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41.WhatisChristmas ThewordChristmascomesfromthewordsCristesmaesseor"Christ’sMass".ChristmasisthecelebrationofthebirthofJesusformembersoftheChristianreligion.MosthistorianspegthefirstcelebrationofChristmastoRomein336AD.Christmasisbothaholidayanda.HolyDay. 42.WhydoeseveryonegiveeachotherpresentsonChristmasday ThetraditionofgiftsseemstohavestartedwiththegiftsthatthewisementheMagibroughttoJesus. Whyisthereasmallevergreentreeinyourlivingroom ThisisaGermantraditionstartedasearlyas700AD.Inthe1800’sthetraditionofaChristmasTreewaswidespreadinGermanythenmovedtoEnglandandthenAmericathroughPennsylvanianGermanimmigrants. 43.Whyhaveyoudecoratedthisevergreenwithornamentslightsfakesnowandmylarplastictinsel InVictoriantimespeoplehadalreadystarteddecoratingtreeswithcandiesandcakeshungwithribbon.In1880WoolworthsfirstsoldmanufacturedChristmasTreeornamentsandtheycaughtonveryquickly. 44.Whyisthereabigloginthefireplace AccordingtothebookaTheDictionaryofWordandPhraseOrigins"byWilliamandMaryMorris"YuletideforChristmastimeisatermderivedfromtheyulelogwhichinoldendayswasahugelogusedasthefoundationoftheholidayfires.Bringingtheyuleloginwasasrecentlyasthenineteenthcenturyasmuchapartofthepre-Christmasfestivitiesasputtingupanevergreentreetoday.YulecanbetracedbacktotheMiddleEnglishYollencryaloudandisthoughttodatefromearlyAnglo-SaxonrevelsincelebrationofthediscoveryaftertheWinterSolsticeDecember22thatnightswerebecomingshorter." 45.Whyarethereoversizedsockshangingonyourmantel AccordingtoaveryoldtraditiontheoriginalSaintNicholasseebelowlefthisveryfirstgiftsofgoldcoinsinthestockingsofthreepoorgirlswhoneededthemoneyfortheirweddingdowries.Thegirlshadhungtheirstockingsbythefiretodry. AndwhyarestoresandmallssogearedupaboutthisholidayWhydoeseverymallhaveaSantavillageandwhydokidscomesitonSanta’sknee AsmentionedabovestoresandmallshavebeenrevivedupaboutChristmassincethelate1800’s.InAmericatodaytheweeksbetweenthanksgivingandChristmasarebyfarthebiggestretailsalesweeksoftheyear. [A]Upuntillatelyitwastraditiono1toreceivesmallitemslikefruitnutsandcandyinyourstockingbutthesehavebeenreplacedinthelasthalf-centurybymoreexpensivegiftsinmanyhomes. [B]AsrecountedintheBible’sbookofMatthew"OncomingtothehousetheysawthechildwithhismotherMaryandtheyboweddownandworshippedhim.Thentheyopenedtheirtreasuresandpresentedhimwithgiftsofgoldandofincenseandofmyrrh."Asmentionedinthepreviousquestionhowevernoonewasreallyinthehabitofexchangingelaborategiftsuntillateinthe1800’s.TheSantaCtausstorycombinedwithanamazingretailingphenomenathathasgrownsincetheturnofthecenturyhasmadegiftgivingacentralfocusoftheChristmastradition. [C]ThesurvivalofmostretailstoresdependsontheChristmasbuyingseason.ThereforeretailersdowhatevertheycantowhippeopleintoaChristmasbuyingspiritandtoattractthemtotheirstores.FestivedecorationsbigadsSanta’sVillagesandalltherestisapartofthatprocess. [D]Upuntilthe19thcenturythecustomofburningtheYuleLogflourishedinEnglandFranceGermanyandamongtheSouthSlavs.Outofoakfamiliescarvedaheavy-woodblock.TheyplaceditintothefloorOftheirhearth.Itglowedthroughouttheyearundertheflamesofhouseholdfires.Graduallyitbecameash. [E]InAmericaitisthebiggesteventoftheyearespeciallyforkidsandformembersoftheChristianreligionsitisanimportantdayonthereligiouscalendar.Thefederalgovernmentallstategovernmentsallschools/colleges/universitiesaridthevastmajorityofbusinessesinAmericagiveemployeesoneortwodaysoffatChristmasmakingitanimportantholidayIntheRomanCatholiccalendarChristmasisoneof6holyfeastdayscelebratedinAmerica. [F]MartinLutherinthe16thcenturyiscreditedasbeingthefirstpersontoputcandlesonatreeandthefimtelectricallylightedChristmastreeappearedin1882.CalvinCoolidgein1923ceremoniouslylitthefirstoutdoortreeattheWhiteHousestartingthatlongtradition.Fakesnowandtinsel...WhoknowsIt’sprobablyrelatedtothesong"WhiteChristmas" 44
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 14
