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Directions: A. Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 160...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Thecompany____threefactoriesandacoalminE.Whichofth
runs
operates
manages
organizes
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
foll
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someh
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sho
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Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
A.powder B.own C.meadow D.follow
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A．yellow B．down C．window D．follow
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
A．now B．allow C．follow D．how
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
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Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
A.own B.follow C.know D.knowledge
A．follow B．throw C．somehow D．blow
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TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulenthistorysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorouslychallengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacenturyprimarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposeddrift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sandearly60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmostuniversallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworkedout. ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysixlargeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesare’boundedbyaninterconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.RidgesalsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachOther.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthevoid.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityoftheplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymanythousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgesontheoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanetbut.onlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovetheoceansurface. Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreatedalongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoingaway.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccuralongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta400angleandplungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintotheliquidmantlebelow.Asthesubductingplateisheatedbackuptomantletemperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurroundingmaterialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplatetoeruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyriseabovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeoftheoverridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewesternPacificwerecreatedinthisway. Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurroundingmaterialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplatetoeruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.
UntilrecentlymobileradiowastowirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.WithamixedclientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiestotaxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessandatechnologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitisknownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesintheall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshavefiguredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoanadvancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT&TandthegiantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughtheindustrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor$1.8billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony.AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsaredigitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork.SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellularphonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.Andwhilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000thetechnologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacitysofastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattanandLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservicecouldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredicttheywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.Therearenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanothercontendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiplytheconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleasthalfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservicesincludingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.PhoneandcabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesaredevelopingso-calledpersonalcommunicationsnetworksorPCNsahighlyadvancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnecttoagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventionalcellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrongtechnologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesamemarketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutisover.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocanmakethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindfuloftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyonecallsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasychoice.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems
Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofadevastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.PeoplegetcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli.LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.AfterdriftingloweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverageabruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhouroftrading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertanysenseofcrisisafterthemarketclosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholasBrady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’tsignalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomyremainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.ButMassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeontelecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestockmarketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbeforewehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontotheseproblems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblameforthelatestshipwreck.AseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedonFridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporateprofitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.Thesingulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa$6.75billionlabormanagementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecondlargestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWallStreetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrectionofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsandawaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearlyworried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon.Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedbyChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited.Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinancedthroughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidinthenearterm’buttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewtheUniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohnDowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshavelookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintroubleeveryonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough./Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.Single-grainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Life-savingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.Single-grainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Life-savingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine
Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofadevastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.PeoplegetcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli.LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.AfterdriftingloweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverageabruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhouroftrading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertanysenseofcrisisafterthemarketclosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholasBrady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’tsignalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomyremainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.ButMassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeontelecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestockmarketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbeforewehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontotheseproblems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblameforthelatestshipwreck.AseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedonFridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporateprofitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.Thesingulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa$6.75billionlabormanagementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecondlargestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWallStreetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrectionofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsandawaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearlyworried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon.Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedbyChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited.Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinancedthroughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidinthenearterm’buttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewtheUniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohnDowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshavelookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintroubleeveryonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough./Themainreasonforthelatestcrisisinstockmarketaspointedoutbythewriterliesin
Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inanyinteractionwithothersitsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures.Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesareunclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures.41__________. Low-contextculturesliketheUnitedStatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbalcommunication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappenorthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplacelessimportanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.Inhigh-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbalcomponentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingtheintendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42__________.ForinstanceitmaybemoresociallyacceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnotangerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametimeinterpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaandJapanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundtheworldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothofwhichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43__________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomeanfriendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencoldunderthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilaracrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportanttounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinordertointerpretemotionsexpressedincross-culturalinteractions. 44__________.InacomparisonofNorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthattheFrenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparentswhileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45__________. Theseexamplesofdifferencesrelatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Carefulobservationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivatingrelationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytoworkeffectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences. [A]Thesedifferencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonisexplainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemaydosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriatetoinflictthepainofgriefonothers. [B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshastodowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencounterverydifferentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.NorthAmericanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyaresurroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmorecloselywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonalspaces. [C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewiththeirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleof"firstcomefirstserved."TheFrenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmanyBritishandUSAmericans. [D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromourculturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggesturesposturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouch’physicalappearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegreesofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior. [E]Thedifficultywithspacepreferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem.Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalkingwithanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidenceofcoldnessoralackofinterest. [F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutiveworkingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemovingtheguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor. [G]Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.Forexampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfearsadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearoundtheworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptabletodisplayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom. 44
UntilrecentlymobileradiowastowirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.WithamixedclientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiestotaxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessandatechnologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitisknownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesintheall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshavefiguredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoanadvancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT&TandthegiantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughtheindustrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor$1.8billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony.AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsaredigitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork.SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellularphonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.Andwhilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000thetechnologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacitysofastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattanandLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservicecouldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredicttheywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.Therearenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanothercontendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiplytheconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleasthalfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservicesincludingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.PhoneandcabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesaredevelopingso-calledpersonalcommunicationsnetworksorPCNsahighlyadvancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnecttoagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventionalcellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrongtechnologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesamemarketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutisover.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocanmakethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindfuloftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyonecallsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasychoice.Welearnfromthetextthatusersofwirelessproductsaremoreoftenthannotconfrontedwith
Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inanyinteractionwithothersitsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures.Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesareunclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures.41__________. Low-contextculturesliketheUnitedStatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbalcommunication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappenorthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplacelessimportanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.Inhigh-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbalcomponentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingtheintendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42__________.ForinstanceitmaybemoresociallyacceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnotangerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametimeinterpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaandJapanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundtheworldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothofwhichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43__________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomeanfriendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencoldunderthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilaracrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportanttounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinordertointerpretemotionsexpressedincross-culturalinteractions. 44__________.InacomparisonofNorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthattheFrenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparentswhileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45__________. Theseexamplesofdifferencesrelatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Carefulobservationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivatingrelationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytoworkeffectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences. [A]Thesedifferencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonisexplainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemaydosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriatetoinflictthepainofgriefonothers. [B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshastodowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencounterverydifferentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.NorthAmericanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyaresurroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmorecloselywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonalspaces. [C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewiththeirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleof"firstcomefirstserved."TheFrenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmanyBritishandUSAmericans. [D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromourculturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggesturesposturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouch’physicalappearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegreesofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior. [E]Thedifficultywithspacepreferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem.Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalkingwithanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidenceofcoldnessoralackofinterest. [F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutiveworkingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemovingtheguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor. [G]Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.Forexampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfearsadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearoundtheworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptabletodisplayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom. 42
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulenthistorysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorouslychallengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacenturyprimarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposeddrift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sandearly60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmostuniversallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworkedout. ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysixlargeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesare’boundedbyaninterconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.RidgesalsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachOther.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthevoid.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityoftheplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymanythousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgesontheoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanetbut.onlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovetheoceansurface. Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreatedalongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoingaway.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccuralongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta400angleandplungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintotheliquidmantlebelow.Asthesubductingplateisheatedbackuptomantletemperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurroundingmaterialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplatetoeruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyriseabovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeoftheoverridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewesternPacificwerecreatedinthisway. Vigorouslychallengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacenturyprimarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposeddrift.
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
A.Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethecartoon 2deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepictureand 3giveyourcomments.
ShouldanyonemuchcarewhetheranAmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuchhasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethatanotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternationalIncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.AnaffairhasoutragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateaboutmoralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawandorder.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.ThequestionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle.thoughSingaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknowAmericanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.DoesateenagerconvictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozenpowerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBywhatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessandlicensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaningsentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebateoverwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.ToobadMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.NotonlydoesheseemdestinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandardforjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.isfairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshorerepublicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLosAngelestowhichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthehard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithoutitsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbemuchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajorfactordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommonidentitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU.S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversalsocietythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld.Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproducedagridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamilylifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookoncomplacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceisbecomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthisaffair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismActfordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasanunwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthumanrights.ThewordcacophonousPara.3mostprobablymeans
A.Studythefollowingaccountofapersonalexperiencecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow. 1Elaborateyourimpressionsonthestorytoldand 2pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife. OnesummermywifeChrisandIwereinvitedbyfriendstorowdowntheColoradoRiverinaboat.Ourexpeditionincludedmanyhighlysuccessfulpeople--thekindwhohavestaffstotakecareoflife’sdailywork.Butinthewilderrapidsallofusnaturallysetasideanypretensesandputoutbacksintoeverystroketokeeptheboatfromtumblingover.Ateachnight’sencampmentweallhauledsuppliesandcleaneddishes.Afteronlytwodaysintheriverpeopleaccustomedt-obeingspoiledandindulgedhadbecomeateamworkingtogethertocopewiththeunpredictabletwistsandturnsoftheriver.Ibelievethatinlife--aswellasonboattrips-teamworkwillmakeallourjourneyssuccessfulones.Therhythmsofteamworkhavebeentherhythmsofmylife...
HowdidthecompanycometoproducearecordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbytherapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros.RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate.InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’spositionTimeWarnercoCEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKillerismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shisfictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomoreacallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsforjiltedloverstoshootoneanother.’Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethemessengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhismessage.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.FrankieandJohnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.’IfCopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustifiedresponsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditatedactsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatistheplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculturetherageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchof.today’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposelyblurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthesentimentsbeingexpressed.TracyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthepoliceandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.Thecompany’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression:Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistorjournalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficialoracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosaywhateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehimanOutlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesitchoosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoesunrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartistundercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybutacompanycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility.ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathiscompanyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystemeditorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysawit.GeraldLevinmentionsthecaseofFrankieandJohnnytojustify
ShouldanyonemuchcarewhetheranAmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuchhasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethatanotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternationalIncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.AnaffairhasoutragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateaboutmoralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawandorder.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.ThequestionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle.thoughSingaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknowAmericanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.DoesateenagerconvictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozenpowerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBywhatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessandlicensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaningsentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebateoverwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.ToobadMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.NotonlydoesheseemdestinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandardforjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.isfairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshorerepublicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLosAngelestowhichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthehard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithoutitsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbemuchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajorfactordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommonidentitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU.S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversalsocietythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld.Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproducedagridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamilylifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookoncomplacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceisbecomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthisaffair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismActfordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasanunwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthumanrights.ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthatthedebatetriggeredbyFay’scasefocusesmainlyupon
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
ShouldanyonemuchcarewhetheranAmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuchhasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethatanotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternationalIncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.AnaffairhasoutragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateaboutmoralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawandorder.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.ThequestionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle.thoughSingaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknowAmericanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.DoesateenagerconvictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozenpowerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBywhatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessandlicensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaningsentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebateoverwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.ToobadMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.NotonlydoesheseemdestinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandardforjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.isfairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshorerepublicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLosAngelestowhichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthehard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithoutitsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbemuchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajorfactordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommonidentitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU.S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversalsocietythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld.Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproducedagridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamilylifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookoncomplacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceisbecomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthisaffair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismActfordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasanunwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthumanrights.WhatdidthewritersayhappenedtoMichaelFayinSingapore
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
HowdidthecompanycometoproducearecordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbytherapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros.RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate.InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’spositionTimeWarnercoCEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKillerismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shisfictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomoreacallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsforjiltedloverstoshootoneanother.’Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethemessengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhismessage.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.FrankieandJohnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.’IfCopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustifiedresponsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditatedactsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatistheplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculturetherageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchof.today’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposelyblurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthesentimentsbeingexpressed.TracyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthepoliceandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.Thecompany’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression:Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistorjournalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficialoracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosaywhateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehimanOutlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesitchoosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoesunrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartistundercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybutacompanycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility.ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathiscompanyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystemeditorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysawit.TheauthorassertsthatGeraldLevin’sdefensesofCopKillerare
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulenthistorysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorouslychallengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacenturyprimarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposeddrift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sandearly60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmostuniversallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworkedout. ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysixlargeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesare’boundedbyaninterconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.RidgesalsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachOther.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthevoid.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityoftheplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymanythousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgesontheoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanetbut.onlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovetheoceansurface. Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreatedalongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoingaway.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccuralongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta400angleandplungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintotheliquidmantlebelow.Asthesubductingplateisheatedbackuptomantletemperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurroundingmaterialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplatetoeruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyriseabovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeoftheoverridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewesternPacificwerecreatedinthisway. Ridgesontheoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanetbut.onlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovetheoceansurface.
UntilrecentlymobileradiowastowirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.WithamixedclientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiestotaxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessandatechnologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitisknownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesintheall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshavefiguredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoanadvancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT&TandthegiantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughtheindustrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor$1.8billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony.AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsaredigitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork.SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellularphonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.Andwhilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000thetechnologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacitysofastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattanandLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservicecouldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredicttheywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.Therearenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanothercontendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiplytheconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleasthalfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservicesincludingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.PhoneandcabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesaredevelopingso-calledpersonalcommunicationsnetworksorPCNsahighlyadvancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnecttoagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventionalcellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrongtechnologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesamemarketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutisover.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocanmakethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindfuloftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyonecallsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasychoice.Howdidmobileradiosystemsfinditsbusinesscompetitiveness
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