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Thekidswhogrewupon"StarTrek"can’tfind1wayaroundEarth. Americanscan2directtoEnglandbutonlyhalfcanfind3onamapofEurope.Theycanflyalmost4intheUnitedStatesforafewhundreddollarsbuttheyputNewYorkStatein37placesonbothcoasts.WhentheylookfortheUnitedStates5they6itinChinaAustraliaBrazilRussiaIndiaandBotswana. Forpeoplewhoaresupposedtobeleadersofthe7worldAmericansare8dumbaccordingtoasurveyconductedfortheNationalGeographicSociety. Inmanyschool9geographyhasbeenmixedwithhistory10melteddownintosocialstudies.Socialstudieshasbeenprocessedinto"teacherresourcepackages"and11ofgoodwritingexcitementcolorandanyideasthataren’tsimplistic;too12andtoodeadeningtoholdstudents’attention. InthelastfewyearsevidenceofAmericaseducational13haspromptedhundredsofstudiesgeneratedbaskets14legislationandmovedparentsintoadvocacygroups.Butthere’s15toshowthatthetrendhasbeen16. NOmatter17youtryyoucan.’tmakeitseem18thatmanyAmericanssaypandascomefromPanamatheSummerOlympicGameswereheldinVietnamor19IraqandColumbuswastryingtogettoEuropewhenhebumpedinto20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Text3 Theoceansarethemainsourceofhumiditybutplantsalsopourmoistureintotheair.Inonedayafive-acreforestcanrelease20000gallonsofwaterenoughtofillanaverageswimmingpool.Adryerextractsmoisturefromwetclothesaddingtohumidity.Evenbreathingcontributestothisstickybusiness.Everytimeweexhaleweexpelnearlyonepintofmoistairintotheatmosphere. Usingsophisticatedmeasuringdevicesscienceislearningmoreandmoreaboutthefar-reachingandoftensurprisingimpacthumidityhasonallofus. TwosummersagoangrycallersphonedAmericanTelevisionandCommunicationsCorp.’scable-TVoperationinnortheasternWisconsincomplainingaboutfuzzypicturesandpoorreception."Whathappened"saidthechiefengineer"wasthatthehumiditywasinterferingwithoursignals."Whenablastofdryairinvadedthestatethenumberofcomplaintsdroppedsharply. Humidityplayshobwithourmechanicalworldaswell.Watercondensationontheplayingbeadsandtapesofvideocassetterecordersproducesastreakypicture.Humidityshortensthelifeofflashlightandsmoke-detectorbatteries.Whentheweathergetsstickytherubberbeltsthatpowerthefanairconditionerandalternatorunderthehoodofourcarscangetwetandsqueak. Moisturealsocausespianostogooutoftuneofteninnotimeflat.AttheWolfTrapFarmParkforthePerformingArtsinViennaVa.pianosaretunedtwiceadayduringthesummerconcertseason.Oftenatunerstandsinthewingsreadytomakeemergencyadjustmentsduringperformances. Humidityspeedsthedeteriorationoftreasuredfamilyphotosandwarpspricelessantiques.Yourhome’swoodensupportbeamsdoorsandwindowframersabsorbextramoistureandexpand-swellinguptothreepercentdependingonthewooditsgrainandthesetting. Toomuchmoisturepromotesblightthatattackspotatoandgreen-beancrops--addingtofoodcosts.Italsocausesrustinwheatwhichcanaffectgrain-productprices. Humidityaffectsourhealthaswell.Wegetmoremigraineheadachesulcerattacksbloodclotsandskinrashesinhothumidweather.Since1987theHealthWeightandStressClinicatJohnsHopkinsHospitalinBaltimorehastestedover1700patientsforresponsestohighhumidity.Theyhavereportedincreaseddizzinessstomachacheschestpainscrampsandvisualdisturbancessuchasdoubleandblurredvision. Themainideaofthepassageisabout
Text4 EachtimeyoustepintothosefadedoldJeansyouputonapieceofhistory.Theworld’sfavoritetrousersarenowoverahundredyearsoldandhere’showtheystartedout. ThefirstJeansweremadein1850intheCaliforniagoldrush.AmannamedLeviStraussrealizedthatthegold-diggers’normaltrousersweren’tstrongenoughfortheworktheyhadtodoandwerewearingOutquickly.Strausshadsomestrongcanvaswhichhewasgoingtomakeintotentsandwagoncoverstoselltotheworkers.InsteadhemadesometrousersoutofitandthesebecamethefirstJeans.Theywerebrownandcalledthewaist-highoverall. ThetrouserssoldwellandStraussbeganlookingaroundforwaysofmakingthemeventougher.Hefoundamaterialthatwasbetterthancanvas--adurablecottonthatwasmanufacturedonlyinthesouthofFrance.InatowncalledNimesthematerialwasdenim--thenamecomingfromtheFrenchforfrom"Nimes".Straussorderedboatloadsofthismaterialandtokeepthecolourconsistenthaditalldyedindigoblue.ThetrousersbecameknownasbluedenimsorbluejeanstheWordjeanisthoughttocomefromGenoa.Italian’sailorsfromtheportofGenoaworetrouserssimilartojeansonthebigtradingships. IntheearlydayscowboysfarmersminersandtimberJacks--allpeopleassociatedwithhardwork--worejeans.Buttherewereafewdesignproblemswiththeearlystyles--ascowboysdiscoveredtotheircost.Whentheycrouchedtooclosetothecampfiretherivetthemetalbuttonstrengtheningthejeansatthebottomoftheflygottoohotandbecameveryuncomfortable.Levididnttakemuchnoticeofthecowboyscomplaintsuntilthe1940swhenacompanyofficialcrouchedtooclosetoacampfireandexperiencedtheproblemfirst-hand.Thecrotchrivetwassoonremoved. Inthefiftiesandsixtiesjeansrepresentedrebellion.FilmstarslikeJamesDeanElvisPresleyandMarilynMonroeworethemasdidpopstarsliketheBeatlesandtheRollingStones. Fashionschangedintheseventiesandjeansbecameflared--tightatthehipandwideatthebottom.Theywereveryverytight--ifyoucouldgetthezipupwhilestandinguptheyweren’ttightenough.Youhadtoliedownonthebedtodothemup;forareallyskin-tightfitpeoplewouldlieinabathintheirjeansandwaitforthemtoshrink! Asthetrousersbecamemoreandmoresuccessfulotherjeansmanufacturersstartedup--suchasWrenglerPepeandLee. Butjeanshavehadtheiropponentsinsomecountries--suchastheoldSovietUnion--jeansbecameaprizedstatussymboloftheWest.TheysuggestedthataSovietcitizenhadeithertraveledabroadorhadcontactsintheWest.Sotheauthoritiesdiscouragedthewearingofjeans.AndinJapan’aconsumers’associationadamantlyrefusedtosellonemanufacturer’sfashionablerippedjeansbecauseitfeltthesewereinterioranddefectiveproduct! Intheseventiespeoplewouldlieinabathto
A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160--200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Interpretthesetofthefollowingpicturesgiveyourcommentsand 2Pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.