Thesuddenupthrustofwarmmoistairintotheterriblecoldofthefrozenheightsiswhatcreatesthunder.Thesuddenstrongerrubbingtogetherortwounlikeforcesverywarmairagainstverycoldairdevelopsakindofelectricitycalled"staticelectricity".Itschargesproducelightningandthunder.46Thustheviolenceofthethunderstormisanalmostdirectresultofmillionsofwarmwaterdropsbeingthrownintocompatiblemassesoficecrystals--hittingthemrollingoverthemmeltingthemorbeingfrozenbythemintosnoworhail. Exactlyhowtheelectricchargeisdevelopedbythemanycomplexforcesofthisbattleofheatandcoldisstillamatterofopinion.Somescientiststhinktheactionofwindagainsttherainistheprincipalfactor.47Thesescientistsbelievethewindtearsofftheoutersurfaceofeachfallingdropslikepullingasweateroverachild’sheadmakingafinenegativechargewhileleavingthemainpartoftheraindroppositive.Otherscientistsbelievethatthefrictionofsnowcrystalsbreakinginthewindsetsuptheelectricalcharge.Inrealityitmaywellbeallthesefactors--andmore--thatcombinetodothework. 48Inanycasehugemasses’ofelectricallychargedraindropsandhailstonesbecomesortedintopositiveandnegativereservesofelectricalenergyatdifferentpartsofthethundercloudcreatingbetweenthemfieldsofverygreatextremes.Whentheresistancebetweenthesefieldsbreaksdowntheenergythatissuddenlydischargedislightning. IdonotknowofanycaseoflightningdirectlycausinganairplaneaccidentCattleandsheeparemorelikelytobestruckbylightningthanareairplanesorhouses.ThereisarecordedcasethatoccurredonamountainsideinthewesternpartoftheUnitedStatesinwhichoneboltoflightningkilled835sheep.49Evidentlytheharddryearthofferedmoreresistancetothelightningthantherouteoftravelingfromthegrounduponelegofananimalthroughitsmoist’bodyanddownanotherleg. Aperson’schancesofbeingkilledbyathunderstormarenotverygreat.IntheUnitedStatesanaverageofonepersonin265000diesasaresultofathunderstorm.Todayhousesshipsairplanesandelectricpowerlinesarewellprotectedagainstlightningandthe.riskisde-creasing.Evenamanwhoseworkexposeshimalmostdailytolightningcandosomethingaboutit.50Despitethesayingthatoneneverknowsiflightningstrikeshimapersoncansometimesfeeltheboltcomingandifquickenoughtakeprotectiveactionintime. Inanycasehugemasses’ofelectricallychargedraindropsandhailstonesbecomesortedintopositiveandnegativereservesofelectricalenergyatdifferentpartsofthethundercloudcreatingbetweenthemfieldsofverygreatextremes
Text4 Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’svolcanoestheyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’ssurface;onthecontrarymanyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowlyandinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates. Thattheplatesaremovingisnotbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmericaforexamplearemovingawayfromearthotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetailbutthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspotsanchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearthprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.FromananalysisofthehotspotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears. Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspotthematerialrisingfromdeeperlayercreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsseedfissurescracks;inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentssohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutabilityinconstancy. ThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 4
Text4 Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’svolcanoestheyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’ssurface;onthecontrarymanyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowlyandinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates. Thattheplatesaremovingisnotbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmericaforexamplearemovingawayfromearthotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetailbutthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspotsanchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearthprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.FromananalysisofthehotspotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears. Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspotthematerialrisingfromdeeperlayercreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsseedfissurescracks;inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentssohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutabilityinconstancy. TheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringyears.
Text2 Wellnogainwithoutpaintheysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain.’EverywhereyougoinAmericayouheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal. Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat.ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogetherproductivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayearwhicharemorethantwicethe1978-1987averages.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthepointinabusinesscycleandsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.ThereisasRobertRubinthetreasurysecretarysaysa"disjunction"betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics. Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplaceallthatreengineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomyWhichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinerynewtechnologyandinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreovermostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitableandthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch. Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.Firstsomeofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Secondevenifitwagwelldoneitmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose. LeonardSchlesingeraHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPainarapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafessaysthatmuch"reengineering"hasbeencrude.Inmanycaseshebelievesthelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.HiscolleagueMichaelBeersaysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedreengineeringinamechanisticfashionchoppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.B.B.D.O’sA1Rosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofreengineeringconsultantsasmererubbish--"theworstsortofambulancecashing." The1978-1987averagesofproductivityarelessthan
Airis1andlikeallmatterithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe2ofgravity3matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonitthismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat4force.5earth’sgravitypullsoneach6ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast7ofairithas8.Ifitcould9becompressedandputona10ofscalesitwouldweighabout5700000000000000quadrillionmetrictons. Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus11allsides.Something12atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot13ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody14thepressureoftheairoutside. Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter14.7poundspersquareinchatsea15.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe16oftheatmosphere.17higheraltitudesthepressureis18.Thatiswhythe19ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto20theairpressureourbodiesmusthave. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points16
Thesuddenupthrustofwarmmoistairintotheterriblecoldofthefrozenheightsiswhatcreatesthunder.Thesuddenstrongerrubbingtogetherortwounlikeforcesverywarmairagainstverycoldairdevelopsakindofelectricitycalled"staticelectricity".Itschargesproducelightningandthunder.46Thustheviolenceofthethunderstormisanalmostdirectresultofmillionsofwarmwaterdropsbeingthrownintocompatiblemassesoficecrystals--hittingthemrollingoverthemmeltingthemorbeingfrozenbythemintosnoworhail. Exactlyhowtheelectricchargeisdevelopedbythemanycomplexforcesofthisbattleofheatandcoldisstillamatterofopinion.Somescientiststhinktheactionofwindagainsttherainistheprincipalfactor.47Thesescientistsbelievethewindtearsofftheoutersurfaceofeachfallingdropslikepullingasweateroverachild’sheadmakingafinenegativechargewhileleavingthemainpartoftheraindroppositive.Otherscientistsbelievethatthefrictionofsnowcrystalsbreakinginthewindsetsuptheelectricalcharge.Inrealityitmaywellbeallthesefactors--andmore--thatcombinetodothework. 48Inanycasehugemasses’ofelectricallychargedraindropsandhailstonesbecomesortedintopositiveandnegativereservesofelectricalenergyatdifferentpartsofthethundercloudcreatingbetweenthemfieldsofverygreatextremes.Whentheresistancebetweenthesefieldsbreaksdowntheenergythatissuddenlydischargedislightning. IdonotknowofanycaseoflightningdirectlycausinganairplaneaccidentCattleandsheeparemorelikelytobestruckbylightningthanareairplanesorhouses.ThereisarecordedcasethatoccurredonamountainsideinthewesternpartoftheUnitedStatesinwhichoneboltoflightningkilled835sheep.49Evidentlytheharddryearthofferedmoreresistancetothelightningthantherouteoftravelingfromthegrounduponelegofananimalthroughitsmoist’bodyanddownanotherleg. Aperson’schancesofbeingkilledbyathunderstormarenotverygreat.IntheUnitedStatesanaverageofonepersonin265000diesasaresultofathunderstorm.Todayhousesshipsairplanesandelectricpowerlinesarewellprotectedagainstlightningandthe.riskisde-creasing.Evenamanwhoseworkexposeshimalmostdailytolightningcandosomethingaboutit.50Despitethesayingthatoneneverknowsiflightningstrikeshimapersoncansometimesfeeltheboltcomingandifquickenoughtakeprotectiveactionintime. Despitethesayingthatoneneverknowsiflightningstrikeshimapersoncansometimesfeeltheboltcomingandifquickenoughtakeprotectiveactionintime.
