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A. Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 160 words. B. Y...
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A.Studythefollowingsetofpicturescarefullyandwrite
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A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessa
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingsetofdrawingsc
Directions:Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwr
A.Studythefollowingsetofpicturescarefullyandwrite
A.Studythefollowingpicturescarefullyandwriteaness
Directions: Studythefollowingsetofpicturescareful
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A.Studythefollowingpicturescarefullyandwriteaness
Directions: Studythefollowingsetofpicturescareful
Directions: Studythefollowingsetofpicturescareful
A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessa
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingsetofdrawingsc
Directions: A.Studythefollowingsetofpicturescaref
Directions: A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyan
Directions: Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscareful
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Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.SinglegrainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Lifesavingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9.Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18.Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 19
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9.Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18.Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 1
Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.SinglegrainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Lifesavingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9.Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18.Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 15
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9.Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18.Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 9
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysadpeople-clownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9.Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10.Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironingboardsandswollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible 13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 2
ShouldanyonemuchcarewhetheranAmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuchhasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethatanotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternationalIncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.AnaffairhasoutragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateaboutmoralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawandorder.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.ThequestionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:thoughSingaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknowAmericanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.DoesateenagerconvictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozenpowerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBywhatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessandlicensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaningsentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebateoverwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.ToobadMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.NotonlydoesheseemdestinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandardforjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.isfairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshorerepublicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelestowhichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthehard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithoutitsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbemuchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajorfactordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommonidentitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU.S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversalsocietythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld.Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproducedagridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamilylifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookoncomplacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceisbecomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthisaffair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismActfordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasanunwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthumanrights.ItseemsthatthewriterbelievesthatSingaporeshouldbepraisedintermsof
Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inanyinteractionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures.Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesareunclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures.41_____________________. Low-contextculturesliketheUnitedStatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbalcommunication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappenorthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplacelessimportanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.Inhigh-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbalcomponentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingtheintendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42_____________________.ForinstanceitmaybemoresociallyacceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnotangerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametimeinterpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaandJapanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundtheworldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothofwhichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43_____________________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomeanfriendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencoldunderthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilaracrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportanttounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinordertointerpretemotionsexpressedincross-culturalinteractions. 44_____________________.InacomparisonofNorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthattheFrenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparentswhileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45_____________________. Theseexamplesofdifferencesrelatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Carefulobservationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivatingrelationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytoworkeffectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences. [A]Thesedifferencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonisexplainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemaydosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriatetoinflictthepainofgriefonothers. [B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshastodowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencounterverydifferentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.NorthAmericanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyaresurroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmorecloselywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonalspaces. [C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewiththeirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleof"firstcomefirstserved."TheFrenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmanyBritishandUSAmericans. [D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromourculturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggesturesposturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysicalappearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegreesofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior. [E]Thedifficultywithspacepreferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem.Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalkingwithanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidenceofcoldnessoralackofinterest. [F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutiveworkingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemovingtheguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor. [G]Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.Forexampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfearsadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearoundtheworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptabletodisplayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom. 41
Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofadevastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.PeoplegetcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli.LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.AfterdriftingloweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverageabruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhouroftrading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertanysenseofcrisisafterthemarketClosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholasBrady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’tsignalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomyremainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.ButMassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeontelecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestockmarketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbeforewehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontotheseproblems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblameforthelatestshipwreck.AseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedonFridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporateprofitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.Thesingulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa＄6.75billionlabormanagementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecondlargestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWallStreetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrectionofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsandawaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearlyworried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon.Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedbyChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited.Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinancedthroughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidintheneartermbuttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewtheUniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohnDowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshavelookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintroubleeveryonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough./Whatdoesthewritersayofthestockmarketdecline
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9.Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18.Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 5
ShouldanyonemuchcarewhetheranAmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuchhasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethatanotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternationalIncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.AnaffairhasoutragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateaboutmoralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawandorder.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.ThequestionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:thoughSingaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknowAmericanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.DoesateenagerconvictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozenpowerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBywhatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessandlicensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaningsentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebateoverwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.ToobadMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.NotonlydoesheseemdestinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandardforjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.isfairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshorerepublicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelestowhichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthehard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithoutitsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbemuchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajorfactordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommonidentitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU.S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversalsocietythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld.Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproducedagridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamilylifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookoncomplacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceisbecomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthisaffair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismActfordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasanunwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthumanrights.ThereactionoftheU.S.tothecaseofMichaelFaycouldbestbedescribedas
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9.Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18.Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 17
Directions:TheStudents’UnionofEnglishDepartmentwillholdanEnglishspeechcontest.Youarerequiredtowriteaposterthroughwhichstudentsandteacherscanbeinformedoftheevent.Thepostershouldinclude:1scheduleofthecontest2andrequirementsandotherdetails.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
UntilrecentlymobileradiowastowirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.WithamixedclientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiestotaxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessandatechnologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitisknownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesintheall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshavefiguredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoanadvancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT＆TandthegiantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughtheindustrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor＄1.8billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony.AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsaredigitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork.SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellularphonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.Andwhilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000thetechnologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacitysofastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattanandLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservicecouldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredicttheywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.Therearenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanothercontendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiplytheconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleasthalfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservicesincludingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.PhoneandcabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesaredevelopingso-calledpersonal-communicationsnetworksorPCNsahighlyadvancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnecttoagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventionalcellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrongtechnologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesamemarketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutisover.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocanmakethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindfuloftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyonecallsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasychoice.SMRsystemsgainanedgeoverotherservicesmostlybyvirtueof
Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inanyinteractionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures.Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesareunclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures.41_____________________. Low-contextculturesliketheUnitedStatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbalcommunication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappenorthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplacelessimportanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.Inhigh-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbalcomponentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingtheintendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42_____________________.ForinstanceitmaybemoresociallyacceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnotangerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametimeinterpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaandJapanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundtheworldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothofwhichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43_____________________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomeanfriendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencoldunderthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilaracrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportanttounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinordertointerpretemotionsexpressedincross-culturalinteractions. 44_____________________.InacomparisonofNorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthattheFrenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparentswhileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45_____________________. Theseexamplesofdifferencesrelatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Carefulobservationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivatingrelationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytoworkeffectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences. [A]Thesedifferencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonisexplainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemaydosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriatetoinflictthepainofgriefonothers. [B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshastodowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencounterverydifferentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.NorthAmericanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyaresurroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmorecloselywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonalspaces. [C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewiththeirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleof"firstcomefirstserved."TheFrenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmanyBritishandUSAmericans. [D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromourculturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggesturesposturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysicalappearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegreesofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior. [E]Thedifficultywithspacepreferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem.Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalkingwithanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidenceofcoldnessoralackofinterest. [F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutiveworkingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemovingtheguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor. [G]Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.Forexampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfearsadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearoundtheworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptabletodisplayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom. 43
Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofadevastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.PeoplegetcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli.LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.AfterdriftingloweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverageabruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhouroftrading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertanysenseofcrisisafterthemarketClosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholasBrady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’tsignalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomyremainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.ButMassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeontelecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestockmarketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbeforewehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontotheseproblems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblameforthelatestshipwreck.AseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedonFridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporateprofitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.Thesingulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa＄6.75billionlabormanagementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecondlargestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWallStreetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrectionofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsandawaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearlyworried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon.Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedbyChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited.Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinancedthroughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidintheneartermbuttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewtheUniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohnDowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshavelookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintroubleeveryonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough./Thetoneofthewriterasreflectedinthefirstsentenceis
TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulenthistorysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorouslychallengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacenturyprimarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposeddrift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sandearly60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmostuniversallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworkedout. ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysixlargeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyaninterconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridgesalsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachother.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthevoid.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityoftheplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymanythousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48RidgesontheoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanetbutonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovetheoceansurface. Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreatedalongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoingaway.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccuralongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleandplungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintotheliquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantletemperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurroundingmaterialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplatetoeruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyriseabovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeoftheoverridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewesternPacificwerecreatedinthisway. 47
TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulenthistorysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorouslychallengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacenturyprimarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposeddrift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sandearly60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmostuniversallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworkedout. ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysixlargeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyaninterconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridgesalsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachother.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthevoid.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityoftheplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymanythousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48RidgesontheoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanetbutonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovetheoceansurface. Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreatedalongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoingaway.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccuralongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleandplungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintotheliquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantletemperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurroundingmaterialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplatetoeruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyriseabovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeoftheoverridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewesternPacificwerecreatedinthisway. 49
HowdidthecompanycometoproducearecordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbytherapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros.RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate.InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’spositionTimeWarnerco-CEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKillerismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shisfictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomoreacallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsforjiltedloverstoshootoneanother.Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethemessengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhismessage.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.FrankieandJohnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.IfCopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustifiedresponsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditatedactsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatistheplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculturetherageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchoftoday’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposelyblurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthesentimentsbeingexpressed.TraeyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthepoliceandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.Thecompany’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression:Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistorjournalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficialoracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosaywhateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehimanoutlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesitchoosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoesunrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartistundercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybutacompanycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility.ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathiscompanyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystemeditorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysawit.IntheeyesoftheauthorIceT’sCopKillershouldbecondemnedfor
Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofadevastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.PeoplegetcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli.LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.AfterdriftingloweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverageabruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhouroftrading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertanysenseofcrisisafterthemarketClosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholasBrady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’tsignalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomyremainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.ButMassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeontelecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestockmarketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbeforewehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontotheseproblems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblameforthelatestshipwreck.AseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedonFridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporateprofitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.Thesingulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa＄6.75billionlabormanagementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecondlargestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWallStreetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrectionofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsandawaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearlyworried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon.Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedbyChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited.Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinancedthroughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidintheneartermbuttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewtheUniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohnDowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshavelookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintroubleeveryonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough./WhenmentioningthelatestshipwreckPara.3theauthoristalkingabout
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9.Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18.Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 7
HowdidthecompanycometoproducearecordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbytherapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros.RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate.InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’spositionTimeWarnerco-CEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKillerismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shisfictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomoreacallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsforjiltedloverstoshootoneanother.Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethemessengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhismessage.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.FrankieandJohnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.IfCopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustifiedresponsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditatedactsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatistheplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculturetherageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchoftoday’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposelyblurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthesentimentsbeingexpressed.TraeyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthepoliceandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.Thecompany’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression:Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistorjournalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficialoracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosaywhateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehimanoutlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesitchoosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoesunrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartistundercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybutacompanycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility.ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathiscompanyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystemeditorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysawit.Itcanbelearnedthatthecompanyhasmovedfarfromitsfounder’s
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9.Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18.Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 11
Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inanyinteractionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures.Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesareunclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures.41_____________________. Low-contextculturesliketheUnitedStatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbalcommunication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappenorthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplacelessimportanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.Inhigh-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbalcomponentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingtheintendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42_____________________.ForinstanceitmaybemoresociallyacceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnotangerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametimeinterpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaandJapanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundtheworldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothofwhichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43_____________________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomeanfriendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencoldunderthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilaracrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportanttounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinordertointerpretemotionsexpressedincross-culturalinteractions. 44_____________________.InacomparisonofNorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthattheFrenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparentswhileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45_____________________. Theseexamplesofdifferencesrelatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Carefulobservationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivatingrelationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytoworkeffectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences. [A]Thesedifferencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonisexplainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemaydosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriatetoinflictthepainofgriefonothers. [B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshastodowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencounterverydifferentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.NorthAmericanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyaresurroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmorecloselywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonalspaces. [C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewiththeirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleof"firstcomefirstserved."TheFrenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmanyBritishandUSAmericans. [D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromourculturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggesturesposturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysicalappearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegreesofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior. [E]Thedifficultywithspacepreferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem.Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalkingwithanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidenceofcoldnessoralackofinterest. [F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutiveworkingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemovingtheguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor. [G]Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.Forexampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfearsadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearoundtheworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptabletodisplayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom. 45
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9.Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18.Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 3
UntilrecentlymobileradiowastowirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.WithamixedclientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiestotaxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessandatechnologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitisknownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesintheall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshavefiguredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoanadvancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT＆TandthegiantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughtheindustrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor＄1.8billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony.AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsaredigitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork.SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellularphonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.Andwhilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000thetechnologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacitysofastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattanandLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservicecouldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredicttheywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.Therearenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanothercontendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiplytheconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleasthalfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservicesincludingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.PhoneandcabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesaredevelopingso-calledpersonal-communicationsnetworksorPCNsahighlyadvancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnecttoagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventionalcellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrongtechnologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesamemarketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutisover.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocanmakethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindfuloftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyonecallsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasychoice.Thebasicproblemwithmobiletelephonecompaniesaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir
HowdidthecompanycometoproducearecordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbytherapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros.RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate.InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’spositionTimeWarnerco-CEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKillerismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shisfictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomoreacallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsforjiltedloverstoshootoneanother.Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethemessengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhismessage.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.FrankieandJohnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.IfCopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustifiedresponsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditatedactsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatistheplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculturetherageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchoftoday’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposelyblurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthesentimentsbeingexpressed.TraeyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthepoliceandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.Thecompany’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression:Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistorjournalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficialoracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosaywhateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehimanoutlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesitchoosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoesunrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartistundercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybutacompanycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility.ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathiscompanyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystemeditorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysawit.Itisoftenclaimedthatsomemessagesconveyedinpopularmusic
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9.Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18.Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 13
Directions:YouhavejustlearnedthatyourfriendJoehadhisanklesinjuredandwasinhospitalnow.Writealettertohimandyourlettershouldincludethefollowingdetails:1yourconcernabouthisinjury2andyourbestwishesforhisrecovery.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
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