Text1 BackinJuly1965theMarinerFourSpaceProbetransmittedthefirstclose-uppicturesofMarsandconvincedmanypeoplethatMarswasasdeadasourownmoon.Twolaterspaceprobesseemedtoconfirmthis. Butthenin1971MarinerNineraisehopesonceagainthattherecouldbelifeontheplanet--oratleastthatlifemightoncehaveexistedthere.TherangeofexperimentstobeconductedweredesignedbymissionscientistssuchasChuckKlein: "Itwaslikeshootingblindsotospeaktobetryingtodeviseexperimentstolookforevidenceoflife.AndwedecidetotrytouseaninstrumentwhichcouldincorporatemanydifferentassumptionsaboutwhatMartianbiologymightbelike--whatthebugsmightbelikeornotlike.Butthefundamentalpropositionineachportionofourexperimentwastolookoveraperiodoftimeforevidenceofsomeprocessgoingonwhichwecouldattributetobiology." ThescientistscontrolledtheVikingexperimentsfromadistanceofalmost100millionkilometers.Camerastookpicturesoftheareaaroundtherobotlanders--incaseanythingmovedintoview.Noalienswerespottedbythecamerasbutotherexperimentsseemstoshowsignsoflife. "Almosteverythingthatweplannedbegantogiveusdataofsomekind--thatistosayitwash’tlikeeverythingwasdead.FormanyweeksWeweregoadedbythemediawhowereterriblyexcited--theywereconstantlylookingforaheadlineyouknow’.TheyFoundLife!TheyFoundLife!Everybitofinformationthatwecameupwithwassqueezedbythemtotrytoputapositivetwistonit...Wereallyhadtoworkveryhardtomaintainourcoolandpresentthedatajustthewaywesawit." Buttheseapparentsignsoflifeweredeceptive.Byrepeatingtheexperimentsanddoublecheckingtheresultsthescientistseventuallycametotheconclusionthatthewholeplanetwasdeadandwouldinfactbedeadlytolivingorganisms. Since1976therehavebeennofurthervisits.AprobesentbyNASAexplodedbeforereachingtheplanetlastyearanditnowdoesn’tlookasifthere’llbeanotherMarsvisituntiltheendofthedecade. WhenwedogetbacktherewillwefindsomethingnewAndwhataboutusCouldweeverliveonMarsThisisn’tasstrangeanideaasitsoundsaccordingtoastronomerPatrickMoorer: "It’sfairtosaythatfromatechnicalpointofviewwecouldputmenonMarswithinthenextfewdecades.WhetherweactuallydosoornotdependsverymuchmoreuponpoliticsandfinancethanuponsheersciencebutIthinkitcouldbedone.AndI’mquitepreparedtobelievethatbythistimeinthenextcenturytherewillbeflourishingcoloniesuponMars." PatrickMoorerseemedtobelievethatputtingmenonMarswithinthenextfewdecadeswas
Itwoulddoagreatdealofgoodifwestartedusingtheterm"advisers"insteadof"teachers"forthosewhotrytohelppeopletolearnforeignlanguages.Itwouldemphasizethatwhatlearnersneedisindividualattention.Itwouldalsoremindeveryonethattheresponsibilityforlearningisbasicallythestudent’s.Whatthestudentsneedsissomebodywhocandotwothings:①showherorhimhowtolearnaforeignlanguage;②answerquestionsaboutthelanguage.Thosequestionsmustbethoughtofbythestudents.46Ifstudentsdonotfindquestionstoask--wholestreamsofquestions--itisasignthateithertheyarenotreallyinterestedenoughtodothethinkingforthemselvesthatiscrucialortheydonotknowhowto. Thespiritthatlanguagelearnsneedbeforeanythingelseiscuriosity.Iftheydonothavethattheyarewastingtheirtime.47Thismeansinturnthattheirguidesdonotneedtraininginlinguisticoreducationaltheoryorinpedagogyorinanytechniquesofstimulatinginterestkeepingstudentsentertained.Ifstudentsneedtohavetheirintereststimulatedsomethingisverywrong.48OneofthemainreasonfortheemphasisontheskillsofLeachingisdoubtlessthatteachersarefacedwiththeridiculoustaskoffindingthingstodowithgroupsofstudentswhoitispretendedallneedexactlythesameinstruction. Whatalanguageguidedoesneedthoughisathoroughandpracticalknowledgeofhoethelanguageworksaconsciousknowledgethatsheorhecanarticulateinawaytheordinarynativespeakercannot.49Studentsshouldbeabletosensethattheirguideshaveagenuineinterestinthelanguageandthattheyhavefoundoutaboutitbythinkingforthemselvesnotbymereuncriticalmemorizingoftextbooksorlectures.Itisonlythroughsuchcriticalawarenessandinteresttheguidescandeveloptheabilitytoexplainanygivenaspectofthelanguageinvariedwayssoastosuittheparticularneedsandmodesofthoughtofanyindividualstudent. Oneofthemostmisguidedprinciplesofmodernpedagogyisthe"Structureslessons".Thisisjustwhatshouldbeavoidedeveninclassesaswellasprivatelessons.Agoodlanguageguideiscompletelyflexibleandcanrespondinstantaneouslyatanymomenttoanyneedofthestudentsthatarises.Thosewiththiscapacityneverneed--nevershould--spendlonghoursplanningandpreparinglessons;butthecorollaryisthatguidesneedtoreally"knowtheirstuff".50ThebestplacetodevelopthesortoftheabilityIhavejustoutlinedis"onthe.job"throughanpprenticeshipwithexperiencedsympatheticandencouragingcolleaguesingoodconditionsofwork. 48
Thekidswhogrewupon"StarTrek"can’tfind1wayaroundEarth. Americanscan2directtoEnglandbutonlyhalfcanfind3onamapofEurope.Theycanflyalmost4intheUnitedStatesforafewhundreddollarsbuttheyputNewYorkStatein37placesonbothcoasts.WhentheylookfortheUnitedStates5they6itinChinaAustraliaBrazilRussiaIndiaandBotswana. Forpeoplewhoaresupposedtobeleadersofthe7worldAmericansare8dumbaccordingtoasurveyconductedfortheNationalGeographicSociety. Inmanyschool9geographyhasbeenmixedwithhistory10melteddownintosocialstudies.Socialstudieshasbeenprocessedinto"teacherresourcepackages"and11ofgoodwritingexcitementcolorandanyideasthataren’tsimplistic;too12andtoodeadeningtoholdstudents’attention. InthelastfewyearsevidenceofAmericaseducational13haspromptedhundredsofstudiesgeneratedbaskets14legislationandmovedparentsintoadvocacygroups.Butthere’s15toshowthatthetrendhasbeen16. NOmatter17youtryyoucan.’tmakeitseem18thatmanyAmericanssaypandascomefromPanamatheSummerOlympicGameswereheldinVietnamor19IraqandColumbuswastryingtogettoEuropewhenhebumpedinto20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Thekidswhogrewupon"StarTrek"can’tfind1wayaroundEarth. Americanscan2directtoEnglandbutonlyhalfcanfind3onamapofEurope.Theycanflyalmost4intheUnitedStatesforafewhundreddollarsbuttheyputNewYorkStatein37placesonbothcoasts.WhentheylookfortheUnitedStates5they6itinChinaAustraliaBrazilRussiaIndiaandBotswana. Forpeoplewhoaresupposedtobeleadersofthe7worldAmericansare8dumbaccordingtoasurveyconductedfortheNationalGeographicSociety. Inmanyschool9geographyhasbeenmixedwithhistory10melteddownintosocialstudies.Socialstudieshasbeenprocessedinto"teacherresourcepackages"and11ofgoodwritingexcitementcolorandanyideasthataren’tsimplistic;too12andtoodeadeningtoholdstudents’attention. InthelastfewyearsevidenceofAmericaseducational13haspromptedhundredsofstudiesgeneratedbaskets14legislationandmovedparentsintoadvocacygroups.Butthere’s15toshowthatthetrendhasbeen16. NOmatter17youtryyoucan.’tmakeitseem18thatmanyAmericanssaypandascomefromPanamatheSummerOlympicGameswereheldinVietnamor19IraqandColumbuswastryingtogettoEuropewhenhebumpedinto20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Text3 