Text3 Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17thcenturytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweensciencesandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury. Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldefforttoignoreitscritics--butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked"antiscience"inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulRegressabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLeavittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemonHauntedWorldbyCarSatanofCornellUniversity. Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo. Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLeavittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicsthathavequestionedscience’sobjectivity.Sagaismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview. Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch. FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest. Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarmingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth. Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antisciencecanlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthings"notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science. "Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheissueofsciencevs.antiscienceis
Text4 Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’svolcanoestheyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’ssurface;onthecontrarymanyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowlyandinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates. Thattheplatesaremovingisnotbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmericaforexamplearemovingawayfromearthotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetailbutthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspotsanchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearthprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.FromananalysisofthehotspotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears. Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspotthematerialrisingfromdeeperlayercreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsseedfissurescracks;inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentssohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutabilityinconstancy. Thehotspottheorymayproveusefulinexplaining
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 16
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 20
Airis1andlikeallmatterithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe2ofgravity3matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonitthismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat4force.5earth’sgravitypullsoneach6ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast7ofairithas8.Ifitcould9becompressedandputona10ofscalesitwouldweighabout5700000000000000quadrillionmetrictons. Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus11allsides.Something12atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot13ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody14thepressureoftheairoutside. Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter14.7poundspersquareinchatsea15.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe16oftheatmosphere.17higheraltitudesthepressureis18.Thatiswhythe19ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto20theairpressureourbodiesmusthave. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points14
Text2 Wellnogainwithoutpaintheysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain.’EverywhereyougoinAmericayouheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal. Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat.ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogetherproductivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayearwhicharemorethantwicethe1978-1987averages.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthepointinabusinesscycleandsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.ThereisasRobertRubinthetreasurysecretarysaysa"disjunction"betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics. Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplaceallthatreengineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomyWhichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinerynewtechnologyandinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreovermostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitableandthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch. Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.Firstsomeofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Secondevenifitwagwelldoneitmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose. LeonardSchlesingeraHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPainarapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafessaysthatmuch"reengineering"hasbeencrude.Inmanycaseshebelievesthelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.HiscolleagueMichaelBeersaysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedreengineeringinamechanisticfashionchoppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.B.B.D.O’sA1Rosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofreengineeringconsultantsasmererubbish--"theworstsortofambulancecashing." AccordingtotheauthortheAmericaneconomicsituationis
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 12
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 2
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 8
Airis1andlikeallmatterithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe2ofgravity3matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonitthismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat4force.5earth’sgravitypullsoneach6ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast7ofairithas8.Ifitcould9becompressedandputona10ofscalesitwouldweighabout5700000000000000quadrillionmetrictons. Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus11allsides.Something12atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot13ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody14thepressureoftheairoutside. Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter14.7poundspersquareinchatsea15.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe16oftheatmosphere.17higheraltitudesthepressureis18.Thatiswhythe19ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto20theairpressureourbodiesmusthave. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points20
