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Directions: Write an essay of around 200 words entitled "On Being Thrift" based on the following pi...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
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Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
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Societynotonlycontinuestoexistbytransmissionbycommunicationbutitmayfairlybesaidtoexistintransmissionincommunication.Thereismorethanaverbaltiebetweenthewordscommoncommunityandcommunication.46Menliveinacommunityinvirtueofthethingswhichtheyhaveincommon;andcommunicationisthewayinwhichtheycometopossessthingsincommon.47Whattheymusthaveincommoninordertoformacommunityorsocietyareaimsbeliefsaspirationsknowledge—acommonunderstanding—like-mindednessasthesociologistssay.Suchthingscannotbepassedphysicallyfromonetoanotherlikebricks;theycannotbesharedaspersonswouldshareapiebydividingitintophysicalpieces.48Thecommunicationwhichinsuresparticipationinacommonunderstandingisonewhichsecuressimilaremotionalandintellectualdispositions—likewaysofrespondingtoexpectationsandrequirements. Personsdonotbecomeasocietybylivinginphysicalproximityanymorethanamanceasestobesociallyinfluencedbybeingsomanyfeetormilesremovedfromothers.49Abookoralettermayinstituteamoreintimateassociationbetweenhumanbeingsseparatedthousandsofmilesfromeachotherthanexistsbetweendwellersunderthesameroof.Individualsdonotevencomposeasocialgroupbecausetheyallworkforacommonend.Thepartsofamachineworkwithamaximumofcooperativenessforacommonresultbuttheydonotformacommunity.Ifhowevertheywereallcognizantofthecommonendandallinterestedinitsothattheyregulatedtheirspecificactivityinviewofitthentheywouldformacommunity.Butthiswouldinvolvecommunication.Eachwouldhavetoknowwhattheotherwasaboutandwouldhavetohavesomewayofkeepingtheotherinformedastohisownpurposeandprogress.Consensusdemandscommunication. Wearethuscompelledtorecognizethatwithineventhemostsocialgrouptherearemanyrelationswhicharenotasyetsocial.Alargenumberofhumanrelationshipsinanysocialgrouparestilluponthemachine-likeplane.Individualsuseoneanothersoastogetdesiredresultswithoutreferencetotheemotionalandintellectualdispositionandconsentofthoseused.Suchusesexpressphysicalsuperiorityorsuperiorityofpositionskilltechnicalabilityandcommandoftoolsmechanicalorfiscal.50Sofarastherelationsofparentandchildteacherandpupilemployerandemployeegovernorandgovernedremainuponthisleveltheyformnotruesocialgroupnomatterhowcloselytheirrespectiveactivitiestouchoneanother.Givingandtakingofordersmodifiesactionandresultsbutdoesnotofitselfeffectasharingofpurposesacommunicationofinterests. 48
Dogsareconstantlylearningfromthereactionofhumanownerspickingupfacialcuesandanticipatingtheirowner’sbehavioranewresearchsuggests.ThefindingspublishedonlineinthejournalLearningandBehaviorshowthatdogsessentiallyarealwaysintrainingandhelpexplainhowmanyownersunknowinglyteachandrewardtheirdog’sbadbehavior.ResearchconductedattheUniversityofFloridafocusedontheroleofeyecontactandfacialcuesininfluencingcaninebehavior.Earlierstudieshavesuggestedthatdogsseemtoknowwhentheyarebeingwatchedandevenwaittoperformforbiddenbehaviorlikedigginginthegardenwhentheyknowtheirownersaren’tlooking.Inthisstudyresearchersstudiedhowhumancuestriggeredbeggingbehavioramong35petdogs18shelterdogsand8wolvesraisedincaptivity.Firsttheanimalsweretaughtthatthehumanstrangershelpingwiththeexperimentwerereliablesourcesoftastytreats.ThetestersstoodclosetogetherandcalledtotheanimalandbothofferedrewardsofSpamcubesorBeggin’Stripstreats.Afterfourrewardstheexperimentbegan.Twotestersstoodagainstafenceorwallabout20feetapartandwithfoodintheirpockets.Thedogwasheldabout20feetawayequidistantfrombothtesters.Inoneconditiononetesterfacedthedogwhiletheotherturnedherback.Inanotheratesterheldabooknearherfacewhiletheothertesterheldthebookinfrontofherfaceasifshewerereading.Inathirdconditiononetesterheldabucketneartheshoulderwhiletheotherputthebucketoverherheadblockinghereyes.Thenbothtesterscalledouttothedogs.Alltheanimals—petdogsshelterdogsandwolves—ignoredthepersonwhosebackwasturnedandsoughtfoodfromthepersonwhowaslookingatthem.Thequestionwasaredogsandwolvesresponsivetoahuman’sattentionalstatesaidMoniqueUdellanassistantprofessorofpsychologyatFlaglerCollegeFla.Butwhenthetestersheldbooksitwasonlythedomesticdogswhoavoidedthepersonwhoappearedtobereadingthebook.Inahousewherethey’reusedtopeoplereadingbookstheyaresensitivetothosetypesofcuessaidDr.Udell.Interestinglyinthebucketexperimenttheanimalsforthemostpartwereequallylikelytoseekfoodfromthepersonwiththebucketoverherheadasthepersonholdingthebucket.Theexperimentshowsthatdogsaretunedintowhetherhumansarepayingattention.Dogsdon’thavetoreadourminds.DogsreadourbehaviorsaidDr.Udell.Petownersoftengetfrustratedwithbaddogbehaviorwithoutrealizingthattheythemselveshavereinforcediteitherbygivingthedogatreatwhentheybegskippingabathwhentheyprotestorlettingthemsleeponthebedorcouch.Theexperimentshowsthatdomesticanimals
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Societynotonlycontinuestoexistbytransmissionbycommunicationbutitmayfairlybesaidtoexistintransmissionincommunication.Thereismorethanaverbaltiebetweenthewordscommoncommunityandcommunication.46Menliveinacommunityinvirtueofthethingswhichtheyhaveincommon;andcommunicationisthewayinwhichtheycometopossessthingsincommon.47Whattheymusthaveincommoninordertoformacommunityorsocietyareaimsbeliefsaspirationsknowledge—acommonunderstanding—like-mindednessasthesociologistssay.Suchthingscannotbepassedphysicallyfromonetoanotherlikebricks;theycannotbesharedaspersonswouldshareapiebydividingitintophysicalpieces.48Thecommunicationwhichinsuresparticipationinacommonunderstandingisonewhichsecuressimilaremotionalandintellectualdispositions—likewaysofrespondingtoexpectationsandrequirements. Personsdonotbecomeasocietybylivinginphysicalproximityanymorethanamanceasestobesociallyinfluencedbybeingsomanyfeetormilesremovedfromothers.49Abookoralettermayinstituteamoreintimateassociationbetweenhumanbeingsseparatedthousandsofmilesfromeachotherthanexistsbetweendwellersunderthesameroof.Individualsdonotevencomposeasocialgroupbecausetheyallworkforacommonend.Thepartsofamachineworkwithamaximumofcooperativenessforacommonresultbuttheydonotformacommunity.Ifhowevertheywereallcognizantofthecommonendandallinterestedinitsothattheyregulatedtheirspecificactivityinviewofitthentheywouldformacommunity.Butthiswouldinvolvecommunication.Eachwouldhavetoknowwhattheotherwasaboutandwouldhavetohavesomewayofkeepingtheotherinformedastohisownpurposeandprogress.Consensusdemandscommunication. Wearethuscompelledtorecognizethatwithineventhemostsocialgrouptherearemanyrelationswhicharenotasyetsocial.Alargenumberofhumanrelationshipsinanysocialgrouparestilluponthemachine-likeplane.Individualsuseoneanothersoastogetdesiredresultswithoutreferencetotheemotionalandintellectualdispositionandconsentofthoseused.Suchusesexpressphysicalsuperiorityorsuperiorityofpositionskilltechnicalabilityandcommandoftoolsmechanicalorfiscal.50Sofarastherelationsofparentandchildteacherandpupilemployerandemployeegovernorandgovernedremainuponthisleveltheyformnotruesocialgroupnomatterhowcloselytheirrespectiveactivitiestouchoneanother.Givingandtakingofordersmodifiesactionandresultsbutdoesnotofitselfeffectasharingofpurposesacommunicationofinterests. 50
AnydaynowthefederalDepartmentofEducationwillformallyproposenewregulationsthatwouldcutofffederalaidtofor-profitcollegeswhosegraduatescannotearnenoughtorepaytheirstudentloans.Theregulationsknownasthegainfulemploymentrulesareanefforttoreininthehighdebtloadsstudentstakeonwhentheyenrollinfor-profitcollegesthatoffercertificatesordegreesinfieldslikenursingorculinaryarts.Studentsatfor-profitcollegesaremuchmorelikelythanotherstodefaultontheirloans.UndertheregulationsadraftofwhichcameoutinFebruaryfor-profitcollegeswouldnotbeeligibletoreceivefederalstudentaidiftheirgraduates’debtloadwastoohightoberepaidover10yearswith8percentoftheirstartingsalary.TheCareerCollegeAssociationwhichrepresents1450for-profitcollegesislobbyingfiercelyagainsttheregulationswhichitarguesarewrong-headedunnecessaryandlikelytorestrictneedystudents’accesstovocationaltrainingandhighereducation.Withsomanycommunitycollegesovercrowdedthefor-profitcollegessaytheirprogramsrepresentthenation’sbesthopefortrainingmuch-neededhealthcareworkersandtechnicians.ArneDuncantheSecretaryofEducationhasavoideddemonizingthefor-profitschools.InaMayspeechhesaidthatdespiteafewbadapplesfor-profitcollegesplayavitalroleinhelpingthenationreachtheObamaadministration’sgoalofhavingtheworld’sbest-educatedworkforceby2020.Advocacygroupsrepresentingstudentsandconsumersarelessdiplomatic.Theseprogramsover-promiseunderdeliverandloadvulnerablestudentsupwithwaytoomuchdebtsaidChrisLindstromhighereducationprogramdirectorattheU.S.PublicInterestResearchGrouppartofacoalitionofeducationconsumerstudentandpublicinterestgroupssupportingtheregulations.In2007coalitionmemberssaidstudentsatfor-profitcollegesmadeuponly7percentofthoseinhighereducationhut44percentofthosedefaultingonfederalstudentloans.AddingnewfueltothefirewasarecentpresentationataNewYorkconferenceforinvestorsbyStevenEismanahedge-fundmanagerknownforhavinganticipatedthehousingmarketcrash.Mr.EismanwhoseearlyawarenessofstructuralproblemsinthehousingmarketisdescribedinMichaelLewis’sbestsellerTheBigShortsaidthefor-profiteducationindustrylikethesubprimemortgageindustryhasrestedontheproliferationofloanstolow-incomepeoplewhowouldnotbeabletorepaythem.Federallawhaslongsaidthatfederalstudentaidcangoonlytofor-profitcollegesthatpreparestudentforgainfulemploymentinarecognizedoccupation.Butthisisthegovernment’sfirstefforttodefinegainfulemploymentinrelationtograduates’debt-to-incomeloads.Witharecordnumberofstudentsattendingprogramsthataresubjecttothisrequirementandarecordamountoftaxpayermoneybeingusedtoenablethemtoattendit’smoreimportantthanevertomakesurethey’regettingtheirmoney’sworthsaidPaulineAbernathyvicepresidentoftheInstituteforCollegeAccessandSuccess.ItisimpliedthatwhatDuncanhassaid
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Inhomesandworkplacesaroundtheworldit’shardtofindsomeonewhoisnotcelebratingtheimminentarrivaloffootball’sWorldCupexceptformanygreenactivistswhoareconcernedabouttheenvironmentalimpactofthegatheringoffootball’sglobaltribe. 41______.EvenallowingforthefactthestudyincludedtheimpactoftransporttoandfromtheWorldCupwhichGermanydidn’titstillrepresentsaheftycarbonfootprint. InresponsetheSouthAfricanauthoritieshaveinitiatedsubstantialoffsettingprogramsincludingurbantree-plantingbutforlocalenvironmentalactiviststhat’snotenough. "Oncecarbonisproducedclaimingthatoffsettingis’neutralizing’thecarbonfootprintisnothingmorethan’greenwash’"BobbyPeekFriendsoftheEarthSouthAfricatoldCNN."SadlyFriendsoftheEarthSouthAfricabelievesnothingcanbedonetolessenthecarbonfootprintdespitethereassurancesmadebythevariouscities." 42______. "InDurbantheconstructionofanentirelynewstadiumwasnotnecessaryconsideringthatthereweretwostadiumsalongsideeachotherwhichcouldhavebeenredevelopedratherthanonecompletelydemolishedtomakewayforanewconstruction"hesaid."Thusthe’savingsmade’werenegatedbytheneedforvirgincement.ThecementindustryisoneofthemainproducersofCO2.Foreverytonofcementthereisonetonofcarbonproduced." 43______. "IthinkSouthAfricahasmissedatrickinnotseekingofitsownvolitiontohostthefirst’carbonneutral’mega-event"AntonCartwrightco-founderofPromotingAccesstoCarbonEquitytoldCNN. "Itwouldhavecostthemabout$25millionhadtheymobilizedanationaleffortbutthisdidnothappen.HadSouthAfricaspentthismoneytheywouldhavesecuredtheevent’slegacyandkick-startedSouthAfrica’srenewableenergyandenergyefficientsectorandIamnotsurethereisenoughpublicawarenessorpoliticalleadershiponthisissueinSouthAfricatoappreciatequitewhatanopportunityhasbeenpassedup." 