Theoceansarethemainsourceofhumiditybutplantsalsopourmoistureintotheair.Inonedayafive-acreforestcanrelease20000gallonsofwaterenoughtofillanaverageswimmingpool.Adryerextractsmoisturefromwetclothesaddingtohumidity.Evenbreathingcontributestothisstickybusiness.Everytimeweexhaleweexpelnearlyonepintofmoistairintotheatmosphere. Usingsophisticatedmeasuringdevicesscienceislearningmoreandmoreaboutthefar-reachingandoftensurprisingimpacthumidityhasonallofus. TwosummersagoangrycallersphonedAmericanTelevisionandCommunicationsCorp.’scable-TVoperationinnortheasternWisconsincomplainingaboutfuzzypicturesandpoorreception."Whathappened"saidthechiefengineer"wasthatthehumiditywasinterferingwithoursignals."Whenablastofdryairinvadedthestatethenumberofcomplaintsdroppedsharply. Humidityplayshobwithourmechanicalworldaswell.Watercondensationontheplayingbeadsandtapesofvideocassetterecordersproducesastreakypicture.Humidityshortensthelifeofflashlightandsmoke-detectorbatteries.Whentheweathergetsstickytherubberbeltsthatpowerthefanairconditionerandalternatorunderthehoodofourcarscangetwetandsqueak. Moisturealsocausespianostogooutoftuneofteninnotimeflat.AttheWolfTrapFarmParkforthePerformingArtsinViennaVa.pianosaretunedtwiceadayduringthesummerconcertseason.Oftenatunerstandsinthewingsreadytomakeemergencyadjustmentsduringperformances. Humidityspeedsthedeteriorationoftreasuredfamilyphotosandwarpspricelessantiques.Yourhome’swoodensupportbeamsdoorsandwindowframersabsorbextramoistureandexpand-swellinguptothreepercentdependingonthewooditsgrainandthesetting. Toomuchmoisturepromotesblightthatattackspotatoandgreen-beancrops--addingtofoodcosts.Italsocausesrustinwheatwhichcanaffectgrain-productprices. Humidityaffectsourhealthaswell.Wegetmoremigraineheadachesulcerattacksbloodclotsandskinrashesinhothumidweather.Since1987theHealthWeightandStressClinicatJohnsHopkinsHospitalinBaltimorehastestedover1700patientsforresponsestohighhumidity.Theyhavereportedincreaseddizzinessstomachacheschestpainscrampsandvisualdisturbancessuchasdoubleandblurredvision. Whydoesatuneroftenstandinthewings
Text2 Doesusingawordprocessoraffectawritersstyle ThemediumusuallydoesdosomethingtothemessageafterallevenifMarshallMcLuhan’sclaimthatthemediumsimplyisthemessagehasbeenheardandlargelyforgottennow.Thequestionmatters.RayHammondinhisexcellentguideTheWriterandtheWordProcessorpredictsthatoverhalftheprofessionalwritersinBritainandtheUSAwillbeusingwordprocessorsbytheendof1985.ThebestknownrecruitisLeuDeightonfromaslongagoas1968thoughmostusershaveonlystartedsincethemicrocomputerboombeganin1980. Ironicallywordprocessingisinsomewayspsychologicallymorelikewritinginroughthantypingsinceitrestoresfluidityandprovisionalitytothetext.Thetypist’sdreadofhavingtogetouttheTippexthescissorsandpasteorofredoingthewholethingifhehasanysubstantialsecondthoughtscanmakehimconsistentlychoosethesaferoptioninhissentencesorletsomethingstandwhichheknowstobeunsatisfactoryorincompleteoutofweariness.Inwordprocessingthetextisloosenedupwhilststillretainingtheadvantageoflookingformallyfinished. ThishasIthinktwoapparentlycontradictoryeffects.Theinitialwritingcanbecomeexcessivelysloppyandcarelessintheexpectationthatitwillbecorrectedlater.Thatcrucialfirstinspirationisnevereasytorecapturethoughandthereforeontheotherhandthewritingcanbecomeover-deliberatedlackinginflowandspontaneitysincerevisionbecomesalargerpartofcomposition.Howeverthesearefaultseasiertodetectinothersthaninoneself.MyownexperienceofthesheerdifficultyofcommittinganywordsatalltothepagemeansI’mgratefulforallthehelpI’canget. Formostwriterswordprocessingquiterapidlycomestofeelliketheidealmethodandcanalwaysbeasecondstepafterdraftingonpaperifyouprefer.MostofthewritersinterviewedbyHammondsayithasimprovedtheirstyle"immensely"saysDeighton.Seeingyourownwordonascreenhelpsyoutofeelcoolanddetachedaboutthem. Thusisnotjustbyfreeingyoufrom-thelaborofmechanicalretypingthatawordprocessorcanhelpyoutowrite.OneauthorTerenceFeelyclaimsithasincreasedhisoutputby400%.Possiblythefeelingofhavingareactivemachinewhichappearstodothingsratherthanjusthavethingsdonewithitaccountsforthis--yourslaveworkshardandsodoyou. AretherenodrawbacksItcostsalotandtakestimetolearn--"expecttoloseweeksofwork"saysHammondthoughdaysmightbenearerthemark.Notoriouslyitispossibletoloseworkaltogetheronawordprocessorandthishappenstoeverybodyatleastonce.Theawarenessthatwhatyouhavewrittennolonger’existsanywhereatallisunbelievablyenragingandbaffling. WillwordprocessinggenerallyraisethelevelofprofessionalwritingthenDoesitmakewritersbetteraswellasmoreproductiveThoughallusersinsistithasdonesoforthemindividuallythisishardtobelieve.Butreliancehappensfast. AccordingtothepassagewhatappearstobechangingrapidlyinBritainandtheUSA
Text1 BackinJuly1965theMarinerFourSpaceProbetransmittedthefirstclose-uppicturesofMarsandconvincedmanypeoplethatMarswasasdeadasourownmoon.Twolaterspaceprobesseemedtoconfirmthis. Butthenin1971MarinerNineraisehopesonceagainthattherecouldbelifeontheplanet--oratleastthatlifemightoncehaveexistedthere.TherangeofexperimentstobeconductedweredesignedbymissionscientistssuchasChuckKlein: "Itwaslikeshootingblindsotospeaktobetryingtodeviseexperimentstolookforevidenceoflife.AndwedecidetotrytouseaninstrumentwhichcouldincorporatemanydifferentassumptionsaboutwhatMartianbiologymightbelike--whatthebugsmightbelikeornotlike.Butthefundamentalpropositionineachportionofourexperimentwastolookoveraperiodoftimeforevidenceofsomeprocessgoingonwhichwecouldattributetobiology." ThescientistscontrolledtheVikingexperimentsfromadistanceofalmost100millionkilometers.Camerastookpicturesoftheareaaroundtherobotlanders--incaseanythingmovedintoview.Noalienswerespottedbythecamerasbutotherexperimentsseemstoshowsignsoflife. "Almosteverythingthatweplannedbegantogiveusdataofsomekind--thatistosayitwash’tlikeeverythingwasdead.FormanyweeksWeweregoadedbythemediawhowereterriblyexcited--theywereconstantlylookingforaheadlineyouknow’.TheyFoundLife!TheyFoundLife!Everybitofinformationthatwecameupwithwassqueezedbythemtotrytoputapositivetwistonit...Wereallyhadtoworkveryhardtomaintainourcoolandpresentthedatajustthewaywesawit." Buttheseapparentsignsoflifeweredeceptive.Byrepeatingtheexperimentsanddoublecheckingtheresultsthescientistseventuallycametotheconclusionthatthewholeplanetwasdeadandwouldinfactbedeadlytolivingorganisms. Since1976therehavebeennofurthervisits.AprobesentbyNASAexplodedbeforereachingtheplanetlastyearanditnowdoesn’tlookasifthere’llbeanotherMarsvisituntiltheendofthedecade. WhenwedogetbacktherewillwefindsomethingnewAndwhataboutusCouldweeverliveonMarsThisisn’tasstrangeanideaasitsoundsaccordingtoastronomerPatrickMoorer: "It’sfairtosaythatfromatechnicalpointofviewwecouldputmenonMarswithinthenextfewdecades.WhetherweactuallydosoornotdependsverymuchmoreuponpoliticsandfinancethanuponsheersciencebutIthinkitcouldbedone.AndI’mquitepreparedtobelievethatbythistimeinthenextcenturytherewillbeflourishingcoloniesuponMars." Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe
Theworldhasspentonpreparationsforwarmorethan$112billionayearroughly$450perheadforeverymanwomanandchildintheworld.Letusconsiderforamomentwhatcouldbedonewiththissumofmoneyifitwerespentonpeaceandnotonwar.41_____________________________________________.Therestshouldbespentinwaysthatwillatthesametimebeofbenefittomankindandasolutiontotheeconomicproblemofconversionfromwarindustrytotheexpansionofpeaceindustries.Astothisexpansionletusbeginwiththemostelementaryofallneedsnamelyfood.42_____________________________________________.AverysmallpartofwhatisnowBeingspentuponarmamentswouldrectifyourpredicament处境.NotonlycouldtheAmericansurplusOfgrainwhichwasformanyyearsuselesslydestroyedbespentinreliefoffaminebutbyirrigationlargeregionsnowdesertcouldbemadefertileandbyimprovementintransportdistributionfromregionsofexcesstoregionsofscarcitycouldbefacilitated. Housingevenintherichestcountriesisoftendisastrouslyinadequate.ThiscouldberemediedbyatinyfractionofWhatisbeingspentonmissiles.43_____________________________________________.Butitisnotonlygreaterexpenditurethatisneededineducation.Iftheterrorofwarwereremovedsciencecouldbedevotedtoimprovinghumanwelfareinsteadoftotheinventionofincreasinglyexpensive’methodsofmutualslaughter.44 Bythehelpofmodemtechniquestheworldcouldenteruponaperiodofhappinessandprosperityfarsurpassinganythingknowninprevioushistory.Allthisispossible.Itrequiresonlyadifferentoutlookoninternationalaffairsandadifferentstateofmindtowardthosenationswhicharenowregardedasenemies.ThisispossibleIrepeatbutitcannotbedoneallatonce.45_____________________________________________. A.Thereweremanywarsinthehistory4hatwastedalotofmoney. B.Andschoolswouldnolongerthinkitapartoftheirdutytopromotehatredofpossibleenemiesbymeansofignorancetemperedbylies. C.Atpresentthemajorityofmankindsuffersfromundernourishmentandinviewofthepopulationexplosionthissituationislikelytogrowworseincomingdecades. D.Educationisaverydifficultproblemnowandweshouldpayattentiontoit. E.Someofitatanyrateinthemoreprosperouscountriescouldbespentonthereductionoftaxation. F.Toreversethetrendofaffairsinthemostpowerfulnationsoftheworldisnolighttaskandwillrequireadifficultprocessofreeducation. G.EducationeverywherebutespeciallyinthenewlyliberatedcountriesofAfricaandAsiademandsanexpendituremanytimesasgreatasthatwhichitreceivesatpresent. 42
AfterDollytheSheepcometheMickeyMice.46ScientistsareexpectedtorevealthattheyhavesucceededincreatingthefirstanimalclonedfromthecellsofanadultsincethebirthofDollytwoyearsago.Aformalannouncementisexpectedwithinweeks. 47ResearchersinHawaiiareunderstoodtohavemanufacturedamousethatisanidenticalgeneticcopyofanotherlivinganimalraisingtheprospectofcommercialcloningofanimals--andeventuallyofhumans. SincescientistsattheRoslinInstituteinEdinburghrevealedtheexistenceofDollytoawedcolleaguesinFebruarylastyearnobodyhasbeenabletomakeanotherclonederivedfromcellstakenfromanadultanimal.Dollywasgrownfromtheuddercellsofanewe. SomebiologistshavesincequeriedDolly’sauthenticitybecauseoftheirinabilitytoreproducetheresultsTheclonedmousewouldendanydoubtsandconfirmthatmanisgenuinelyonvergeofanewerainreproductivebiology. ThefirsthintofthebreakthroughbyDrRyuzoYanagimachitheprofessorwholedtheUniversityofHawaiigroupemergedafterarecentlecturewhenheshowedaslideofDollyandtoldhisaudience"Icansaysheisnotalone." 48ThescientistwhowontheInternationalPrizeforBiologyin1996forhisworkonreproductiondeclinedlastweektogivedetailsofthecloningresearchuntilitsexpectedpublicationinthescientificjournalNaturelaterthismonth. ItisunderstoodthatYanagimachiwhohasworkedwithinternationalcollaboratorswasabletoclonethemouseusingatechniqueslightlydifferenttothatemployedbyscientistsattheRoslinInstitute. ButliketheRoslinteamledbyDrEauWilrnutitisthoughthehasbeenabletoextractthegeneticmaterialfromthecellofanadultandtransplantitintoanegg.InDolly’scasetheeggwasthenimplantedintothewombofasurrogatemotherthatgavebirthtoahealthylamb. Thistechniquepreviouslythoughtbysometbbeimpossiblefollowedsuccessfulexperimentsincreatinganimalsfromcellstakenfromfetuses.Theseweremuchsimplertoconductbecausefoetalcellshavenotyettakenonspecialistrolesintheorganismandcanbeeasilymanipulated. Yanagimachi’steamisoneofseveralaroundtheworldthathavebeentryingtoproduceanotherDolly-likeclonesaidAprilDarcyofPPLTherapeuticsthecompanythatholdsthecommercialrightstotheRoslincloningtechniques; 49Scientistshopethatcloningonceperfectedwillenablerevolutionsintransplantsurgeryallowingskinandorganstobegrowntoorderwithoutfearofpatientrejection.Itwillalsobeapowerfulresearchtoolinfindingcuresforgeneticdiseases. 50Butfearsthatcloningtechniquescouldeventuallybeusedinthecreationofcarbon-copyhumanshavealreadypromptedwesterngovernmentsincludingBritaintobansuchresearch. ThescientistwhowontheInternationalPrizeforBiologyin1996forhisworkonreproductiondeclinedlastweektogivedetailsofthecloningresearchuntilitsexpectedpublicationinthescientificjournalNaturelaterthismonth.
Theworldhasspentonpreparationsforwarmorethan$112billionayearroughly$450perheadforeverymanwomanandchildintheworld.Letusconsiderforamomentwhatcouldbedonewiththissumofmoneyifitwerespentonpeaceandnotonwar.41_____________________________________________.Therestshouldbespentinwaysthatwillatthesametimebeofbenefittomankindandasolutiontotheeconomicproblemofconversionfromwarindustrytotheexpansionofpeaceindustries.Astothisexpansionletusbeginwiththemostelementaryofallneedsnamelyfood.42_____________________________________________.AverysmallpartofwhatisnowBeingspentuponarmamentswouldrectifyourpredicament处境.NotonlycouldtheAmericansurplusOfgrainwhichwasformanyyearsuselesslydestroyedbespentinreliefoffaminebutbyirrigationlargeregionsnowdesertcouldbemadefertileandbyimprovementintransportdistributionfromregionsofexcesstoregionsofscarcitycouldbefacilitated. Housingevenintherichestcountriesisoftendisastrouslyinadequate.ThiscouldberemediedbyatinyfractionofWhatisbeingspentonmissiles.43_____________________________________________.Butitisnotonlygreaterexpenditurethatisneededineducation.Iftheterrorofwarwereremovedsciencecouldbedevotedtoimprovinghumanwelfareinsteadoftotheinventionofincreasinglyexpensive’methodsofmutualslaughter.44 Bythehelpofmodemtechniquestheworldcouldenteruponaperiodofhappinessandprosperityfarsurpassinganythingknowninprevioushistory.Allthisispossible.Itrequiresonlyadifferentoutlookoninternationalaffairsandadifferentstateofmindtowardthosenationswhicharenowregardedasenemies.ThisispossibleIrepeatbutitcannotbedoneallatonce.45_____________________________________________. A.Thereweremanywarsinthehistory4hatwastedalotofmoney. B.Andschoolswouldnolongerthinkitapartoftheirdutytopromotehatredofpossibleenemiesbymeansofignorancetemperedbylies. C.Atpresentthemajorityofmankindsuffersfromundernourishmentandinviewofthepopulationexplosionthissituationislikelytogrowworseincomingdecades. D.Educationisaverydifficultproblemnowandweshouldpayattentiontoit. E.Someofitatanyrateinthemoreprosperouscountriescouldbespentonthereductionoftaxation. F.Toreversethetrendofaffairsinthemostpowerfulnationsoftheworldisnolighttaskandwillrequireadifficultprocessofreeducation. G.EducationeverywherebutespeciallyinthenewlyliberatedcountriesofAfricaandAsiademandsanexpendituremanytimesasgreatasthatwhichitreceivesatpresent. 44
