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(46) A long-held view of the history of the English colonies that became the United States has been ...
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以下九道小题使用的数据表如下 当前盘当前目录下有数据库大奖赛dbc其中有数据库表歌手dbf评分db
DELETE myview VIEW
DELETE myview
DROP myview VIEW
DROP VIEW myview
累加器A的内容是23H执行RLA指令后累加器的内容变为
40H
46H
11H
10H
单室模型药物单次静脉注射消除速度常数为0.2/h清除该药99%需要的时间是
6h
12.5h
23h
26h
46h
利用DOS系统功能INT21H的1号AH=2功能调用若用户按下的是6则寄存器AL中的内容是
26H
36H
46H
56H
已知R0=28H28H=46HMOVA#32HMOVA45HMOVA@R0执行结果A的内容为
46H
28H
45H
32H
建立一个视图salary该视图包括了系号和该系的平均工资两个字段正确的SQL语句是【】
CREATE VIEW salary AS系号,AVG(工资)AS平均工资 FROM 教师;GROUP BY系号
CREATE VIEW salary AS SELECT系号,AVG(工资)AS平均工资FROM教师;GROUP BY系号
CREATE VIEW salary SELECT系号,AVG(工资)AS平均工资FROM教师;GROUP BY系号
CREATE VIEW salary AS SELECT系号,AVG(工资)AS平均工资FROM教师;GROUP BY系号
下面程序的结果是 #includeiostream.h voidmain { char*st
CREATE VIEW ZG_view; SELECT职工号,姓名FROM职工表
CREATE VIEW ZG_view AS; SELECT职工号,姓名FROM职工表
CREATE QUERY ZG_view; SELECT职工号,姓名FROM职工表
CREATE QUERY ZG_view AS; SELECT职工号,姓名FROM职工表
单室模型药物单次静脉注射消除速度常数为0.2h问清除该药99%需要多少时间
12.5h
23h
26h
46h
6h
Manager:MayIhelpyouMadam?Customer:YesI’msorrytotro
已知字母F的ASCⅡ码是46H则字母f的ASCⅡ码是
66H
26H
98H
34H
删除视图salary的命令是【】
DROP salary VIEW
DROP VIEW salary
DELETE salary VIEW
DELETE salary
单室模型药物单次静脉注射消除速度常数为0.2h -1问清除该药99%需要多少时间
12.5h
23h
26h
46h
6h
执行下面的程序段后AL中的内容是BUFDW2152H3416H5731H4684HMOVBXOFFS
46H
57H
16H
34H
字符a的ASCII码是61H则字符f的ASCII码是
65H
66H
56H
46H
Theh_________youclimbthemorebeautifulviewyouwillse
下列反应中属于水解反应且使溶液显酸性的是
HSO
3
-
+H
2
O
H
3
O
+
+SO
3
2-
HCO
3
-
+H
3
O
+
CO
2
↑+2 H
2
O
S
2-
+ H
2
O
HS
-
+ OH
-
NH
4
+
+ H
2
O
NH
3
·H
2
O + H
+
假定AL=75HCH=29H依次执行SUBALCH指令和DAS指令后AL值为
9eH
46H
4cH
04H
我国实行劳动者每日工作时间不超过8h平均每周工作时间不超过的工时制定
40h
42h
44h
46h
纸片法测定茶具大肠菌群时所需的培养时间是
6~8h
16~18h
36~38h
46~48h
70~72h
已知H-H键能为436kJ/molH-N键能为391kJ/molN≡N键的键能为946kJ/mol则
+46 kJ/mol
+92kJ/mol
-46 kJ/mol
-92 kJ/mol
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Younggirlsathighriskfordepressionappeartohaveamalfunctioningrewardsystemintheirbrainsanewstudysuggests.Thefindingcomesfromresearchthat1ahigh-riskgroupof13girlsaged10to14whowerenotdepressedbuthadmotherswho2recurrentdepressionandalow-riskgroupof13girlswithno3orfamilyhistoryofdepression.BothgroupsweregivenMRIbrain4whilecompletingataskthatcould5eitherrewardorpunishment. 6withgirlsinthelow-riskgroupthoseinthehigh-riskgrouphad7neuralresponsesduringbothanticipationandreceiptofthereward.8thehigh-riskgirlsshowedno9inanareaofthebraincalledthedorsalanteriorcingulatedcortex背侧前扣带皮质believedtoplayarolein10pastexperiencestoassistlearning. Thehigh-riskgirlsdidhavegreateractivationofthisbrainarea11receivingpunishmentcomparedwiththeothergirls.Theresearcherssaidthatthissuggeststhathigh-riskgirlshaveeasiertime12informationaboutlossandpunishmentthaninformationaboutrewardandpleasure. "Consideredtogetherwithreducedactivationinthestriatal纹状体的areascommonlyobserved13rewarditseemsthatthereward-processingsystemiscritically14indaughterswhoareatelevatedriskfordepression15theyhavenotyetexperiencedadepressive16"wroteIanH.GotlibofStanfordUniversityandhiscolleagues."17longitudinalstudiesareneededtodeterminewhethertheanomalousactivations18inthisstudyduringtheprocessingof19andlossesareassociatedwiththe20onsetofdepression"theyconcluded.ThestudywaspublishedintheApriloftheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry. 18
Younggirlsathighriskfordepressionappeartohaveamalfunctioningrewardsystemintheirbrainsanewstudysuggests.Thefindingcomesfromresearchthat1ahigh-riskgroupof13girlsaged10to14whowerenotdepressedbuthadmotherswho2recurrentdepressionandalow-riskgroupof13girlswithno3orfamilyhistoryofdepression.BothgroupsweregivenMRIbrain4whilecompletingataskthatcould5eitherrewardorpunishment. 6withgirlsinthelow-riskgroupthoseinthehigh-riskgrouphad7neuralresponsesduringbothanticipationandreceiptofthereward.8thehigh-riskgirlsshowedno9inanareaofthebraincalledthedorsalanteriorcingulatedcortex背侧前扣带皮质believedtoplayarolein10pastexperiencestoassistlearning. Thehigh-riskgirlsdidhavegreateractivationofthisbrainarea11receivingpunishmentcomparedwiththeothergirls.Theresearcherssaidthatthissuggeststhathigh-riskgirlshaveeasiertime12informationaboutlossandpunishmentthaninformationaboutrewardandpleasure. "Consideredtogetherwithreducedactivationinthestriatal纹状体的areascommonlyobserved13rewarditseemsthatthereward-processingsystemiscritically14indaughterswhoareatelevatedriskfordepression15theyhavenotyetexperiencedadepressive16"wroteIanH.GotlibofStanfordUniversityandhiscolleagues."17longitudinalstudiesareneededtodeterminewhethertheanomalousactivations18inthisstudyduringtheprocessingof19andlossesareassociatedwiththe20onsetofdepression"theyconcluded.ThestudywaspublishedintheApriloftheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry. 10
Younggirlsathighriskfordepressionappeartohaveamalfunctioningrewardsystemintheirbrainsanewstudysuggests.Thefindingcomesfromresearchthat1ahigh-riskgroupof13girlsaged10to14whowerenotdepressedbuthadmotherswho2recurrentdepressionandalow-riskgroupof13girlswithno3orfamilyhistoryofdepression.BothgroupsweregivenMRIbrain4whilecompletingataskthatcould5eitherrewardorpunishment. 6withgirlsinthelow-riskgroupthoseinthehigh-riskgrouphad7neuralresponsesduringbothanticipationandreceiptofthereward.8thehigh-riskgirlsshowedno9inanareaofthebraincalledthedorsalanteriorcingulatedcortex背侧前扣带皮质believedtoplayarolein10pastexperiencestoassistlearning. Thehigh-riskgirlsdidhavegreateractivationofthisbrainarea11receivingpunishmentcomparedwiththeothergirls.Theresearcherssaidthatthissuggeststhathigh-riskgirlshaveeasiertime12informationaboutlossandpunishmentthaninformationaboutrewardandpleasure. "Consideredtogetherwithreducedactivationinthestriatal纹状体的areascommonlyobserved13rewarditseemsthatthereward-processingsystemiscritically14indaughterswhoareatelevatedriskfordepression15theyhavenotyetexperiencedadepressive16"wroteIanH.GotlibofStanfordUniversityandhiscolleagues."17longitudinalstudiesareneededtodeterminewhethertheanomalousactivations18inthisstudyduringtheprocessingof19andlossesareassociatedwiththe20onsetofdepression"theyconcluded.ThestudywaspublishedintheApriloftheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry. 6