44______. "ForthedepartmentandSouthAfricathisisamilestonealongthecountry’ssustainabledevelopmentgrowthpath"AlbiModiseSouthAfricanDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairstoldCNN. Hesaysthatwhileresourceshavebeentighttherehavebeen200000treesplantedinJohannesburgaspartofacarbon-offsettingprogram25000inRustenberg86000inDurbanandatargetof400000inTshwane/Pretoria. TherehavealsobeencarbonreductionprojectsfocusingonenergyefficiencyinstreetlightinginDurbanCapeTownJohannesburgTshwaneRustenburgPolokwaneandPortElizabeth. SomeactivistsconcedetheremaybesomeindirectenvironmentalbenefitsfromtheWorldCup."45______.IntheCityofCapeTowntransportaccountsforalmost50percentofgreenhousegasemissionsandeffortstoreducethisareimportant.Theotherimportantlegacyispublicawareness—awarenessisaprerequisiteforthesolutionsthatwesobadlyneedandwhathasbeenmostlacking."saidCartwright. [A]Peekalsoclaimsthattherehavebeenunnecessaryconstructionprojectsusingthousandsoftonsofconcrete—oneofthemostcarbon-intensiveindustries. [B]OthersbelievetheWorldCupisalostopportunityforSouthAfricatobeaworldleaderinmakingsportgreener. [C]Oneofthemostpositivelegacieswillprobablycomeaboutinadvertentlyintheformofimprovedpublictransportandthebus-rapid-transportsystemspecifically. [D]MoneyhasbeenpassedfromFIFAtonationalgovernmenttohostcitiesandatthelocallevelnotenoughisbeingdoneinspiteofafewbravebutsmallexceptions.Hostcityeffortshavebeenvariablewithageneralover-relianceontreeplanting. [E]HowevertheSouthAfricanauthoritiesremainadamanttheyhavedonealltheycanwiththeresourcesavailablealthoughthereisalwaysroomforimprovementandlearningfrompastmistakes. [F]AstudyconductedbytheNorwegiangovernmentonbehalfoftheSouthAfricanauthoritiesestimatesthe2010competitionwillhaveacarbonfootprint6timesthesizeofthelastWorldCupinGermany. [G]CartwrightadmitsthatsomehostcitiesmostnotablyDurbanandCapeTownhavetriedtoinitiateprojectsbutsaysingeneralithasbeenlefttoolate. 42
Therearecountlessparentswhowillnotallowtheirchildrentoplayviolentvideogamesinwhichplayersareabletokillmaimdismemberorsexuallyassaulthumanimagesindepravedways.Thevideogameindustryratesthemandsomestoresusethatratingtodecidewhethertosellaparticulargametoaminor.ButCaliforniawenttoofarin2005whenitmadeitillegaltosellviolentvideogamestominors.RetailerschallengedthelawandafederalappealscourtrightlyruledthatitviolatestheFirstAmendment.LastweektheSupremeCourtsaidthatitwouldreviewthatdecision.Wehopeitagreesthatthelawisunconstitutional.California’slawimposesfinesofupto$1000onretailersthatsellviolentvideogamestoanyoneunder18.Toqualifyagamemustasawholelackseriousliteraryartisticpoliticalorscientificvalueforminors.Butvideogamesareaformoffreeexpression.Manyhaveelaborateplotsandcharactersoftendrawnfromfictionorhistory.TheCalifornialawisacontent-basedrestrictionsomethingthatispresumedinvalidundertheFirstAmendment.TheSupremeCourthasmadeitclearthatminorshaveFirstAmendmentrights.CaliforniahastriedtolowertheconstitutionalstandardforupholdingthelawbycomparingittovariableobscenityaFirstAmendmentprinciplethatallowsbanningthesaleofsomesexuallyexplicitmaterialstominorsthatcannotbebannedforadults.TheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheNinthCircuitinSanFranciscolikeotherfederalcourtsrightlyrefusedtoextendthatdoctrinetoviolentgames.UndertraditionalFirstAmendmentanalysiscontent-basedspeechrestrictionscansurviveonlyiftheyarenarrowlytailoredtopromoteacompellinggovernmentinterest.Californiasaysitsinterestisinpreventingpsychologicalorneurologicaldamagetoyoungpeople.Theappealscourtconcludedthattheevidenceconnectingviolentvideogamestothissortofdamageistooweaktomakerestrictingthegamesacompellinggovernmentinterest.Eveniftheinterestwerelegitimatethestatecouldhaveusedlessrestrictivemethods.Thevideogameindustrylikethemoviebusinesshasavoluntaryratingsystemthatprovidesbuyersandsellerswithinformationonthecontentofspecificgamesincludingage-specificratingsrangingfromearlychildhoodtoadultsonly.Thegovernmentcoulddomoretopromotetheuseofvoluntaryratingsbyretailersandparents.Californialawmakersmayhavebeenrightwhentheydecidedthatvideogamesinwhichplayerskillandmaimarenotthemostsociallybeneficialformofexpression.TheConstitutionhoweverdoesnotrequirespeechtobeidealforittobeprotected.Thepassageismainlyabout
AnydaynowthefederalDepartmentofEducationwillformallyproposenewregulationsthatwouldcutofffederalaidtofor-profitcollegeswhosegraduatescannotearnenoughtorepaytheirstudentloans.Theregulationsknownasthegainfulemploymentrulesareanefforttoreininthehighdebtloadsstudentstakeonwhentheyenrollinfor-profitcollegesthatoffercertificatesordegreesinfieldslikenursingorculinaryarts.Studentsatfor-profitcollegesaremuchmorelikelythanotherstodefaultontheirloans.UndertheregulationsadraftofwhichcameoutinFebruaryfor-profitcollegeswouldnotbeeligibletoreceivefederalstudentaidiftheirgraduates’debtloadwastoohightoberepaidover10yearswith8percentoftheirstartingsalary.TheCareerCollegeAssociationwhichrepresents1450for-profitcollegesislobbyingfiercelyagainsttheregulationswhichitarguesarewrong-headedunnecessaryandlikelytorestrictneedystudents’accesstovocationaltrainingandhighereducation.Withsomanycommunitycollegesovercrowdedthefor-profitcollegessaytheirprogramsrepresentthenation’sbesthopefortrainingmuch-neededhealthcareworkersandtechnicians.ArneDuncantheSecretaryofEducationhasavoideddemonizingthefor-profitschools.InaMayspeechhesaidthatdespiteafewbadapplesfor-profitcollegesplayavitalroleinhelpingthenationreachtheObamaadministration’sgoalofhavingtheworld’sbest-educatedworkforceby2020.Advocacygroupsrepresentingstudentsandconsumersarelessdiplomatic.Theseprogramsover-promiseunderdeliverandloadvulnerablestudentsupwithwaytoomuchdebtsaidChrisLindstromhighereducationprogramdirectorattheU.S.PublicInterestResearchGrouppartofacoalitionofeducationconsumerstudentandpublicinterestgroupssupportingtheregulations.In2007coalitionmemberssaidstudentsatfor-profitcollegesmadeuponly7percentofthoseinhighereducationhut44percentofthosedefaultingonfederalstudentloans.AddingnewfueltothefirewasarecentpresentationataNewYorkconferenceforinvestorsbyStevenEismanahedge-fundmanagerknownforhavinganticipatedthehousingmarketcrash.Mr.EismanwhoseearlyawarenessofstructuralproblemsinthehousingmarketisdescribedinMichaelLewis’sbestsellerTheBigShortsaidthefor-profiteducationindustrylikethesubprimemortgageindustryhasrestedontheproliferationofloanstolow-incomepeoplewhowouldnotbeabletorepaythem.Federallawhaslongsaidthatfederalstudentaidcangoonlytofor-profitcollegesthatpreparestudentforgainfulemploymentinarecognizedoccupation.Butthisisthegovernment’sfirstefforttodefinegainfulemploymentinrelationtograduates’debt-to-incomeloads.Witharecordnumberofstudentsattendingprogramsthataresubjecttothisrequirementandarecordamountoftaxpayermoneybeingusedtoenablethemtoattendit’smoreimportantthanevertomakesurethey’regettingtheirmoney’sworthsaidPaulineAbernathyvicepresidentoftheInstituteforCollegeAccessandSuccess.Theobjectiveofthenewregulationsisto
Directions: Writeanessayofaround200wordsentitled"TheOnly-childGeneration"basedonthefollowingpicture.Youshouldinterpretthepicturediscussthecauseforsuchanegativeimpressionandgiveyourcommentonthepieceofnews.