Thekidswhogrewupon"StarTrek"can’tfind1wayaroundEarth. Americanscan2directtoEnglandbutonlyhalfcanfind3onamapofEurope.Theycanflyalmost4intheUnitedStatesforafewhundreddollarsbuttheyputNewYorkStatein37placesonbothcoasts.WhentheylookfortheUnitedStates5they6itinChinaAustraliaBrazilRussiaIndiaandBotswana. Forpeoplewhoaresupposedtobeleadersofthe7worldAmericansare8dumbaccordingtoasurveyconductedfortheNationalGeographicSociety. Inmanyschool9geographyhasbeenmixedwithhistory10melteddownintosocialstudies.Socialstudieshasbeenprocessedinto"teacherresourcepackages"and11ofgoodwritingexcitementcolorandanyideasthataren’tsimplistic;too12andtoodeadeningtoholdstudents’attention. InthelastfewyearsevidenceofAmericaseducational13haspromptedhundredsofstudiesgeneratedbaskets14legislationandmovedparentsintoadvocacygroups.Butthere’s15toshowthatthetrendhasbeen16. NOmatter17youtryyoucan.’tmakeitseem18thatmanyAmericanssaypandascomefromPanamatheSummerOlympicGameswereheldinVietnamor19IraqandColumbuswastryingtogettoEuropewhenhebumpedinto20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text4 EachtimeyoustepintothosefadedoldJeansyouputonapieceofhistory.Theworld’sfavoritetrousersarenowoverahundredyearsoldandhere’showtheystartedout. ThefirstJeansweremadein1850intheCaliforniagoldrush.AmannamedLeviStraussrealizedthatthegold-diggers’normaltrousersweren’tstrongenoughfortheworktheyhadtodoandwerewearingOutquickly.Strausshadsomestrongcanvaswhichhewasgoingtomakeintotentsandwagoncoverstoselltotheworkers.InsteadhemadesometrousersoutofitandthesebecamethefirstJeans.Theywerebrownandcalledthewaist-highoverall. ThetrouserssoldwellandStraussbeganlookingaroundforwaysofmakingthemeventougher.Hefoundamaterialthatwasbetterthancanvas--adurablecottonthatwasmanufacturedonlyinthesouthofFrance.InatowncalledNimesthematerialwasdenim--thenamecomingfromtheFrenchforfrom"Nimes".Straussorderedboatloadsofthismaterialandtokeepthecolourconsistenthaditalldyedindigoblue.ThetrousersbecameknownasbluedenimsorbluejeanstheWordjeanisthoughttocomefromGenoa.Italian’sailorsfromtheportofGenoaworetrouserssimilartojeansonthebigtradingships. IntheearlydayscowboysfarmersminersandtimberJacks--allpeopleassociatedwithhardwork--worejeans.Buttherewereafewdesignproblemswiththeearlystyles--ascowboysdiscoveredtotheircost.Whentheycrouchedtooclosetothecampfiretherivetthemetalbuttonstrengtheningthejeansatthebottomoftheflygottoohotandbecameveryuncomfortable.Levididnttakemuchnoticeofthecowboyscomplaintsuntilthe1940swhenacompanyofficialcrouchedtooclosetoacampfireandexperiencedtheproblemfirst-hand.Thecrotchrivetwassoonremoved. Inthefiftiesandsixtiesjeansrepresentedrebellion.FilmstarslikeJamesDeanElvisPresleyandMarilynMonroeworethemasdidpopstarsliketheBeatlesandtheRollingStones. Fashionschangedintheseventiesandjeansbecameflared--tightatthehipandwideatthebottom.Theywereveryverytight--ifyoucouldgetthezipupwhilestandinguptheyweren’ttightenough.Youhadtoliedownonthebedtodothemup;forareallyskin-tightfitpeoplewouldlieinabathintheirjeansandwaitforthemtoshrink! Asthetrousersbecamemoreandmoresuccessfulotherjeansmanufacturersstartedup--suchasWrenglerPepeandLee. Butjeanshavehadtheiropponentsinsomecountries--suchastheoldSovietUnion--jeansbecameaprizedstatussymboloftheWest.TheysuggestedthataSovietcitizenhadeithertraveledabroadorhadcontactsintheWest.Sotheauthoritiesdiscouragedthewearingofjeans.AndinJapan’aconsumers’associationadamantlyrefusedtosellonemanufacturer’sfashionablerippedjeansbecauseitfeltthesewereinterioranddefectiveproduct! WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingthepassage
Thekidswhogrewupon"StarTrek"can’tfind1wayaroundEarth. Americanscan2directtoEnglandbutonlyhalfcanfind3onamapofEurope.Theycanflyalmost4intheUnitedStatesforafewhundreddollarsbuttheyputNewYorkStatein37placesonbothcoasts.WhentheylookfortheUnitedStates5they6itinChinaAustraliaBrazilRussiaIndiaandBotswana. Forpeoplewhoaresupposedtobeleadersofthe7worldAmericansare8dumbaccordingtoasurveyconductedfortheNationalGeographicSociety. Inmanyschool9geographyhasbeenmixedwithhistory10melteddownintosocialstudies.Socialstudieshasbeenprocessedinto"teacherresourcepackages"and11ofgoodwritingexcitementcolorandanyideasthataren’tsimplistic;too12andtoodeadeningtoholdstudents’attention. InthelastfewyearsevidenceofAmericaseducational13haspromptedhundredsofstudiesgeneratedbaskets14legislationandmovedparentsintoadvocacygroups.Butthere’s15toshowthatthetrendhasbeen16. NOmatter17youtryyoucan.’tmakeitseem18thatmanyAmericanssaypandascomefromPanamatheSummerOlympicGameswereheldinVietnamor19IraqandColumbuswastryingtogettoEuropewhenhebumpedinto20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Thekidswhogrewupon"StarTrek"can’tfind1wayaroundEarth. Americanscan2directtoEnglandbutonlyhalfcanfind3onamapofEurope.Theycanflyalmost4intheUnitedStatesforafewhundreddollarsbuttheyputNewYorkStatein37placesonbothcoasts.WhentheylookfortheUnitedStates5they6itinChinaAustraliaBrazilRussiaIndiaandBotswana. Forpeoplewhoaresupposedtobeleadersofthe7worldAmericansare8dumbaccordingtoasurveyconductedfortheNationalGeographicSociety. Inmanyschool9geographyhasbeenmixedwithhistory10melteddownintosocialstudies.Socialstudieshasbeenprocessedinto"teacherresourcepackages"and11ofgoodwritingexcitementcolorandanyideasthataren’tsimplistic;too12andtoodeadeningtoholdstudents’attention. InthelastfewyearsevidenceofAmericaseducational13haspromptedhundredsofstudiesgeneratedbaskets14legislationandmovedparentsintoadvocacygroups.Butthere’s15toshowthatthetrendhasbeen16. NOmatter17youtryyoucan.’tmakeitseem18thatmanyAmericanssaypandascomefromPanamatheSummerOlympicGameswereheldinVietnamor19IraqandColumbuswastryingtogettoEuropewhenhebumpedinto20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Thekidswhogrewupon"StarTrek"can’tfind1wayaroundEarth. Americanscan2directtoEnglandbutonlyhalfcanfind3onamapofEurope.Theycanflyalmost4intheUnitedStatesforafewhundreddollarsbuttheyputNewYorkStatein37placesonbothcoasts.WhentheylookfortheUnitedStates5they6itinChinaAustraliaBrazilRussiaIndiaandBotswana. Forpeoplewhoaresupposedtobeleadersofthe7worldAmericansare8dumbaccordingtoasurveyconductedfortheNationalGeographicSociety. Inmanyschool9geographyhasbeenmixedwithhistory10melteddownintosocialstudies.Socialstudieshasbeenprocessedinto"teacherresourcepackages"and11ofgoodwritingexcitementcolorandanyideasthataren’tsimplistic;too12andtoodeadeningtoholdstudents’attention. InthelastfewyearsevidenceofAmericaseducational13haspromptedhundredsofstudiesgeneratedbaskets14legislationandmovedparentsintoadvocacygroups.Butthere’s15toshowthatthetrendhasbeen16. NOmatter17youtryyoucan.’tmakeitseem18thatmanyAmericanssaypandascomefromPanamatheSummerOlympicGameswereheldinVietnamor19IraqandColumbuswastryingtogettoEuropewhenhebumpedinto20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Thekidswhogrewupon"StarTrek"can’tfind1wayaroundEarth. Americanscan2directtoEnglandbutonlyhalfcanfind3onamapofEurope.Theycanflyalmost4intheUnitedStatesforafewhundreddollarsbuttheyputNewYorkStatein37placesonbothcoasts.WhentheylookfortheUnitedStates5they6itinChinaAustraliaBrazilRussiaIndiaandBotswana. Forpeoplewhoaresupposedtobeleadersofthe7worldAmericansare8dumbaccordingtoasurveyconductedfortheNationalGeographicSociety. Inmanyschool9geographyhasbeenmixedwithhistory10melteddownintosocialstudies.Socialstudieshasbeenprocessedinto"teacherresourcepackages"and11ofgoodwritingexcitementcolorandanyideasthataren’tsimplistic;too12andtoodeadeningtoholdstudents’attention. InthelastfewyearsevidenceofAmericaseducational13haspromptedhundredsofstudiesgeneratedbaskets14legislationandmovedparentsintoadvocacygroups.Butthere’s15toshowthatthetrendhasbeen16. NOmatter17youtryyoucan.’tmakeitseem18thatmanyAmericanssaypandascomefromPanamatheSummerOlympicGameswereheldinVietnamor19IraqandColumbuswastryingtogettoEuropewhenhebumpedinto20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
