed"scenario.Businessesarebackingofffromlastyear’sfeverishpaceofstock-cuttingbutdomesticdemandisholdingup.Factoriesarebusierinresponsetorisingorders.Inparticularthemakersoftechequipmentareboostingoutputatarapidclip.AtthesametimethewidertradegapinJanuarysuggeststhatsomeoftheinventoryswingisbenefitingforeignproducers.KeepinmindthatabiggertradegapsubtractsfromeconomicgrowthbutariseinU.S.importsisnecessarytogiverisetoaglobalrebound.Thatwilleventuallyboostexportsaswellandhelptobetteralignmonetarypolicyaroundtheworld. TheFed’sdecisiontoshifttoaneutralstancewasprobablymadeeasierbythelatestgoodnewsonindustrialproduction.Outputatfactoriesutilitiesandminesincreased0.40%inFebruaryontopofa0.2%Januarygainwhichwasfirstreportedasa0.1%loss.Manufacturingoutputrose0.3%ineachmonththebestshowingsincemid-2000. Surprisinglythelong-ailingtechsectorisleadingthecharge.Techproductionisgrowingatadouble-digitannualrateinthefirstquartervs.almostnogainintherestofmanufacturing.Buteventhatsmallriseinnontechmanufacturingisavastimprovementfromthesteepdeclinesoftheprevioussixquarters.JustastechisfuelingthereboundinU.S.factoryactivitytechimportsareleadingtheimportrise.Incomingshipmentsoftechgoodsjumped14.6%inJanuarysuggestingstrongercapitalspending. AsdemandpicksuptheFedwillwanttoremoveitselffromtheequationofeconomicplusesandminuses.StepOnewastheshiftinitsviewoftheoutlook.StepTwowillbeaseriesofratehikesthatwillbringpolicymoreinlinewithsustainableeconomicgrowth. ThestrongtoneofUSeconomicrecoveryismanifestedin
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points15
Text4 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewailsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofI.ondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel——andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. InthewakeofSeptember11theconstructiontechniquesofskyscrapersareinnovatedsoastomakethem
Text3 WhenandhowmuchThosearethequestionsonthelipsofinvestorsbondholdersandotherFederalReservewatchers.TheFedkeptinterestratesonholdatitsMar.19meeting.ButtheaccompanyingstatementinwhichtheFedabandoneditsviewthateconomicweaknesswasthegreatestriskintheoutlookmakesitclearthatpolicymakersarethinkingaboutthetimingofratehikesinordertobringmonetarypolicybacktoaneutralstance. Evensothereareotherfactorsthatargueforsomeriseinshort-termrates——perhapsasearlyasJuneasWallStreetexpects.WhiletheFed’swordslessenthechancesofaratehikeattheMaymeetingtheydonotsetthecriteriaforapossiblehikeattheJune25-26meeting. Thelatestdataseemtocomedownonthe"evenlymixed"scenario.Businessesarebackingofffromlastyear’sfeverishpaceofstock-cuttingbutdomesticdemandisholdingup.Factoriesarebusierinresponsetorisingorders.Inparticularthemakersoftechequipmentareboostingoutputatarapidclip.AtthesametimethewidertradegapinJanuarysuggeststhatsomeoftheinventoryswingisbenefitingforeignproducers.KeepinmindthatabiggertradegapsubtractsfromeconomicgrowthbutariseinU.S.importsisnecessarytogiverisetoaglobalrebound.Thatwilleventuallyboostexportsaswellandhelptobetteralignmonetarypolicyaroundtheworld. TheFed’sdecisiontoshifttoaneutralstancewasprobablymadeeasierbythelatestgoodnewsonindustrialproduction.Outputatfactoriesutilitiesandminesincreased0.40%inFebruaryontopofa0.2%Januarygainwhichwasfirstreportedasa0.1%loss.Manufacturingoutputrose0.3%ineachmonththebestshowingsincemid-2000. Surprisinglythelong-ailingtechsectorisleadingthecharge.Techproductionisgrowingatadouble-digitannualrateinthefirstquartervs.almostnogainintherestofmanufacturing.Buteventhatsmallriseinnontechmanufacturingisavastimprovementfromthesteepdeclinesoftheprevioussixquarters.JustastechisfuelingthereboundinU.S.factoryactivitytechimportsareleadingtheimportrise.Incomingshipmentsoftechgoodsjumped14.6%inJanuarysuggestingstrongercapitalspending. AsdemandpicksuptheFedwillwanttoremoveitselffromtheequationofeconomicplusesandminuses.StepOnewastheshiftinitsviewoftheoutlook.StepTwowillbeaseriesofratehikesthatwillbringpolicymoreinlinewithsustainableeconomicgrowth. AccordingtotheauthortheAmericaneconomy