Therearecountlessparentswhowillnotallowtheirchildrentoplayviolentvideogamesinwhichplayersareabletokillmaimdismemberorsexuallyassaulthumanimagesindepravedways.Thevideogameindustryratesthemandsomestoresusethatratingtodecidewhethertosellaparticulargametoaminor.ButCaliforniawenttoofarin2005whenitmadeitillegaltosellviolentvideogamestominors.RetailerschallengedthelawandafederalappealscourtrightlyruledthatitviolatestheFirstAmendment.LastweektheSupremeCourtsaidthatitwouldreviewthatdecision.Wehopeitagreesthatthelawisunconstitutional.California’slawimposesfinesofupto$1000onretailersthatsellviolentvideogamestoanyoneunder18.Toqualifyagamemustasawholelackseriousliteraryartisticpoliticalorscientificvalueforminors.Butvideogamesareaformoffreeexpression.Manyhaveelaborateplotsandcharactersoftendrawnfromfictionorhistory.TheCalifornialawisacontent-basedrestrictionsomethingthatispresumedinvalidundertheFirstAmendment.TheSupremeCourthasmadeitclearthatminorshaveFirstAmendmentrights.CaliforniahastriedtolowertheconstitutionalstandardforupholdingthelawbycomparingittovariableobscenityaFirstAmendmentprinciplethatallowsbanningthesaleofsomesexuallyexplicitmaterialstominorsthatcannotbebannedforadults.TheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheNinthCircuitinSanFranciscolikeotherfederalcourtsrightlyrefusedtoextendthatdoctrinetoviolentgames.UndertraditionalFirstAmendmentanalysiscontent-basedspeechrestrictionscansurviveonlyiftheyarenarrowlytailoredtopromoteacompellinggovernmentinterest.Californiasaysitsinterestisinpreventingpsychologicalorneurologicaldamagetoyoungpeople.Theappealscourtconcludedthattheevidenceconnectingviolentvideogamestothissortofdamageistooweaktomakerestrictingthegamesacompellinggovernmentinterest.Eveniftheinterestwerelegitimatethestatecouldhaveusedlessrestrictivemethods.Thevideogameindustrylikethemoviebusinesshasavoluntaryratingsystemthatprovidesbuyersandsellerswithinformationonthecontentofspecificgamesincludingage-specificratingsrangingfromearlychildhoodtoadultsonly.Thegovernmentcoulddomoretopromotetheuseofvoluntaryratingsbyretailersandparents.Californialawmakersmayhavebeenrightwhentheydecidedthatvideogamesinwhichplayerskillandmaimarenotthemostsociallybeneficialformofexpression.TheConstitutionhoweverdoesnotrequirespeechtobeidealforittobeprotected.Restrictingthecontentofexpressionispermittedonlywhen
46Globalizationmightbewelcomedonmanygrounds—theeconomicpoliticalcommunicationalandevenlinguisticonescomereadilytomindbutitalsohassomeunfortunatesideeffectsthatmightprovedeadlytotheveryfutureofmankind.Thisisnomeresurmiseofcongenitalmisanthropesbuttheexpressedfearofsomewhoareotherwisewelldisposedtoit.ThusThomasFriedmaninanotherwiseoptimisticallymindedbookneverthelesswritesasfollows: 47ThemoreIobservedthesystemofglobalizationatworkthemoreobviousitwasthatithadunleashedforest-crushingforcesofdevelopmentwhichifleftuncheckedhadthepotentialtodestroytheenvironmentanduprootculture... 48Andbecauseglobalizationasaculturallyhomogenizingandenvironment-devouringforceiscomingonsofastthereisrealdangerthatinjustafewdecadesitwillwipeouttheecologicalandculturaldiversitythattookmillionsofyearsofhumanandbiologicalforcestoproduce. Somethingisasominousasallthatisarealthreatindeed.49AndyetdespitesuchapprehensionsFriedmanandotherswhothinklikehimbelievethateffectsofthismagnitudecansomehowbesidesteppedwithoutinterferingwiththetechnicizingsweepofglobalization.Isthatmerelywishfulthinkingoraninabilitytotakeinthefullimportofhisownwords AsFriedmanpointsouttheglobalizationthreatisatoncetonatureandtoculture:totheenvironmentandthewholeecologicalvarietyofplantsandanimalsaswellastothequalityofhumanlifeandtheculturaldiversityonwhichitdepends.Damagetonatureeventuallytranslatesitselfasdamagetocultureandviceversa.Thefateofmanyancientcivilizationsthatcollapsedbecausetheyoutgrewtheirnaturalresourcesishistoricalproofofthatfact.Ourmoderncivilizationissubjecttothesameself-limitingconditions.50ThusifallagricultureisreducedtoanagribusinessindustrythenthediversifiedcountrysidelandscapethathumanshavecreatedsincetheNeolithicrevolutionwillbecomeamonoculturalecologicaldesertforwithitwilldisappearahostofanimalandplantspeciesaswellasawholeruralwayoflifewithitsmyriadvarietiesoffolkculturesthathavebeencarriedonformillennia.Thelossofnaturalspeciesthroughthedestructionoftheirnaturalhabitatisparalleledstepbystepbythelossofcultural"species"throughtheeliminationoftheirsocialhabitatwhichisrootedinanaturalenvironment.Theclearingofjunglesdoesnotmerelyexterminatetheanimalslivingtherebutalsothenativepeoplewhosehomeshavebeenthereforcountlessgenerations. Andbecauseglobalizationasaculturallyhomogenizingandenvironment-devouringforceiscomingonsofastthereisrealdangerthatinjustafewdecadesitwillwipeouttheecologicalandculturaldiversitythattookmillionsofyearsofhumanandbiologicalforcestoproduce.