Social-networkingsitesofferuserseasywaystopresentidealizedimagesofthemselvesevenifthoseidealsdon’talwayssquarewiththeirreal-worldpersonalities.PsychologyresearcherSorayaMehdizadehhasdiscoveredawaytopokethroughtheoffline-onlinecurtain:shehasusedFaeebooktopredictaperson’slevelofnarcissismandself-esteem. MehdizadehwhoconductedthestudyasanundergraduateatToronto’sYorkUniversitygainedaccesstotheFaeebookaccountsof100collegestudentsandmeasuredactivitieslikephotosharingwallpostingsandstatusupdates;shealsostudiedhowfrequentlyusersloggedonandhowoftentheyremainedonlineduringeachsession.HerfindingswerepublishedrecentlyinCyberpsyehologyBehaviorandSocialNetworking. AftermeasuringeachsubjectusingtheNarcissismPersonalityInventoryandRosenbergSelf-EsteemScaleMehdizadehwhograduatedfromYorkthispastspringdiscoverednarcissistsandpeoplewithlowerself-esteemweremorelikelytospendmorethananhouradayonFacebookandweremorepronetopostself-promo-tionalphotosstrikingaposeorusingPhotoshopforexample.Narcissistswerealsomorelikelytoshowcasethemselvesthroughstatusupdatesusingphraseslike"I’msoglamorousIbleedglitter"andwallactivitypostingself-servinglinkslike"MyCelebrityLook-alikes". Self-esteemandnarcissismareofteninterrelatedbutdon’talwaysgohandinhand.Somepsychologistsbelievethatnarcissists--thosewhohaveapervasivepatternofgrandiosityaneedforadmirationaswellasalackofsympathy--unconsciouslyinflatetheirsenseofself-importanceasadefenseagainstfeelinginadequate.NotenoughempiricalresearchhasbeenproducedtoconfirmthatlinkalthoughMehdizadeh’sstudyseemstosupportit.Becausenarcissistshavelesscapacitytosustainintimateorlong-termrelationshipsMehdizadehthinksthattheywouldbemoredrawntotheonlineworldofvirtualfriendsandemotionallydetachedcommunication. AlthoughitseemsthatFacebookcanbeusedbynarcissiststofueltheirinflatedegosMehdizadehstopsshortofproclaimingthatexcessivetimespentonFaeebookcanturnregularusersintonarcissists.Shealsonotesthatsocial-networkingsitesmightultimatelybefoundtohavepositiveeffectswhenusedbypeoplewithlowself-esteemordepression."Ifindividualswithlowerself-esteemaremorepronetousingFacebook"shesays"thequestionbecomes’CanFacebookhelpraiseself-esteembyallowingpatientstotalktoeachotherandhelpeachotherinasociallyinteractiveenvironment’Idon’tthinkit’snecessarilyabadthingthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemuseFacebook. Mehdizadehmaythinkthat
Social-networkingsitesofferuserseasywaystopresentidealizedimagesofthemselvesevenifthoseidealsdon’talwayssquarewiththeirreal-worldpersonalities.PsychologyresearcherSorayaMehdizadehhasdiscoveredawaytopokethroughtheoffline-onlinecurtain:shehasusedFaeebooktopredictaperson’slevelofnarcissismandself-esteem. MehdizadehwhoconductedthestudyasanundergraduateatToronto’sYorkUniversitygainedaccesstotheFaeebookaccountsof100collegestudentsandmeasuredactivitieslikephotosharingwallpostingsandstatusupdates;shealsostudiedhowfrequentlyusersloggedonandhowoftentheyremainedonlineduringeachsession.HerfindingswerepublishedrecentlyinCyberpsyehologyBehaviorandSocialNetworking. AftermeasuringeachsubjectusingtheNarcissismPersonalityInventoryandRosenbergSelf-EsteemScaleMehdizadehwhograduatedfromYorkthispastspringdiscoverednarcissistsandpeoplewithlowerself-esteemweremorelikelytospendmorethananhouradayonFacebookandweremorepronetopostself-promo-tionalphotosstrikingaposeorusingPhotoshopforexample.Narcissistswerealsomorelikelytoshowcasethemselvesthroughstatusupdatesusingphraseslike"I’msoglamorousIbleedglitter"andwallactivitypostingself-servinglinkslike"MyCelebrityLook-alikes". Self-esteemandnarcissismareofteninterrelatedbutdon’talwaysgohandinhand.Somepsychologistsbelievethatnarcissists--thosewhohaveapervasivepatternofgrandiosityaneedforadmirationaswellasalackofsympathy--unconsciouslyinflatetheirsenseofself-importanceasadefenseagainstfeelinginadequate.NotenoughempiricalresearchhasbeenproducedtoconfirmthatlinkalthoughMehdizadeh’sstudyseemstosupportit.Becausenarcissistshavelesscapacitytosustainintimateorlong-termrelationshipsMehdizadehthinksthattheywouldbemoredrawntotheonlineworldofvirtualfriendsandemotionallydetachedcommunication. AlthoughitseemsthatFacebookcanbeusedbynarcissiststofueltheirinflatedegosMehdizadehstopsshortofproclaimingthatexcessivetimespentonFaeebookcanturnregularusersintonarcissists.Shealsonotesthatsocial-networkingsitesmightultimatelybefoundtohavepositiveeffectswhenusedbypeoplewithlowself-esteemordepression."Ifindividualswithlowerself-esteemaremorepronetousingFacebook"shesays"thequestionbecomes’CanFacebookhelpraiseself-esteembyallowingpatientstotalktoeachotherandhelpeachotherinasociallyinteractiveenvironment’Idon’tthinkit’snecessarilyabadthingthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemuseFacebook. Narcissistsmay
PrinceKlemensVonMetternichforeignministeroftheAustrianEmpireduringtheNapoleoniceraanditsaftermathwouldhavenotroublerecognizingGoogle.Tohimtheworld’smostpopularweb-searchenginewouldcloselyresembletheNapoleonicFrancethatinhisyouthhumiliatedAustriaandEurope’sotherpowers.Itsrivals--Yahoo!thelargestofthetraditionalwebgatewayseBaythebiggestonlineauctionandtradingsiteandMicrosoftasoftwareempirethatownsMSNastrugglingwebportal--wouldlookalotlikeRussiaPrussiaandAustria.Metternichrespondedbyforginganallianceamongthosethreemonarchiestocreatea"balanceofpower"againstFrance.Google’senemieshemightsayoughtnowtodothesamething. GoogleannouncedtwonewconquestsonAugust7th.ItstruckadealwithViacoman"old"mediafirmunderwhichitwillsyndicatevideoclipsfromViacombrandssuchasMTVandNickelodeontootherwebsitesandintegrateadvertisementsintothem.ThismakesGoogletheclearleaderinthefledglingbutpromisingmarketforweb-videoadvertising.ItalsoannouncedadealwithNewsCorporationanothermediagiantunderwhichitwillprovideallthesearchandtext-advertisingtechnologyonNewsCorporation’swebsitesincludingMySpaceanenormouslypopularsocial-networkingsite. ThesearehardblowsforYahoo!andMSNwhichhadalsobeennegotiatingwithNewsCorporation.BothfirmshavebeenlosingmarketshareinwebsearchtoGoogleoverthepastyear--Googlenowhashalfthemarket.TheyhavealsofallenfurtherbehindintheiradvertisingtechnologiesandnetworkssothatbothmakelessmoneythanGoogledoesfromthesamenumberofsearches.SaraRashtchyananalystatPiperJaffrayasecuritiesfirmestimatesthatforeveryadvertisingdollarthatGooglemakesonasearchqueryYahoo!makesonly60-70cents.LastmonthYahoo!saidthatanewadvertisingalgorithmthatithaddesignedtoclosethegapinprofitabilitywillbedelayedanditssharepricefellby22%itsbiggest-everone-daydrop. MSNisfurtherbehindGooglethanYahoo!insearchanditsparentMicrosoftfacesanevenmorefundamentalthreatfromtheexpansionistnewpower.ManyofGoogle’snewventuresbeyondwebsearchenableuserstodothingsfreeofchargethroughtheirwebbrowsersthattheynowdousingMicrosoftsoftwareontheirpersonalcomputers.Googleoffersarudimentarybutfreeonlinewordprocessorandspreadsheetforinstance. ThesmallereBayontheotherhandmightinonesenseclaimGoogleasanally.Google’ssearchresultssendalotoftraffictoeBay’sauctionsiteandeBayisoneofthebiggestadvertisersonGoogle’snetwork.Buttherelationshipisimbalanced.AninfluentialrecentstudyfromBerkeley’sHaasSchoolofBusinessestimatedthatabout12%ofeBay’srevenuescomeindirectlyfromGooglewhereasGooglegetsonly3%ofitsrevenuesfromeBay.WorstofallforeBayGoogleisstartingtoundercutitscorebusiness.SellersaresettinguptheirownwebsitesandbuyingtextadvertisementsfromGoogleandbuyersareusingitssearchratherthaneBaytoconnectwithsellersdirectly.Asaresult"eBaywouldbewisetostrikeadeeppartnershipwithYahoo!orMicrosoftinordertoregainabalanceofpowerintheindustry"saidthestudy’sauthorsJulienDecorandSteveLeesoundinglikediplomatsattheCongressofViennain1814. Googlewillplayadecisiveroleinthemarketforweb-videoadvertisingbecauseof
Younggirlsathighriskfordepressionappeartohaveamalfunctioningrewardsystemintheirbrainsanewstudysuggests.Thefindingcomesfromresearchthat1ahigh-riskgroupof13girlsaged10to14whowerenotdepressedbuthadmotherswho2recurrentdepressionandalow-riskgroupof13girlswithno3orfamilyhistoryofdepression.BothgroupsweregivenMRIbrain4whilecompletingataskthatcould5eitherrewardorpunishment. 6withgirlsinthelow-riskgroupthoseinthehigh-riskgrouphad7neuralresponsesduringbothanticipationandreceiptofthereward.8thehigh-riskgirlsshowedno9inanareaofthebraincalledthedorsalanteriorcingulatedcortex背侧前扣带皮质believedtoplayarolein10pastexperiencestoassistlearning. Thehigh-riskgirlsdidhavegreateractivationofthisbrainarea11receivingpunishmentcomparedwiththeothergirls.Theresearcherssaidthatthissuggeststhathigh-riskgirlshaveeasiertime12informationaboutlossandpunishmentthaninformationaboutrewardandpleasure. "Consideredtogetherwithreducedactivationinthestriatal纹状体的areascommonlyobserved13rewarditseemsthatthereward-processingsystemiscritically14indaughterswhoareatelevatedriskfordepression15theyhavenotyetexperiencedadepressive16"wroteIanH.GotlibofStanfordUniversityandhiscolleagues."17longitudinalstudiesareneededtodeterminewhethertheanomalousactivations18inthisstudyduringtheprocessingof19andlossesareassociatedwiththe20onsetofdepression"theyconcluded.ThestudywaspublishedintheApriloftheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry. 8
Intheearlydaysoftheinternettheideathatitrepresentedanentirelynewandseparaterealmdistinctfromtherealworldwasseizeduponbybothadvocatesandcriticsofthenewtechnology.Advocateslikedtheideathatthevirtualworldwasaplacelessdatasphereliberatedfromconstraintsandrestrictionsoftherealworldandanopportunityforafreshstart.ForinstanceJohnPerryBarlowaninternetactivistissuedthe"DeclarationoftheIndependenceofCyberspace"inFebruary1996.Hethundered"GovernmentsoftheindustrialworldIcomefromcyberspacethenewhomeofmind.Cyberspacedoesnotliewithinyourborders.Wearecreatingaworldthatallmayenterwithoutprivilegeorprejudiceaccordedbyraceeconomicpowermilitaryforceorstationofbirth." WhereMr.Barlowandothercyber-Utopiansfoundtheseparationbetweentherealandvirtualworldsexcitinghowevercriticsregardeditasacauseforconcern.Theyworriedthatpeoplewerespendingtoomuchtimeonlinecommunicatingwithpeopletheyhadneverevenmetinpersoninchatroomsvirtualgameworldsandmorerecentlyonsocial-networkingsitessuchasMySpaceandFacebook.AstudycarriedoutbytheStanfordInstitutefortheQuantitativeStudyofSocietyin2000forexamplefoundthatheavyinternetusersspentlesstimetalkingtofriendsandfamilyandwarnedthattheinternetcouldbe"theultimateisolatingtechnology". Bothgroupswerewrongofcourse.Theinternethasnotturnedouttobeathingapart.Unpleasantaspectsoftherealworldsuchastaxescensorshipcrimeandfraudarenowfeaturesofthevirtualworldtoo.Garnerswhomakerealmoneysellingswordsgoldandotheritemsinvirtualgameworldsmaynowfindthatthetaxmanwantstoknowaboutit.DesignersofvirtualobjectsinSecondLifeanonlinevirtualworldareresortingtoreal-worldlawsuitsinordertoprotecttheirintellectualproperty. Atthesametimehoweversomeofthemostexcitingusesoftheinternetrelyoncouplingitwiththerealworld.Socialnetworkingallowspeopletostayintouchwiththeirfriendsonlineandplansocialactivitiesintherealworld.Thedistinctionbetweenonlineandofflinechatterceasestomatter.OrconsiderGoogleEarthwhichputssatelliteimagesofthewholeworldonyourdesktopandallowsuserstolinkonlinedatawithspecificphysicallocations. Alltheseapproachestreattheinternetasanextensionoranattachmenttothephysicalworldnotaseparatespace.Ratherthanseeingtherealandvirtualrealmsasdistinctandconflictinginshortitmakessensetoseethemascomplementaryandconnected.TheresultingfusionisnotwhattheUtopiansorthecriticsforesawbutitsuitstherestofusjustfine. Accordingtothefirstparagraphinternetadvocatesbelievedthat
TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprisemarket-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmenstrivingtomakeprofitsproducethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotiveoperatingundercompetitivepressureslargelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.47ThusintheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumerscoupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomesthattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.48Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomythismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystemaprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemandthepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.49Ifontheotherhandproducingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscostthiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producerswhichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.ThuspriceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresourcesprivatepropertyandtheyarepermittedtohirelaborgaincontrolovernaturalresourcesandproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.50IntheAmericaneconomytheconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrightsincludingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.