Text4 Theworldisundergoingtremendouschanges.Theriseofglobalizationbothaneconomicandculturaltrendthathassweptthroughouttheworldhasforgednewgroundasweenterthe21stcentury.ButaretheeffectsofglobalizationalwayspositiveSomesayno. MichaelTenetheadoftheInternationalInstituteforForeignRelationsinAtlantaisworriedaboutcurrentresentmentthroughouttheworldtowardtheriseofglobalization."Eversincethe1980sandtheeconomiccollapseoftheAsianTigersinthelate1990stherehasbeenare-evaluationoftheroleofglobalizationasaforceforgood"hesaid."Incomesinmanycountrieshasdeclinedandthegapbetweenthemostrichandthemostpoorhasbeenaggravated.WithoutfurtherinterventionbygovernmentswecouldseeatragedyexpressedinanincreasedlevelofpovertythroughouttheLatinAmericaandAsia." YetGeorgeFrankaninfluentialeconomistwhoworksonWallStreetseesnosuchdanger"Economicliberalizationincreasedtransparencyandmarketbasedreformshavepositiveeffectinthelongrunevenifmarketmechanismscanproduceshort-termdestabilizationproblems"hesaid."Whatismostimportantisthatbarrierstotradecontinuetofallsothatactivecompetitionforconsumergoodsreducespricesandinturnraisestheaveragelevelofincome." Othersfeelthatglobalization’sculturalimpactmaybemoreimportantthanitseconomicimplications.JaniceYaweeanativeofAfricafeelsstronglythatglobalizationisunderminingherlocalcultureandlanguage."Mostoftheworld’sdialectswillbecomeextinctunderglobalization.We’repavingtheworldwithMcDonald’sandEnglishslang.Ittearsmeupinside"shesaid. Governmentsofdifferentcountrieshavehadmixedresponsestothewaveofglobalization.TheUnitedStatesisgenerallyseenasanactiveproponentofgreaterfreetradeanditcertainlyhasenormousculturalinfluencebyvirtueofitsnearmonopolyonworldwideentertainment.ButothercountriesmostnotablyinEuropeanddevelopingnationshavesoughttoreducetheimpactthatglobalizationhasontheirdomesticaffairs. "WhenIwasaboywehadverylittletospeakof"saysoneSingaporeanresident."Nowourcountryhasdevelopedintoaboominghubforinternationalfinance."Othershoweverarenotsooptimistic."Globalizationisanevilforcethatmustbehalted"aunionofficialatacarplantinDetroitrecentlycommented"It’ssuckingawayjobsandkillingthespiritofourcountry." Notes:slang俚语tearup撕碎挖开proponent支持者拥护者hub轮毂中心suckaway减少 Thetitlewhichbestexpressesthemainideaofthetextwouldbe
46A"scientific’viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisviewitwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworthbecausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightactionitmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedactiontothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.47Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogicastheywerebythese"scientific"thinkersrhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard.forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeingbecausepersuasivediscourseifhonestlyconceivedalwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplotasitwereofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.48Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeelingdesiringactingandsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances—realorfictional—thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.49Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionallywithhopeorfeartoparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears. Rhetoricthenisaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoricwearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachinescreaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanitiessincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe"scientific"viewleavesout.Ifitisweaknesstoharborfeelingsthenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.50Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoactionmusteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive.Purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposesfeelingsanddesiresandtherebyceasedtobepurelogic. Notes:rhetoric修辞学discourse论文讲演语篇asitwere可以说是姑且这么说 Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogicastheywerebythesescientificthinkersrhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard.forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points3