Dogsareconstantlylearningfromthereactionofhumanownerspickingupfacialcuesandanticipatingtheirowner’sbehavioranewresearchsuggests.ThefindingspublishedonlineinthejournalLearningandBehaviorshowthatdogsessentiallyarealwaysintrainingandhelpexplainhowmanyownersunknowinglyteachandrewardtheirdog’sbadbehavior.ResearchconductedattheUniversityofFloridafocusedontheroleofeyecontactandfacialcuesininfluencingcaninebehavior.Earlierstudieshavesuggestedthatdogsseemtoknowwhentheyarebeingwatchedandevenwaittoperformforbiddenbehaviorlikedigginginthegardenwhentheyknowtheirownersaren’tlooking.Inthisstudyresearchersstudiedhowhumancuestriggeredbeggingbehavioramong35petdogs18shelterdogsand8wolvesraisedincaptivity.Firsttheanimalsweretaughtthatthehumanstrangershelpingwiththeexperimentwerereliablesourcesoftastytreats.ThetestersstoodclosetogetherandcalledtotheanimalandbothofferedrewardsofSpamcubesorBeggin’Stripstreats.Afterfourrewardstheexperimentbegan.Twotestersstoodagainstafenceorwallabout20feetapartandwithfoodintheirpockets.Thedogwasheldabout20feetawayequidistantfrombothtesters.Inoneconditiononetesterfacedthedogwhiletheotherturnedherback.Inanotheratesterheldabooknearherfacewhiletheothertesterheldthebookinfrontofherfaceasifshewerereading.Inathirdconditiononetesterheldabucketneartheshoulderwhiletheotherputthebucketoverherheadblockinghereyes.Thenbothtesterscalledouttothedogs.Alltheanimals—petdogsshelterdogsandwolves—ignoredthepersonwhosebackwasturnedandsoughtfoodfromthepersonwhowaslookingatthem.Thequestionwasaredogsandwolvesresponsivetoahuman’sattentionalstatesaidMoniqueUdellanassistantprofessorofpsychologyatFlaglerCollegeFla.Butwhenthetestersheldbooksitwasonlythedomesticdogswhoavoidedthepersonwhoappearedtobereadingthebook.Inahousewherethey’reusedtopeoplereadingbookstheyaresensitivetothosetypesofcuessaidDr.Udell.Interestinglyinthebucketexperimenttheanimalsforthemostpartwereequallylikelytoseekfoodfromthepersonwiththebucketoverherheadasthepersonholdingthebucket.Theexperimentshowsthatdogsaretunedintowhetherhumansarepayingattention.Dogsdon’thavetoreadourminds.DogsreadourbehaviorsaidDr.Udell.Petownersoftengetfrustratedwithbaddogbehaviorwithoutrealizingthattheythemselveshavereinforcediteitherbygivingthedogatreatwhentheybegskippingabathwhentheyprotestorlettingthemsleeponthebedorcouch.Theexpressionaretunedintoprobablymeans
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Supportersofabortionrightsheldalunchrecentlyinhonorofamomentousvictoryfortheircause:40yearsagoNewYorkbecamethefirststatetofullylegalizeabortion.That1970lawbegantoreducethedeathandinjurytollfromback-alleyabortionsandsetthestagefortheSupremeCourt’sRoev.Wadedecisionin1973whichmadeabortionlegalnationwideandrecognizedaconstitutionalrighttoprivacy.Butabortion-rightsgroupsarenewlyanxiousaboutnewassaultsonwomen’sreproductiverightsincludingafightoverabortionthatsnarledthelastdaysofthehealthcarereformdebate.Anti-abortiongroupsarenewlyemboldened.KelliConlinheadofNaralPro-ChoiceNewYorktoldguestsatthelunchthatanti-choiceforcesaremobilizingineverysinglestatetolimitawoman’saccesstoabortioninmoreinsidiouswaysthanwecanimagine.AsMs.ConlinwasspeakingmembersoftheOklahomaHouseweregettingreadytooverridevetoesoftwopunishingabortionmeasures.Thestate’sDemocraticgovernorBradHenryrightlyviewedtheseintrusionsintowomen’slivesanddecision-makingasunconstitutional.Oneofthemeasureswhichseemsdestinedtospawncopycatbillsinotherstatesrequireswomentoundergoanultrasoundbeforegettinganabortionandfurthermandatesthatadoctorortechniciansetupthemonitorsothewomancanseeitandhearadetaileddescriptionofthefetus.Theotherlawgrantsprotectionfromlawsuitstodoctorswhodeliberatelywithholdfetaltestingresultsthatmightaffectawoman’sdecisionaboutwhethertocarryherpregnancytoterm.Severalstateshaveeitherpassedorareconsideringbillsthatwouldbanabortioncoverageininsuranceplanssoldthroughthestateexchangesestablishedbythefederalhealthcarelaw.AnewUtahlawcriminalizescertainbehaviorbywomenthatresultsinmiscarriage.EmbarkingonaroadthatcouldleadtotheSupremeCourtNebraskalastmonthbannedmostabortionsatthe20thweekofpregnancybasedonaquestionabletheoryoffetalpain.Abouttwodozenstatesarelookingatbillstoincreasecounselingrequirementsorwaitingperiodspriortoabortions.About20statesareconsideringnewultrasoundrequirements.Oneinthreewomeninthiscountrywillhaveanabortioninherlifetimeandyetwe’rehavingexactlythesamediscussionsanddebateswewerehavingfortyyearsagoMs.Conlinsaid.Anti-abortionforcesaimultimatelytomakeabortionillegal.Sofarbyreducingthenumberofabortionprovidersmakinginsurancecoveragemoreexpensiveandhardertogetandthrowingupotherobstaclestheyhaveprimarilysucceededinmakingitharderforwomenofmodestandmeagermeanstoobtainasafeandlegalmedicalprocedure.Thepainfuldecisiontoendapregnancyshouldbemadeinprivatebetweenawomanandherdoctor—notinpoliticallydrivendebateamongmembersofCongressandstatelegislatures.MembersoftheOklahomaHouseweretryingto