Younggirlsathighriskfordepressionappeartohaveamalfunctioningrewardsystemintheirbrainsanewstudysuggests.Thefindingcomesfromresearchthat1ahigh-riskgroupof13girlsaged10to14whowerenotdepressedbuthadmotherswho2recurrentdepressionandalow-riskgroupof13girlswithno3orfamilyhistoryofdepression.BothgroupsweregivenMRIbrain4whilecompletingataskthatcould5eitherrewardorpunishment. 6withgirlsinthelow-riskgroupthoseinthehigh-riskgrouphad7neuralresponsesduringbothanticipationandreceiptofthereward.8thehigh-riskgirlsshowedno9inanareaofthebraincalledthedorsalanteriorcingulatedcortex背侧前扣带皮质believedtoplayarolein10pastexperiencestoassistlearning. Thehigh-riskgirlsdidhavegreateractivationofthisbrainarea11receivingpunishmentcomparedwiththeothergirls.Theresearcherssaidthatthissuggeststhathigh-riskgirlshaveeasiertime12informationaboutlossandpunishmentthaninformationaboutrewardandpleasure. "Consideredtogetherwithreducedactivationinthestriatal纹状体的areascommonlyobserved13rewarditseemsthatthereward-processingsystemiscritically14indaughterswhoareatelevatedriskfordepression15theyhavenotyetexperiencedadepressive16"wroteIanH.GotlibofStanfordUniversityandhiscolleagues."17longitudinalstudiesareneededtodeterminewhethertheanomalousactivations18inthisstudyduringtheprocessingof19andlossesareassociatedwiththe20onsetofdepression"theyconcluded.ThestudywaspublishedintheApriloftheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry. 12
TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprisemarket-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmenstrivingtomakeprofitsproducethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotiveoperatingundercompetitivepressureslargelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.47ThusintheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumerscoupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomesthattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.48Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomythismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystemaprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemandthepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.49Ifontheotherhandproducingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscostthiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producerswhichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.ThuspriceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresourcesprivatepropertyandtheyarepermittedtohirelaborgaincontrolovernaturalresourcesandproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.50IntheAmericaneconomytheconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrightsincludingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.
TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprisemarket-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmenstrivingtomakeprofitsproducethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotiveoperatingundercompetitivepressureslargelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.47ThusintheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumerscoupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomesthattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.48Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomythismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystemaprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemandthepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.49Ifontheotherhandproducingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscostthiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producerswhichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.ThuspriceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresourcesprivatepropertyandtheyarepermittedtohirelaborgaincontrolovernaturalresourcesandproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.50IntheAmericaneconomytheconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrightsincludingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter.41______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.42______Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.43______44______Theseinventionsanddiscoveries--firespeechweaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwriting--madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcourseanimmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNiletheEuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.45______[A]Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.[B]Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswritingwhichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoonasithadreachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven.[C]Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholivedincavesatthattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemtocommunicatewithoneanother.[D]Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.[E]Infacttherewasprogress--therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthemariner’scompass—butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture.[F]Thesewereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided.[G]Butindustrywasastepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage.
Manfirstappearedonearthabout2millionyearsago.Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadabigadvantageovertheanimals.Hehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentinanimalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhisfellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speechalsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased.Itwasthisspecialabilitythatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestruggleforexistence.47Hemastereddarknessfirstwithdimlightsandlaterwithbrighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlingalightwithanarclampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnakedeyes.48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyotherformsofpoweruntilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpower.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonderanddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.Atlasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Nowhecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceandaseriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbeforemantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhatitisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandnodownward.Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethedifficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates.50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.