Text3 AfterWorldWarIItheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain. Notes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地. WhichofthefollowingisnotareasonfortherapidityandintensityofpollutioninJapan
Text1 ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBushesfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned——orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstayingpower.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly20%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. TheexampleofaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionisusedtoshow
Text4 Theworldisundergoingtremendouschanges.Theriseofglobalizationbothaneconomicandculturaltrendthathassweptthroughouttheworldhasforgednewgroundasweenterthe21stcentury.ButaretheeffectsofglobalizationalwayspositiveSomesayno. MichaelTenetheadoftheInternationalInstituteforForeignRelationsinAtlantaisworriedaboutcurrentresentmentthroughouttheworldtowardtheriseofglobalization."Eversincethe1980sandtheeconomiccollapseoftheAsianTigersinthelate1990stherehasbeenare-evaluationoftheroleofglobalizationasaforceforgood"hesaid."Incomesinmanycountrieshasdeclinedandthegapbetweenthemostrichandthemostpoorhasbeenaggravated.WithoutfurtherinterventionbygovernmentswecouldseeatragedyexpressedinanincreasedlevelofpovertythroughouttheLatinAmericaandAsia." YetGeorgeFrankaninfluentialeconomistwhoworksonWallStreetseesnosuchdanger"Economicliberalizationincreasedtransparencyandmarketbasedreformshavepositiveeffectinthelongrunevenifmarketmechanismscanproduceshort-termdestabilizationproblems"hesaid."Whatismostimportantisthatbarrierstotradecontinuetofallsothatactivecompetitionforconsumergoodsreducespricesandinturnraisestheaveragelevelofincome." Othersfeelthatglobalization’sculturalimpactmaybemoreimportantthanitseconomicimplications.JaniceYaweeanativeofAfricafeelsstronglythatglobalizationisunderminingherlocalcultureandlanguage."Mostoftheworld’sdialectswillbecomeextinctunderglobalization.We’repavingtheworldwithMcDonald’sandEnglishslang.Ittearsmeupinside"shesaid. Governmentsofdifferentcountrieshavehadmixedresponsestothewaveofglobalization.TheUnitedStatesisgenerallyseenasanactiveproponentofgreaterfreetradeanditcertainlyhasenormousculturalinfluencebyvirtueofitsnearmonopolyonworldwideentertainment.ButothercountriesmostnotablyinEuropeanddevelopingnationshavesoughttoreducetheimpactthatglobalizationhasontheirdomesticaffairs. "WhenIwasaboywehadverylittletospeakof"saysoneSingaporeanresident."Nowourcountryhasdevelopedintoaboominghubforinternationalfinance."Othershoweverarenotsooptimistic."Globalizationisanevilforcethatmustbehalted"aunionofficialatacarplantinDetroitrecentlycommented"It’ssuckingawayjobsandkillingthespiritofourcountry." Notes:slang俚语tearup撕碎挖开proponent支持者拥护者hub轮毂中心suckaway减少 WhenmentioningJaniceYaweetheauthoristalkingabout
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags——theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups——droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby330/00.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Whenmentioningdouble-digitgrowthParagraph4theauthoristalkingabout
Text1 ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBushesfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned——orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstayingpower.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly20%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. Theadvocatesofrealistinternationalrelationstendtothinkthat
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlaterthemcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points19
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points7
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags——theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups——droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby330/00.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." ByMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernailsParagraph1theauthormeans
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points1
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