AfterDollytheSheepcometheMickeyMice.46ScientistsareexpectedtorevealthattheyhavesucceededincreatingthefirstanimalclonedfromthecellsofanadultsincethebirthofDollytwoyearsago.Aformalannouncementisexpectedwithinweeks. 47ResearchersinHawaiiareunderstoodtohavemanufacturedamousethatisanidenticalgeneticcopyofanotherlivinganimalraisingtheprospectofcommercialcloningofanimals--andeventuallyofhumans. SincescientistsattheRoslinInstituteinEdinburghrevealedtheexistenceofDollytoawedcolleaguesinFebruarylastyearnobodyhasbeenabletomakeanotherclonederivedfromcellstakenfromanadultanimal.Dollywasgrownfromtheuddercellsofanewe. SomebiologistshavesincequeriedDolly’sauthenticitybecauseoftheirinabilitytoreproducetheresultsTheclonedmousewouldendanydoubtsandconfirmthatmanisgenuinelyonvergeofanewerainreproductivebiology. ThefirsthintofthebreakthroughbyDrRyuzoYanagimachitheprofessorwholedtheUniversityofHawaiigroupemergedafterarecentlecturewhenheshowedaslideofDollyandtoldhisaudience"Icansaysheisnotalone." 48ThescientistwhowontheInternationalPrizeforBiologyin1996forhisworkonreproductiondeclinedlastweektogivedetailsofthecloningresearchuntilitsexpectedpublicationinthescientificjournalNaturelaterthismonth. ItisunderstoodthatYanagimachiwhohasworkedwithinternationalcollaboratorswasabletoclonethemouseusingatechniqueslightlydifferenttothatemployedbyscientistsattheRoslinInstitute. ButliketheRoslinteamledbyDrEauWilrnutitisthoughthehasbeenabletoextractthegeneticmaterialfromthecellofanadultandtransplantitintoanegg.InDolly’scasetheeggwasthenimplantedintothewombofasurrogatemotherthatgavebirthtoahealthylamb. Thistechniquepreviouslythoughtbysometbbeimpossiblefollowedsuccessfulexperimentsincreatinganimalsfromcellstakenfromfetuses.Theseweremuchsimplertoconductbecausefoetalcellshavenotyettakenonspecialistrolesintheorganismandcanbeeasilymanipulated. Yanagimachi’steamisoneofseveralaroundtheworldthathavebeentryingtoproduceanotherDolly-likeclonesaidAprilDarcyofPPLTherapeuticsthecompanythatholdsthecommercialrightstotheRoslincloningtechniques; 49Scientistshopethatcloningonceperfectedwillenablerevolutionsintransplantsurgeryallowingskinandorganstobegrowntoorderwithoutfearofpatientrejection.Itwillalsobeapowerfulresearchtoolinfindingcuresforgeneticdiseases. 50Butfearsthatcloningtechniquescouldeventuallybeusedinthecreationofcarbon-copyhumanshavealreadypromptedwesterngovernmentsincludingBritaintobansuchresearch. Butfearsthatcloningtechniquescouldeventuallybeusedinthecreationofcarbon-copyhumanshavealreadypromptedwesterngovernmentsincludingBritaintobansuchresearch.
Thekidswhogrewupon"StarTrek"can’tfind1wayaroundEarth. Americanscan2directtoEnglandbutonlyhalfcanfind3onamapofEurope.Theycanflyalmost4intheUnitedStatesforafewhundreddollarsbuttheyputNewYorkStatein37placesonbothcoasts.WhentheylookfortheUnitedStates5they6itinChinaAustraliaBrazilRussiaIndiaandBotswana. Forpeoplewhoaresupposedtobeleadersofthe7worldAmericansare8dumbaccordingtoasurveyconductedfortheNationalGeographicSociety. Inmanyschool9geographyhasbeenmixedwithhistory10melteddownintosocialstudies.Socialstudieshasbeenprocessedinto"teacherresourcepackages"and11ofgoodwritingexcitementcolorandanyideasthataren’tsimplistic;too12andtoodeadeningtoholdstudents’attention. InthelastfewyearsevidenceofAmericaseducational13haspromptedhundredsofstudiesgeneratedbaskets14legislationandmovedparentsintoadvocacygroups.Butthere’s15toshowthatthetrendhasbeen16. NOmatter17youtryyoucan.’tmakeitseem18thatmanyAmericanssaypandascomefromPanamatheSummerOlympicGameswereheldinVietnamor19IraqandColumbuswastryingtogettoEuropewhenhebumpedinto20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Text4 EachtimeyoustepintothosefadedoldJeansyouputonapieceofhistory.Theworld’sfavoritetrousersarenowoverahundredyearsoldandhere’showtheystartedout. ThefirstJeansweremadein1850intheCaliforniagoldrush.AmannamedLeviStraussrealizedthatthegold-diggers’normaltrousersweren’tstrongenoughfortheworktheyhadtodoandwerewearingOutquickly.Strausshadsomestrongcanvaswhichhewasgoingtomakeintotentsandwagoncoverstoselltotheworkers.InsteadhemadesometrousersoutofitandthesebecamethefirstJeans.Theywerebrownandcalledthewaist-highoverall. ThetrouserssoldwellandStraussbeganlookingaroundforwaysofmakingthemeventougher.Hefoundamaterialthatwasbetterthancanvas--adurablecottonthatwasmanufacturedonlyinthesouthofFrance.InatowncalledNimesthematerialwasdenim--thenamecomingfromtheFrenchforfrom"Nimes".Straussorderedboatloadsofthismaterialandtokeepthecolourconsistenthaditalldyedindigoblue.ThetrousersbecameknownasbluedenimsorbluejeanstheWordjeanisthoughttocomefromGenoa.Italian’sailorsfromtheportofGenoaworetrouserssimilartojeansonthebigtradingships. IntheearlydayscowboysfarmersminersandtimberJacks--allpeopleassociatedwithhardwork--worejeans.Buttherewereafewdesignproblemswiththeearlystyles--ascowboysdiscoveredtotheircost.Whentheycrouchedtooclosetothecampfiretherivetthemetalbuttonstrengtheningthejeansatthebottomoftheflygottoohotandbecameveryuncomfortable.Levididnttakemuchnoticeofthecowboyscomplaintsuntilthe1940swhenacompanyofficialcrouchedtooclosetoacampfireandexperiencedtheproblemfirst-hand.Thecrotchrivetwassoonremoved. Inthefiftiesandsixtiesjeansrepresentedrebellion.FilmstarslikeJamesDeanElvisPresleyandMarilynMonroeworethemasdidpopstarsliketheBeatlesandtheRollingStones. Fashionschangedintheseventiesandjeansbecameflared--tightatthehipandwideatthebottom.Theywereveryverytight--ifyoucouldgetthezipupwhilestandinguptheyweren’ttightenough.Youhadtoliedownonthebedtodothemup;forareallyskin-tightfitpeoplewouldlieinabathintheirjeansandwaitforthemtoshrink! Asthetrousersbecamemoreandmoresuccessfulotherjeansmanufacturersstartedup--suchasWrenglerPepeandLee. Butjeanshavehadtheiropponentsinsomecountries--suchastheoldSovietUnion--jeansbecameaprizedstatussymboloftheWest.TheysuggestedthataSovietcitizenhadeithertraveledabroadorhadcontactsintheWest.Sotheauthoritiesdiscouragedthewearingofjeans.AndinJapan’aconsumers’associationadamantlyrefusedtosellonemanufacturer’sfashionablerippedjeansbecauseitfeltthesewereinterioranddefectiveproduct! Jeanswerenotpopularinsomecountriesforreasons.