WhenDr.JohnW.GofmanprofessorofmedicalphysicsattheUniversityofCaliforniaandaleadingnuclearcriticspeaksof"ecocide"inhisadversaryviewofnucleartechnologyhemeansthefollowing.AlargenuclearplantlikethatinKalkartheNetherlandswouldproduceabout200poundsofplutoniumeachyear.Onepoundreleasedintotheatmospherecouldcause9billioncasesoflungcancer.Thiswasteproductmustbestoredfor500000yearsbeforeitisofnofurtherdangertoman.Intheanticipatedreactoreconomyitisestimatedthattherewillbe10000tonsofthismaterialinWesternEuropeofwhichonetable-spoonfulofplutonium-239representstheofficialmaximumpermissiblebodyburdenfor200000people.Ratherthanbeingbiodegradableplutoniumdestroysbiologicalproperties. In1972the.U.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationruledthattheasbestoslevelintheworkplaceshouldbeloweredto2fiberspercubiccentimeterofairbuttheeffectivedateoftherulinghasbeendelayeduntilnow.TheInternationalFederationofChemicalandGeneralWorkers’Unionsreportthatthe2-fiberstandardwasbasedprimarilyononestudyof290menataBritishasbestosfactory.ButwhentheworkersattheBritishfactoryhadbeenreexaminedbyanotherphysician40--70percenthadX-rayevidenceoflungabnormalities.Accordingtopresentmedicalinformationatthefactoryinquestionoutofatotalof29deathsthusfarsevenwerecausedbylungcancer.AnaverageEuropeanorAmericanworkercomesintocontactwithsixmillionfibersaday."Wearenowinfactfindingcancerdeathswithinthefamilyoftheasbestosworker"statesDr.IrvingSelikoffoftheMountSinaiMedicalSchoolinNewYork. Itisnowalsoclearthatvinylchlorideagasfromwhichthemostwidelyusedplasticsaremadecausesafatalcanceroftheblood-vesselcellsoftheliver.Howeverthehistoryoftheresearchonvinylchlorideisinsomewaysmoredisturbingthanthe"Watergatecover-up.""Therehasbeenevidenceofpotentiallyseriousdiseaseamongpolyvinylchlorideworkersfor25yearsthathasbeenincompletelyappreciatedandinadequatelyapproachedbymedicalscientistsandbyregulatoryauthorities"summedupDr.SelikoffintheNewScientist.Atleast17workershavebeenkilledbyvinylchloridebecauseresearchoverthepast25yearswasnotfollowedup.Andforover10yearsworkershavebeenexposedtoconcentrationsofvinylchloride10timesthe"safelimit"imposedbyDowChemicalCompany. Accordingtoparagraph3someworkershavebeenkilledbyharmfulpollutantsinthat
Manfirstappearedonearthabout2millionyearsago.Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadabigadvantageovertheanimals.Hehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentinanimalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhisfellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speechalsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased.Itwasthisspecialabilitythatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestruggleforexistence.47Hemastereddarknessfirstwithdimlightsandlaterwithbrighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlingalightwithanarclampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnakedeyes.48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyotherformsofpoweruntilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpower.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonderanddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.Atlasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Nowhecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceandaseriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbeforemantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhatitisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandnodownward.Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethedifficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates.50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicturebriefly 2deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepictureand 3suggestcounter-measures. Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Manfirstappearedonearthabout2millionyearsago.Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadabigadvantageovertheanimals.Hehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentinanimalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhisfellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speechalsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased.Itwasthisspecialabilitythatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestruggleforexistence.47Hemastereddarknessfirstwithdimlightsandlaterwithbrighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlingalightwithanarclampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnakedeyes.48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyotherformsofpoweruntilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpower.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonderanddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.Atlasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Nowhecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceandaseriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbeforemantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhatitisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandnodownward.Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethedifficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates.50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.
Younggirlsathighriskfordepressionappeartohaveamalfunctioningrewardsystemintheirbrainsanewstudysuggests.Thefindingcomesfromresearchthat1ahigh-riskgroupof13girlsaged10to14whowerenotdepressedbuthadmotherswho2recurrentdepressionandalow-riskgroupof13girlswithno3orfamilyhistoryofdepression.BothgroupsweregivenMRIbrain4whilecompletingataskthatcould5eitherrewardorpunishment. 6withgirlsinthelow-riskgroupthoseinthehigh-riskgrouphad7neuralresponsesduringbothanticipationandreceiptofthereward.8thehigh-riskgirlsshowedno9inanareaofthebraincalledthedorsalanteriorcingulatedcortex背侧前扣带皮质believedtoplayarolein10pastexperiencestoassistlearning. Thehigh-riskgirlsdidhavegreateractivationofthisbrainarea11receivingpunishmentcomparedwiththeothergirls.Theresearcherssaidthatthissuggeststhathigh-riskgirlshaveeasiertime12informationaboutlossandpunishmentthaninformationaboutrewardandpleasure. "Consideredtogetherwithreducedactivationinthestriatal纹状体的areascommonlyobserved13rewarditseemsthatthereward-processingsystemiscritically14indaughterswhoareatelevatedriskfordepression15theyhavenotyetexperiencedadepressive16"wroteIanH.GotlibofStanfordUniversityandhiscolleagues."17longitudinalstudiesareneededtodeterminewhethertheanomalousactivations18inthisstudyduringtheprocessingof19andlossesareassociatedwiththe20onsetofdepression"theyconcluded.ThestudywaspublishedintheApriloftheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry. 4