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 6
Directions:Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethesetofdrawingsinterpretitsmeaningand 2pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife. Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Text2 Wellnogainwithoutpaintheysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain.’EverywhereyougoinAmericayouheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal. Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat.ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogetherproductivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayearwhicharemorethantwicethe1978-1987averages.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthepointinabusinesscycleandsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.ThereisasRobertRubinthetreasurysecretarysaysa"disjunction"betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics. Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplaceallthatreengineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomyWhichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinerynewtechnologyandinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreovermostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitableandthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch. Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.Firstsomeofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Secondevenifitwagwelldoneitmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose. LeonardSchlesingeraHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPainarapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafessaysthatmuch"reengineering"hasbeencrude.Inmanycaseshebelievesthelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.HiscolleagueMichaelBeersaysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedreengineeringinamechanisticfashionchoppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.B.B.D.O’sA1Rosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofreengineeringconsultantsasmererubbish--"theworstsortofambulancecashing." Theauthorraisesthequestionwhataboutpainwithoutgain.because
Text3 Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17thcenturytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweensciencesandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury. Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldefforttoignoreitscritics--butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked"antiscience"inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulRegressabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLeavittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemonHauntedWorldbyCarSatanofCornellUniversity. Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo. Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLeavittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicsthathavequestionedscience’sobjectivity.Sagaismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview. Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch. FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest. Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarmingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth. Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antisciencecanlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthings"notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science. "Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." ThewordschismLine3Paragraph1inthecontextprobablymeans
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 18
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 10
Thesuddenupthrustofwarmmoistairintotheterriblecoldofthefrozenheightsiswhatcreatesthunder.Thesuddenstrongerrubbingtogetherortwounlikeforcesverywarmairagainstverycoldairdevelopsakindofelectricitycalled"staticelectricity".Itschargesproducelightningandthunder.46Thustheviolenceofthethunderstormisanalmostdirectresultofmillionsofwarmwaterdropsbeingthrownintocompatiblemassesoficecrystals--hittingthemrollingoverthemmeltingthemorbeingfrozenbythemintosnoworhail. Exactlyhowtheelectricchargeisdevelopedbythemanycomplexforcesofthisbattleofheatandcoldisstillamatterofopinion.Somescientiststhinktheactionofwindagainsttherainistheprincipalfactor.47Thesescientistsbelievethewindtearsofftheoutersurfaceofeachfallingdropslikepullingasweateroverachild’sheadmakingafinenegativechargewhileleavingthemainpartoftheraindroppositive.Otherscientistsbelievethatthefrictionofsnowcrystalsbreakinginthewindsetsuptheelectricalcharge.Inrealityitmaywellbeallthesefactors--andmore--thatcombinetodothework. 48Inanycasehugemasses’ofelectricallychargedraindropsandhailstonesbecomesortedintopositiveandnegativereservesofelectricalenergyatdifferentpartsofthethundercloudcreatingbetweenthemfieldsofverygreatextremes.Whentheresistancebetweenthesefieldsbreaksdowntheenergythatissuddenlydischargedislightning. IdonotknowofanycaseoflightningdirectlycausinganairplaneaccidentCattleandsheeparemorelikelytobestruckbylightningthanareairplanesorhouses.ThereisarecordedcasethatoccurredonamountainsideinthewesternpartoftheUnitedStatesinwhichoneboltoflightningkilled835sheep.49Evidentlytheharddryearthofferedmoreresistancetothelightningthantherouteoftravelingfromthegrounduponelegofananimalthroughitsmoist’bodyanddownanotherleg. Aperson’schancesofbeingkilledbyathunderstormarenotverygreat.IntheUnitedStatesanaverageofonepersonin265000diesasaresultofathunderstorm.Todayhousesshipsairplanesandelectricpowerlinesarewellprotectedagainstlightningandthe.riskisde-creasing.Evenamanwhoseworkexposeshimalmostdailytolightningcandosomethingaboutit.50Despitethesayingthatoneneverknowsiflightningstrikeshimapersoncansometimesfeeltheboltcomingandifquickenoughtakeprotectiveactionintime. Thustheviolenceofthethunderstormisanalmostdirectresultofmillionsofwarmwaterdropsbeingthrownintocompatiblemassesoficecrystals--hittingthemrollingoverthemmeltingthemorbeingfrozenbythemintosnoworhail.