Supportersofabortionrightsheldalunchrecentlyinhonorofamomentousvictoryfortheircause:40yearsagoNewYorkbecamethefirststatetofullylegalizeabortion.That1970lawbegantoreducethedeathandinjurytollfromback-alleyabortionsandsetthestagefortheSupremeCourt’sRoev.Wadedecisionin1973whichmadeabortionlegalnationwideandrecognizedaconstitutionalrighttoprivacy.Butabortion-rightsgroupsarenewlyanxiousaboutnewassaultsonwomen’sreproductiverightsincludingafightoverabortionthatsnarledthelastdaysofthehealthcarereformdebate.Anti-abortiongroupsarenewlyemboldened.KelliConlinheadofNaralPro-ChoiceNewYorktoldguestsatthelunchthatanti-choiceforcesaremobilizingineverysinglestatetolimitawoman’saccesstoabortioninmoreinsidiouswaysthanwecanimagine.AsMs.ConlinwasspeakingmembersoftheOklahomaHouseweregettingreadytooverridevetoesoftwopunishingabortionmeasures.Thestate’sDemocraticgovernorBradHenryrightlyviewedtheseintrusionsintowomen’slivesanddecision-makingasunconstitutional.Oneofthemeasureswhichseemsdestinedtospawncopycatbillsinotherstatesrequireswomentoundergoanultrasoundbeforegettinganabortionandfurthermandatesthatadoctorortechniciansetupthemonitorsothewomancanseeitandhearadetaileddescriptionofthefetus.Theotherlawgrantsprotectionfromlawsuitstodoctorswhodeliberatelywithholdfetaltestingresultsthatmightaffectawoman’sdecisionaboutwhethertocarryherpregnancytoterm.Severalstateshaveeitherpassedorareconsideringbillsthatwouldbanabortioncoverageininsuranceplanssoldthroughthestateexchangesestablishedbythefederalhealthcarelaw.AnewUtahlawcriminalizescertainbehaviorbywomenthatresultsinmiscarriage.EmbarkingonaroadthatcouldleadtotheSupremeCourtNebraskalastmonthbannedmostabortionsatthe20thweekofpregnancybasedonaquestionabletheoryoffetalpain.Abouttwodozenstatesarelookingatbillstoincreasecounselingrequirementsorwaitingperiodspriortoabortions.About20statesareconsideringnewultrasoundrequirements.Oneinthreewomeninthiscountrywillhaveanabortioninherlifetimeandyetwe’rehavingexactlythesamediscussionsanddebateswewerehavingfortyyearsagoMs.Conlinsaid.Anti-abortionforcesaimultimatelytomakeabortionillegal.Sofarbyreducingthenumberofabortionprovidersmakinginsurancecoveragemoreexpensiveandhardertogetandthrowingupotherobstaclestheyhaveprimarilysucceededinmakingitharderforwomenofmodestandmeagermeanstoobtainasafeandlegalmedicalprocedure.Thepainfuldecisiontoendapregnancyshouldbemadeinprivatebetweenawomanandherdoctor—notinpoliticallydrivendebateamongmembersofCongressandstatelegislatures.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasananti-abortionendeavor
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Therearecountlessparentswhowillnotallowtheirchildrentoplayviolentvideogamesinwhichplayersareabletokillmaimdismemberorsexuallyassaulthumanimagesindepravedways.Thevideogameindustryratesthemandsomestoresusethatratingtodecidewhethertosellaparticulargametoaminor.ButCaliforniawenttoofarin2005whenitmadeitillegaltosellviolentvideogamestominors.RetailerschallengedthelawandafederalappealscourtrightlyruledthatitviolatestheFirstAmendment.LastweektheSupremeCourtsaidthatitwouldreviewthatdecision.Wehopeitagreesthatthelawisunconstitutional.California’slawimposesfinesofupto$1000onretailersthatsellviolentvideogamestoanyoneunder18.Toqualifyagamemustasawholelackseriousliteraryartisticpoliticalorscientificvalueforminors.Butvideogamesareaformoffreeexpression.Manyhaveelaborateplotsandcharactersoftendrawnfromfictionorhistory.TheCalifornialawisacontent-basedrestrictionsomethingthatispresumedinvalidundertheFirstAmendment.TheSupremeCourthasmadeitclearthatminorshaveFirstAmendmentrights.CaliforniahastriedtolowertheconstitutionalstandardforupholdingthelawbycomparingittovariableobscenityaFirstAmendmentprinciplethatallowsbanningthesaleofsomesexuallyexplicitmaterialstominorsthatcannotbebannedforadults.TheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheNinthCircuitinSanFranciscolikeotherfederalcourtsrightlyrefusedtoextendthatdoctrinetoviolentgames.UndertraditionalFirstAmendmentanalysiscontent-basedspeechrestrictionscansurviveonlyiftheyarenarrowlytailoredtopromoteacompellinggovernmentinterest.Californiasaysitsinterestisinpreventingpsychologicalorneurologicaldamagetoyoungpeople.Theappealscourtconcludedthattheevidenceconnectingviolentvideogamestothissortofdamageistooweaktomakerestrictingthegamesacompellinggovernmentinterest.Eveniftheinterestwerelegitimatethestatecouldhaveusedlessrestrictivemethods.Thevideogameindustrylikethemoviebusinesshasavoluntaryratingsystemthatprovidesbuyersandsellerswithinformationonthecontentofspecificgamesincludingage-specificratingsrangingfromearlychildhoodtoadultsonly.Thegovernmentcoulddomoretopromotetheuseofvoluntaryratingsbyretailersandparents.Californialawmakersmayhavebeenrightwhentheydecidedthatvideogamesinwhichplayerskillandmaimarenotthemostsociallybeneficialformofexpression.TheConstitutionhoweverdoesnotrequirespeechtobeidealforittobeprotected.Thedecisioninthesecondparagraphrefersto
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacher Probablynotwopeoplewould1exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally2. Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly3andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically4orevenuglybecausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal5Butit6ruleoutsuchtypesasthe7melancholyfrigidsarcasticfrustratedandoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoothatit8allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality. Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable9essentialforateachertohaveagenuine10forsympathy—acapacitytotune11tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallytothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.12relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe13—notindeedofwhatiswrongbutofthefrailty意志薄弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhich14peopleandagainespeciallychildrentomakemistakes. ThirdlyI15itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthand16andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe17Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea18ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteachingwhichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto19anact—toenlivenalessoncorrectafaultor20praise.Childrenespeciallyyoungchildrenliveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