Younggirlsathighriskfordepressionappeartohaveamalfunctioningrewardsystemintheirbrainsanewstudysuggests.Thefindingcomesfromresearchthat1ahigh-riskgroupof13girlsaged10to14whowerenotdepressedbuthadmotherswho2recurrentdepressionandalow-riskgroupof13girlswithno3orfamilyhistoryofdepression.BothgroupsweregivenMRIbrain4whilecompletingataskthatcould5eitherrewardorpunishment. 6withgirlsinthelow-riskgroupthoseinthehigh-riskgrouphad7neuralresponsesduringbothanticipationandreceiptofthereward.8thehigh-riskgirlsshowedno9inanareaofthebraincalledthedorsalanteriorcingulatedcortex背侧前扣带皮质believedtoplayarolein10pastexperiencestoassistlearning. Thehigh-riskgirlsdidhavegreateractivationofthisbrainarea11receivingpunishmentcomparedwiththeothergirls.Theresearcherssaidthatthissuggeststhathigh-riskgirlshaveeasiertime12informationaboutlossandpunishmentthaninformationaboutrewardandpleasure. "Consideredtogetherwithreducedactivationinthestriatal纹状体的areascommonlyobserved13rewarditseemsthatthereward-processingsystemiscritically14indaughterswhoareatelevatedriskfordepression15theyhavenotyetexperiencedadepressive16"wroteIanH.GotlibofStanfordUniversityandhiscolleagues."17longitudinalstudiesareneededtodeterminewhethertheanomalousactivations18inthisstudyduringtheprocessingof19andlossesareassociatedwiththe20onsetofdepression"theyconcluded.ThestudywaspublishedintheApriloftheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry. 16
PrinceKlemensVonMetternichforeignministeroftheAustrianEmpireduringtheNapoleoniceraanditsaftermathwouldhavenotroublerecognizingGoogle.Tohimtheworld’smostpopularweb-searchenginewouldcloselyresembletheNapoleonicFrancethatinhisyouthhumiliatedAustriaandEurope’sotherpowers.Itsrivals--Yahoo!thelargestofthetraditionalwebgatewayseBaythebiggestonlineauctionandtradingsiteandMicrosoftasoftwareempirethatownsMSNastrugglingwebportal--wouldlookalotlikeRussiaPrussiaandAustria.Metternichrespondedbyforginganallianceamongthosethreemonarchiestocreatea"balanceofpower"againstFrance.Google’senemieshemightsayoughtnowtodothesamething. GoogleannouncedtwonewconquestsonAugust7th.ItstruckadealwithViacoman"old"mediafirmunderwhichitwillsyndicatevideoclipsfromViacombrandssuchasMTVandNickelodeontootherwebsitesandintegrateadvertisementsintothem.ThismakesGoogletheclearleaderinthefledglingbutpromisingmarketforweb-videoadvertising.ItalsoannouncedadealwithNewsCorporationanothermediagiantunderwhichitwillprovideallthesearchandtext-advertisingtechnologyonNewsCorporation’swebsitesincludingMySpaceanenormouslypopularsocial-networkingsite. ThesearehardblowsforYahoo!andMSNwhichhadalsobeennegotiatingwithNewsCorporation.BothfirmshavebeenlosingmarketshareinwebsearchtoGoogleoverthepastyear--Googlenowhashalfthemarket.TheyhavealsofallenfurtherbehindintheiradvertisingtechnologiesandnetworkssothatbothmakelessmoneythanGoogledoesfromthesamenumberofsearches.SaraRashtchyananalystatPiperJaffrayasecuritiesfirmestimatesthatforeveryadvertisingdollarthatGooglemakesonasearchqueryYahoo!makesonly60-70cents.LastmonthYahoo!saidthatanewadvertisingalgorithmthatithaddesignedtoclosethegapinprofitabilitywillbedelayedanditssharepricefellby22%itsbiggest-everone-daydrop. MSNisfurtherbehindGooglethanYahoo!insearchanditsparentMicrosoftfacesanevenmorefundamentalthreatfromtheexpansionistnewpower.ManyofGoogle’snewventuresbeyondwebsearchenableuserstodothingsfreeofchargethroughtheirwebbrowsersthattheynowdousingMicrosoftsoftwareontheirpersonalcomputers.Googleoffersarudimentarybutfreeonlinewordprocessorandspreadsheetforinstance. ThesmallereBayontheotherhandmightinonesenseclaimGoogleasanally.Google’ssearchresultssendalotoftraffictoeBay’sauctionsiteandeBayisoneofthebiggestadvertisersonGoogle’snetwork.Buttherelationshipisimbalanced.AninfluentialrecentstudyfromBerkeley’sHaasSchoolofBusinessestimatedthatabout12%ofeBay’srevenuescomeindirectlyfromGooglewhereasGooglegetsonly3%ofitsrevenuesfromeBay.WorstofallforeBayGoogleisstartingtoundercutitscorebusiness.SellersaresettinguptheirownwebsitesandbuyingtextadvertisementsfromGoogleandbuyersareusingitssearchratherthaneBaytoconnectwithsellersdirectly.Asaresult"eBaywouldbewisetostrikeadeeppartnershipwithYahoo!orMicrosoftinordertoregainabalanceofpowerintheindustry"saidthestudy’sauthorsJulienDecorandSteveLeesoundinglikediplomatsattheCongressofViennain1814. GooglewinsanadvantageoverMSNinthat
Younggirlsathighriskfordepressionappeartohaveamalfunctioningrewardsystemintheirbrainsanewstudysuggests.Thefindingcomesfromresearchthat1ahigh-riskgroupof13girlsaged10to14whowerenotdepressedbuthadmotherswho2recurrentdepressionandalow-riskgroupof13girlswithno3orfamilyhistoryofdepression.BothgroupsweregivenMRIbrain4whilecompletingataskthatcould5eitherrewardorpunishment. 6withgirlsinthelow-riskgroupthoseinthehigh-riskgrouphad7neuralresponsesduringbothanticipationandreceiptofthereward.8thehigh-riskgirlsshowedno9inanareaofthebraincalledthedorsalanteriorcingulatedcortex背侧前扣带皮质believedtoplayarolein10pastexperiencestoassistlearning. Thehigh-riskgirlsdidhavegreateractivationofthisbrainarea11receivingpunishmentcomparedwiththeothergirls.Theresearcherssaidthatthissuggeststhathigh-riskgirlshaveeasiertime12informationaboutlossandpunishmentthaninformationaboutrewardandpleasure. "Consideredtogetherwithreducedactivationinthestriatal纹状体的areascommonlyobserved13rewarditseemsthatthereward-processingsystemiscritically14indaughterswhoareatelevatedriskfordepression15theyhavenotyetexperiencedadepressive16"wroteIanH.GotlibofStanfordUniversityandhiscolleagues."17longitudinalstudiesareneededtodeterminewhethertheanomalousactivations18inthisstudyduringtheprocessingof19andlossesareassociatedwiththe20onsetofdepression"theyconcluded.ThestudywaspublishedintheApriloftheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry. 14
WhenDr.JohnW.GofmanprofessorofmedicalphysicsattheUniversityofCaliforniaandaleadingnuclearcriticspeaksof"ecocide"inhisadversaryviewofnucleartechnologyhemeansthefollowing.AlargenuclearplantlikethatinKalkartheNetherlandswouldproduceabout200poundsofplutoniumeachyear.Onepoundreleasedintotheatmospherecouldcause9billioncasesoflungcancer.Thiswasteproductmustbestoredfor500000yearsbeforeitisofnofurtherdangertoman.Intheanticipatedreactoreconomyitisestimatedthattherewillbe10000tonsofthismaterialinWesternEuropeofwhichonetable-spoonfulofplutonium-239representstheofficialmaximumpermissiblebodyburdenfor200000people.Ratherthanbeingbiodegradableplutoniumdestroysbiologicalproperties. In1972the.U.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationruledthattheasbestoslevelintheworkplaceshouldbeloweredto2fiberspercubiccentimeterofairbuttheeffectivedateoftherulinghasbeendelayeduntilnow.TheInternationalFederationofChemicalandGeneralWorkers’Unionsreportthatthe2-fiberstandardwasbasedprimarilyononestudyof290menataBritishasbestosfactory.ButwhentheworkersattheBritishfactoryhadbeenreexaminedbyanotherphysician40--70percenthadX-rayevidenceoflungabnormalities.Accordingtopresentmedicalinformationatthefactoryinquestionoutofatotalof29deathsthusfarsevenwerecausedbylungcancer.AnaverageEuropeanorAmericanworkercomesintocontactwithsixmillionfibersaday."Wearenowinfactfindingcancerdeathswithinthefamilyoftheasbestosworker"statesDr.IrvingSelikoffoftheMountSinaiMedicalSchoolinNewYork. Itisnowalsoclearthatvinylchlorideagasfromwhichthemostwidelyusedplasticsaremadecausesafatalcanceroftheblood-vesselcellsoftheliver.Howeverthehistoryoftheresearchonvinylchlorideisinsomewaysmoredisturbingthanthe"Watergatecover-up.""Therehasbeenevidenceofpotentiallyseriousdiseaseamongpolyvinylchlorideworkersfor25yearsthathasbeenincompletelyappreciatedandinadequatelyapproachedbymedicalscientistsandbyregulatoryauthorities"summedupDr.SelikoffintheNewScientist.Atleast17workershavebeenkilledbyvinylchloridebecauseresearchoverthepast25yearswasnotfollowedup.Andforover10yearsworkershavebeenexposedtoconcentrationsofvinylchloride10timesthe"safelimit"imposedbyDowChemicalCompany. Accordingtothetexttheauthormentionsplutoniuminparagraph1to