Text1 Theenergycrisiswhichisbeingfeltaroundtheworldhasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth’sresourceshasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Tileoverdevelopmentofmotortransportwithitsincreaseofmorecarsmorehighwaysmorepollutionmoresuburbsmorecommutinghascontributedtotheneardestructionofourcitiesthebreakupofthefamilyandthepollutionnotonlyoflocalairbutalsooftheearth’satmosphere.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheformoftheenergycrisis. Ourpresentsituationisunlikewarrevolutionordepression.Itisalsounlikethegreatnaturaldisastersofthepast.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastatewherelong-range.planningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationofourpresentseriousslatewhichendangersthefutureofourcountryourchildrenandourearthbutamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertoworkrapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems. Thiscountryhasbeenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossmoralityandtherevelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesinthebad.Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvastenoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepast5thasbeenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatanypeoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly. Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatweholddearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanetwhosharewithusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisacommonneeditreassessesourpresentcoursetochangethatcourserandtodevisenewmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapricelessopportunity. Tograspitemweneedawidespreadunderstandingofnatureifthecrisisconfrontingus--and’theworld--acrisisthatisnopassinginconveniencenoby-productoftheambitionsoftheoil-producingcountriesnoenvironmentalists’merefearsnoby-productofanypresentsystemofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfourhundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestylecanflowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnologybutitsacceptancedependsonasinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld’schildrenandfuturegeneration. Whichconditiondoestheauthorfeelhasnearlydestroyedourcities
Text1 Theenergycrisiswhichisbeingfeltaroundtheworldhasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth’sresourceshasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Tileoverdevelopmentofmotortransportwithitsincreaseofmorecarsmorehighwaysmorepollutionmoresuburbsmorecommutinghascontributedtotheneardestructionofourcitiesthebreakupofthefamilyandthepollutionnotonlyoflocalairbutalsooftheearth’satmosphere.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheformoftheenergycrisis. Ourpresentsituationisunlikewarrevolutionordepression.Itisalsounlikethegreatnaturaldisastersofthepast.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastatewherelong-range.planningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationofourpresentseriousslatewhichendangersthefutureofourcountryourchildrenandourearthbutamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertoworkrapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems. Thiscountryhasbeenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossmoralityandtherevelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesinthebad.Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvastenoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepast5thasbeenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatanypeoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly. Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatweholddearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanetwhosharewithusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisacommonneeditreassessesourpresentcoursetochangethatcourserandtodevisenewmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapricelessopportunity. Tograspitemweneedawidespreadunderstandingofnatureifthecrisisconfrontingus--and’theworld--acrisisthatisnopassinginconveniencenoby-productoftheambitionsoftheoil-producingcountriesnoenvironmentalists’merefearsnoby-productofanypresentsystemofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfourhundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestylecanflowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnologybutitsacceptancedependsonasinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld’schildrenandfuturegeneration. Accordingtotheauthorwhatisoneexampleofour.lossofmorality