46Globalizationmightbewelcomedonmanygrounds—theeconomicpoliticalcommunicationalandevenlinguisticonescomereadilytomindbutitalsohassomeunfortunatesideeffectsthatmightprovedeadlytotheveryfutureofmankind.Thisisnomeresurmiseofcongenitalmisanthropesbuttheexpressedfearofsomewhoareotherwisewelldisposedtoit.ThusThomasFriedmaninanotherwiseoptimisticallymindedbookneverthelesswritesasfollows: 47ThemoreIobservedthesystemofglobalizationatworkthemoreobviousitwasthatithadunleashedforest-crushingforcesofdevelopmentwhichifleftuncheckedhadthepotentialtodestroytheenvironmentanduprootculture... 48Andbecauseglobalizationasaculturallyhomogenizingandenvironment-devouringforceiscomingonsofastthereisrealdangerthatinjustafewdecadesitwillwipeouttheecologicalandculturaldiversitythattookmillionsofyearsofhumanandbiologicalforcestoproduce. Somethingisasominousasallthatisarealthreatindeed.49AndyetdespitesuchapprehensionsFriedmanandotherswhothinklikehimbelievethateffectsofthismagnitudecansomehowbesidesteppedwithoutinterferingwiththetechnicizingsweepofglobalization.Isthatmerelywishfulthinkingoraninabilitytotakeinthefullimportofhisownwords AsFriedmanpointsouttheglobalizationthreatisatoncetonatureandtoculture:totheenvironmentandthewholeecologicalvarietyofplantsandanimalsaswellastothequalityofhumanlifeandtheculturaldiversityonwhichitdepends.Damagetonatureeventuallytranslatesitselfasdamagetocultureandviceversa.Thefateofmanyancientcivilizationsthatcollapsedbecausetheyoutgrewtheirnaturalresourcesishistoricalproofofthatfact.Ourmoderncivilizationissubjecttothesameself-limitingconditions.50ThusifallagricultureisreducedtoanagribusinessindustrythenthediversifiedcountrysidelandscapethathumanshavecreatedsincetheNeolithicrevolutionwillbecomeamonoculturalecologicaldesertforwithitwilldisappearahostofanimalandplantspeciesaswellasawholeruralwayoflifewithitsmyriadvarietiesoffolkculturesthathavebeencarriedonformillennia.Thelossofnaturalspeciesthroughthedestructionoftheirnaturalhabitatisparalleledstepbystepbythelossofcultural"species"throughtheeliminationoftheirsocialhabitatwhichisrootedinanaturalenvironment.Theclearingofjunglesdoesnotmerelyexterminatetheanimalslivingtherebutalsothenativepeoplewhosehomeshavebeenthereforcountlessgenerations. ThusifallagricultureisreducedtoanagribusinessindustrythenthediversifiedcountrysidelandscapethathumanshavecreatedsincetheNeolithicrevolutionwillbecomeamonoculturalecologicaldesertforwithitwilldisappearahostofanimalandplantspeciesaswellasawholeruralwayoflifewithitsmyriadvarietiesoffolkculturesthathavebeencarriedonformillennia.
46Globalizationmightbewelcomedonmanygrounds—theeconomicpoliticalcommunicationalandevenlinguisticonescomereadilytomindbutitalsohassomeunfortunatesideeffectsthatmightprovedeadlytotheveryfutureofmankind.Thisisnomeresurmiseofcongenitalmisanthropesbuttheexpressedfearofsomewhoareotherwisewelldisposedtoit.ThusThomasFriedmaninanotherwiseoptimisticallymindedbookneverthelesswritesasfollows: 47ThemoreIobservedthesystemofglobalizationatworkthemoreobviousitwasthatithadunleashedforest-crushingforcesofdevelopmentwhichifleftuncheckedhadthepotentialtodestroytheenvironmentanduprootculture... 48Andbecauseglobalizationasaculturallyhomogenizingandenvironment-devouringforceiscomingonsofastthereisrealdangerthatinjustafewdecadesitwillwipeouttheecologicalandculturaldiversitythattookmillionsofyearsofhumanandbiologicalforcestoproduce. Somethingisasominousasallthatisarealthreatindeed.49AndyetdespitesuchapprehensionsFriedmanandotherswhothinklikehimbelievethateffectsofthismagnitudecansomehowbesidesteppedwithoutinterferingwiththetechnicizingsweepofglobalization.Isthatmerelywishfulthinkingoraninabilitytotakeinthefullimportofhisownwords AsFriedmanpointsouttheglobalizationthreatisatoncetonatureandtoculture:totheenvironmentandthewholeecologicalvarietyofplantsandanimalsaswellastothequalityofhumanlifeandtheculturaldiversityonwhichitdepends.Damagetonatureeventuallytranslatesitselfasdamagetocultureandviceversa.Thefateofmanyancientcivilizationsthatcollapsedbecausetheyoutgrewtheirnaturalresourcesishistoricalproofofthatfact.Ourmoderncivilizationissubjecttothesameself-limitingconditions.50ThusifallagricultureisreducedtoanagribusinessindustrythenthediversifiedcountrysidelandscapethathumanshavecreatedsincetheNeolithicrevolutionwillbecomeamonoculturalecologicaldesertforwithitwilldisappearahostofanimalandplantspeciesaswellasawholeruralwayoflifewithitsmyriadvarietiesoffolkculturesthathavebeencarriedonformillennia.Thelossofnaturalspeciesthroughthedestructionoftheirnaturalhabitatisparalleledstepbystepbythelossofcultural"species"throughtheeliminationoftheirsocialhabitatwhichisrootedinanaturalenvironment.Theclearingofjunglesdoesnotmerelyexterminatetheanimalslivingtherebutalsothenativepeoplewhosehomeshavebeenthereforcountlessgenerations. Globalizationmightbewelcomedonmanygrounds—theeconomicpoliticalcommunicationalandevenlinguisticonescomereadilytomindbutitalsohassomeunfortunatesideeffectsthatmightprovedeadlytotheveryfutureofmankind.