Younggirlsathighriskfordepressionappeartohaveamalfunctioningrewardsystemintheirbrainsanewstudysuggests.Thefindingcomesfromresearchthat1ahigh-riskgroupof13girlsaged10to14whowerenotdepressedbuthadmotherswho2recurrentdepressionandalow-riskgroupof13girlswithno3orfamilyhistoryofdepression.BothgroupsweregivenMRIbrain4whilecompletingataskthatcould5eitherrewardorpunishment. 6withgirlsinthelow-riskgroupthoseinthehigh-riskgrouphad7neuralresponsesduringbothanticipationandreceiptofthereward.8thehigh-riskgirlsshowedno9inanareaofthebraincalledthedorsalanteriorcingulatedcortex背侧前扣带皮质believedtoplayarolein10pastexperiencestoassistlearning. Thehigh-riskgirlsdidhavegreateractivationofthisbrainarea11receivingpunishmentcomparedwiththeothergirls.Theresearcherssaidthatthissuggeststhathigh-riskgirlshaveeasiertime12informationaboutlossandpunishmentthaninformationaboutrewardandpleasure. "Consideredtogetherwithreducedactivationinthestriatal纹状体的areascommonlyobserved13rewarditseemsthatthereward-processingsystemiscritically14indaughterswhoareatelevatedriskfordepression15theyhavenotyetexperiencedadepressive16"wroteIanH.GotlibofStanfordUniversityandhiscolleagues."17longitudinalstudiesareneededtodeterminewhethertheanomalousactivations18inthisstudyduringtheprocessingof19andlossesareassociatedwiththe20onsetofdepression"theyconcluded.ThestudywaspublishedintheApriloftheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry. 2
Social-networkingsitesofferuserseasywaystopresentidealizedimagesofthemselvesevenifthoseidealsdon’talwayssquarewiththeirreal-worldpersonalities.PsychologyresearcherSorayaMehdizadehhasdiscoveredawaytopokethroughtheoffline-onlinecurtain:shehasusedFaeebooktopredictaperson’slevelofnarcissismandself-esteem. MehdizadehwhoconductedthestudyasanundergraduateatToronto’sYorkUniversitygainedaccesstotheFaeebookaccountsof100collegestudentsandmeasuredactivitieslikephotosharingwallpostingsandstatusupdates;shealsostudiedhowfrequentlyusersloggedonandhowoftentheyremainedonlineduringeachsession.HerfindingswerepublishedrecentlyinCyberpsyehologyBehaviorandSocialNetworking. AftermeasuringeachsubjectusingtheNarcissismPersonalityInventoryandRosenbergSelf-EsteemScaleMehdizadehwhograduatedfromYorkthispastspringdiscoverednarcissistsandpeoplewithlowerself-esteemweremorelikelytospendmorethananhouradayonFacebookandweremorepronetopostself-promo-tionalphotosstrikingaposeorusingPhotoshopforexample.Narcissistswerealsomorelikelytoshowcasethemselvesthroughstatusupdatesusingphraseslike"I’msoglamorousIbleedglitter"andwallactivitypostingself-servinglinkslike"MyCelebrityLook-alikes". Self-esteemandnarcissismareofteninterrelatedbutdon’talwaysgohandinhand.Somepsychologistsbelievethatnarcissists--thosewhohaveapervasivepatternofgrandiosityaneedforadmirationaswellasalackofsympathy--unconsciouslyinflatetheirsenseofself-importanceasadefenseagainstfeelinginadequate.NotenoughempiricalresearchhasbeenproducedtoconfirmthatlinkalthoughMehdizadeh’sstudyseemstosupportit.Becausenarcissistshavelesscapacitytosustainintimateorlong-termrelationshipsMehdizadehthinksthattheywouldbemoredrawntotheonlineworldofvirtualfriendsandemotionallydetachedcommunication. AlthoughitseemsthatFacebookcanbeusedbynarcissiststofueltheirinflatedegosMehdizadehstopsshortofproclaimingthatexcessivetimespentonFaeebookcanturnregularusersintonarcissists.Shealsonotesthatsocial-networkingsitesmightultimatelybefoundtohavepositiveeffectswhenusedbypeoplewithlowself-esteemordepression."Ifindividualswithlowerself-esteemaremorepronetousingFacebook"shesays"thequestionbecomes’CanFacebookhelpraiseself-esteembyallowingpatientstotalktoeachotherandhelpeachotherinasociallyinteractiveenvironment’Idon’tthinkit’snecessarilyabadthingthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemuseFacebook. Facebook’susers
Younggirlsathighriskfordepressionappeartohaveamalfunctioningrewardsystemintheirbrainsanewstudysuggests.Thefindingcomesfromresearchthat1ahigh-riskgroupof13girlsaged10to14whowerenotdepressedbuthadmotherswho2recurrentdepressionandalow-riskgroupof13girlswithno3orfamilyhistoryofdepression.BothgroupsweregivenMRIbrain4whilecompletingataskthatcould5eitherrewardorpunishment. 6withgirlsinthelow-riskgroupthoseinthehigh-riskgrouphad7neuralresponsesduringbothanticipationandreceiptofthereward.8thehigh-riskgirlsshowedno9inanareaofthebraincalledthedorsalanteriorcingulatedcortex背侧前扣带皮质believedtoplayarolein10pastexperiencestoassistlearning. Thehigh-riskgirlsdidhavegreateractivationofthisbrainarea11receivingpunishmentcomparedwiththeothergirls.Theresearcherssaidthatthissuggeststhathigh-riskgirlshaveeasiertime12informationaboutlossandpunishmentthaninformationaboutrewardandpleasure. "Consideredtogetherwithreducedactivationinthestriatal纹状体的areascommonlyobserved13rewarditseemsthatthereward-processingsystemiscritically14indaughterswhoareatelevatedriskfordepression15theyhavenotyetexperiencedadepressive16"wroteIanH.GotlibofStanfordUniversityandhiscolleagues."17longitudinalstudiesareneededtodeterminewhethertheanomalousactivations18inthisstudyduringtheprocessingof19andlossesareassociatedwiththe20onsetofdepression"theyconcluded.ThestudywaspublishedintheApriloftheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry. 20