Itwoulddoagreatdealofgoodifwestartedusingtheterm"advisers"insteadof"teachers"forthosewhotrytohelppeopletolearnforeignlanguages.Itwouldemphasizethatwhatlearnersneedisindividualattention.Itwouldalsoremindeveryonethattheresponsibilityforlearningisbasicallythestudent’s.Whatthestudentsneedsissomebodywhocandotwothings:①showherorhimhowtolearnaforeignlanguage;②answerquestionsaboutthelanguage.Thosequestionsmustbethoughtofbythestudents.46Ifstudentsdonotfindquestionstoask--wholestreamsofquestions--itisasignthateithertheyarenotreallyinterestedenoughtodothethinkingforthemselvesthatiscrucialortheydonotknowhowto. Thespiritthatlanguagelearnsneedbeforeanythingelseiscuriosity.Iftheydonothavethattheyarewastingtheirtime.47Thismeansinturnthattheirguidesdonotneedtraininginlinguisticoreducationaltheoryorinpedagogyorinanytechniquesofstimulatinginterestkeepingstudentsentertained.Ifstudentsneedtohavetheirintereststimulatedsomethingisverywrong.48OneofthemainreasonfortheemphasisontheskillsofLeachingisdoubtlessthatteachersarefacedwiththeridiculoustaskoffindingthingstodowithgroupsofstudentswhoitispretendedallneedexactlythesameinstruction. Whatalanguageguidedoesneedthoughisathoroughandpracticalknowledgeofhoethelanguageworksaconsciousknowledgethatsheorhecanarticulateinawaytheordinarynativespeakercannot.49Studentsshouldbeabletosensethattheirguideshaveagenuineinterestinthelanguageandthattheyhavefoundoutaboutitbythinkingforthemselvesnotbymereuncriticalmemorizingoftextbooksorlectures.Itisonlythroughsuchcriticalawarenessandinteresttheguidescandeveloptheabilitytoexplainanygivenaspectofthelanguageinvariedwayssoastosuittheparticularneedsandmodesofthoughtofanyindividualstudent. Oneofthemostmisguidedprinciplesofmodernpedagogyisthe"Structureslessons".Thisisjustwhatshouldbeavoidedeveninclassesaswellasprivatelessons.Agoodlanguageguideiscompletelyflexibleandcanrespondinstantaneouslyatanymomenttoanyneedofthestudentsthatarises.Thosewiththiscapacityneverneed--nevershould--spendlonghoursplanningandpreparinglessons;butthecorollaryisthatguidesneedtoreally"knowtheirstuff".50ThebestplacetodevelopthesortoftheabilityIhavejustoutlinedis"onthe.job"throughanpprenticeshipwithexperiencedsympatheticandencouragingcolleaguesingoodconditionsofwork. 50
Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethedrawing; 2interpretitsmeaning; 3supportyourviewwithexamples. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatly.
AfterDollytheSheepcometheMickeyMice.46ScientistsareexpectedtorevealthattheyhavesucceededincreatingthefirstanimalclonedfromthecellsofanadultsincethebirthofDollytwoyearsago.Aformalannouncementisexpectedwithinweeks. 47ResearchersinHawaiiareunderstoodtohavemanufacturedamousethatisanidenticalgeneticcopyofanotherlivinganimalraisingtheprospectofcommercialcloningofanimals--andeventuallyofhumans. SincescientistsattheRoslinInstituteinEdinburghrevealedtheexistenceofDollytoawedcolleaguesinFebruarylastyearnobodyhasbeenabletomakeanotherclonederivedfromcellstakenfromanadultanimal.Dollywasgrownfromtheuddercellsofanewe. SomebiologistshavesincequeriedDolly’sauthenticitybecauseoftheirinabilitytoreproducetheresultsTheclonedmousewouldendanydoubtsandconfirmthatmanisgenuinelyonvergeofanewerainreproductivebiology. ThefirsthintofthebreakthroughbyDrRyuzoYanagimachitheprofessorwholedtheUniversityofHawaiigroupemergedafterarecentlecturewhenheshowedaslideofDollyandtoldhisaudience"Icansaysheisnotalone." 48ThescientistwhowontheInternationalPrizeforBiologyin1996forhisworkonreproductiondeclinedlastweektogivedetailsofthecloningresearchuntilitsexpectedpublicationinthescientificjournalNaturelaterthismonth. ItisunderstoodthatYanagimachiwhohasworkedwithinternationalcollaboratorswasabletoclonethemouseusingatechniqueslightlydifferenttothatemployedbyscientistsattheRoslinInstitute. ButliketheRoslinteamledbyDrEauWilrnutitisthoughthehasbeenabletoextractthegeneticmaterialfromthecellofanadultandtransplantitintoanegg.InDolly’scasetheeggwasthenimplantedintothewombofasurrogatemotherthatgavebirthtoahealthylamb. Thistechniquepreviouslythoughtbysometbbeimpossiblefollowedsuccessfulexperimentsincreatinganimalsfromcellstakenfromfetuses.Theseweremuchsimplertoconductbecausefoetalcellshavenotyettakenonspecialistrolesintheorganismandcanbeeasilymanipulated. Yanagimachi’steamisoneofseveralaroundtheworldthathavebeentryingtoproduceanotherDolly-likeclonesaidAprilDarcyofPPLTherapeuticsthecompanythatholdsthecommercialrightstotheRoslincloningtechniques; 49Scientistshopethatcloningonceperfectedwillenablerevolutionsintransplantsurgeryallowingskinandorganstobegrowntoorderwithoutfearofpatientrejection.Itwillalsobeapowerfulresearchtoolinfindingcuresforgeneticdiseases. 50Butfearsthatcloningtechniquescouldeventuallybeusedinthecreationofcarbon-copyhumanshavealreadypromptedwesterngovernmentsincludingBritaintobansuchresearch. ScientistsareexpectedtorevealthattheyhavesucceededincreatingthefirstanimalclonedfromthecellsofanadultsincethebirthofDollytwoyearsago.