Inhomesandworkplacesaroundtheworldit’shardtofindsomeonewhoisnotcelebratingtheimminentarrivaloffootball’sWorldCupexceptformanygreenactivistswhoareconcernedabouttheenvironmentalimpactofthegatheringoffootball’sglobaltribe. 41______.EvenallowingforthefactthestudyincludedtheimpactoftransporttoandfromtheWorldCupwhichGermanydidn’titstillrepresentsaheftycarbonfootprint. InresponsetheSouthAfricanauthoritieshaveinitiatedsubstantialoffsettingprogramsincludingurbantree-plantingbutforlocalenvironmentalactiviststhat’snotenough. "Oncecarbonisproducedclaimingthatoffsettingis’neutralizing’thecarbonfootprintisnothingmorethan’greenwash’"BobbyPeekFriendsoftheEarthSouthAfricatoldCNN."SadlyFriendsoftheEarthSouthAfricabelievesnothingcanbedonetolessenthecarbonfootprintdespitethereassurancesmadebythevariouscities." 42______. "InDurbantheconstructionofanentirelynewstadiumwasnotnecessaryconsideringthatthereweretwostadiumsalongsideeachotherwhichcouldhavebeenredevelopedratherthanonecompletelydemolishedtomakewayforanewconstruction"hesaid."Thusthe’savingsmade’werenegatedbytheneedforvirgincement.ThecementindustryisoneofthemainproducersofCO2.Foreverytonofcementthereisonetonofcarbonproduced." 43______. "IthinkSouthAfricahasmissedatrickinnotseekingofitsownvolitiontohostthefirst’carbonneutral’mega-event"AntonCartwrightco-founderofPromotingAccesstoCarbonEquitytoldCNN. "Itwouldhavecostthemabout$25millionhadtheymobilizedanationaleffortbutthisdidnothappen.HadSouthAfricaspentthismoneytheywouldhavesecuredtheevent’slegacyandkick-startedSouthAfrica’srenewableenergyandenergyefficientsectorandIamnotsurethereisenoughpublicawarenessorpoliticalleadershiponthisissueinSouthAfricatoappreciatequitewhatanopportunityhasbeenpassedup." 44______. "ForthedepartmentandSouthAfricathisisamilestonealongthecountry’ssustainabledevelopmentgrowthpath"AlbiModiseSouthAfricanDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairstoldCNN. Hesaysthatwhileresourceshavebeentighttherehavebeen200000treesplantedinJohannesburgaspartofacarbon-offsettingprogram25000inRustenberg86000inDurbanandatargetof400000inTshwane/Pretoria. TherehavealsobeencarbonreductionprojectsfocusingonenergyefficiencyinstreetlightinginDurbanCapeTownJohannesburgTshwaneRustenburgPolokwaneandPortElizabeth. SomeactivistsconcedetheremaybesomeindirectenvironmentalbenefitsfromtheWorldCup."45______.IntheCityofCapeTowntransportaccountsforalmost50percentofgreenhousegasemissionsandeffortstoreducethisareimportant.Theotherimportantlegacyispublicawareness—awarenessisaprerequisiteforthesolutionsthatwesobadlyneedandwhathasbeenmostlacking."saidCartwright. [A]Peekalsoclaimsthattherehavebeenunnecessaryconstructionprojectsusingthousandsoftonsofconcrete—oneofthemostcarbon-intensiveindustries. [B]OthersbelievetheWorldCupisalostopportunityforSouthAfricatobeaworldleaderinmakingsportgreener. [C]Oneofthemostpositivelegacieswillprobablycomeaboutinadvertentlyintheformofimprovedpublictransportandthebus-rapid-transportsystemspecifically. [D]MoneyhasbeenpassedfromFIFAtonationalgovernmenttohostcitiesandatthelocallevelnotenoughisbeingdoneinspiteofafewbravebutsmallexceptions.Hostcityeffortshavebeenvariablewithageneralover-relianceontreeplanting. [E]HowevertheSouthAfricanauthoritiesremainadamanttheyhavedonealltheycanwiththeresourcesavailablealthoughthereisalwaysroomforimprovementandlearningfrompastmistakes. [F]AstudyconductedbytheNorwegiangovernmentonbehalfoftheSouthAfricanauthoritiesestimatesthe2010competitionwillhaveacarbonfootprint6timesthesizeofthelastWorldCupinGermany. [G]CartwrightadmitsthatsomehostcitiesmostnotablyDurbanandCapeTownhavetriedtoinitiateprojectsbutsaysingeneralithasbeenlefttoolate. 44
Directions: Writeanessayofabout200wordsentitled"UniversityGraduatesasVillageOfficials"basedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushouldinterpretthemeaningofthedrawingandthenmakecom-mentaboutwhatitmeansforuniversitygraduates
AnydaynowthefederalDepartmentofEducationwillformallyproposenewregulationsthatwouldcutofffederalaidtofor-profitcollegeswhosegraduatescannotearnenoughtorepaytheirstudentloans.Theregulationsknownasthegainfulemploymentrulesareanefforttoreininthehighdebtloadsstudentstakeonwhentheyenrollinfor-profitcollegesthatoffercertificatesordegreesinfieldslikenursingorculinaryarts.Studentsatfor-profitcollegesaremuchmorelikelythanotherstodefaultontheirloans.UndertheregulationsadraftofwhichcameoutinFebruaryfor-profitcollegeswouldnotbeeligibletoreceivefederalstudentaidiftheirgraduates’debtloadwastoohightoberepaidover10yearswith8percentoftheirstartingsalary.TheCareerCollegeAssociationwhichrepresents1450for-profitcollegesislobbyingfiercelyagainsttheregulationswhichitarguesarewrong-headedunnecessaryandlikelytorestrictneedystudents’accesstovocationaltrainingandhighereducation.Withsomanycommunitycollegesovercrowdedthefor-profitcollegessaytheirprogramsrepresentthenation’sbesthopefortrainingmuch-neededhealthcareworkersandtechnicians.ArneDuncantheSecretaryofEducationhasavoideddemonizingthefor-profitschools.InaMayspeechhesaidthatdespiteafewbadapplesfor-profitcollegesplayavitalroleinhelpingthenationreachtheObamaadministration’sgoalofhavingtheworld’sbest-educatedworkforceby2020.Advocacygroupsrepresentingstudentsandconsumersarelessdiplomatic.Theseprogramsover-promiseunderdeliverandloadvulnerablestudentsupwithwaytoomuchdebtsaidChrisLindstromhighereducationprogramdirectorattheU.S.PublicInterestResearchGrouppartofacoalitionofeducationconsumerstudentandpublicinterestgroupssupportingtheregulations.In2007coalitionmemberssaidstudentsatfor-profitcollegesmadeuponly7percentofthoseinhighereducationhut44percentofthosedefaultingonfederalstudentloans.AddingnewfueltothefirewasarecentpresentationataNewYorkconferenceforinvestorsbyStevenEismanahedge-fundmanagerknownforhavinganticipatedthehousingmarketcrash.Mr.EismanwhoseearlyawarenessofstructuralproblemsinthehousingmarketisdescribedinMichaelLewis’sbestsellerTheBigShortsaidthefor-profiteducationindustrylikethesubprimemortgageindustryhasrestedontheproliferationofloanstolow-incomepeoplewhowouldnotbeabletorepaythem.Federallawhaslongsaidthatfederalstudentaidcangoonlytofor-profitcollegesthatpreparestudentforgainfulemploymentinarecognizedoccupation.Butthisisthegovernment’sfirstefforttodefinegainfulemploymentinrelationtograduates’debt-to-incomeloads.Witharecordnumberofstudentsattendingprogramsthataresubjecttothisrequirementandarecordamountoftaxpayermoneybeingusedtoenablethemtoattendit’smoreimportantthanevertomakesurethey’regettingtheirmoney’sworthsaidPaulineAbernathyvicepresidentoftheInstituteforCollegeAccessandSuccess.WhatPaulineAbernathysaidinthelastparagraph
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