Intheearlydaysoftheinternettheideathatitrepresentedanentirelynewandseparaterealmdistinctfromtherealworldwasseizeduponbybothadvocatesandcriticsofthenewtechnology.Advocateslikedtheideathatthevirtualworldwasaplacelessdatasphereliberatedfromconstraintsandrestrictionsoftherealworldandanopportunityforafreshstart.ForinstanceJohnPerryBarlowaninternetactivistissuedthe"DeclarationoftheIndependenceofCyberspace"inFebruary1996.Hethundered"GovernmentsoftheindustrialworldIcomefromcyberspacethenewhomeofmind.Cyberspacedoesnotliewithinyourborders.Wearecreatingaworldthatallmayenterwithoutprivilegeorprejudiceaccordedbyraceeconomicpowermilitaryforceorstationofbirth." WhereMr.Barlowandothercyber-Utopiansfoundtheseparationbetweentherealandvirtualworldsexcitinghowevercriticsregardeditasacauseforconcern.Theyworriedthatpeoplewerespendingtoomuchtimeonlinecommunicatingwithpeopletheyhadneverevenmetinpersoninchatroomsvirtualgameworldsandmorerecentlyonsocial-networkingsitessuchasMySpaceandFacebook.AstudycarriedoutbytheStanfordInstitutefortheQuantitativeStudyofSocietyin2000forexamplefoundthatheavyinternetusersspentlesstimetalkingtofriendsandfamilyandwarnedthattheinternetcouldbe"theultimateisolatingtechnology". Bothgroupswerewrongofcourse.Theinternethasnotturnedouttobeathingapart.Unpleasantaspectsoftherealworldsuchastaxescensorshipcrimeandfraudarenowfeaturesofthevirtualworldtoo.Garnerswhomakerealmoneysellingswordsgoldandotheritemsinvirtualgameworldsmaynowfindthatthetaxmanwantstoknowaboutit.DesignersofvirtualobjectsinSecondLifeanonlinevirtualworldareresortingtoreal-worldlawsuitsinordertoprotecttheirintellectualproperty. Atthesametimehoweversomeofthemostexcitingusesoftheinternetrelyoncouplingitwiththerealworld.Socialnetworkingallowspeopletostayintouchwiththeirfriendsonlineandplansocialactivitiesintherealworld.Thedistinctionbetweenonlineandofflinechatterceasestomatter.OrconsiderGoogleEarthwhichputssatelliteimagesofthewholeworldonyourdesktopandallowsuserstolinkonlinedatawithspecificphysicallocations. Alltheseapproachestreattheinternetasanextensionoranattachmenttothephysicalworldnotaseparatespace.Ratherthanseeingtherealandvirtualrealmsasdistinctandconflictinginshortitmakessensetoseethemascomplementaryandconnected.TheresultingfusionisnotwhattheUtopiansorthecriticsforesawbutitsuitstherestofusjustfine. Fromthepassagewecanfindthattheauthor
Intheearlydaysoftheinternettheideathatitrepresentedanentirelynewandseparaterealmdistinctfromtherealworldwasseizeduponbybothadvocatesandcriticsofthenewtechnology.Advocateslikedtheideathatthevirtualworldwasaplacelessdatasphereliberatedfromconstraintsandrestrictionsoftherealworldandanopportunityforafreshstart.ForinstanceJohnPerryBarlowaninternetactivistissuedthe"DeclarationoftheIndependenceofCyberspace"inFebruary1996.Hethundered"GovernmentsoftheindustrialworldIcomefromcyberspacethenewhomeofmind.Cyberspacedoesnotliewithinyourborders.Wearecreatingaworldthatallmayenterwithoutprivilegeorprejudiceaccordedbyraceeconomicpowermilitaryforceorstationofbirth." WhereMr.Barlowandothercyber-Utopiansfoundtheseparationbetweentherealandvirtualworldsexcitinghowevercriticsregardeditasacauseforconcern.Theyworriedthatpeoplewerespendingtoomuchtimeonlinecommunicatingwithpeopletheyhadneverevenmetinpersoninchatroomsvirtualgameworldsandmorerecentlyonsocial-networkingsitessuchasMySpaceandFacebook.AstudycarriedoutbytheStanfordInstitutefortheQuantitativeStudyofSocietyin2000forexamplefoundthatheavyinternetusersspentlesstimetalkingtofriendsandfamilyandwarnedthattheinternetcouldbe"theultimateisolatingtechnology". Bothgroupswerewrongofcourse.Theinternethasnotturnedouttobeathingapart.Unpleasantaspectsoftherealworldsuchastaxescensorshipcrimeandfraudarenowfeaturesofthevirtualworldtoo.Garnerswhomakerealmoneysellingswordsgoldandotheritemsinvirtualgameworldsmaynowfindthatthetaxmanwantstoknowaboutit.DesignersofvirtualobjectsinSecondLifeanonlinevirtualworldareresortingtoreal-worldlawsuitsinordertoprotecttheirintellectualproperty. Atthesametimehoweversomeofthemostexcitingusesoftheinternetrelyoncouplingitwiththerealworld.Socialnetworkingallowspeopletostayintouchwiththeirfriendsonlineandplansocialactivitiesintherealworld.Thedistinctionbetweenonlineandofflinechatterceasestomatter.OrconsiderGoogleEarthwhichputssatelliteimagesofthewholeworldonyourdesktopandallowsuserstolinkonlinedatawithspecificphysicallocations. Alltheseapproachestreattheinternetasanextensionoranattachmenttothephysicalworldnotaseparatespace.Ratherthanseeingtherealandvirtualrealmsasdistinctandconflictinginshortitmakessensetoseethemascomplementaryandconnected.TheresultingfusionisnotwhattheUtopiansorthecriticsforesawbutitsuitstherestofusjustfine. Thepassagesuggeststhatcriticsofthenewtechnology
LongbeforeManlivedontheEarththerewerefishesreptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhavenodescendantsalivenow.41.Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthatgrewonitandevenofitsclimate.42Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichweknownothing.43.Therewerealsocrablikecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstance.Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandybottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet.44.Ofthesetheammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychamberseachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.45.About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermammalsthoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings.[A]Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown[B]Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate.[C]Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerorformed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandintheseaandintheair.[D]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreature.Thereanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeoverlargeareasoftheworld.[E]Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformaaremorecomplexandamongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.[F]Whenananimaldiesthebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.[G]Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbymineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionorsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.
LongbeforeManlivedontheEarththerewerefishesreptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhavenodescendantsalivenow.41.Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthatgrewonitandevenofitsclimate.42Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichweknownothing.43.Therewerealsocrablikecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstance.Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandybottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet.44.Ofthesetheammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychamberseachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.45.About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermammalsthoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings.[A]Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown[B]Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate.[C]Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerorformed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandintheseaandintheair.[D]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreature.Thereanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeoverlargeareasoftheworld.[E]Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformaaremorecomplexandamongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.[F]Whenananimaldiesthebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.[G]Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbymineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionorsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.
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