Airis1andlikeallmatterithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe2ofgravity3matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonitthismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat4force.5earth’sgravitypullsoneach6ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast7ofairithas8.Ifitcould9becompressedandputona10ofscalesitwouldweighabout5700000000000000quadrillionmetrictons. Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus11allsides.Something12atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot13ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody14thepressureoftheairoutside. Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter14.7poundspersquareinchatsea15.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe16oftheatmosphere.17higheraltitudesthepressureis18.Thatiswhythe19ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto20theairpressureourbodiesmusthave. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points18
41.WhatisChristmas ThewordChristmascomesfromthewordsCristesmaesseor"Christ’sMass".ChristmasisthecelebrationofthebirthofJesusformembersoftheChristianreligion.MosthistorianspegthefirstcelebrationofChristmastoRomein336AD.Christmasisbothaholidayanda.HolyDay. 42.WhydoeseveryonegiveeachotherpresentsonChristmasday ThetraditionofgiftsseemstohavestartedwiththegiftsthatthewisementheMagibroughttoJesus. Whyisthereasmallevergreentreeinyourlivingroom ThisisaGermantraditionstartedasearlyas700AD.Inthe1800’sthetraditionofaChristmasTreewaswidespreadinGermanythenmovedtoEnglandandthenAmericathroughPennsylvanianGermanimmigrants. 43.Whyhaveyoudecoratedthisevergreenwithornamentslightsfakesnowandmylarplastictinsel InVictoriantimespeoplehadalreadystarteddecoratingtreeswithcandiesandcakeshungwithribbon.In1880WoolworthsfirstsoldmanufacturedChristmasTreeornamentsandtheycaughtonveryquickly. 44.Whyisthereabigloginthefireplace AccordingtothebookaTheDictionaryofWordandPhraseOrigins"byWilliamandMaryMorris"YuletideforChristmastimeisatermderivedfromtheyulelogwhichinoldendayswasahugelogusedasthefoundationoftheholidayfires.Bringingtheyuleloginwasasrecentlyasthenineteenthcenturyasmuchapartofthepre-Christmasfestivitiesasputtingupanevergreentreetoday.YulecanbetracedbacktotheMiddleEnglishYollencryaloudandisthoughttodatefromearlyAnglo-SaxonrevelsincelebrationofthediscoveryaftertheWinterSolsticeDecember22thatnightswerebecomingshorter." 45.Whyarethereoversizedsockshangingonyourmantel AccordingtoaveryoldtraditiontheoriginalSaintNicholasseebelowlefthisveryfirstgiftsofgoldcoinsinthestockingsofthreepoorgirlswhoneededthemoneyfortheirweddingdowries.Thegirlshadhungtheirstockingsbythefiretodry. AndwhyarestoresandmallssogearedupaboutthisholidayWhydoeseverymallhaveaSantavillageandwhydokidscomesitonSanta’sknee AsmentionedabovestoresandmallshavebeenrevivedupaboutChristmassincethelate1800’s.InAmericatodaytheweeksbetweenthanksgivingandChristmasarebyfarthebiggestretailsalesweeksoftheyear. [A]Upuntillatelyitwastraditiono1toreceivesmallitemslikefruitnutsandcandyinyourstockingbutthesehavebeenreplacedinthelasthalf-centurybymoreexpensivegiftsinmanyhomes. [B]AsrecountedintheBible’sbookofMatthew"OncomingtothehousetheysawthechildwithhismotherMaryandtheyboweddownandworshippedhim.Thentheyopenedtheirtreasuresandpresentedhimwithgiftsofgoldandofincenseandofmyrrh."Asmentionedinthepreviousquestionhowevernoonewasreallyinthehabitofexchangingelaborategiftsuntillateinthe1800’s.TheSantaCtausstorycombinedwithanamazingretailingphenomenathathasgrownsincetheturnofthecenturyhasmadegiftgivingacentralfocusoftheChristmastradition. [C]ThesurvivalofmostretailstoresdependsontheChristmasbuyingseason.ThereforeretailersdowhatevertheycantowhippeopleintoaChristmasbuyingspiritandtoattractthemtotheirstores.FestivedecorationsbigadsSanta’sVillagesandalltherestisapartofthatprocess. [D]Upuntilthe19thcenturythecustomofburningtheYuleLogflourishedinEnglandFranceGermanyandamongtheSouthSlavs.Outofoakfamiliescarvedaheavy-woodblock.TheyplaceditintothefloorOftheirhearth.Itglowedthroughouttheyearundertheflamesofhouseholdfires.Graduallyitbecameash. [E]InAmericaitisthebiggesteventoftheyearespeciallyforkidsandformembersoftheChristianreligionsitisanimportantdayonthereligiouscalendar.Thefederalgovernmentallstategovernmentsallschools/colleges/universitiesaridthevastmajorityofbusinessesinAmericagiveemployeesoneortwodaysoffatChristmasmakingitanimportantholidayIntheRomanCatholiccalendarChristmasisoneof6holyfeastdayscelebratedinAmerica. [F]MartinLutherinthe16thcenturyiscreditedasbeingthefirstpersontoputcandlesonatreeandthefimtelectricallylightedChristmastreeappearedin1882.CalvinCoolidgein1923ceremoniouslylitthefirstoutdoortreeattheWhiteHousestartingthatlongtradition.Fakesnowandtinsel...WhoknowsIt’sprobablyrelatedtothesong"WhiteChristmas" 42
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