Itwoulddoagreatdealofgoodifwestartedusingtheterm"advisers"insteadof"teachers"forthosewhotrytohelppeopletolearnforeignlanguages.Itwouldemphasizethatwhatlearnersneedisindividualattention.Itwouldalsoremindeveryonethattheresponsibilityforlearningisbasicallythestudent’s.Whatthestudentsneedsissomebodywhocandotwothings:①showherorhimhowtolearnaforeignlanguage;②answerquestionsaboutthelanguage.Thosequestionsmustbethoughtofbythestudents.46Ifstudentsdonotfindquestionstoask--wholestreamsofquestions--itisasignthateithertheyarenotreallyinterestedenoughtodothethinkingforthemselvesthatiscrucialortheydonotknowhowto. Thespiritthatlanguagelearnsneedbeforeanythingelseiscuriosity.Iftheydonothavethattheyarewastingtheirtime.47Thismeansinturnthattheirguidesdonotneedtraininginlinguisticoreducationaltheoryorinpedagogyorinanytechniquesofstimulatinginterestkeepingstudentsentertained.Ifstudentsneedtohavetheirintereststimulatedsomethingisverywrong.48OneofthemainreasonfortheemphasisontheskillsofLeachingisdoubtlessthatteachersarefacedwiththeridiculoustaskoffindingthingstodowithgroupsofstudentswhoitispretendedallneedexactlythesameinstruction. Whatalanguageguidedoesneedthoughisathoroughandpracticalknowledgeofhoethelanguageworksaconsciousknowledgethatsheorhecanarticulateinawaytheordinarynativespeakercannot.49Studentsshouldbeabletosensethattheirguideshaveagenuineinterestinthelanguageandthattheyhavefoundoutaboutitbythinkingforthemselvesnotbymereuncriticalmemorizingoftextbooksorlectures.Itisonlythroughsuchcriticalawarenessandinteresttheguidescandeveloptheabilitytoexplainanygivenaspectofthelanguageinvariedwayssoastosuittheparticularneedsandmodesofthoughtofanyindividualstudent. Oneofthemostmisguidedprinciplesofmodernpedagogyisthe"Structureslessons".Thisisjustwhatshouldbeavoidedeveninclassesaswellasprivatelessons.Agoodlanguageguideiscompletelyflexibleandcanrespondinstantaneouslyatanymomenttoanyneedofthestudentsthatarises.Thosewiththiscapacityneverneed--nevershould--spendlonghoursplanningandpreparinglessons;butthecorollaryisthatguidesneedtoreally"knowtheirstuff".50ThebestplacetodevelopthesortoftheabilityIhavejustoutlinedis"onthe.job"throughanpprenticeshipwithexperiencedsympatheticandencouragingcolleaguesingoodconditionsofwork. 46
Text2 Doesusingawordprocessoraffectawritersstyle ThemediumusuallydoesdosomethingtothemessageafterallevenifMarshallMcLuhan’sclaimthatthemediumsimplyisthemessagehasbeenheardandlargelyforgottennow.Thequestionmatters.RayHammondinhisexcellentguideTheWriterandtheWordProcessorpredictsthatoverhalftheprofessionalwritersinBritainandtheUSAwillbeusingwordprocessorsbytheendof1985.ThebestknownrecruitisLeuDeightonfromaslongagoas1968thoughmostusershaveonlystartedsincethemicrocomputerboombeganin1980. Ironicallywordprocessingisinsomewayspsychologicallymorelikewritinginroughthantypingsinceitrestoresfluidityandprovisionalitytothetext.Thetypist’sdreadofhavingtogetouttheTippexthescissorsandpasteorofredoingthewholethingifhehasanysubstantialsecondthoughtscanmakehimconsistentlychoosethesaferoptioninhissentencesorletsomethingstandwhichheknowstobeunsatisfactoryorincompleteoutofweariness.Inwordprocessingthetextisloosenedupwhilststillretainingtheadvantageoflookingformallyfinished. ThishasIthinktwoapparentlycontradictoryeffects.Theinitialwritingcanbecomeexcessivelysloppyandcarelessintheexpectationthatitwillbecorrectedlater.Thatcrucialfirstinspirationisnevereasytorecapturethoughandthereforeontheotherhandthewritingcanbecomeover-deliberatedlackinginflowandspontaneitysincerevisionbecomesalargerpartofcomposition.Howeverthesearefaultseasiertodetectinothersthaninoneself.MyownexperienceofthesheerdifficultyofcommittinganywordsatalltothepagemeansI’mgratefulforallthehelpI’canget. Formostwriterswordprocessingquiterapidlycomestofeelliketheidealmethodandcanalwaysbeasecondstepafterdraftingonpaperifyouprefer.MostofthewritersinterviewedbyHammondsayithasimprovedtheirstyle"immensely"saysDeighton.Seeingyourownwordonascreenhelpsyoutofeelcoolanddetachedaboutthem. Thusisnotjustbyfreeingyoufrom-thelaborofmechanicalretypingthatawordprocessorcanhelpyoutowrite.OneauthorTerenceFeelyclaimsithasincreasedhisoutputby400%.Possiblythefeelingofhavingareactivemachinewhichappearstodothingsratherthanjusthavethingsdonewithitaccountsforthis--yourslaveworkshardandsodoyou. AretherenodrawbacksItcostsalotandtakestimetolearn--"expecttoloseweeksofwork"saysHammondthoughdaysmightbenearerthemark.Notoriouslyitispossibletoloseworkaltogetheronawordprocessorandthishappenstoeverybodyatleastonce.Theawarenessthatwhatyouhavewrittennolonger’existsanywhereatallisunbelievablyenragingandbaffling. WillwordprocessinggenerallyraisethelevelofprofessionalwritingthenDoesitmakewritersbetteraswellasmoreproductiveThoughallusersinsistithasdonesoforthemindividuallythisishardtobelieve.Butreliancehappensfast. Typingamanuscriptintheconventionalmannermaymakeawriter
Text2 Doesusingawordprocessoraffectawritersstyle ThemediumusuallydoesdosomethingtothemessageafterallevenifMarshallMcLuhan’sclaimthatthemediumsimplyisthemessagehasbeenheardandlargelyforgottennow.Thequestionmatters.RayHammondinhisexcellentguideTheWriterandtheWordProcessorpredictsthatoverhalftheprofessionalwritersinBritainandtheUSAwillbeusingwordprocessorsbytheendof1985.ThebestknownrecruitisLeuDeightonfromaslongagoas1968thoughmostusershaveonlystartedsincethemicrocomputerboombeganin1980. Ironicallywordprocessingisinsomewayspsychologicallymorelikewritinginroughthantypingsinceitrestoresfluidityandprovisionalitytothetext.Thetypist’sdreadofhavingtogetouttheTippexthescissorsandpasteorofredoingthewholethingifhehasanysubstantialsecondthoughtscanmakehimconsistentlychoosethesaferoptioninhissentencesorletsomethingstandwhichheknowstobeunsatisfactoryorincompleteoutofweariness.Inwordprocessingthetextisloosenedupwhilststillretainingtheadvantageoflookingformallyfinished. ThishasIthinktwoapparentlycontradictoryeffects.Theinitialwritingcanbecomeexcessivelysloppyandcarelessintheexpectationthatitwillbecorrectedlater.Thatcrucialfirstinspirationisnevereasytorecapturethoughandthereforeontheotherhandthewritingcanbecomeover-deliberatedlackinginflowandspontaneitysincerevisionbecomesalargerpartofcomposition.Howeverthesearefaultseasiertodetectinothersthaninoneself.MyownexperienceofthesheerdifficultyofcommittinganywordsatalltothepagemeansI’mgratefulforallthehelpI’canget. Formostwriterswordprocessingquiterapidlycomestofeelliketheidealmethodandcanalwaysbeasecondstepafterdraftingonpaperifyouprefer.MostofthewritersinterviewedbyHammondsayithasimprovedtheirstyle"immensely"saysDeighton.Seeingyourownwordonascreenhelpsyoutofeelcoolanddetachedaboutthem. Thusisnotjustbyfreeingyoufrom-thelaborofmechanicalretypingthatawordprocessorcanhelpyoutowrite.OneauthorTerenceFeelyclaimsithasincreasedhisoutputby400%.Possiblythefeelingofhavingareactivemachinewhichappearstodothingsratherthanjusthavethingsdonewithitaccountsforthis--yourslaveworkshardandsodoyou. AretherenodrawbacksItcostsalotandtakestimetolearn--"expecttoloseweeksofwork"saysHammondthoughdaysmightbenearerthemark.Notoriouslyitispossibletoloseworkaltogetheronawordprocessorandthishappenstoeverybodyatleastonce.Theawarenessthatwhatyouhavewrittennolonger’existsanywhereatallisunbelievablyenragingandbaffling. WillwordprocessinggenerallyraisethelevelofprofessionalwritingthenDoesitmakewritersbetteraswellasmoreproductiveThoughallusersinsistithasdonesoforthemindividuallythisishardtobelieve.Butreliancehappensfast. Oneeffectofusingawordprocessormaybethattheongoingrevisionofatext
Thekidswhogrewupon"StarTrek"can’tfind1wayaroundEarth. Americanscan2directtoEnglandbutonlyhalfcanfind3onamapofEurope.Theycanflyalmost4intheUnitedStatesforafewhundreddollarsbuttheyputNewYorkStatein37placesonbothcoasts.WhentheylookfortheUnitedStates5they6itinChinaAustraliaBrazilRussiaIndiaandBotswana. Forpeoplewhoaresupposedtobeleadersofthe7worldAmericansare8dumbaccordingtoasurveyconductedfortheNationalGeographicSociety. Inmanyschool9geographyhasbeenmixedwithhistory10melteddownintosocialstudies.Socialstudieshasbeenprocessedinto"teacherresourcepackages"and11ofgoodwritingexcitementcolorandanyideasthataren’tsimplistic;too12andtoodeadeningtoholdstudents’attention. InthelastfewyearsevidenceofAmericaseducational13haspromptedhundredsofstudiesgeneratedbaskets14legislationandmovedparentsintoadvocacygroups.Butthere’s15toshowthatthetrendhasbeen16. NOmatter17youtryyoucan.’tmakeitseem18thatmanyAmericanssaypandascomefromPanamatheSummerOlympicGameswereheldinVietnamor19IraqandColumbuswastryingtogettoEuropewhenhebumpedinto20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
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